taxonID	type	description	language	source
D92D36364A32FFE27139FE2DFCC3DAAB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Mandible: molar tritulative. Maxilla 1: outer plate with ten or 11 robust serrate setae apically. Maxilliped: outer plate reaching end of palp article 1. Pereopod 7: basis not expanded. Gills: coxal gills on pereopods 2 – 6. Uropod 1: peduncle with or without basofacial armature. Uropod 3: inner ramus present; outer ramus elongate, uni or bi-articulate. Type genus: Mesogammarus Tzvetkova, 1965. Remarks: The family was erected by Bousfield (1977) to accommodate the monotypic genus Mesogammarus Tzvetkova, 1965. Subsequently, another monotypic genus, Paramesogammarus Bousfield, 1979, was added to the family by Bousfield (1979). Barnard & Barnard (1983) emended the original familial diagnosis. Our view of what constitutes the important diagnostics of this family is given above. Based on this new diagnosis, we assign Eoniphargus and Octopupilla gen. nov. to Mesogammaridae. A potential relationship of Eoniphargus to the monotypic genus Indoniphargus Straškraba, 1967 has been suggested by several authors (e. g. Straškraba, 1967; Bousfield, 1977; Stock & Jo, 1990). By contrast, Barnard & Barnard (1983) classified Eoniphargus near the gammarids, but Indoniphargus near the melitids. In our opinion, Indoniphargus appear to belong to Mesogammaridae. The presence or not of the coxal gill 7 is a significant high-level taxonomic character (Bousfield, 1977, 1983). But this character is not given in Chilton’s (1923) original description and Stephensen’s (1931) redescription of Indoniphargus indicus. The decision of whether Indoniphargus belongs to Mesogammaridae should be postponed until the coxal gill feature of I. indicus can be clarified. The genera of Mesogammaridae may be further grouped into related complexes. Thus, Mesogammarus and Paramesogammarus, a marine group, posess the well-developed eyes, the stout propodus of the gnathopods, the smooth palmar margin of the gnathopods and the unstalked coxal gills. Eoniphargus and Octopupilla, a second related group, inhabit subterranean waters and possess the reduced eyes, the feeble propodus of the gnathopods, the palmar margin with small triangular protuberances and the pedunculate coxal gills. Composition: As emended above, the family now includes the following genera: Mesogammarus Tzvetkova, 1965, Paramesogammarus Bousfield, 1979, Eoniphargus (Uéno, 1955) and Octopupilla gen. nov.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A32FFE573F2FCCBFEF8DA52.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Eyes absent; dorsal margin of urosomite 3 lacking robust setae; inner plate of maxilla 2 with facial setae in oblique row; carpus of gnathopods 1 and 2 not lobate; propodus of gnathopods 1 and 2 elongate; peduncles of pleopods with few setae; epimeral plates lacking ventromarginal setae; uropod 3 parviramous (length of inner ramus up to 0.3 × length of outer ramus). Type species: Neoniphargus (Eoniphargus) kojimai Uéno, 1955, original designation. Remarks: As mentioned in the remarks on Mesogammaridae, Eoniphargus is morphologically similar to Indoniphargus in having the absence of eyes, the pedunculate coxal gills and the small inner ramus of the uropod 3. However, Eoniphargus differs from Indoniphargus by the following characters (Indoniphargus in parentheses): the dorsal margin of the urosomite 3 is bare (with robust setae); the outer plate of the maxilla 1 bears 10 or 11 robust serrate setae (8 setae); the inner plate of the maxilla 2 bears facial setae in a oblique row (lacking); the carpus of the gnathopods is not lobate (lobate); and the propodus of the gnathopods is elongate (mittenform). Two species are included in this genus at present: Eoniphargus kojimai (Uéno, 1955) and E. glandulatus Stock & Jo, 1990. They inhabit subterranean waters in Japan and Korea.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A35FFE87094FDB3FA05DE64.