identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A65B8792F31E1F1E67B4B82C8CFDAB9F.text	A65B8792F31E1F1E67B4B82C8CFDAB9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius parallelus (Panzer 1794)	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) parallelus (Panzer, 1794)</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 85.</p> <p>Material examined. 2 larvae from pods of Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link., collected 14.viii.1989 at Navacerrada, Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid (Spain), 1500 m, leg. A.J. Velázquez de Castro, determined by association with adults collected on the same plant.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Table.2.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to dark yellow. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.45–0.51 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, reaching middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicranium; des 2 absent; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 absent; des 5 located laterally (Fig. 1). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 very short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 3 to 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 1). Both les almost as long as des 3; ves very short. Postepicranial area with 1 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 2 very short, conical, sensilla (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 5) approximately 2.5 times as wide as long; lms 1 slightly longer than lms 3, lms 2 distinctly longer than lms 1; anterior margin slightly sinuate. Clypeus (Fig. 5) 3.5 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of short cls of same length, located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded inside. Epipharynx (Fig. 6) with 3 pairs of als, different in length; with 2 pairs of short ams, ams 2 distinctly shorter than ams 1; with 3 relatively short and finger-like mes; labral rods short, kidney-shaped, strongly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 3) with 2 short mds, different in length. Maxilla (Fig. 2): stipes with 1 stps, and with 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 5 slightly curved dms, different in length; with 4 vms, moderately long and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.4; basal palpomera with 1 short mxps; distal palpomera with group of 3–4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 2) almost rounded, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly curved inside; ligula with 2 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 2) with 3 pairs of pms different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 3.9–4.9 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–VI almost equal in length (Fig. 7). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal segments I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately short or very short, and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 8) with 8 prn, 7 macro- and 1 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 8) with 1 prs; 3 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 very short as; 1 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 5 pda, different in length (long, moderately long, short). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 9) with 1 prs; 3 pds of different length; 1 ss; 2 eps of different length; 1 ps; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 10) with 1 prs; 3 pds; 1 ss; 1 ps; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 10) with 1 ds; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 10) without setae.</p> <p>Biological observations. Larvae emerged in laboratory from pods collected a few days before (A.J. Velázquez de Castro, pers. comm.). No other information is available.</p> <p>Remarks. Tychius parallelus lives on different species of Cytisus in central and southern Europe and in Algeria. Biological information on adults are reported by Caldara &amp; Velázquez de Castro (1991).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F31E1F1E67B4B82C8CFDAB9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F31F1F1F67B4BADC8BF5AB8F.text	A65B8792F31F1F1F67B4BADC8BF5AB8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius striatulus Gyllenhal 1836	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) striatulus Gyllenhal, 1836</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 89.</p> <p>Material examined. 6 larvae which emerged from pods of Ononis natrix L., collected 3.viii.1992, at Parodi Ligure, Alessandria province, Piemonte (northern Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and one larva which emerged from pods of O. natrix, collected 25.v.1979, on sand dunes at Baratz lake, Sassari province, Sardinia (Italy), leg. R. Caldara, all determined by association with adults collected on the same plant.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Table. 2.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to dark brown. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.60–0.75 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, exceeding middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 absent; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 absent; des 5 located anterolaterally; all of equal length (Fig. 11). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 11). Les clearly shorter than des 3. Ves very short. Postepicranial area with group of 3 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 2 finger-like, sensilla (Fig. 14).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 15) approximately 3.5 times as wide as long; lms 1 2 times longer than lms 3, lms 2 distinctly longer than lms 3; anterior margin double sinuate. Clypeus (Fig. 15) 3.2 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded. Epipharynx (Fig. 16) with 2 pairs of als, different in length; with 2 pairs of short and triangular ams; with 3 relatively short and fingerlike mes; labral rods short, kidney-shaped, slightly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 13) with 2 short mds, different in length. Maxilla (Fig. 12): stipes with 1 stps, 2 pfs of different length, and 1 mbs, distinctly shorter than pfs; mala with 4 straight dms, different in length; with 3 vms, moderately long and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.25; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 2–3 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 12) heart-shaped, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly rounded, ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 12) with 3 pairs of pms different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 3.4–4.1 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–III slightly smaller than abdominal segments IV–VI (Fig. 17). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately short or very short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 18) with 6 prn; all macrosetae of equal length; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 18) with 1 prs; 3 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 very short as; 1 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 3 pda, equal in length (moderately long). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 19) with 1 prs; 3 pds of different length; 2 ss of different length; 2 eps of different length; 2 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 20) with 1 prs; 1 pds; 2 ss of different length; 2 eps of different length; 2 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 20) with 2 ds of different length; 2 short ps; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 20) with 3 setae, 2 moderately long and 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Biological observations. In both localities the collection of the pods was made when only a few of them were ripe and the adults of the species were very numerous on the flowers of the plants and most of them in copula. However after 7–9 days larvae emerged from the pods, that show only a small hole but no other signs of damage. After 12–14 days from collection, the remaining pods were artificially opened and in a few of them died small larvae at first and second instar were found (per cent of collected pods infested 0.5).</p> <p>Remarks. We did not observe differences in larvae between the specimens from northern Italy and those from Sardinia. It is noteworthy that this species in Sardinia is present in one of the several multicoloured varieties known for the species, the so called variety deliciosus Perris, 1869 that apparently seems to completely replace the unicolorous typical form which similarly lives on O. natrix in the Mediterranean region. Tychius striatulus belongs to a group of four very closely related species, all of which live on Ononis.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F31F1F1F67B4BADC8BF5AB8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3101F1167B4BAD68B7AAD08.text	A65B8792F3101F1167B4BAD68B7AAD08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius quinquepunctatus (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) quinquepunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>Clark &amp; Burke 1977: 113. Clark et al. 1978: 640. Caldara 1990: 97.</p> <p>Material examined. 42 larvae from pods of Lathyrus latifolius L. collected 1.vii.1979 at Recco, Genova province, Liguria (northern Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 24 pupae obtained from larvae collected similarly to the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to dark brown. All thoracic and abdominal segments salmon.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.73–0.81 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, reaching middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 located very near frontal suture, near des 3; des 4 located along frontal suture; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 2 and des 4 4 times shorter than others (des 1, des 3, des 5) (Fig. 21). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 21). Les almost equal in length as des 3. Ves short. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 2 very short, conical, sensilla (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 25) approximately 2.6 times as wide as long; lms 1 3 times longer than lms 3, lms 2 slightly shorter than lms1; anterior margin doubly sinuate. Clypeus (Fig. 25) 2.7 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of very short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded inside. Epipharynx (Fig. 26) with 2 pairs of als, almost of equal length; with 2 pairs of short ams, ams 2 distinctly shorter than ams 1; with 2 long, finger-like and 1 short mes; labral rods relatively long, elongate, strongly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 23) with 2 short mds, different in length. Maxilla (Fig. 22): stipes with 1 stps, and with 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 4 straight dms, different in length; with 3 vms, moderately long and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.25; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 22) heart-shaped, with 1 long prms; margin of ligula slightly sinuate; ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 22) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 4.6–7.2 mm (see Table. 