taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C087D0965BFFB764306D36FCB0FEAF.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Saudi Arabia, As Shāqqah al Yamānīyah, 19 ° 42 ′ N, 40 ° 48 ′ E. Holotype ♀, Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia, Shagi Yamani, 40 m [iles] south of Lith [= As Shâqqah al Yamânîyah, about 50 miles south of Lith, 19 ° 42 ′ N, 40 ° 48 ′ E], 28 March 1948, B. P. Uvarov (BMNH). Paratypes: same data as holotype, 3 ♂, 2 ♀ (1 ♂, 1 ♀, MER; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, BMNH). Diagnosis: A Rhabdorrhynchus of small size, characterized by the following features: pronotum convex, globose, granulose, at maximum width nearly as broad as elytra; rostrum flattened on dorsum, with distinct, roughly punctured dorsolateral keels, elytra elliptical, with dense vestiture of whitish scales; aedeagus slender, apex triangular; sternum VIII of female with arms joined at base; spermatheca with slender and curved cornu, thickened nodulus and distinct ramus. Measurements: Body length including rostrum, 8.40 – 9.79 mm. Rostrum: length 1.60 – 1.86 mm, width 0.90 – 0.94 mm. Pronotum: length 2.51 – 3.08 mm, width 3.05 – 3.37 mm (ratio 0.85 – 0.93). Elytra: length 5.72 – 6.09 mm, width 3.50 – 3.86 mm (ratio 1.55 – 1.63). Ratio of elytral to pronotal length, 1.98 – 2.28; ratio of elytral to pronotal width, 1.14 – 1.16. Description: Body elliptical, barely convex in lateral view, integument moderately glossy, reddish on elytra, dark reddish on head, pronotum and legs; vestiture composed of dense, white, elliptical, glossy, simple scales and narrow, hair-like, yellowish scales, with bifid scales only present on underside of head (Figs 1, 5). Rostrum subquadrate in cross section, in lateral view nearly straight from base to antennal insertion, slightly curved and thickened at apex. Surface roughly sculptured, with two dorsolateral, broad, glossy keels, higher and converging at their base on vertex, not touching eyes, irregularly delimited and slightly divergent anteriad, punctured on their inner side, joined to upper margin of scrobe above antennal insertion, and extended up to apex; in lateral view keels high, convex above eyes, slightly sinuate downwards at middle of rostrum length, raised again above antennal insertion, narrowed and sharpened towards apex, in some specimens only distinct and glossy in the basal part, between the eyes, shallower anteriad and forming densely punctured raised dorsolateral margins, not extending to apex. Dorsum of rostrum flat, densely and deeply sculptured, with wrinkles and punctures, median part forming an irregular subtriangular plate, broadened anteriad, separate from the dorsolateral keels by two narrow, moderately impressed furrows, flattened at antennal insertion, and directed laterally around epistoma at apex. Apex curved downwards, epistoma semicircular, well delimited, flat, broadly punctured, and nearly matt, concave at apex. Lateral sides, delimited by the expanded upper margin of scrobes and the dorsolateral keels, partly visible from above, triangular, broadened basad. Vestiture: sparse hair-like scales inserted in the wrinkles and punctures on the dorsolateral keels and sides; larger, denser, glossy, white scales on the median part, covering integument. Scrobes curved, deep; upper margin thickened, expanded outwards, fully visible from above, in lateral view distinctly convex and densely punctured above antennal insertion, smooth, more glossy behind, curved towards base of eyes; lower margin short, subparallel to upper margin, curved downwards (Figs 3, 8). Antennae inserted at three-quarters of rostrum length; scape slightly curved forwards, regularly thickened from basal third; funicle as thick as scape at apex, segment 1 subconical, 1.3 times longer than broad; segment 2 subquadrate, half as long as segment 1; segments 3 – 7 transverse, 3 rd very short, 7 th slightly broader; club large, elliptical; scape and funicle with dense white scales and some slightly longer white setae; club elliptical, basal part of segment 1 glossy and with some smaller white scales, simulating an eighth segment of funicle; remaining part of club silvery hairy (Figs 4, 38, 41). Head short, transverse; vertex flat, roughly punctured; interocular pit distinct; eyes large, moderately convex, reaching