taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D387F6FF96E53DD746FA84D67441A5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Distinguished from all other genera of the Cynopoecilina (Notholebias, Cynopoecilus, and Campellolebias) in having caudal fin elongate, longer than deep (vs. short, deeper than long), single anterior supraorbital neuromast (Fig. 2) (vs. two or three), and distal third of dorsal fin in males without dark pigmentation (vs. extending pigmentation). Also distinguished from Notholebias by the absence of the second pharyngobranchial teeth, dermosphenotic and contact organs on male pectoral fin (vs. presence), opercular region with red reticulation in males (vs. red bars), and by having a wide, triangular basihyal (Fig. 3) (vs. narrow, rectangular). Distribution: Species of Leptolebias are found in the temporary pools of broad coastal plains, in two areas, separated by about 500 km: (1) between Maricá and Vila de Cava, Rio de Janeiro state, south-eastern Brazil (Fig. 4), and (2) between Itanhaém, southern São Paulo state, and river basins draining into Paranaguá bay, Paraná state, southern Brazil (Fig. 5).	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF96E539D539F9D1D7F9421C.taxon	description	(FIGS 6 – 7)	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF92E538D6C5F969D68D409F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: UFRJ 6453, male, 20.7 - mm SL; Brazil, Estado de São Paulo, temporary channels within forest, 2.8 km from the road BR- 101, Itanhaém, 24 ° 13 ′ 8.9 ′ S, 46 ° 55 ′ 24.7 ′ W, 14 m a. s. l.; W. J. E. M. Costa, C. P. Bove & B. B. Costa, 11 December 2005. Paratypes: UFRJ 6323, two males, 19.0 – 19.1 - mm SL, and two females, 16.2 – 16.9 - mm SL; UFRJ 6324, four males, 17.9 – 21.7 - mm SL; collected with holotype. UFRJ 5219, eight males, 14.3 – 20.4 - mm SL (c & s); same locality and collectors, 5 November 2000. Diagnosis: Distinguished from all congeners except L. aureoguttatus by having four caudal neuromasts (vs. two), and horizontal golden lines on caudal fin in males (vs. no similar colour pattern). It is distinguished from L. aureoguttatus in having two dark-red stripes on dorsal and ventral submarginal portion of caudal restricted to anterior portion of fin in males (vs. along all fin extension), male caudal-fin stripes parallel to fin rays, not branching posteriorly (vs. branching posteriorly), basal portion of dorsal fin with dark-orange small spots in males (vs. dark-red to dark-brown short transverse bars), and five or six lateral mandibular neuromasts (vs. three or four). It may also be distinguished from all congeners in having more caudal-fin rays (27 – 31 vs. 25 – 28). Description: Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Largest specimen: 21.7 - mm SL. Dorsal profile: approximately straight to gently convex from snout to end of dorsal-fin base, approximately straight along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile: slightly convex from lower jaw to end of anal-fin base, roughly straight along caudal peduncle. Body: slender, deeper than wide, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth found at vertical through pelvic-fin base. Jaws short, snout blunt. Dorsal and anal fins distally pointed in males. Dorsal fin slightly pointed and anal fin rounded in females. Caudal fin: elliptical. Pectoral fin: elliptical, posterior margin reaching vertical through anus in males, and vertical between pelvic-fin base and anus in females. Tip of pelvic fin reaching vertical between urogenital papilla and base of first anal-fin ray in males, between anus and urogenital papilla in females. Pelvic-fin bases medially in contact. Dorsalfin origin: on vertical between base of fifth and sixth anal-fin rays. Urogenital papilla: free of anal fin. Dorsal-fin rays, 13 – 16; anal-fin rays, 16 – 19; caudalfin rays, 27 – 31; pectoral-fin rays, 15; pelvic-fin rays, six. Scales: small, cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except anteroventral surface of head. Body scales extending over anterior 25 % of caudal-fin base; scales absent on dorsal and anal-fin bases. Frontal squamation E-patterned; E-scales not overlapped; A-scale with posterior margin exposed. Longitudinal series of scales, 25 – 27; transverse series of scales, eight; scale rows around caudal peduncle, 12 – 14. Minute contact organs on posterior margin of scales of flank in males. Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital, 1 + 8 – 10; parietal, 1; anterior rostral, 1; posterior rostral, 1; infraorbital, 2 + 16 – 18; preorbital, 3 – 4; otic, 1 – 2; postotic, 2; supratemporal, 1; median opercular, 1; ventral opercular, 3 – 5; preopercular, 2 + 9 – 11; mandibular, 5 – 6 + 2; lateral mandibular, 5 – 6. One or two neuromasts on the centre of each scale of lateral line; four neuromasts on caudal-fin base. Coloration: Males: sides of body dark orange, with longitudinal rows of small golden spots, more concentrated on anterior half of flank. Dorsum: lightorangish brown. Venter: pale orange. Head: lightorangish brown, opercle greenish golden with two red stripes with transverse extensions to form reticulated pattern. Lower jaw: reddish orange. Iris: greenish golden with oblique reddish brown bar. Dorsal fin: yellow with dark-orange small spots on basal and posterior portions of fin. Basal portion of anal fin: yellow with dark-red spots. Distal portion of anal fin: dark-orangish brown. Caudal fin with pale blue horizontal lines on middle, light golden on dorsal and ventral portions of fin; two short dark-orangish red stripes through anterior portion dorsal and ventral submarginal parts of fin; dark-orangish red narrow stripes parallel to fin rays between caudal-fin base and posterior margin of fin. Pectoral fins: hyaline. Pelvic fins: dark orange. Females: trunk and head, light-orangish brown; fins, hyaline; iris, yellow. Distribution: Known to occur only from the type locality: seasonal pools in the Itanhaém river basin, São Paulo state, south-eastern Brazil (Fig. 4). Habitat and conservation: Leptolebias itanhaensis sp. nov. is found in shallow (about 10 – 40 - cm deep), temporary channels within dense rainforest, in teacoloured and acidic (pH 3.5 – 4.0) water that contains litter at the bottom. No other fishes were found at this habitat, but some temporary channels may be in contact with small creeks containing the rivulid Rivulus santensis Köhler, 1906, the characids Mimagoniates lateralis (Nichols, 1913), Rachoviscus crassiceps Myers, 1926, and Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigenmann & Norris, 1900), and the callichthyid Scleromystax macropterus (Regan, 1913). The area is undergoing slight urbanization, making L. itanhaensis sp. nov. an endangered species. Etymology: The name itanhaensis denotes the occurrence of the new species in the Itanhaém river basin, an isolated small coastal drainage of south-eastern Brazil.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF93E537D51CFAFAD7A24143.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: CAS (SU) 36522, six paratypes; MNRJ 11301, 3; base of serra de Petrópolis; MNRJ 10621, holotype of C. nanus, 20.3 - mm SL, MNRJ 10622, 1, MZUSP 25229 / 30, two paratypes of C. nanus; road between Cava and Tinguá, about 8 km from Cava, Nova Iguaçu. Diagnosis: Distinguished from all congeners, except L. citrinipinnis, in having dorsal-fin origin in vertical between base of seventh and ninth anal-fin rays (vs. between base of second and sixth anal-fin rays). It differs from L. citrinipinnis by having caudal fin lanceolate (vs. elliptical), dark-red stripe on distal margin of dorsal and anal fins, and dorsal and ventral margin of caudal fin in males (vs. reddish brown pigmentation diffuse). Remarks: Redescribed by Costa & Lacerda (1988). Distribution: Estrela and Iguaçu river basins, both draining into Guanabara bay, Rio de Janeiro state, south-eastern Brazil (Fig. 5). Habitat and conservation: Not collected since 1981, so possibly extinct. Its area of occurrence was formerly occupied by dense rainforest, but is now highly urbanized. Leptolebias opalescens was collected both in open vegetation and in forest borders, sometimes sympatric to L. splendens and L. marmoratus.