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Male, 4.3 mm (appendages on slides and carcass in ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16652 and two females, 4.6 mm, 4.3 mm (appendages on slides and carcass in ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16653 – 16654, from 20 cm depth on the bank of the Seto River (34 ° 52 ′ 50 ″ N, 138 ° 13 ′ 08 ″ E), Terajima, Fujieda City, Shizuoka Prefecture, 3. xi. 2004, collected by T. Torii. Materials for SEM observation: One male (4.3 mm) and one female (4.4 mm). Description: Male, NSMT-Cr 16652. Head (Fig. 2 A): as long as pereonites 1 and 2 combined; inferior antennal sinus deep with rounded angle; eyes absent; rostrum short; lateral cephalic lobe rounded. Antenna 1 (Fig. 3 A): length 0.6 × body length; peduncular articles 1, 2 and 3 with length ratios 1.0: 0.8: 0.4; article 1 shorter than head length, posterodistal part with robust seta; articles 1 – 3 with lateral and medial setae; accessory flagellum 3 - articulate (Fig. 3 B); primary flagellum with c. 22 articles, each article with 1 aesthetasc (Fig. 3 C), calceoli lacking. Antenna 2 (Fig. 3 D): length 0.6 × length of antenna 1; peduncular articles 4 – 5 with lateral and medial setae; length of article 4 reaching 90 % of length of article 5; article 5 of right antenna 2 with 2 calceoli; article 5 of left antenna 2 lacking calceoli; flagellum 16 - articulate, articles with calceoli (Fig. 3 E). Pereonites 1 – 7 (Fig. 2 A): smooth with fine setae. Pleonites 1 – 3 (Fig. 2 A): smooth with fine setae, dorsal margin with 4 setae (Fig. 5 A – C). Coxae: coxae 1 – 4 with marginal and facial setae, posterior margin of coxa 4 widely excavate (Fig. 4 D); anterior lobe of coxae 5 – 6 dominant (Fig. 4 G, J); coxa 7 (Fig. 4 M) shallow, 0.5 × as deep as wide. Urosomite 1 (Fig. 5 D): dorsal margin with a pair of robust setae. Urosomite 2 (Fig. 5 E): dorsal margin with a pair of robust setae and a single robust seta. Urosomite 3 (Fig. 5 F): dorsal margin bare. Upper lip (Fig. 2 B): ventral margin rounded, with minute setae. Lower lip (Fig. 2 C): inner lobes lacking, outer lobes broad, shoulder rounded. Mandible (Fig. 2 D): left and right incisors 5 - dentate; left lacinia mobilis 4 - dentate (Fig. 2 E), right lacinia weakly bifid, 3 - dentate (Fig. 2 F); molar strong, triturative, with single plumose seta; palp articles 1, 2 and 3 with length rations 1.0: 2.4: 1.9; article 1 unarmed; article 2 with 8 marginal setae; article 3 with pair of A-setae, many D- setae and E-setae, outer face with fine setae. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 2 H): inner plate triangular, medial margin with 6 plumose setae; outer plate with 11 robust serrate setae (Fig. 2 I); palp article 2 with 5 robust setae and single slender seta apically (Fig. 2 J). Maxilla 2 (Fig. 2 K): inner plate with 7 plumose facial setae in oblique row. Maxilliped (Fig. 2 L): inner plate reaching end of palp article 1, quadrate, with 3 subapical setae and 1 medial robust seta (Fig. 2 O); outer plate ovate, reaching middle of palp article 2, with row of robust setae extending from apex along medial margin (Fig. 2 N); palp article 2 long, length 2.1 × length of article 1 and 1.8 × length of article 3; articles 2 and 3 medially setose; article 3 with rugose apical lobe. Gnathopods: dissimilar in size and form. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 3 J): anterior and posterior margins of basis with long setae; ischium and merus short, ventral margin of merus setose; length of carpus 0.9 × length of propodus, not lobate, with medial setae, ventral margin lined with setae; propodus rectangular, palm lined with small triangular protuberances, 3 inner and 2 outer robust setae (Fig. 3 K); dactylus curved, posterior margin not serrate. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 3 L): posterior margin of basis with long setae; carpus long, length 1.2 × length of propodus, not lobate, with medial setae, ventral margin lined with setae; propodus more slender than gnathopod 1 propodus, palm lined with small triangular protuberances, 2 inner and 2 outer robust setae (Fig. 3 M); dactylus curved, not serrate. Pereopod 3 – 4 (Fig. 4 A, D, E): slender, posterior margin of basis with long setae; ischium short, almost as long as wide; merus, carpus and propodus with length ratios 1.0: 0.8: 0.8, with short setae marginally; length of dactylus 0.4 × length of propodus, anteroproximal and posterior margins with setae (Fig. 4 B). Pereopod 5 (Fig. 4 G): anterior margin of basis with robust setae, posterior margin with fine setae, outer face with few setae, posteroventral lobe rounded; ischium short, shorter than wide; merus, carpus and propodus with length ratios 1.0: 1.2: 1.3; dactylus slender, length 0.3 × length of propodus, with 2 setae (Fig. 4 H). Pereopod 6 (Fig. 4 J): like pereopod 5, except: outer face of basis without setae; merus, carpus and propodus with length ratios 1.0: 1.1: 1.4; length of dactylus 0.2 × length