upper side of head, their upper half visible from above, interocular distance on head three-quarters as wide as rostrum at its maximum width between upper margins of scrobes; in lateral view eyes elongate, moderately narrowed in their lower part, lower margin rounded. Vestiture: white scales around eyes, mainly on upper part; hair-like scales on sides; short, bifid scales connate near base on underside. Pronotum large, as long as broad, dorsum slightly convex in lateral view, globose, base medially slightly expanded towards scutellum, not acutely prominent; sides moderately and regularly rounded from base to near apex, slightly more convergent apicad; apex curved on middle, prominent above head, nearly straight on sides, ocular lobes barely distinct, with a fringe of long and thick light-yellowish setae. Dorsum with a narrow, relatively deep median groove, narrowed on its middle and with a cleft granule or with a thin median carinula, which can be larger and more raised in the centre; surface with dense granules, irregularly placed, conically raised near base and sides, slightly flattened on top of disc; interspaces between the granules matt, microsculptured, forming short irregular rows; sides with conical granules prominent when seen from above. Vestiture: very short, barely distinct hair-like scales sparse on dorsum, longer and more dense on the posterior part of the upper half of sides; larger white scales on the anterior part of the median groove and the anterior part of sides, extended to base in the lower part of sides (Fig. 2). Scutellum narrow, triangular, bare. Elytra elongate-elliptical, at base as wide as base of pronotum, sides subparallel, slightly narrowed behind humeri, in lateral view depressed, gently declivous, barely sloping. Apex of each elytron with a short acute projection. Surface unevenly and deeply wrinkled, with sparse small glossy granules clearly visible above the white scales of the vestiture, denser on basal half, in some specimens extending for the whole length along suture and the odd intervals, sparse and smaller on the even intervals; intervals flat, base of intervals 3 and 5 slightly raised; odd intervals as wide as even ones, clearly delimited only in apical half of elytra; striae on basal half with shallow, irregularly impressed punctures, much wider than intervals at base, narrowing in posterior half to form grooves distinctly narrower than intervals towards apex. Vestiture: larger white scales forming a thick coating that covers surface, continuous and rather uniform on sutural interval, but arranged in several large patches on rest of elytra, except for small sparse uncoated spots and two larger irregular bare patches on intervals 2 – 5 behind middle of length; hair-like yellow scales scattered over whole surface, not covering integument, usually denser on even intervals and on the part of the surface devoid of larger scales, including part of the large bare patch on interval 4; short, white setae similar to the larger scales obliquely inserted on the granules; base lacking scales or setae (Fig. 7). Prosternum smooth, space between anterior margin of fore coxae and apex as long as diameter of fore coxae; metasternum longer than diameter of middle coxae. Ventrite I as long as ventrite II, weakly convex in middle in female, flattened and with a narrow median impression in male; ventrites III and IV less than half as long as II, slightly convex, ventrite V short, transverse. Vestiture: larger white scales forming a thick, uniform coating, delimiting round bare patches; on ventrites I and II, four lateral and two median, closely approached patches; on ventrite II, the two outer patches smaller; on ventrites III and IV, the two outer patches absent and the median ones merged; on ventrite V, a bare irregular median line on basal half (Fig. 6). Legs slender, femora scarcely thickened in middle; fore tibiae elongate, inner side weakly sinuate, inner preapical teeth moderately developed in female, barely distinct in male, apex moderately broadened, with about ten short yellowish apical denticles, uncus strong; middle and hind tibiae slender, cylindrical; tarsal segments as long as broad, segment 3 with scarcely widened lobes (Fig. 32); underside of each segment with fringe of orange setae limited to lateral margins; onychium nearly