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF9CE537D743FAB4D08D405B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Maricá: MZUSP 37199, holotype, male, 27.2 - mm SL; MNRJ 11310, three paratypes; MZUSP 37198, six paratypes; MZUSP 37197, three paratypes; UFRJ 175, 1 (c & s); UFRJ 2202, 14; UMMZ 231543, six; UFRJ 184, 2; UFRJ 2202, 14; UFRJ 3679, three (c & s); UFRJ 3036, 5; UFRJ 4396, 10; UFRJ 4397, 5; UFRJ 4399, 6; UFRJ 4400, 13; UFRJ 4401, 2; UFRJ 4402, ten (c & s); UFRJ 4403, one; UFRJ 4404, 11; UFRJ 4405, 5; UFRJ 5187, 19; UFRJ 6304, 16; UFRJ 6305, 4; MNRJ 19432, 22; MNRJ 15400, 8; temporary swamp, Zacarias, Barra de Maricá; MNRJ 17684, 7; swamp at street 47, Jardim Atlântico, Itaipuaçu.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF9CE537D743FAB4D08D405B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Distinguished from all other species of the genus except L. opalescens in having dorsal-fin origin in vertical between base of seventh and ninth anal-fin rays (vs. between base of second and sixth anal-fin rays). It is distinguished from L. opalescens by having caudal fin elliptical (vs. lanceolate), and dark-reddish brown pigmentation diffuse on distal margin of dorsal and anal fins, and dorsal and ventral margin of caudal fin in males (vs. with distinctive red marginal stripes).	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF9CE537D743FAB4D08D405B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Maricá coastal lagoon system, between Itaipuaçu and Barra de Maricá, Rio de Janeiro state, south-eastern Brazil (Fig. 5).	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF9CE537D743FAB4D08D405B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat and conservation: Shallow temporary swamps (about 20 – 100 - cm deep) in the coastal Restinga, between sand dunes, near the sea. Terrestrial marginal vegetation: mainly comprising Cactaceae and Bromeliaceae.; Aquatic vegetation: dense and diversified. Water: tea-coloured and acidic (pH 4.2 – 5.8), with litter at the bottom. No other fish species are present. The area of occurrence of L. citrinipinnis partially overlaps an official area of environmental protection.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF9CE536D50EFB8FD7EF40E4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: CAS (SU) 36528, three paratypes; MNRJ 8514, 23; MNRJ 11302, 1; base of Serra de Petrópolis, MNRJ 11413, 3 (1 c & s); MZUSP 38443, 2 (c & s); Citrolândia, Magé. Diagnosis: Distinguished from all congeners by having some unique colour patterns in males: flank red with zigzag-shaped bright-blue bars (vs. no similar colour pattern), unpaired fins red with brightblue vermiculate marks (vs. no similar colour pattern), broad distal golden stripe on dorsal fin (vs. no similar dorsal-fin stripe), and a red spot on posterior portion of iris (vs. spot absent). Remarks: Redescribed by Costa & Lacerda (1988). Distribution: Estrela and Roncador river basins: two small, isolated basins draining into Guanabara bay, Rio de Janeiro state, south-eastern Brazil (Fig. 5). Habitat and conservation: Leptolebias splendens was a common fish in the Estrela river basin until 1944 (A. L. Carvalho and H. S. Lopez, pers. comm.), when the region still contained well-preserved forests near and along the old road Rio – Petrópolis. After this time, both the forest and L. splendens disappeared. It was rediscovered 41 years later in temporary pools within a well-preserved forest belonging to a group of Brazilian scouts (Costa & Lacerda, 1988), in the Roncador river basin. However, although the forest is still well preserved today, L. splendens has not been found since 1987. Part of the stream draining the forest was diverted to a neighbouring fish farm, which apparently altered the water levels of aquatic bodies in the forest. Leptolebias splendens may now be extinct.