1), stocky (Fig. 27). Spiracles on abdomen in median parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body strongly reduced. Setae very short, feebly visible, light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 28) with 6 prn, all macrosetae of equal length; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 28) with 1 prs; 3 pds; 1 eps; 1 ps almost of same length; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 3 pda, equal in length (moderately long). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 29) with 2 prs different in length; 3 pds different in length; 2 ss different in length; 1 eps; 2 ps different in length; 1 lsts; and 2 eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 30) with 2 prs of different length; 3 pds; 1 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 30) with 2 ds of different length; and 2 sts of different length. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 30) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body salmon.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 31–33). Body length 3.1–4.1 mm; widest part 1.9–2.4 mm (see Table. 1). Body rather stocky. Rostrum moderately long, approximately 4 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.7 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 31–33). Setae distinct, short, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 1 sos, 1 os and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Setae on head slightly shorter than setae on thoracic and abdominal segments. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 2 ds, and 1 pls; ds as long as other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 2 fes of equal length. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed posteromedially and posterolaterally; all abdominal setae located on thorn-like protuberances. Pseudocerci short, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Several living larvae, as many as 10 at all stages, were found in a single pod, which however did not show external modifications. Pupation was observed 20 days after the introduction of the larvae in the soil. Adults emerged from the cells 20 days later.</p> <p>Remarks. This common species with a wide Euro-Asiatic distribution was reported to live on several species belonging to the genera Lathyrus, Phaseolus, Pisum and Vicia (Hoffmann 1954; Scherf 1964; Caldara 1990), which produce large pods. Larva and pupa were described synthetically by Scherf (1964), whereas Clark et al. (1978) redescribed the larva in more details. The description by Clark et al. (1978) does not correspond partly to our study; (1) head width: 1.23–1.30 mm vs. 0.73–0.81 mm in our study; (2) pronotum with 5 long setae, 2 shorter setae and 1 microseta, whereas we observed only 6 long setae.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3101F1167B4BAD68B7AAD08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3111F1267B4BBEC8DAEAEC3.text	A65B8792F3111F1267B4BBEC8DAEAEC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius alpinus Hustache 1926	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) alpinus Hustache, 1926</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 122; 1995a: 127.</p> <p>Material examined. 3 larvae from pods of Astragalus monspessulanus L. collected 10.vi.1990 around the artificial Lavagnina lakes, Alessandria province, Piemonte (northern Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 11 pupae obtained from larvae collected similarly to the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to light brown. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.49–0.52 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, exceeding middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 located almost in central parts of epicarnium close to pes; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 absent; des 5 located laterally (Fig. 34). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 3 to 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 34). Les distinctly shorter than des 3. Ves very short. Postepicranial area with group of 4 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 3 very short, triangular, sensilla (Fig. 37).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 38) approximately 3 times as wide as long; lms 1 2 times longer than lms 3; lms 2 slightly shorter than lms 1; anterior margin slightly sinuate. Clypeus (Fig. 38) 3.5 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded inside. Epipharynx (Fig. 39) with 2 pairs of als, different in length; with 2 pairs of short ams, ams 1 distinctly shorter than ams 2; with 3 relatively short and finger-like mes; labral rods relatively long, elongate, almost parallel. Mandibles (Fig. 36) with 2 short mds, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 35): stipes with 1 stps; and with 2 pfs of different length; mala with 5 slightly curved dms, different in length; with 4 vms, moderately long and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.25, basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 3–4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 35) triangular, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly rounded; ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 35) with pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 3.1–3.5 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–V almost equal in length, slightly larger than abdominal segments (VI), VII (Fig. 40). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal segments I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body developed. Setae moderately long or short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 41) with 7 prn, 4 macro- and 3 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 41) with 1 prs; 2 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 very short as; 1 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 3–5 pda, different in length (long, moderately long, short). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 42) with 1 prs; 2 pds of different length; 2 ss of different length; 2 eps of different length; 2 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 43) with 2 pds of different length; 1 ss; 2 eps of different length; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 43) with 1 ds; 1 ps; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 43) without setae.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body yellow.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 44–46). Body length 2.6–3.1 mm; widest part 1.0– 1.5 mm (see Table. 1). Body elongate. Rostrum long, approximately 6 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.8 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 44–46). Setae distinct, moderately long, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on conical protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 1 os, and 1 pas. Rostrum without setae. Vs and os as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than pas. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 2 ds, and 1 pls; ds smaller than other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora without seta. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci slender, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. 15 % of collected pods were infested by larvae. Also the adults were not numerous on the flowering plants and some of them were collected at the base of the stems. Pupation was observed 10 days after the entrance of the larvae into the soil. Duration of the pupal stage was 10 days. Adults emerged from the pupal cells after a few days.</p> <p>Remarks. Adults of this species appear closely related to adults of T. brisouti (see below) and both belong to the T. intrusus group which is composed of about 35 species mostly living on Galegeae. However the differences in immatures of these two species are noteworthy (see Table 2 and Discussion). Tychius alpinus is monophagous on Astragalus monspessulanus and with a narrow area of distribution which include southern France, southern Switzerland and north-western Italy. It is considered a rare species and collected in small numbers, usually by netting. However this method is partly unsuccessful due to the fact that the host plant has short and repent stems. Many specimens can be collected by shaking each plant directly into the net or by sifting the soil near the plants.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3111F1267B4BBEC8DAEAEC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3121F1367B4B8FE8C22AF34.text	A65B8792F3121F1367B4B8FE8C22AF34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius brisouti Tournier 1874	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) brisouti Tournier, 1874</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 203; 1995b: 610.</p> <p>Material examined. 29 larvae from pods of Astragalus monspessulanus L. collected 29.v.2008 at Castellar near Menton, Alpes-Maritimes (southern France), leg. R. Caldara, and 5 pupae obtained from larvae collected similarly to the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to dark brown. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.68–0.75 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, exceeding middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 located very near frontal suture, near des 3; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 absent; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 2 5 times shorter than des 3 and des 5 (Fig. 47). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 47). Les distinctly shorter than des 3. Ves short. Post-epicranial area with group of 4 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 2 finger-like, sensilla (Fig. 50).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 51) approximately 3 times as wide as long; lms 1 slightly longer than lms 2 and lms 3; anterior margin rounded. Clypeus (Fig. 51) 3.9 times as wide as long; without setae; anterior margin slightly rounded inside. Epipharynx (Fig. 52) with 2 pairs of als, almost of equal length; with 2 pairs of short ams, ams 2 distinctly shorter than ams 1; with 3 relatively short and finger-like mes; labral rods relatively long, elongate, slightly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 49) with 2 short mds, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 48): stipes with 1 stps, 2 pfs of equal length, and 1 mbs, distinctly shorter than pfs, and 1 sensillum; with 4 straight dms, different in length; with 4 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.25; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 3–4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 48) heart-shaped, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly rounded; ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 48) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 4.3–6.6 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–VI almost equal in length (Fig. 53). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately long or short, and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 54) with 7 prn, 5 macro- and 2 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 54) with 1 prs; 3 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 very short as; 1 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 2 long and 2 short pda. Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 55) with 1 prs; 3 pds different in length; 2 ss of different length; 2 eps of different length; 2 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 56) with 1 prs; 2 pds; 1 ss; 2 eps of different length; 2 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 56) with 2 ds of different length; 2 ps; and 1 sts. Each anal lobe on abdominal segment X (Fig. 56) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body salmon.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 57–59). Body length 3.2–3.8 mm; widest part 1.3–1.9 mm (see Table. 1). Body rather stocky. Rostrum long, approximately 6 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.7 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 57–59). Setae distinct, moderately long, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 2 vs, 1 os, and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Vs 1 and os as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than vs 2, pas and rs. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 2 ds, and 1 pls; ds distinctly smaller than other setae on pronotum. Dorsal part of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 1 fes. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci slender, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Some adults were collected at the end of April when the plants were flowering and there were no mature pods. At the end of May the pods were mature in most plants and the adults were lacking. About 15 % of collected pods were infested by larvae of T. brisouti. Pupation was observed 10 days after the introduction of the larvae in the soil. Adults were observed in the cells 10 days later. After 30 days they had not left the cell and were manually removed.</p> <p>Remarks. Tychius brisouti is a rare monophagous species on Astragalus monspessulanus and only known from a few localities of south-eastern Spain, southern France and north western Italy. However the observation about the collecting methods for T. alpinus can be applied also for this species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3121F1367B4B8FE8C22AF34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3131F1467B4B9FB8921A817.text	A65B8792F3131F1467B4B9FB8921A817.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius depressus Desbrochers 1873	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) depressus Desbrochers, 1873</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 147.</p> <p>Material examined. 2 larvae from pods of Medicago polymorpha collected 20.v.1979 at Fertilia, Sassari, Sardinia (Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 2 pupae obtained from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to dark yellow. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.44–0.48 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, relatively short. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 located very near frontal suture, near des 3; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 absent; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 2 4 times shorter than others (des 1, des 3, des 5) (Fig. 60). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located posteromedially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 3 to 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 60). Les almost equal in length as des 3. Ves very short. Post-epicranial area with 2 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 4 very short, conical, sensilla (Fig. 63).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 64) approximately 3 times as wide as long; lms 1 and lms 2 longer than lms 3; anterior margin slightly curved inside. Clypeus (Fig. 64) 3.5 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of short cls different in length, and 1 sensillum, all located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded. Epipharynx (Fig. 65) with 2 pairs of als, almost of equal length; with 2 pairs of short ams, ams 1 distinctly longer than ams 2, with 2 long finger-like and 1 short mes; labral rods relatively long, kidney-shaped, converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 62) with 2 short mds, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 61): stipes with 1 stps, with 2 pfs of equal length, and 1 mbs, distinctly shorter than pfs, and 1 sensillum; mala with 4 slightly curved dms, different in length; with 3 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.6; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 3–4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 61) almost rounded, with 1 prms; margin of ligula rounded; ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 61) with 3 pairs of pms, almost of equal length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 3.7–4.3 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–VI almost of equal length (Fig. 66). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal segments I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body reduced. Setae moderately short or very short, and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 67) with 9 prn, 6 macro- and 3 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 67) with 1 prs; 3 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 as; 1 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 3 pda, different in length (long, moderately long, short). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 68) with 1 prs; 2 pds of different length; 2 ss of different length; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 69) with 1 prs; 1 pds;. 2 ss of different length; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 69) with 1 ds; 1 ps; and 1 sts. Each anal lobe on abdominal segment X (Fig. 69) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body salmon.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs 70–72). Body length 2.4–2.6 mm; widest part 1.2–1.3 mm (see Table. 1). Body rather stocky. Rostrum moderately long, approximately 4 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.8 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs 70–72). Setae distinct, moderately long, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 1 os, and 1 pas. Rostrum without setae. Vs as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than os and pas. Pronotum with 2 as, 1 ls, 1 ds, and 1 pls; ds distinctly smaller than other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 1 fes. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci short, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Only 5 % of collected pods were infested by larvae. Also the adults were not numerous on the flowering plants. Pupation was observed 8 days after the introduction of the larvae in the soil. Adults were observed in the cells 10 days later and emerged after a few days.</p> <p>Remarks. Tychius depressus is an uncommon species known from central and southern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and northern Africa. It seems monophagous on Medicago polymorpha L. since it was collected on the same plant also in central Italy (Caldara 1990). The T. depressus group is composed of six species distributed in the eastern Mediterranean region and in Southwestern Asia. There are no biological data on the other five species of the group.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3131F1467B4B9FB8921A817	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3141F1567B4BF148907A93E.text	A65B8792F3141F1567B4BF148907A93E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius schneideri (Herbst 1795)	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) schneideri (Herbst, 1795)</p> <p>Caldara, 1990: 158.</p> <p>Material examined. 13 larvae from pods of Anthyllis vulneraria polyphilla (DC.) Nyman collected 25.vi.1981 at Bobbio, Piacenza province, Emilia (northern Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 14 pupae obtained from larvae collected similarly to the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown. All thoracic and abdominal segments white to whitish yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.40–0.46 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, reaching middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 located very near frontal suture, near des 3; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 absent; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 2 4 times shorter than others (des 1, des 3, des 5) (Fig. 73). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located posteromedially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 3 to 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 73). Les distinctly shorter than des 3. Ves 1–2 very short. Post-epicranial area with 1 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 5 very short, conical, sensilla (Fig. 76).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 77) approximately 3 times as wide as long; lms 1 2 times longer than lms 3, lms 2 some shorter than lms 1; anterior margin rounded. Clypeus (Fig. 77) 2.4 times as wide as long. with 2 pairs of very short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded inside. Epipharynx (Fig. 78) with 2 pairs of als, different in length; with 2 pairs of short and triangular ams; with 2 moderately long finger-like and 1 short mes; labral rods short, kidney-shaped, almost parallel. Mandibles (Fig. 75) with 2 short mds, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 74): stipes with 1 stps, and with 2 pfs of different length; with 4 slightly curved dms, different in length; with 2 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.7; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 2–3 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 74) heart-shaped, with 1 prms; margin of ligula rounded; ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 74) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 2.3–3.2 mm (see Table. 