of propodus (Fig. 4 K). Pereopod 7 (Fig. 4 M): like pereopod 5, except: basis without outer facial setae; merus – dactylus missing. Pleopods (Fig. 5 G, J, K): peduncle longer than rami, with few setae, rami well developed; retinacula paired, without associated setae (Fig. 5 H); inner basal margin of inner ramus of pleopods 1 – 3 with 2 bifid plumose setae (Fig. 5 I); inner ramus 7 -, outer ramus 8 - to 9 - articulate. Epimeral plates 1 – 3 (Fig. 5 N – P): weakly pointed posterodistally, lacking ventromarginal setae, posterior margin with no or 1 seta. Uropod 1 (Fig. 5 R): length of peduncle 1.5 × length of inner ramus, peduncle with robust setae on dorsolateral and dorsomedial margins, basofacial margin with 3 robust setae; length of outer ramus 0.8 × length of inner ramus, inner margin with 2 robust setae, outer margin bare; inner and outer margins of inner ramus with 1 and 2 robust setae, respectively. Uropod 2 (Fig. 5 S): length of peduncle 1.2 × length of inner ramus, with robust setae on dorsolateral and dorsomedial margins, outer distal corner with modified seta; length of outer ramus 0.6 × length of inner ramus, margin bare; inner basal margin of inner ramus with pair of slender setae, outer margin with 2 robust setae. Uropod 3 (Fig. 5 U): length of peduncle 0.3 × length of outer ramus, with robust setae, distal edge fringed with robust bent setae; inner ramus short, length 0.3 × length of outer ramus, with robust setae; outer ramus 2 - articulate, terminal article distinct, length 0.3 × length of proximal article (Fig. 5 V); inner margin of proximal article with a pair of setae and 3 single robust setae, accompanied by 4 plumose setae; outer margin of proximal article with 2 clusters and 1 pair of robust setae, single robust seta, and a few simple slender setae. Telson (Fig. 5 X): length 1.1 × basal maximum width, dorsolateral margins with 2 robust setae and 2 penicillate setae dorsolaterally, and 3 robust setae apically; cleft 67 %. Female, NSMT-Cr 16653. Antenna 1 (Fig. 3 F): peduncular articles 1, 2 and 3 with length ratios 1.0: 0.8: 0.5; accessory flagellum 4 - articulate (Fig. 3 G); primary flagellum with c. 23 articules. Antenna 2 (Fig. 3 I): length of peduncular article 4 reaching 90 % of length of article 5, article 5 lacking calceoli; flagellum 16 - articulate, calceoli lacking. Coxae: facial setae on coxae 1 – 5 denser than those of male. Mandible: right incisor 6 - dentate (Fig. 2 G); right lacinia mobilis 4 - dentate, weakly bifid (Fig. 2 G). Maxilliped: robust apical setae on inner plate more stiff than those of male (Fig. 2 P). Brood plates: on pereopods 2 – 5; narrow, lacking brood setae. Pleopods (Fig. 5 L, M): peduncles of pleopods 1 and 3 with 3 and 1 setae, respectively. Uropod 2 (Fig. 5 T): peduncle about as long as inner ramus, outer distal corner with robust simple seta; length of outer ramus 0.8 × length of inner ramus, with robust inner marginal seta; inner and outer margins of inner ramus with 1 and 2 robust setae, respectively. Uropod 3 (Fig. 5 W): distal edge of peduncle fringed with robust setae; inner ramus with robust seta; length of terminal article of outer ramus 0.2 × length of proximal article, inner margin of proximal article with 3 pairs of robust setae, single robust seta, 4 plumose setae, and a few simple setae, outer margin of proximal article with 2 clusters and 2 pairs of robust setae and a few slender simple setae. Telson (Fig. 5 Y): as long as wide; cleft 71 %. SEM observation: One male and one female were observed via SEM. Calceolus (Fig. 6 A, B), stalk and bulla well developed, concavity of proximal element shallow, distal element with 12 – 16 well-defined transverse bands. Molar of right mandible (Fig. 6 C, D) strong, tritulative. Remarks: Our specimens agree well with Uéno’s (1955) original description of E. kojimai, except for two characters. Although our Shizuoka specimens have two articulations on the outer ramus of the uropod 3, Uéno described only one articulation based on his material from Tokyo. However, Uéno (1955: figs 3 – 7) illustrated a notch on the outer ramus of the uropod 3, also noted by Barnard & Barnard (1983), indicating his specimens also had two articles. Our specimens have 11 setae on the outer plate of the maxilla 1, whereas Uéno (1955) described ‘ the outer plate of the maxilla 1 with 10 robust apical setae’. We failed to resolve this discrepancy, since we could not access the type material of E. kojimai, which may be lost. Eoniphargus kojimai is distinguished from E. glandulatus by the following characters (E. glandulatus in parentheses): the antennal sinus is deep (very shallow); the male antenna 2 has calceoli (lacking); the gland cone of the antenna 2 reaches distal end of the peduncular article 3 of the antenna 2 (exceeds article 3); the lacinia mobilis on the left mandible is 4 - dentate (5 - dentate), the peduncle of the uropod 1 has robust basofacial setae (lacking); the outer ramus of the uropod 3 is 2 - articulate (uniarticulate); and the telson is 1.1 times as long as wide (1.4 times).	