taxonID	type	description	language	source
B8368791084EFFF8FC6574D3FA1DB253.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Euspondylus strangulatus Cope, 1868: 99.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084EFFF8FC6574D3FA1DB253.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Potamites is a masculine Greek noun, meaning water finder. It refers to the fact that most members of this genus are semiaquatic, walking on the bottom of streams and often diving into streams to escape predation. Definition: Tongue with imbricate, scale-like papillae. Nostril pierced in a single nasal; nasals separated usually by paired or single frontonasals, occasionally by irregular scales; prefrontals paired or irregular; interparietal usually bordered by a pair of parietals laterally, by a series of two to eight smaller scales posteriorly; occipital and temporal scales differentiated or not; rostral large, mental and postmental single, followed by several paired chin shields; gular crease feeble or absent. Collar fold well developed. Lower eyelid developed, with a palpebral disc undivided or divided into two to seven scales, transparent or pigmented. Tympanum at surface of head or slightly recessed, overhung by surrounding scales of surface of head. Dorsal scales heterogeneous, imbricate, with large, keeled tubercles intermixed with small flat scales, in transverse or longitudinal rows. Ventral scales wider than dorsals, usually flat, rectangular or slightly rounded posteriorly, subimbricate, in transverse and 6 – 10 longitudinal rows; lateral rows raised or keeled in some species. Limbs pentadactyl, digits clawed; forefoot with enlarged, plate-like scales along inner margin between thumb and wrist; under side of third and fourth toes with paired scales proximally, inner scale a rounded tubercle. Tail slightly compressed; a double caudal crest, feebly to strongly developed. Total femoral and preanal pores: 10 – 59 in males; 0 – 29 in females. Preanal plate in 2 – 3 rows, posterior row 2 – 5 scales in both sexes. Males and females with or without conspicuous, white- or browncentred, black-bordered ocelli on their lateral body surfaces. Hemipenis without basal hooks; flounces with minute calcareous spinules. Diagnosis: Potamites differs from members of subfamily Alopoglossinae by having its tongue covered in imbricate, scale-like papillae instead of oblique plicae (Harris, 1994), from subfamily Gymnophthalminae by having moveable eyelids, from subfamily Rhachisaurinae by having external ear openings and from subfamily Ecpleopinae by having heterogeneous dorsal scalation. Within subfamily Cercosaurinae (sensu Castoe et al., 2004), Potamites differs from all genera except Echinosaura, Neusticurus, and Teuchocercus by having heterogeneous dorsal scalation. It differs from Echinosaura by lacking basal spines on the hemipenes, from Teuchocercus by lacking conical scales on the tail, and from Neusticurus (character states in parentheses) by having a slightly compressed tail (strongly compressed), subimbricate ventral scales (imbricate), and calcareous spinules on flounces of hemipenes (no spinules). Content: Potamites includes six species (Table 1). Distribution: Potamites occurs throughout Amazonia in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia and in the San José Province of Costa Rica.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B83687910848FFFBFE817427FAD1B43F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Lacerta bicarinata Linnaeus, 1758: 201.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B83687910848FFFBFE817427FAD1B43F.taxon	description	Definition: Tongue with imbricate, scale-like papillae. Nostril pierced in a single nasal; nasals separated usually by paired or single frontonasals; prefrontals paired or irregular, sometimes with a diamond shaped scale between frontonasal and prefrontals; interparietal usually bordered by a pair of parietals laterally, by a series of 3 - 9 smaller scales posteriorly; occipitals differentiated or not; temporal scales differentiated or not, irregular, sometimes keeled; rostral large, mental and postmental single, followed by several paired chin shields; gular crease feeble or absent. Collar fold moderately to well developed. Lower eyelid developed, with a palpebral disc divided into 3 - 6 scales, sometimes pigmented. Tympanum slightly to deeply recessed, overhung by surrounding scales of surface of head. Dorsal scales uniformly small, or heterogeneous, imbricate, with keeled tuberculate scales, sometimes intermixed with small flat or convex scales, in longitudinal, oblique, or transverse and oblique rows. Ventral scales usually flat, rounded posteriorly, imbricate, in transverse and 8 – 10 longitudinal rows, lateralmost rows convex or keeled in some species. Limbs pentadactyl, digits clawed; forefoot with enlarged, plate-like scales along inner margin between thumb and wrist; under side of third and fourth toes with paired scales proximally, inner scale a rounded tubercle. Tail strongly compressed; a double caudal crest, feebly to strongly developed. Femoral and preanal pores form an unbroken series: 32 – 72 in males; 1 - 18 in females. Preanal plate in 2 - 3 rows, posteriormost row with 5 - 7 scales in both sexes. Males and females with or without conspicuous, white-centred, black-bordered ocelli on their lateral body surfaces. Hemipenis without basal hooks; flounces without minute calcareous spinules.