1), elongate (Fig. 79). Abdominal segments I–V almost equal in length, slightly larger than abdominal segment VI and VII (Fig. 79). Spiracles on abdomen in median parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately long or short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 80) with 8 prn, 7 macro- and 1 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 80) with 2 prs, different in length; 3 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 very short as; 1 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 2 pda. Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 81) with 1 prs; 3 pds of different length; 2 ss of different length; 1 eps; 2 ps of different length; 1 lsts; and 2 eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 82) with 2 pds of different length; 2 ss of different length; 1 eps; 2 ps of different length; 1 lsts; and 2 moderately long eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 82) with 2 ds of different length; 1 ps; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 82) with 2 very short, feebly visible setae.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body whitish yellow.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 83–85). Body length 2.0– 2.7 mm; widest part 1.2–1.5 mm (see Table. 1). Body elongate. Rostrum long, approximately 4.5 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.9 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 83–85). Setae distinct, moderately long, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on conical protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 1 os, and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Vs and os as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than pas and rs. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 2 ds, and 1 pls; ds as long as other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora without seta. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed posteromedially and posterolaterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci short, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Pupation was observed 15 days after the introduction of the larvae in the soil. The duration of the pupal stage was about 12 days. Adults began to emerge from the cells 7 days later.</p> <p>Remarks. Tychius schneideri is monophagous on Anthyllis vulneraria L. s. l. and is widely distributed in Europe. The larva was described, although incompletely, by Karasyov (1991) on specimens collected at Minsk (Bielorussia).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3141F1567B4BF148907A93E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3151F1667B4BFEA89F6AB9B.text	A65B8792F3151F1667B4BFEA89F6AB9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius capucinus Boheman 1843	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) capucinus Boheman, 1843</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 164.</p> <p>Material examined. 40 larvae from pods of Lotus ornithopodioides L. collected 26.v.1979 on sand dunes of the beach of Santa Lucia near Siniscola, Sassari province, Sardinia (Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 66 pupae obtained from larvae collected similarly to the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to light brown. All thoracic and abdominal segments whitish yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.44–0.52 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, exceeding middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 absent; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 located along frontal suture; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 4 4 times shorter than others (des 1, des 3, des 5) (Fig. 86). Fs1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 very short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 5 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 86). Les almost equal in length as des 3. Ves 1–2 very short. Post-epicranial area with 1 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 4 very short, conical, sensilla (Fig. 89).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 90) approximately 3.1 times as wide as long; lms 1 distinctly longer than equal in length lms 2 and lms 3; anterior margin slightly curved inside. Clypeus (Fig. 90) 3.8 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of very short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly curved inside. Epipharynx (Fig. 91) with 2 pairs of als, almost of equal length; with 2 pairs of short and triangular ams; with 2 long finger-like and 1 short mes; labral rods short, kidney-shaped, slightly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 88) with 2 short mds, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 87): stipes with 1 stps, and with 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 4 slightly curved dms, different in length; with 3 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.7; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 87) heart-shaped, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly sinuate; ligula with 3 lig; premental sclerite feebly visible. Postmentum (Fig. 87) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length, pms 3 3 times shorter than pms 1 and pms 2.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 3.0– 4.8 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–V almost equal in length, slightly larger than abdominal segment VI and VII (Fig. 92). Spiracles on abdomen in median parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body developed. Setae different in length (long in comparison to other examined species), light brown. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 93) with 8 prn, 6 macro- and 2 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 93) with 1 prs; 3 pds, almost of same length; alar area with 1 short as; 2 ss, unequal in length; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 4–6 long pda. Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 94) with 2 prs different in length; 3 pds of different length; 2 ss; 2 eps; 2 ps of different length; 1 lsts; and 2 eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 95) with 2 pds; 1 ss; 1 eps; 2 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 moderately long eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 95) with 1 ds; 1 ps; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 95) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body whitish yellow.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 96–98). Body length 1.9–2.8 mm; widest part 1.1–1.5 mm (see Table. 1). Body elongate, slender. Rostrum long, approximately 4.5 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.6 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 96–98). Setae distinct, moderately long, unequal in length, light yellow; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 2 os of different length; and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Vs and os 1 as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than os 2, pas and rs. Pronotum with: 2 as, 2 ls, 2 ds, and 1 pls; ds as long as other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 1 fes. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed posteromedially and posterolaterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci very short, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. At the time of pod collection, adults were common and some were in copula on the flowering plants, but there were several other plants with mature pods. Many pods among those collected were infested (ca. 70%) and the emergence of mature larvae was very abundant. Some pods show as many as five holes in various positions. The emergence of larvae lasted constantly for 20 days until the pods were completely dry. Then all the pods not yet naturally opened were artificially opened and in some of them 3 to 5 dead larvae were found often at different maturation instars with all the seeds eaten. Some pods contained also pupae and live adults (in a single pod two adults, two pupae and three larvae all living were found). The time of pupation was 12 days. Adults were observed first in pupal cells 13 days later. No adult left his cell during the following 30 days, then they were removed artificially. No external apparent modification of the pods was observed.</p> <p>Remarks. The finding of adults in pods conserved in the laboratory was already noted by Clark &amp; Burke (1977) for the American species T. prolixus Casey, 1892. This is surely an aberrant behaviour due to artificial conditions. Also the high number of infested pods is not surprising since Clark &amp; Burke (1977) collected 84% pods with larvae probably at the zenith of infestation and when also adults are found still very numerous on the flowering host plant. Tychius capucinus was also collected on several species of Lotus other than L. ornithopodioides, as L. creticus L., L. arenarius Brot. and L. collinus (Boiss.) Heldr., usually in sand dunes near the sea, lakes and river estuaries.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3151F1667B4BFEA89F6AB9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3171F0867B4BADC8A87ACBE.text	A65B8792F3171F0867B4BADC8A87ACBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius caldarai Dieckmann 1986	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) caldarai Dieckmann, 1986</p> <p>Caldara, 1990: 168.</p> <p>Material examined. 9 larvae obtained from pods of Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. collected 15.vi.1992 at Parodi Ligure, Alessandria province, Piemonte (northern Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 7 pupae obtained from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to dark yellow. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.36–0.40 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, exceeding middle of frons. Des 1, des 2, des 3 and des 4 located very near frontal suture; des 5 located laterally; des 2 and des 4 4 times shorter than others (des 1, des 3, des 5) (Fig. 99). Fs 1–3 absent; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma) (Fig. 99). Les almost equal in length as des 3. Ves very short. Postepicranial area with 1 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 2 very short, conical, sensilla (Fig. 102).