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A38FFEB73A0F996FEF0DE97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Eyes vestigial, represented by eight pigment spots; dorsal margin of urosomite 3 with robust setae; inner plate of maxilla 2 with facial setae in oblique row; carpus of gnathopods 1 and 2 not lobate; propodus of gnathopods 1 and 2 elongate; peduncle of pleopods with marginal setae; epimeral plates 2 and 3 with robust ventromarginal setae; uropod 3 magniramous (length of inner ramus about 0.7 × length of outer ramus).	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A38FFEB73A0F996FEF0DE97.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Octopupilla felix Tomikawa sp. nov. by monotypy.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A38FFEB73A0F996FEF0DE97.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The genus name is from the Latin octo (eight) and pupilla (pupil) referring to the vestigial eyes represented by eight pigment spots.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A38FFEB73A0F996FEF0DE97.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Octopupilla is distinguished from Eoniphargus by the following characters (Eoniphargus in parentheses): eyes are vestigial, represented by eight pigment spots (absent); the dorsal margin of the urosomite 3 has robust setae (lacking); epimeral plates 2 and 3 with robust ventromarginal setae (setae lacking); uropod 3 is magniramous (parviramus); and the inner ramus of uropod 3 is 0.7 times as long as the outer (0.3 times).	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A3BFFED70F7F8EEFC6BDDB8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: female, 7.7 mm (appendages on slide and carcass in ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16655, shallow riverbed of the Koza River (33 ° 32 ′ 10 ″ N, 135 ° 47 ′ 47 ″ E), Kozagawa Town, Wakayama Prefecture, 11. iii. 2004, collected by N. Matsumoto. Paratypes: female, 5.9 mm (appendages on slide and carcass in ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16656, five females, 3.7 – 6.9 mm (ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16657, same data as holotype; two females, 6.4 mm, 5.5 mm (for each, appendages on slide and carcasses in ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16658 – 16659, shallow riverbed of the Takatomi River, Kushimoto Town, Wakayama Prefecture, 19. vi. 2003, collected by A. Ohtaka; two females, 6.2 mm, 5.5 mm (for each, appendages on slide and carcasses in ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16660 – 16661, from 60 to 80 cm depth on bank of Kaifu River (33 ° 36 ′ 50 ″ N, 134 ° 19 ′ 29 ″ E), Yoshida, Kaifu Town, Tokushima Prefecture, 6. x. 2002, collected by Y. Morimoto. Etymology: The epithet of the species name is from Latin felix (happy, fortunate). Description: Holotype, female, NSMT-Cr 16655. Head (Fig. 7 B): shorter than pereonites 1 and 2 combined; inferior antennal sinus deep, with rounded angle; eyes vestigial, represented by 8 pigment spots; rostrum short; lateral cephalic lobe rounded. Antenna 1 (Fig. 7 C): long, nearly as long as body length; peduncular articles 1, 2 and 3 with length ratios 1.0: 1.0: 0.4; article 1 length equal to head length, posterodistal part with robust seta; articles 2 – 3 with lateral and medial setae; accessory flagellum 4 - articulate (Fig. 7 D); primary flagellum 41 - articulate, articles with distal setae, calceoli and aesthetascs lacking. Antenna 2 (Fig. 7 E): about half length of antenna 1; peduncular article 3 short, not reaching middle of peduncular article 1 of antenna 1; peduncular articles 4 – 5 with lateral and medial setae; length of article 4 0.9 × length of article 5; flagellum 21 - articulate, articles with distal setae, calceoli lacking. Pereonites 1 – 7 (Fig. 7 A): smooth, with fine setae. Pleonites 1 – 3 (Fig. 12 A – C): smooth, with fine setae, each dorsal