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B83687910848FFFBFE817427FAD1B43F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Neusticurus differs from members of Alopoglossinae by having its tongue covered in imbricate, scale-like papillae instead of oblique plicae (Harris, 1994), from Gymnophthalminae by having moveable eyelids, from Rhachisaurinae by having external ear openings, and from Ecpleopinae by having heterogeneous dorsal scalation. Within Cercosaurinae (sensu Castoe et al., 2004), Neusticurus differs from all genera except Echinosaura, Potamites and Teuchocercus by having heterogeneous dorsal scales.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B83687910848FFFBFE817427FAD1B43F.taxon	discussion	It differs from Echinosaura by lacking basal spines on the hemipenes, from Teuchocercus by lacking conical scales on the tail, and from Potamites (character states for Potamites in parentheses) by having a strongly compressed tail (slightly compressed), ventral scales imbricate (subimbricate ventral scales), and hemipenes lacking calcareous spinules on flounces (calcareous spinules on hemipenes). Content: Neusticurus includes five species (Table 1).	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B83687910848FFFBFE817427FAD1B43F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Neusticurus occurs throughout the Guianan Shield region of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern Brazil.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084BFFFBFEB77215FC63B494.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Proctoporus ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1900: 185. Etymology: Petracola is a masculine word derived from Latin, meaning rock dweller. It refers to the fact that these lizards are usually found beneath rocks on the ground. Definition: Tongue with imbricate, scale-like papillae. Head scales smooth without striations or rugosities: single frontonasal, frontal, and interparietal; paired frontoparietals and parietals; prefrontals absent; nostril pierced in a single nasal; nasals not in contact; supraoculars three or four. Eyelids developed, lower with a translucent disc, usually divided into multiple palpebral scales. Posterior gulars squarish. Limbs pentadactyl; digits clawed. Dorsal scales quadrangular, elongate, smooth, juxtaposed, forming transverse series only. Ventrals large, smooth, quadrangular, juxtaposed, forming regular longitudinal and transverse series. Femoral pores usually present in males and females, less than six per hind limb; preanal pores present or absent. Tail cylindrical. Diagnosis: Petracola differs from members of Alopoglossinae by having its tongue covered in imbricate, scale-like papillae instead of oblique plicae (Harris, 1994), from Gymnophthalminae by having moveable eyelids, from Rhachisaurinae by having external ear openings, and from Ecpelopinae by lacking prefrontal scales. Within Cercosaurinae (sensu Castoe et al., 2004), Petracola differs from all genera except Pholidobolus, Proctoporus, and Riama by lacking prefrontal scales. Petracola differs from Proctoporus by having smooth dorsal scales, from Pholidobolus by having juxtaposed dorsal scales and from Riama by a combination of smooth dorsal scales and femoral pores per hind limb in both sexes less than six (exclusive of preanal pores). Content: Petracola contains two species (Table 1). Distribution: Petracola is only known to occur in the Huánuco, Piura, and Cajamarca Departments of central and northern Peru.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084BFFFAFC49737FF935B2E9.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Riama unicolor Gray, 1858: 446.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084BFFFAFC49737FF935B2E9.taxon	description	Definition: Tongue with imbricate, scalelike papillae. Head scales smooth without striations or rugosities: single frontonasal, frontal, and interparietal; paired frontoparietals and parietals; prefrontals absent; nostril pierced in a single nasal; nasals not in contact. Eyelids developed, lower with a translucent disc divided into several scales. Posterior gulars squarish. Limbs pentadactyl; digits clawed. Dorsal scales quadrangular or hexagonal, elongate, smooth, striate, rugose, or keeled, juxtaposed, forming transverse series only. Ventrals large, smooth, quadrangular, juxtaposed, forming regular longitudinal and transverse series. Femoral pores usually present in males and females; preanal pores present or absent in males or females. Tail cylindrical.