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF9DE536D6B7FB1ED02C4101.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: MCP 28604, neotype, male, 23.3 - mm SL; UFRJ 5404, 1; UFRJ 5355, 24; UFRJ 5403, one; UFRJ 5356, 4 (c & s); UFRJ 5220, 6 (c & s); temporary pool, Vila de Cava, Nova Iguaçu; CAS (SU) 36523, holotype of C. zingiberinus; CAS (SU) 36524, ten paratypes of C. zingiberinus; MNRJ 4739, eight syntypes of C. sicheleri; base of serra de Petrópolis. Diagnosis: Distinguished from all congeners by having asymmetrically lanceolate caudal fin, with convex dorsal profile and straight ventral profile (vs. caudal fin symmetrical), urogenital papilla attached to anal fin in males (vs. urogenital papilla free), thickened tissue on anterior portion of anal fin in males (vs. never thickened), white stripe with narrow black border on ventral edge of caudal fin in males (vs. no similar colour pattern), and posterior half of flank dark brown with horizontal rows of yellow spots, coalesced to form stripe on lateral midline of caudal peduncle in males (vs. no similar colour pattern). Remarks: Redescribed by Costa (2002 b). Distribution: Estrela and Iguaçu river basins: two small, isolated basins draining into Guanabara bay, Rio de Janeiro state, south-eastern Brazil (Fig. 5). Habitat and conservation: Between 1934 and 1944, L. marmoratus was known to occur in temporary pools within the forests of the Estrela river basin (A. L. Carvalho and H. S. Lopez, pers. comm.). The forest was later abruptly removed, and no specimen of L. marmoratus was collected in the type locality region after 1944. The species was rediscovered 56 years later, in a small forest in the margins of the Iguaçu River near Cava, Nova Iguaçu. The area is not formally protected, and thus L. marmoratus is considered highly threatened with extinction.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
03D387F6FF9DE535D5BAFA72D71341D2.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Cynolebias minimus Myers, 1942. Diagnosis: Distinguished from all other genera of Cynopoecilina (Leptolebias, Cynopoecilus, and Campellolebias) by the possession of dermosphenotic (vs. dermosphenotic absent), basihyal narrow, roughly rectangular (Fig. 3) (vs. wide, triangular), welldeveloped contact organs on most inner surface of pectoral fin in males (vs. contact organs reduced or absent), opercular region with red bars in males (Fig. 11) (vs. red reticulation), and iridescent bars or vertical lines on caudal fin in males (Fig. 11) (vs. bars absent). Also differs from Leptolebias in having teeth on second pharyngobranchial (teeth absent), caudal fin subtruncate to rounded, short, deeper than long (Fig. 11) (vs. elliptical to lanceolate, longer than deep), two anterior supraorbital neuromasts (vs. single anterior supraorbital neuromast), and dark pigmentation extending over entire dorsal fin in males (vs. not extending to distal third of dorsal fin). Included species: Notholebias minimus (Myers) comb. nov.; Notholebias fractifasciatus (Costa) comb. nov.; and Notholebias cruzi (Costa) comb. nov. Distribution: Coastal plains of south-eastern Brazil, between the São João river floodplains and Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro state. Etymology: The name Notholebias is an allusion to the superficial resemblance between species included in the new genus and some species of the African killifish genus Nothobranchius Peters, 1868, in particular Nothobranchius lourensi Wildekamp, 1977, which have similar colour patterns and similar body proportions (from the Greek nothos = false, taken from the name Nothobranchius, and lebias = small fish, a name often used to compose generic names of rivulid fishes). Gender masculine.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2008): Monophyly and taxonomy of the Neotropical seasonal killifish genus Leptolebias (Teleostei: Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 147-160, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00380.x