margin with 4 setae; pleonites 1 – 3 decreasing in length. Coxae: coxae 1 – 4 with many marginal and facial setae; posterior margin of coxa 4 widely excavate (Fig. 10 C); anterior lobe of coxae 5 – 6 dominant (Fig. 11 A, C); coxa 7 shallow, 0.5 × as deep as wide (Fig. 11 E). Urosomites 1 – 2 (Fig. 12 D, E): each dorsal margin with pair of clusters of robust setae. Urosomite 3 (Fig. 12 F): dorsal margin with a pair of robust setae and a single robust seta. Upper lip (Fig. 8 A): ventral margin weakly rounded, with fine setae. Lower lip (Fig. 8 B): outer lobes broad, setulose, shoulder round; inner lobes partly fused, indistinct. Mandible (Fig. 8 C, E): left and right incisors 5 - and 4 - dentate, respectively (Fig. 8 D, F); left lacinia mobilis 4 - dentate (Fig. 8 D), right lacinia bifid (Fig. 8 F); molar moderately strong, triturative, with single plumose seta (left molar broken); palp 3 - articulate, articles 1, 2 and 3 with length ratios 1.0: 4.0: 3.0 on left mandible, 1.0: 3.0: 2.5 on right mandible; article 1 unarmed; article 2 with 14 or 15 submarginal setae; article 3 with cluster of A-setae, many D- setae, and 4 E-setae, with setulose outer face. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 8 G, H): inner plate triangular, with 14 medial plumose setae; outer plate with 11 robust serrate setae (Fig. 8 K); palp 2 - articulate, longer than outer plate; article 1 unarmed; article 2 of right maxilla 1 with 7 robust setae and 3 slender setae (Fig. 8 I); article 2 of left maxilla 1 with 6 robust setae and slender seta (Fig. 8 J). Maxilla 2 (Fig. 8 L): inner plate with 13 plumose facial setae in oblique row. Maxilliped (Fig. 8 M): inner plate reaching end of palp article 1, quadrate, with 3 apical, and 1 robust subapical setae, and associated setae; medial margin with row of plumose setae in distal half (Fig. 8 N); outer plate narrowing distally, reaching half of palp article 2, with row of robust setae extending from apex along medial margin (Fig. 8 O); palp 4 - articulate; article 2 long, length 1.8 × length of article 1 and 1.3 × length of article 3; both articles medially setose; article 3 with rugose apical lobe. Gnathopods: dissimilar in size and form. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 9 A): anterior and posterior margins of basis with long setae; ischium and merus short, ventral margin of merus setose; carpus about equal to propodus in length, not lobate, with medial setae, ventral margin lined with setae; propodus stout, palm lined with small triangular protuberances and setae, inner and outer distal corners each with 3 robust setae (Fig. 9 B); dactylus thick, curved, posterior margin smooth (Fig. 9 C). Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 9 D): posterior margin of basis with long setae; ischium and merus more slender than those of gnathopod 1; carpus long, length 1.2 × length of propodus, not lobate, with medial setae, ventral margin lined with setae; propodus more slender than that of gnathopod 1, palm lined with small triangular protuberances and setae, inner and outer distal corners each with 3 robust setae (Fig. 9 E); dactylus thick, curved, posterior margin smooth (Fig. 9 F). Pereopod 3 (Fig. 10 A): slender, posterior margin of basis with long setae; ischium short, almost as long as wide; length ratios of merus, carpus and propodus = 1.0: 0.8: 0.8, with short setae marginally; dactylus length 0.3 × length of propodus, with 2 setae (Fig. 10 B). Pereopod 4 (Fig. 10 C): like pereopod 3, except: length ratios of merus, carpus, and propodus = 1.0: 0.9: 0.8; dactylus with three setae. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 11 A): anterior margin of basis with robust setae, posterior margin with short setae, posteroventral lobe rounded; ischium short, almost as long as wide; length ratios of merus, carpus and propodus = 1.0: 1.4: 1.6; dactylus length 0.3 × length of propodus, with 2 setae (Fig. 11 B). Pereopod 6 (Fig. 11 C): like pereopod 5, except: ischium short, length 0.8 × width; length ratios of merus, carpus and propodus = 1.0: 1.3: 1.6; dactylus slender, length 0.3 × length of propodus, with 2 setae (Fig. 11 D). Pereopod 7 (Fig. 11 E): like pereopod 5, except: ischium short, length 0.7 × width; length ratios of merus, carpus and propodus = 1.0: 1.5: 1.8; dactylus stout, length 0.2 × length of propodus, with 2 setae (Fig. 11 F). Brood plates: narrow, lacking brood setae, on pereopods 2 – 5. Pleopods (Fig. 11 G, J, K): peduncle and rami