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084BFFFAFC49737FF935B2E9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Riama differs from members of Alopoglossinae by having its tongue covered in imbricate, scale-like papillae instead of oblique plicae (Harris, 1994), from Gymnophthalminae by having moveable eyelids, from Rhachisaurinae by having external ear openings, and from Ecpelopinae by lacking prefrontal scales. Within Cercosaurinae (sensu Castoe et al., 2004), Riama differs from all genera except Pholidobolus, Proctoporus, and Petracola by lacking prefrontal scales. It differs from Proctoporus by having a divided palpebral disc, from Pholidobolus by lacking two medial rows of widened gulars, and from Petracola by lacking the combination of smooth dorsal scales and femoral pores per hind limb in both sexes less than six (exclusive of preanal pores).	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084BFFFAFC49737FF935B2E9.taxon	discussion	Content: Riama includes 24 species (Table 1).	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084BFFFAFC49737FF935B2E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Riama occurs throughout the Andes of central Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela, the Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela, and the northern range of the island of Trinidad.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084BFFFAFC49737FF935B2E9.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Gray’s (1858) description of Riama included some erroneous characters, such as a lateral longitudinal fold that he used as evidence to state that the genus was related to amphisbaenians and Bachia. Although we have not been able to examine the type specimen of this genus, it appears from his detailed drawing that the type specimen was average and did not actually have a lateral fold, but a very thin row of reduced lateral scales. Preservation of a specimen that had not recently eaten or had been dehydrated before or after fixation may have led to the overlapping of dorsal and ventral scales, producing what appeared to be a lateral fold.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084AFFFAFEC074B3FC6BB03A.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Proctoporus pachyurus Tschudi, 1845: 161.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
B8368791084AFFFAFEC074B3FC6BB03A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Proctoporus differs from members of subfamily Alopoglossinae by having its tongue covered in imbricate, scale-like papillae instead of oblique plicae (Harris, 1994), from Gymnophthalminae by having moveable eyelids, from Rhachisaurinae by having external ear openings and from Ecpelopinae by lacking prefrontal scales. Within Cercosaurinae (sensu Castoe et al., 2004), Proctoporus differs from all genera except Pholidobolus, Riama, and Petracola by lacking prefrontal scales. It differs from Riama by having an entire palpebral eye disc, from Petracola by having keeled dorsal scales and from Pholidobolus by having juxtaposed dorsal scales. Content: Proctoporus s. s. includes five species (Table 1). Distribution: Proctoporus occurs in the Andes of the Peruvian departments of Apurimac, Ayacucho, Cusco, Junín, and Puno, and the Bolivian departments of Cochabamba, La Paz, and Santa Cruz. Remarks: Recent field-work recovered specimens and tissues (for molecular analysis) of P. pachyurus, for which no such material had previously been available. Preliminary molecular sampling using the mitochondrial gene ND 4 revealed that Proctoporus s. s. as described here is a monophyletic group that includes P. pachyurus and an undescribed lineage (T. M. Doan, T. A. Castoe, & Arizábal, unpubl. data). Based on phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters, Doan (2003 a) stated that, due to the lack of monophyly of the P. pachyurus group, the character of an undivided palpebral disc should not be considered a synapomorphy and was likely a pleisiomorphic character. In contrast to that study, molecular evidence strongly supports the monophyly of this group and we believe that the undivided palpebral disc is a valid synapomorphy for the genus Proctoporus s. s., despite the fact that a single specimen of P. bolivianus (AMNH R- 150695) was found with a divided palpebral disc (Wiens & Servedio, 2000). Although Tschudi (1845) did not provide an etymology for the name Proctoporus, the name presumably refers to the preanal pores that he reports for the type species P. pachyurus. However, neither the type species, nor any other members of the genus Proctoporus s. s. have preanal pores (Uzzell, 1973; pers. obs.). Thus, the name erroneously describes a character that these species do not possess.	en	Doan, Tiffany M., Castoe, Todd A. (2005): Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (3): 405-416, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x