as long as segments 1 – 3, claws robust. Vestiture: thick coating of white scales on the whole surface, including tarsi; longer white semi-erect setae on inner side of tibiae, particularly middle and hind, and on tarsi. Aedeagus slender, median lobe weakly curved, apical lamella triangular, shortly acutely pointed (Figs 11, 13 – 15) Spiculum gastrale narrow, slender, weakly curved. Proventriculus with short blades, chaetae not extended towards pharynx (Fig. 46). Hemisternites broadened basad, gradually tapering towards apex; styli subquadrate, short, apical (Fig. 9); symbiont pouches short, compact, globose; spermatheca with long and narrow, acutely pointed curved cornu, subquadrate ramus, and thickened nodulus (Fig. 10). Sternum VIII with thin arms joined at base and broadly widened, sclerotized plate nearly absent, limited to a small area around apex of arms (Fig. 12). Variation: The holotype is the largest specimen; size varies from 8.40 to 9.79 mm, but most of the paratypes are only very slightly smaller than the holotype. Variation among the six specimens examined is mainly evident in the rostrum, which can have the dorsolateral keels, strongly developed, higher and glossy, as in the holotype, or only distinct and glossy in the basal part, between the eyes and shallower, less distinct anteriad, and forming densely punctured raised dorsolateral margins, not extending to apex; the granules on the pronotum are always very dense and conical, but sometimes more irregularly distributed; the narrow median groove of the pronotum can be nearly completely interrupted by a granule in the centre or can show a very thin median carinula, which can be larger and more raised in the centre. The elytral shape and vestiture are very uniform, but in some specimens the small glossy granules are nearly exclusively limited to the basal part; the ratio of elytral to pronotal width is very constant, whereas the ratio of elytral to pronotal length is more variable. The female genitalia are very constant, with the arms of the sternite VIII typically subangulate laterally. Etymology: Named after the country of origin, Saudi Arabia. Distribution: The type locality is south of Lith, in the central part of the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea.	en	Meregalli, Massimo (2008): Taxonomic relationships between Pachycerus and Rhabdorrhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae), with descriptions of two new species of Rhabdorrhynchus from the Arabian Peninsula. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152 (1): 25-37, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00335.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00335.x
03C087D0965FFFB864D36F5CFE34FC40.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: United Arab Emirates, Jebel Ali, 24 ° 59 ′ N, 55 ° 43 ′ E. Holotype ♀, United Arab Emirates: United Arab Emirates, Umg [ebung] Jebel Ali, 24 ° 59 ′ N, 55 ° 43 ′ E; Dünen am Strand, 15 March 1990, H. J. Bremer legit (NHMB). Paratype ♂, United Arab Emirates: United Arab Emirates, Dubai Emirate, 55 ° 40 ′ 18 ″ E, 24 ° 56 ′ 07 ″ N, 16 April 1993, Barbara J. Tigar / Brit. Mus. 1994 - 180 / 262 (BMNH). Diagnosis: A Rhabdorrhynchus very similar to R. sauditus sp. nov., characterized by the short, flat rostrum, with scarcely developed dorsolateral keels; the pronotum scarcely convex, with flat, nonimpressed narrow median line, and convex, irregular granules flattened on top; the ventrite VIII of the female with moderately broadened arms and the hemisternites long tapering at apex. Measurements: Holotype ♀. Body length including rostrum, 7.56 mm. Rostrum: length, 1.40 mm; width, 0.74 mm. Pronotum: length, 2.23 mm; width, 2.46 mm; ratio, 0.91. Elytra: length, 4.95 mm; width, 3.07 mm; ratio, 1.61. Ratio of elytral to pronotal length, 2.22; ratio of elytral to pronotal width, 1.25. Paratype ♂. Body length including rostrum, 5.72 mm. Rostrum: length, 1.01 mm; width, 0.59 mm. Pronotum: length, 1.79 mm; width, 1.92 mm; ratio, 0.93. Elytra: length, 3.78 mm; width, 2.42 mm; ratio, 1.56. Ratio of elytral to pronotal length, 2.11; ratio of elytral to pronotal width, 1.26. Description: Body of small size, integument moderately glossy, dark reddish at base of elytra, progressively darkened, black on pronotum; vestiture composed of narrow, hair-like, yellowish