long; retinacula paired, without associated setae (Fig. 11 H); inner basal margin of inner ramus of pleopods 1 – 3 with 3, 3, and 2 bifid setae, respectively (Fig. 11 I); outer ramus 13 -, inner ramus 11 - articulate. Epimeral plates 1 – 3: not pointed posterodistally. Epimeral plate 1 (Fig. 12 G): posterior margin with 2 setae. Epimeral plate 2 (Fig. 12 H): posterior margin with 3 setae, ventral submargin with single robust seta. Epimeral plate 3 (Fig. 12 I): posterior margin with 4 setae, ventral submargin with 2 robust setae. Uropod 1 (Fig. 12 J): length of peduncle 1.5 × length of inner ramus, with robust setae on dorsolateral and dorsomedial margins, and with 3 basofacial robust setae; length of outer ramus 0.9 × length of inner ramus, outer and inner margins with 1 and 2 robust setae, respectively; outer and inner margins of inner ramus each with 2 robust setae, ventral margin with single slender seta. Uropod 2 (Fig. 12 K – M): length of peduncle 1.1 × length of inner ramus, with robust setae on dorsolateral and dorsomedial margins; length of outer ramus 0.7 × length of inner ramus, outer and inner margins each with single robust seta; outer and inner margins of inner ramus with 1 and 2 robust setae, respectively. Uropod 3 (Fig. 12 N): length of peduncle 0.5 × length of inner ramus, with 3 robust setae; outer ramus 2 - articulate, terminal article distinct, length 0.3 × length of proximal article (Fig. 12 P); outer margin of proximal article with pair and 4 clusters of robust setae, inner margin with 5 plumose setae, single simple seta, single robust seta, and 5 pairs of robust setae; inner ramus long, length 0.7 × length of outer ramus, outer margin with 3 plumose setae, single simple seta, and 4 robust setae. Telson (Fig. 7 F): length 1.1 × basal maximum width, dorsolateral margins with 3 robust setae and 2 fine setae, each lobe with 3 or 4 robust setae apically in 1 row; cleft 63 %.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A3DFFEF734CF9C2FB07DE46.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Mandible: molar weak, not triturative, without seta. Maxilla 1: outer plate with 7 robust serrate setae apically. Maxilliped: outer plate very short, not reaching end of palp article 1. Pereopod 7: basis not expanded. Gills: coxal gills on pereopods 2 – 6. Uropod 1: peduncle with 3 – 4 robust basofacial setae. Uropod 3: inner ramus as long as outer ramus; outer ramus elongate, uniarticulate. Type genus: Lucioblivio Tomikawa gen. nov. Remarks: Luciobliviidae fam. nov. can be differentiated from all other gammaroids by the following combination of diagnostic characters: the non-triturative nature of the mandibular molar, the small size of the outer plate of the maxilliped, the lack of coxal gill 7, and the uniarticulate outer ramus of uropod 3. Luciobliviidae is similar to Gammaroporeiidae Bousfield, 1979 and Mesogammaridae Bousfield, 1977 in lacking coxal gill 7. However, from both Gammaroporeiidae and Mesogammaridae, Luciobliviidae is excluded because of the non-triturative nature of the mandibular molar and the small size of the outer plate of the maxilliped. Additionally, it is excluded from Gammaroporeiidae by the non-expanded basis of pereopod 7, the presence of basofacial armature on the peduncle of uropod 1, and the elongate outer ramus of uropod 3. Differentiating characters of Luciobliviidae, Gammaroporeiidae and Mesogammaridae are listed in Table 2. Luciobliviidae has many unusual features. In addition to our previous listing of diagnostic characters which easily separate Luciobliviidae from other gammaroids, it may help further studies of this most remarkable family if we list here those features: the lack of marginal setae of the upper lip; the presence of minor prickle-like setae on the tip of the palp article 3 of the mandible; the non-bifid lacinia mobilis of the right mandible; the lack of significant pubescence on the maxillae; the poorly armed inner plate of maxilla 1, with only two plumose setae; the inner plate of maxilla 2 with two plumose facial setae in a oblique row; the poorly armed inner plate of the maxilliped, without a row of inner marginal plumose setae; the presence of small triangular protuberances on the palmar margin of the propodus of the gnathopods; and the lack of associated setae of the retinacula of the pleopods. At present this family contains only one genus, Lucioblivio gen. nov. from Japan.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A3FFFEF73B1F996FB12DF29.