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 103) approximately 3 times as wide as long; lms 1 slightly longer than lms 3, lms 2 almost of same length as lms 1; anterior margin slightly curved inside. Clypeus (Fig. 103) 3.5 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of very short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded. Epipharynx (Fig. 104) with 2 pairs of als, almost of equal length; with 2 pairs of short ams, ams 1 distinctly shorter than ams 2; with 2 long finger-like and 1 short mes; labral rods short, kidney-shaped, strongly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 101) with 2 short mds. Maxilla (Fig. 100): stipes with 1 stps, and 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 4 straight dms, different in length; with 3 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.3; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 3–4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 100) almost rounded, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly curved inside; ligula with 3 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 100) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 1.9–2.3 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body reduced. Setae moderately short or very short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 106) with 8 prn, 6 macro- and 2 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 106) with 1 prs; 3 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 very short as; 1 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 3 pda, different in length (long, moderately long, short). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 107) with 1 prs; 1 pds; 1 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 108) with 1 pds; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 108) with 1 ds; 1 ps; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 108) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body whitish yellow.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 109–111). Body length 2.6–2.8 mm; widest part 0.9–1.1 mm (see Table. 1). Body elongate. Rostrum long, approximately 6 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.5 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 109–111). Setae distinct, moderately long, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 1 os, and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Vs and os as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than pas and rs. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 2 ds, and 1 pls; ds as long as other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 1 fes. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci slender, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Pupae were found in their cells after 8 days from the introduction of larvae into the soil. The pupal stage lasted 10 days. Adults were observed first in pupal cells after another 12 days. No adult left its cell during the following 30 days, and then they were removed artificially.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is monophagous on Dorycnium pentaphyllum and known from south-western Europe. It is very similar to and vicariant with T. cinnamomeus Kiesenwetter, 1852 from southern Spain, southern France and northwestern Italy living on the same plant.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3171F0867B4BADC8A87ACBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3081F0967B4BB2A8D2DADE3.text	A65B8792F3081F0967B4BB2A8D2DADE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius squamulatus Gyllenhal 1836	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) squamulatus Gyllenhal, 1836</p> <p>Clark et al. 1978: 641. Caldara 1990: 166.</p> <p>Material examined. 20 larvae obtained from pods of Lotus corniculatus L. collected 20.vi.1981 at Bobbio, Piacenza province, Emilia (northern Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 10 pupae obtained from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown. All thoracic and abdominal segments whitish yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.44–0.55 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, exceeding middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 absent; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 absent; des 5 located anterolaterally (Fig. 112). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 112). Les almost equal in length as des 3. Ves very short. Post-epicranial area with 2 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 3 very short, triangular, sensilla (Fig. 115).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 116) approximately 2.7 times as wide as long; lms 1 distinctly longer than lms 3, lms 2 slightly shorter than lms 1; anterior margin rounded. Clypeus (Fig. 116) 3.5 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of very short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly curved inside. Epipharynx (Fig. 117) with 2 pairs of moderately long als, of equal length; with 2 pairs of short ams, ams 1 distinctly longer than ams 2; with 2 long finger-like and 1 short mes; labral rods relatively long, kidney-shaped, converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 114): molar edge jagged with triangular tooth; mds 1–2 short, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 113): stipes with 1 stps, and 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 4 curved dms, different in length; with 2 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:0.7; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 113) elliptical, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly rounded; ligula with 4 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 113) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 2.5–3.1 mm (see Table. 1), moderately elongate. Abdominal segment I slightly smaller than others; abdominal segments II–VI almost equal in length; larger than abdominal segments VII–VIII (Fig. 118). Spiracles on abdomen in median parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body reduced. Setae moderately long or short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 119) with 8 prn, all macrosetae of different length; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 119) with 1 prs; 3 pds, different in length; 1 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 2 pda. Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 120) with 1 prs; 2 pds of different length; 1 ss; 2 eps of different length; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 121) with 2 pds of different length; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 121) with 2 ds of different length; 1 ps; and 2 sts of different length. Each anal lobe on abdominal segment X (Fig. 121) without setae.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body whitish yellow.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 122–124). Body length 2.5–3.3 mm; widest part 1.2–2.2 mm (see Table. 1). Body elongate. Rostrum very long, approximately 7 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.8 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 122–124). Setae distinct, moderately long, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on conical protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 2 os of different length; and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Vs and os 1 as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than os 2, pas and rs. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 1 ds, and 1 pls; ds as long as other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 1 fes. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci conical, short.</p> <p>Biological observations. Pupae were noted after 8 days from the introduction of larvae into the soil. Adults were observed first in pupal cells after another 12 days. No adult left its cell during the following 30 days, then they were removed artificially.</p> <p>Remarks. Clark et al. (1978) described two larvae collected by Urban in Germany in fruits of Melilotus alba Medicus and classified by the same collector (Urban 1935) as T. flavicollis auctorum (non Stephens), currently T. squamulatus, a species which however usually lives on Lotus (Hoffmann 1954; Caldara 1990). The description by Clark et al. (1978) is very brief and does not correspond to our study in the number of setae on abdominal postdorsum. They reported 3 setae there, but we observed 2 pds and 1 ss (see Material and Methods).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3081F0967B4BB2A8D2DADE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3091F0A67B4B8208CAFAEA6.text	A65B8792F3091F0A67B4B8208CAFAEA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius argentatus Chevrolat 1859	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) argentatus Chevrolat, 1859</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 172.</p> <p>Material examined. 3 larvae obtained from pods of Lotus ornithopodioides L. collected 20.v.1979 on sand dunes near the sea at a little bay called Porto Ferro near Stintino, Sassari province, Sardinia (Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 2 pupae obtained from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to dark yellow. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow to yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.42–0.45 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, relatively short. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 located very near frontal suture, near des 3; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 located anterolaterally; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 2 and des 4 4 times shorter than others (des 1, des 3, des 5) (Fig. 125). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), both 3 to 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 125). Les almost as long as des 3. Ves very short. Post-epicranial area with group of 4 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 5 very short, conical, sensilla (Fig. 128).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 129) approximately 2.15 times as wide as long; lms 3 slightly shorter than equal in length lms 2 and lms 1; anterior margin slightly sinuate. Clypeus (Fig. 129) 2.7 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of very short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded inside. Epipharynx (Fig. 130) with 3 pairs of als, different in length; with 2 pairs of short and triangular ams; with 3 long and finger-like mes; labral rods short, kidney-shaped, and slightly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 127) with 2 short mds, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 126): stipes with 1 stps; and with 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 4 straight dms, different in length; with 3 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.7; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 3–4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 126) almost rounded, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly curved inside; ligula with 3 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 126) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 2.7–3.4 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–VI almost equal in length (Fig. 131). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately long or short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 132) with 7 prn, all macrosetae in different length; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 132) with 1 prs; 3 pds, different in length; 1 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps and 1 eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 6 long pda. Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 133) with 1 prs; 3 pds of different length; 2 ss of different length; 2 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 134) with 3 pds of different length; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 134) with 1 ds; 1 ps; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 134) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body salmon.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 135–137). Body length 2.3–2.5 mm; widest part 0.9–1.0 mm (see Table. 1). Body rather stocky. Rostrum long, approximately 4 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.5 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 135–137). Setae distinct, moderately long, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on conical protuberances. Head capsule including 2 vs, 1 os, and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Vs and os as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than pas and rs. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 2 ds, and 1 pls; ds as long as other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 2 fes of equal length. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci slender, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. On the same plant adult specimens of T. argentatus and T. capucinus were collected, although the latter in very poor number. However only adults of T. argentatus reared from pupae and all the collected immatures surely belong to a single species. Moreover these immatures showed morphological differences from larvae and pupae of T. capucinus collected elsewhere although the two species at these stages seem closely related. The plants were largely in flower and only 10 % of the pods collected were infested. The pupae were found in the cells 8 days after the entrance of larvae into the soil. The duration of the pupal stadium was 7 days. No adult left his cell during the following 30 days and they were removed artificially.</p> <p>Remarks. Tychius argentatus is a common species with a circummediterranean distribution. It was quoted on several species of Lotus other than L. ornithopodioides L., as L. edulis L., L. creticus L. and L. tenuis W. et K., and is collected frequently also far from the sea both in plain and in mountains at low altitude.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3091F0A67B4B8208CAFAEA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F30A1F0B67B4B9648C94A9F6.text	A65B8792F30A1F0B67B4B9648C94A9F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius breviusculus Desbrochers 1873	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) breviusculus Desbrochers, 1873</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 182.</p> <p>Material examined. 12 larvae from pods of Melilotus alba Medicus collected 30.vii.1982 at Rozzano, Milano province, Lombardia (northern Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 11 pupae reared from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to dark brown. All thoracic and abdominal segments salmon.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.40–0.42 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, relatively short. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2, des 3 and des 4 located along frontal suture; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 4 4 times shorter than des 3 and des 5 (Fig. 138). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), both 3 to 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 138). Les almost as long as des 3. Ves 1–2 very short. Post-epicranial area with group of 3 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 3 very short, triangular, sensilla (Fig. 141).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 142) approximately 3 times as wide as long; lms 1 slightly shorter than lms 2 and lms 3; anterior margin almost straight. Clypeus (Fig. 142) 2.8 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of very short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly sinuate. Epipharynx (Fig. 143) with 2 pairs of als, different in length; with 2 pairs of short and triangular ams; with 3 long finger-like mes; labral rods short, kidneyshaped, slightly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 140) with 2 short mds. Maxilla (Fig. 139): stipes with 1 stps, and 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 4 straight dms, different in length; with 3 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres almost 1:1; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 3–4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 139) almost rounded, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly curved outside; ligula with 2 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 139) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 1.8–2.5 mm (see Table 1), moderately elongate. Abdominal segments I–VI almost of equal length (Fig. 144). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately long or short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 145) with 8 prn, 6 macro- and 2 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 145) with 1 prs; 2 pds, different in length; 1 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 2 pda. Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 146) with 1 prs; 2 pds different in length; 1 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 1 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 147) with 1 pds; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 147) with 1 ds; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 147) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body salmon.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 148–150). Body length 2.0– 2.4 mm; widest part 0.6–1.0 mm (see Table. 1). Body elongate, slender. Rostrum moderately long, approximately 3 times as long as wide, not reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.5 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 148–150). Setae slightly distinct, short, unequal in length, light yellow; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 1 os, and 1 pas. Rostrum without setae. Setae on head slightly shorter than setae on thoracic and abdominal segments. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 2 ds, and 1 pls; ds as long as other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 1 fes. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed posteromedially and posterolaterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci very short, slightly curved outside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Pupation 8 days after the entrance of larvae into the soil. Duration of the pupal stadium was 6 days. Adults quickly emerged at the surface 2–3 days later. At the moment of the collection of the mature pods, adults were very common and several of them were in copula. In the same plant also many adults of T. meliloti were collected. 20% pods collected were infested by larvae of Tychius. This number apparently small is instead relevant since, as is well known, the number of pods in a single plant of M. alba is very high. Fortunately the living larvae of the two species are easy to distinguish since those of T. meliloti have the forehalf of the body lemon yellow in colour and the head dark brown, whereas in T. breviusculus the body is completely white and the head lighter (these differences are poorly evident in larvae preserved in alcohol). Therefore it was possible to put larvae of the two species in different container for the pupation and to establish that in our sample the larvae of T. meliloti were more numerous (15 % vs 5 %). The fact that two closely related species parasitize the same plant in the same period and apparently in the same manner is surely interesting. A careful search of galls in the flowers and on the leaves was unsuccessful.</p> <p>Remarks. It was already reported that more than one species of Tychius may occur in the same plant (Caldara 1986, 1990). In the two better studied cases, T. crassirostris Kirsch, 1871 and T. meliloti on Melilotus alba in Germany (Mik 1885; Urban 1935), and T. medicaginis C. Brisout de Barneville, 1863 and T. aureolus Kiesenwetter, 1852 on Medicago sativa L. in France (D'Agular &amp; Perrier 1974), it was observed that T. crassirostris and T. aureolus developed in galls and the others in pods. Sometimes T. meliloti coexists with T. breviusculus on M. alba in northern Italy, whereas the former coexists with T. bicolor C. Brisout de Barneville, 1863 in central and southern Italy (R. Caldara, pers. observ.).</p> <p>However, two years after the first observation, another collection of pods was made from M. alba in the same locality and in the same period. It is noteworthy that adults of T. breviusculus were distinctly more numerous than adults of T. meliloti at a rate of 10:1 and the same rate was observed in the collection of larvae.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F30A1F0B67B4B9648C94A9F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F30B1F0C67B4BFF28AB8AA5A.text	A65B8792F30B1F0C67B4BFF28AB8AA5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius curtirostris Desbrochers 1873	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) curtirostris Desbrochers, 1873</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 192.</p> <p>Material examined. 33 larvae from pods of Trifolium glomeratum L. collected 5.vii.1982 at Levanto, La Spezia province, Liguria (northern Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 7 pupae reared from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head yellow. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.28–0.35 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, exceeding middle of frons. Des 1 located very near frontal suture; des 2 absent; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 located anterolaterally; des 5 located laterally; des 4 5 times shorter than des 1, des 3 and des 5 (Fig. 151). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 very short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 6 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 151). Les distinctly shorter than des 3. Ves very short. Post-epicranial area with group of 3 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 2 very short, conical, sensilla (Fig. 154).