scales and larger, elliptical, acuminate white scales, about five times longer than broad, glossy, generally covering integument where present (Figs 16, 17). Rostrum slightly longer than wide, nearly straight in lateral view, moderately thickened at apex. Dorsolateral keels broad but barely developed, densely and roughly punctured, slightly more raised and smoother only above eyes, sinuate and converging anteriad towards antennal insertion, in lateral view nearly straight from base to antennal insertion, barely curved downwards at middle of the rostrum length; dorsum flattened or subdepressed, lacking distinct furrows or keels, delimited by the dorsolateral keels and thus narrowed anteriad between antennae, roughly wrinkled and punctured, interspaces between wrinkles raised to form irregular small glossy granules; sides in front of eyes flat, densely wrinkled and punctured. Epistoma semicircular, well delimited, broadly punctured, and nearly matt, concave at apex. Vestiture: yellowish-white hair-like scales inserted in granules and punctures, relatively dense; larger white scales forming a stripe on median part, hiding integument. Scrobes short, deep; upper margin moderately convex and raised above antennal insertion, not expanded outwards, straight, reaching the lower margin of eyes; lower margin of scrobes not delimited by a glossy smooth keel, short, directed downwards (Figs 20, 25). Antennae with scape short, thick, conical, straight, and moderately broadened from base; funicle nearly as wide as scape at its apex, segment 1 subcylindrical, about 1.5 times longer than broad, segment 2 subquadrate, segments 3 – 7 transverse, seventh slightly larger; club long elliptical; vestiture of the antennae as in R. sauditus (Fig. 22). Head short, transverse, vertex convex, rough; interocular pit distinct; eyes moderately convex, their upper half visible from above, in lateral view subtriangular – elliptical, lower margin subacute. Vestiture: scattered hair-like scales and a patch of larger white scales on centre of vertex; underside with scales white, in part bifid, connate near apex. Pronotum large, in lateral view dorsally nearly flat, base medially moderately expanded towards scutellum; sides subparallel, from base barely widening up to apical quarter and shortly narrowing preapically in female holotype, very weakly convergent apicad in male paratype; apex prominent above head, ocular lobes weakly but distinctly developed, with some yellow setae; dorsum in holotype with irregularly shaped, sparse glossy granules, which are smaller, widely separate, and scarcely raised on disc, and larger and more glossy, in part fused, towards base, apex, and sides, where they are higher but similarly flattened in their upper part; in paratype male granules on dorsum scarcely raised, semicircular, delimiting the external margin of irregularly impressed punctures; disc with a narrow and flat median keel, continuous from base to apex, narrowed at middle, smooth, not impressed; sides with smaller, rounded, and slightly conical granules. Vestiture: hair-like scales relatively frequent on dorsum, thicker in the basal half of the median keel and on sides, progressively larger towards anterior part; large white scales forming a thick oblique stripe on the anterior part of the median line, two small elongate spots in dorsolateral position, and a scarcely defined line starting from the spots and directed towards apex (Fig. 21). Scutellum narrow, long triangular. Elytra barely wider than base of pronotum, sides subparallel, maximum width along middle of their length, declivity oblique, gently sloping. Apex of each elytron with an acute projection behind interval 3, and with a hint of a raised keel joining the junctions between intervals 2 and 10 and intervals 3 and 9. Surface nearly smooth, with very few granules on basal part; all intervals flat, odd undifferentiated from even, striae with shallow punctures, larger at base, and progressively narrower towards apex. Vestiture: yellow hair-like scale quite dense on odd intervals and sparsely scattered on even intervals; larger white scales forming dense, vaguely delimited patches covering integument over the whole surface, leaving out small irregular spaces usually covered by hair-like scales and a slightly better delimited bare patch on intervals 