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As for the family. Type species: Lucioblivio kozaensis Tomikawa sp. nov. by monotypy. Etymology: The generic name is from the Latin adverb luci (of light) and oblivio (oblivion), referring to the lightless habitat of the new genus.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A23FFF8708FFCC2FE0CD9F8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: female, 6.3 mm (appendages on slides and carcass in ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16662, shallow riverbed of the Koza River (33 ° 32 ′ 10 ″ N, 135 ° 47 ′ 47 ″ E), Kozagawa Town, Wakayama Prefecture, 11. iii. 2004, collected by N. Matsumoto. Paratypes: two females, 4.2 mm (appendages on slide and carcass in ethanol), 3.4 mm (ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16663 – 16664, from 20 cm depth on the bank of the Seto River (34 ° 52 ′ 50 ″ N, 138 ° 13 ′ 08 ″ E), Terajima, Fujieda City, Shizuoka Prefecture, 3. xi. 2004, collected by T. Torii; two females, 6.5 mm (appendages on slides and carcass in ethanol), 4.9 mm (ethanol), NSMT-Cr 16665 – 16666, shallow riverbed of the Kirime River (33 ° 47 ′ N, 135 ° 14 ′ E), Inami Town, Wakayama Prefecture, February 2001, collected by K. Nishi. Specimen for SEM observation: Female, 5.6 mm, data as for holotype.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A23FFF8708FFCC2FE0CD9F8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species name is from the Latinized Japanese kozaensis (of Koza), referring to the type locality of the new species.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A23FFF8708FFCC2FE0CD9F8.taxon	description	Description: Holotype, female, NSMT-Cr 16662. Head (Fig. 13): shorter than pereonites 1 and 2 combined; inferior antennal sinus shallow; eyes absent; rostrum short; lateral cephalic lobe weakly pointed. Antenna 1 (Fig. 14 A): length about 0.6 × body length; peduncular articles 1, 2 and 3 with length rations 1.0: 0.9: 0.3; posterior margin of article 1 with 3 robust setae, posterodistal part with single robust seta; articles 2 – 3 with lateral and medial setae; accessory flagellum 2 - articulate (Fig. 14 B); primary flagellum 20 - articulate, each article with 1 aesthetasc, calceoli lacking (Fig. 14 C). Antenna 2 (Fig. 14 D): about half the length of antenna 1; peduncular articles 4 – 5 with lateral and medial setae; length of article 4 1.3 × length of article 5; article 5 with 5 calceoli (Fig. 14 E); flagellum 11 - articulate, articles with calceoli. Pereonites 1 – 7 (Fig. 13): smooth, with fine setae. Pleonites 1 – 3 (Fig. 15 E – G): dorsal margin of each with 4 setae. Coxae: coxae 1 – 4 with marginal and facial setae; posterior margin of coxa 4 widely excavate (Fig. 17 C); anterior lobe of coxae 5 – 6 dominant (Fig. 17 E, F); coxa 7 shallow, 0.5 × as deep as wide (Fig. 17 H). Urosomites 1 – 3 (Fig. 15 H – J): dorsal margin with pair of robust setae. Upper lip (Fig. 14 F): ventral margin truncate, lacking marginal setae. Lower lip (Fig. 14 G): outer lobes broad, shoulder acute, inner lobes fused, indistinct. Mandible (Fig. 14 H): left and right incisors 5 - and 4 - dentate, respectively (Fig. 14 I, K); left lacinia mobilis 4 - dentate (Fig. 14 I), right lacinia finely dentate (Fig. 14 K); molar weak, not triturative, without seta; palp articles 1, 2 and 3 with length ratios 1.0: 2.5: 2.5; article 1 unarmed; article 2 with 12 marginal setae; article 3 with 2 A-setae, pair of B-setae, many D- setae, and Esetae, outer face without fine setae, apical margin with fine setae (Fig. 14 J). Maxilla 1 (Fig. 14 L): inner plate ovate, with 2 apical plumose setae; outer plate with seven robust serrate setae (Fig. 14 N); palp article 2 with 3 robust setae and 5 slender setae apically (Fig. 14 M). Maxilla 2 (Fig. 14 O): inner plate with 2 plumose facial setae in oblique row. Maxilliped (Fig. 15 A): inner plate short, reaching base of palp article 1, quadrate, apically with 1 robust seta and 2 weakly plumose setae (Fig. 15 B); outer plate narrowing distally, not reaching middle of palp article 2, with row of robust setae extending from apex along medial margin (Fig. 15 C); palp article 2 long, length 1.9 × length of article 1 and 1.8 × length of article 3; articles 2 and 3 medially setose, article 3 with apical lobe. Gnathopods: dissimilar in size and form. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 16 A): anterior and posterior margins of basis with long setae; ischium and merus short, ventral margin of merus setose; carpus short, length 0.3 × length of propodus, not lobate, with medial setae, ventral margin lined with setae; propodus stout, palm lined with small triangular protuberances, 16 robust setae, inner distal corner with 3 robust setae (Fig. 16 B); dactylus curved, posterior margin smooth (Fig. 16 B). Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 16 C): anterior and posterior margins of basis with long setae; carpus long, length 0.6 × length of propodus, with medial setae, not lobate, ventral margin lined with setae; propodus more slender than that of gnathopod 1, palm lined with small triangular protuberances, 12 robust setae, inner distal corner with 2 robust setae (Fig. 16 D); dactylus curved, posterior margin smooth (Fig. 16 D). Pereopod 3 (Fig. 17 A): slender, anteroproximal and posterior margins of basis with long setae; ischium short, almost as long as width; length ratios of merus, carpus and propodus = 1.0: 1.0: 0.8, with short setae marginally; length of dactylus 0.4 × length of propodus, anteroproximal and posterior margin each with single seta (Fig. 17 B). Pereopod 4 (Fig. 17 C): like pereopod 3, except: length ratios of merus, carpus and propodus = 1.0: 1.1: 1.0; length of dactylus 0.3 × length of propodus (Fig. 17 D). Pereopod 5 (Fig. 17 E): anterior margin of basis with robust setae, posterior margin with fine setae, posteroventral lobe rounded; ischium short, about as long as wide; merus – dactylus missing. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 17 F): like pereopod 5, except: length of ischium 1.2 × its width; length ratios of merus, carpus and propodus = 1.0: 1.4: 1.4; dactylus slender, length 0.2 × length of propodus, with short seta anteriorly (Fig. 17 G). Pereopod 7 (Fig. 17 H): like pereopod 5, except: ischium short, length 0.9 × width; length ratios of merus, carpus and propodus = 1.0: 1.4: 1.4; dactylus stout, length 0.2 × length of propodus, with anterior seta (Fig. 17 I). Brood plates: narrow, lacking brood setae, on pereopods 2 – 5. Pleopods (Fig. 17 J, M, N): peduncle and rami long; retinacula paired, without associate setae (Fig. 17 K); inner basal margin of inner ramus of pleopods 1 – 3 with 3, 2, and 2 bifid setae, respectively (Fig. 17 L); outer ramus 12 -, inner ramus 9 - articulate. Epimeral plates 1 – 3 (Fig. 15 K – M): not pointed posterodistally, lacking ventromarginal setae, posterior margins with 1, 1, and 3 setae, respectively. Uropod 1 (Fig. 15 N): length of peduncle 1.2 × length of inner ramus, with robust setae on dorsolateral and dorsomedial margins, and with 4 basofacial robust setae; length of outer ramus 0.9 × length of inner ramus, outer and inner margins each with 2 robust setae; outer and inner margins of inner ramus with 2 and 4 robust setae, respectively. Uropod 2 (Fig. 15 O): length of peduncle 0.8 × length of inner ramus, with robust setae on dorsolateral and dorsomedial margins; length of outer ramus 0.6 × length of inner ramus, with 3 robust setae dorsally; outer and inner margins of inner ramus with 2 and 4 robust setae, respectively. Uropod 3 (Fig. 15 P – R): length of peduncle 0.4 × length of inner ramus, with single robust seta; outer ramus uniarticulate, outer margin with pair of robust setae and 2 clusters of robust setae, and single robust seta; inner margin with single simple seta, 2 robust setae, and 2 pairs of robust setae; inner ramus long, length 0.9 × length of outer ramus, outer margin with single simple seta and 3 robust setae. Telson (Fig. 15 S): length 1.6 × basal maximum width, dorsolateral margins with 2 robust setae and 2 fine setae, each lobe with robust seta apically; cleft 48 %. SEM observation: One female was observed via SEM. Calceolus (Fig. 18 A, B), stalk, and bulla well developed; concavity of proximal element shallow; distal element with ten well-defined transverse bands. Lacinia mobilis of right mandible not bifid (Fig. 18 C, D); molar weak, not tritulative (Fig. 18 C, E).	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
D92D36364A23FFF8708FFCC2FE0CD9F8.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species occurs sympatrically with Eoniphargus kojimai at Seto River, Shizuoka Prefecture, and with Octopupilla felix at Koza River, Wakayama Prefecture.	en	Tomikawa, Ko, Kobayashi, Norio, Morino, Hiroshi, Mawatari, Shunsuke F. (2007): New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 643-670, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00277.x