2 and 4 slightly beyond median of elytra (Fig. 19). Prosternum shape, sculpture, and vestiture as in R. sauditus. Ventrite I as long as ventrite II, ventrite I plus ventrite II as long as ventrite III plus ventrite IV; ventrites III and IV nearly half as long as ventrite II, ventrite V transverse. Vestiture very dense on all ventrites, composed of large glossy white scales, leaving out four lateral bare spots on ventrites I and II, the outer ones small and scarcely distinct, and two small median spots barely delimited and nearly completely merged; on ventrites III and IV, two lateral bare round spots and indications of a median patch, on ventrite V, indication of a bare patch at base (Fig. 18). Secondary sexual characters are similar to those of P. sauditus. Legs shape and vestiture as in R. sauditus. Aedeagus slender, moderately curved. Apical lamella, shortly triangular (Figs 28 – 30). Hemisternites broadened basad, narrowly attenuated at apex; styli subquadrate, short, apical (Fig. 26). Spermatheca with long narrow, curved and acuminate cornu, subquadrate ramus, and thickened nodulus (Fig. 24). Sternum VIII with arms thin, joined at base, moderately widened; sclerotized plate nearly indistinct, limited to a small area around apex of arms (Fig. 23). Variation: The paratype male is much smaller (5.72 mm), the pronotum has sides that are very weakly convergent apicad, and the granules on the dorsum are scarcely raised, semicircular, delimiting the external margin of irregularly impressed punctures. The other traits characterizing R. emir are constant in the two specimens examined. Etymology: The specific epithet is a noun in apposition. It is derived from ‘ emir’, also sometimes written as Amir or Ameer (arabic:, commander), a high title of nobility or office, historically used in Islamic nations of the Middle East, North Africa, and the Turkish world; in reference to the species’ provenance, the United Arab Emirates. Ecology: The type specimen was collected on sand dunes along the beach. Remarks: Rhabdorrhynchus emir differs from R. sauditus sp. nov. in the following traits: size smaller (5.72 – 7.56 mm vs. 8.40 – 9.79 mm), rostrum with dorsolateral keels scarcely raised throughout their entire length, densely punctured and barely distinct before antennal insertion; dorsum flat, lacking longitudinal grooves; scape shorter, straight, thickened from base (slightly curved forwards, relatively narrower, thickened from basal third in R. sauditus); pronotum with shallow and broader median groove, more densely covered with scales in its anterior half, and with granules less dense, scarcely distinct, scattered on surface and not conically raised, and elytra nearly completely without granules excepting a few near base, without short, semi-erect setae; larger white scales less dense, smaller yellow scales slightly broader and more frequent, forming a nearly uniform vestiture on sutural interval. Sternum VIII of female with arms weakly curved and moderately broadened, length / width ratio 2.30 (arms subangularly broadened, ratio 1.84 – 1.98 in R. sauditus); hemisternites long, more sharply attenuated at apex; spermatheca with cornu more slender, narrower and more strongly curved. Aedeagus slightly broader, sides subangularly constricted before apical lamella. All other species of Rhabdorrhynchus, none of which have ever been recorded for the Arabian Peninsula, are larger, and usually have a much sparser elytral vestiture, with larger white scales scattered in small patches and the rostrum more distinctly grooved basally, before the vertex. P. efflatouni (Tewfik, 1942), from Yemen, Wadi Sharis, according to its description, is apparently quite close to some species from sub-Saharan Africa and is characterized by the presence of bifid or digitate scales, the pronotum lacking isolate granules and with a broad median impression, and the elytra having glossy black spots.	en	Meregalli, Massimo (2008): Taxonomic relationships between Pachycerus and Rhabdorrhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae), with descriptions of two new species of Rhabdorrhynchus from the Arabian Peninsula. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152 (1): 25-37, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00335.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00335.x