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 155) approximately 3.1 times as wide as long; lms 1 slightly longer than equal in length lms 2 and lms 3; anterior margin rounded. Clypeus (Fig. 155) 3.25 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of very short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all posterolaterally; anterior margin almost straight. Epipharynx (Fig. 156) with 2 pairs of als, different in length; with 2 pairs of short ams; with 2 relatively short finger-like and 1 short mes; labral rods short, kidney-shaped, slightly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 153) with 2 short mds, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 152): stipes with 1 stps, 2 pfs of different length, and 1 mbs, distinctly shorter than pfs; mala with 4 straight dms, different in length; with 4 vms, moderately long and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.4; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of some conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 152) heart-shaped, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly rounded; ligula with 2 ligs; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 152) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 1.6–2.4 mm (see Table. 1), moderately elongate. Abdominal segments I- III slightly smaller than abdominal segments IV–VI (Fig. 157). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal segments I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately short or very short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 158) with 7 prn, 6 macro- and 1 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Mesothorax (Fig. 158) with 1 prs; 3 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 very short as; 1 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Chaetotaxy of metathorax almost identical to that of mesothorax, on metathorax only 2 pds. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 3 pda, equal in length (moderately long). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 159) with 1 prs; 2 pds of different length; 2 very short ss; 2 eps of different length; 2 ps of different length; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 160) with 2 pds; 1 very short ss; 2 eps of different length; 2 ps of different length; 1 lsts; 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 160) with 1 ds; 2 very short ps; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 160) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body whitish yellow.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 161–163). Body length 1.7–2.2 mm; widest part 0.7–1.0 mm (see Table. 1). Body elongate, slender. Rostrum long, approximately 4.5 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.4 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 161–163). Setae distinct, long or moderately long, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 1 os, and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Vs and os as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than pas and rs. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 1 ds, and 1 pls; ds distinctly smaller than other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 1 fes. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci short, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Pupae were observed 7 days after the entrance of larvae into the soil. The duration of the pupal stage was 7 days. Adults emerged at the surface 3 days later.</p> <p>Remarks. Tychius curtirostris is a common species with a circummediterranean distribution and is easily confused with T. pusillus (Caldara 1975, 1990). In the same field, where T. curtirostris was collected, T. tibialis was collected also, but living on T. incarnatum L.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F30B1F0C67B4BFF28AB8AA5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F30C1F0D67B4BC778B01AAE0.text	A65B8792F30C1F0D67B4BC778B01AAE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius decretus Tournier 1874	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) decretus Tournier 1874</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 193.</p> <p>Material examined. 1 larva from pods of Trifolium resupinatum L. collected 28.v.1979 at Posada, Nuoro province, Sardinia (Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 8 pupae reared from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown or dark yellow. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.38 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, reaching middle of frons. Des 1 located very near frontal suture; des 2 located mediolaterally; des 3 located along frontal suture; des 4 very short located along frontal suture; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 4 7 times shorter than des 3 and des 5 (Fig. 164). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 164). Les distinctly shorter than des 3. Ves short. Postepicranial area with group of 4 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and without sensillum (Fig. 167).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 168) approximately 2 times as wide as long; lms 1 4–5 times shorter than lms 2, lms 3 some shorter than lms 2; anterior margin doubly sinuate. Clypeus (Fig. 168) 2 times as wide as long; with 1 short cls located posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded. Epipharynx (Fig. 169) with 2 pairs of als, different in length; with 2 pairs of short and triangular ams; with 2 pairs of relatively short and finger-like mes; labral rods relatively long, elongate, strongly converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 166) with 2 short mds, different in length. Maxilla (Fig. 165): stipes with 1 stps, 2 pfs of different length, pfs 1 distinctly shorter than pfs 2, and 1 mbs, distinctly shorter than pfs 2, and 2 sensilla; mala with 4 straight dms, different in length; with 3 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 165) heart-shaped, with 1 prms; margin of ligula rounded, ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 165) with 3 pairs of pms, almost of equal length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 1.8 mm (see Table. 1), moderately elongate. Abdominal segments I–III slightly smaller than abdominal segments IV–VI (Fig. 170). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately short or very short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 171) with 6 prn; all macrosetae of equal length; 1 moderately long ps; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 171) with 1 prs; 2 pds, almost of same length; 1 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 2 pda. Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 172) with 1 prs; 2 pds of different length; 3 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 173) with 1 prs; 2 pds; 3 very short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 173) with 1 ds; 1 ps; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 173) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body whitish yellow.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 174–176). Body length 1.4–2.4 mm; widest part 0.6–1.1 mm (see Table. 1). Body elongate. Rostrum very long, approximately 7 times as long as wide, almost reaching metacoxae. Pronotum 1.4 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 174–176). Setae distinct, short, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 1 os, and 1 pas. Rostrum without setae. Vs and os as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than pas. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 1 ds, and 1 pls; ds distinctly smaller than other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora with 2 fes. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci very short, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Pupae were found in the cell 7 days later the larvae entered the soil. The duration of the pupal stage was 12 days. Adults were found walking on the surface 3 days later.</p> <p>Remarks. The same pods, where larvae of T. decretus were collected, were more extensively parasitized also by larvae of Apion trifolii (Linnaeus, 1758). In the same field the closely related species T. pusillus was also collected, but living on Trifolium resupinatum (see above).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F30C1F0D67B4BC778B01AAE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F30D1F0E67B4BCDC8C22AA91.text	A65B8792F30D1F0E67B4BCDC8C22AA91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius meliloti Stephens 1831	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) meliloti Stephens, 1831</p> <p>Clark et al. 1878: 646. Caldara 1990: 179.</p> <p>Material examined. 18 larvae from pods of Melilotus alba collected 30.vii.1982 at Rozzano, Milano province, Lombardia (Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 22 pupae reared from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head brown to dark yellow. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.38–0.42 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line absent. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 located very near frontal suture, near des 3; des 4 located anterolaterally; des 5 located laterally; des 2 and des 4 4 times shorter than others (des 1, des 3, des 5) (Fig. 177). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 3 to 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 177). Les almost as long as des 3. Ves very short. Post epicranial area with group of 3 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 2 very short, conical, sensilla. (Fig. 180)</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 181) approximately 3.2 times as wide as long; lms 1 distinctly longer than lms 3, lms 2 of same length as lms 1; anterior margin slightly curved inside. Clypeus (Fig. 181) 3.25 times as wide as long; with 1 short cls located posterolaterally; anterior margin rounded. Epipharynx (Fig. 182) with 2 pairs of als, almost of equal length; with 2 pairs of short ams, ams 1 distinctly longer than ams 2; with 2 long finger-like and 1 short mes; labral rods short, kidney-shaped, converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 179) with 2 short mds, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 178): stipes with 1 stps, and 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 4 curved dms, different in length; with 3 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres almost 1:1; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 3–4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 178) trapezoid, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly sinuate, ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 178) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 2.1–2.6 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–VI almost of equal in length (Fig. 183). Spiracles on abdomen in anteromedian parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body reduced. Setae moderately short or short, and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 184) with 8 prn; 4 macro- and 4 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 184) with 1 prs; 2 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 short as; 1 short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 3 pda, equal in length (moderately long). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 185) 2 pds of different length; 2 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 186) 1 pds; 2 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 186) with 1 ds; 1 ps; and 1 sts. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 186) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body salmon.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 187–189). Body length 1.6–2.2 mm; widest part 0.8–1.1 mm (see Table. 1). Body rather stocky. Rostrum very long, approximately 7 times as long as wide, almost reaching metacoxae. Pronotum 1.6 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 187–189). Setae distinct, moderately long, unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 2 os of different length, and 1 pas. Rostrum without setae. Vs and os 1 as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than os 2 and pas. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 1 ds, and 1 pls; ds distinctly smaller than other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 1 seta. Each apex of femora without seta. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberances. Pseudocerci conical, short.</p> <p>Biological observations. Pupation was observed 8 days after the entrance of larvae into the soil. Duration of the pupal stage was 6 days. Adults quickly emerged at the surface 2–3 days later. At the moment of the collection of the mature pods adults were very common and several of them were in copula</p> <p>Remarks. In the same plants where T. meliloti was collected, there were also many adults of T. breviusculus (see the remarks of this species for further details). Previously there was only incomplete information on immatures of this species. In fact Clark et al. (1978) mentioned that Scherf (1964) provided a brief description of larva without illustration and that this description corresponds with their generic description.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F30D1F0E67B4BCDC8C22AA91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F30E1F0F67B4BD4F8C2AABEF.text	A65B8792F30E1F0F67B4BD4F8C2AABEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius pusillus Germar 1842	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) pusillus Germar, 1842</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 191.</p> <p>Material examined. 29 larvae from pods of Trifolium resupinatum L. collected 28.v.1979 at Posada, Nuoro province, Sardinia (Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 6 pupae reared from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION. Head yellow. All thoracic and abdominal segments white to whitish yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.17–0.30 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, exceeding middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicranium; des 2 located very near frontal suture, near des 3; des 4 absent; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 2 4 times shorter than des 3 and des 5 (Fig. 190). Fs 1 and fs 3 located along frontal suture; fs 2 absent; fs 4 located anteromedially (along epistoma); fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 5 times longer than fs 1 and fs 3 and 2 times longer than fs 4 (Fig. 190). Les almost as long as des 3. Ves very short. Post-epicranial area without seta. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 2 finger-like, sensilla (Fig. 193).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 194) approximately 2.4 times as wide as long; lms 1 3 times longer than lms 3, lms 2 distinctly longer than lms 3; anterior margin doubly sinuate. Clypeus (Fig. 194) 2.5 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of very short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all posterolaterally; anterior margin slightly rounded inside. Epipharynx (Fig. 195) with 2 pairs of als, almost of equal length; with 2 pairs of short and triangular ams; with 2 long fingerlike and 1 short mes; labral rods relatively long, elongate, converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 192) with 2 short mds, different in length. Maxilla (Fig. 191): stipes with 1 stps, and 2 pfs of equal length; mala with 3 slightly curved dms, different in length; with 2 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1.25; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of 3–4 conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 191) triangular, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly rounded, ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite feebly visible. Postmentum (Fig. 191) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 1.3–1.8 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–V almost of equal length, slightly larger than abdominal segments VI and VII (Fig. 196). Spiracles on abdomen in median parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately long or short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 197) with 7 prn, 6 macro- and 1 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 197) with 1 prs; 2 pds, different in length; alar area with 1 short as; 1 short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 3 pda, different in length (long, moderately long, short). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 198) with 1 prs; 2 pds different in length; 1 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 199) with 1 pds; 1 ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 199) with 2 ds of different length; 1 ps; and 2 sts of different length. Anal lobes on abdominal segment X (Fig. 199) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body whitish yellow.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 200–202). Body length 1.3–1.8 mm; widest part 0.7–0.9 mm (see Table. 1). Body rather stocky. Rostrum long, almost reaching metacoxae. Pronotum 1.8 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 200–202). Setae distinct, moderately long, or short, unequal in length, light yellow; on pronotum and head placed on conical protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 2 os of different length, and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Vs and os 1 as long as setae on pronotum, distinctly longer than os 2, pas and rs. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 1 ds, and 1 pls; ds distinctly smaller than other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 2 setae. Each apex of femora without seta. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed medially and laterally; all abdominal setae located on small, conical protuberance. Pseudocerci very short, in size as protuberances of other setae, slightly curved outside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Pupae were found in the cells 9 days later the entrance of larvae into the soil. The duration of the pupal stage was 8 days. Adults emerged at the surface 2–3 days later.</p> <p>Remarks. The same pods parasitized by T. pusillus were less intensively parasitized by Apion trifolii. In the same field also T. decretus was collected on Trifolium resupinatum. Tychius pusillus is known from central and southern Europe and northwestern Africa. It is noteworthy that in Sardinia the specimens of this species have the elytral integument almost completely reddish instead of black (Caldara 1990).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F30E1F0F67B4BD4F8C2AABEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
A65B8792F3001F0267B4BA9A8DB4AFCC.text	A65B8792F3001F0267B4BA9A8DB4AFCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tychius tibialis Boheman 1843	<div><p>Tychius (s. str.) tibialis Boheman, 1843</p> <p>Caldara 1990: 190.</p> <p>Material examined. 45 larvae from pods of Trifolium incarnatum L., collected 2.vii.1982 at Levanto, La Spezia province, Liguria (northern Italy), leg. R. Caldara, and 8 pupae reared from larvae collected contemporaneously together with the others, all determined by association with reared adults.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Tables 2 and 3.</p> <p>Description of mature larva. COLORATION.Head brown to dark brown. All thoracic and abdominal segments yellow.</p> <p>HEAD CAPSULE AND MOUTH PARTS. Head width: 0.44–0.52 mm (see Table. 1). Endocarinal line present, exceeding middle of frons. Des 1 located almost in central parts of epicarnium; des 2 located very near frontal suture, near des 3; des 4 located anterolaterally; des 5 located anterolaterally; des 2 and des 4 5 times shorter than des 3 and des 5 (Fig. 203). Fs 1 and fs 2 absent; fs 3 short, located medially; fs 4 and fs 5 located anterolaterally (along epistoma), 4 times longer than fs 3 (Fig. 203). Les distinctly shorter than des 3. Post-epicranial area with group of 4 minute pes. Antennal segment membranous, bearing conical sensorium and 3 very short, triangular, sensilla (Fig. 206).</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 207) approximately 1.8 times as wide as long; lms 1 longer than lms 2 and lms 3 (both equal in length); anterior margin doubly sinuate. Clypeus (Fig. 207) 3.2 times as wide as long; with 2 pairs of short cls of same length, and 1 sensillum, all located posterolaterally; anterior margin almost straight. Epipharynx (Fig. 208) with 2 pairs of als, almost of equal length; with 3 pairs of very short ams; with 2 long finger-like and 1 short mes; labral rods kidney-shaped, converging posteriorly. Mandibles (Fig. 205): molar edge jagged with triangular tooth; mds 1–2 short, almost of equal length. Maxilla (Fig. 204): stipes with 1 stps, 2 pfs almost of equal length, and 1 mbs; mala with 4 straight dms, different in length; with 2 vms, short and almost of equal length. Maxillary palpi: length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres 1:1; basal palpomera with 1 short mpxs; distal palpomera with group of some conical, cuticular apical processes. Prementum (Fig. 204) heart-shaped, with 1 prms; margin of ligula slightly sinuate, ligula with 1 lig; premental sclerite distinct. Postmentum (Fig. 204) with 3 pairs of pms, different in length.</p> <p>THORAX AND ABDOMEN. Body length 2.2–3.1 mm (see Table. 1), elongate. Abdominal segments I–III slightly smaller than abdominal segments IV–VI (Fig. 209). Spiracles on abdomen in median parts of segments (abdominal seg. I–VIII).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of body rather reduced. Setae moderately long or short and light yellow. Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 210) with 8 prn; 6 macro- and 2 microsetae; 2 moderately long ps of same length; 1 eus. Meso- and metathorax (Fig. 210) with 1 prs; 2 pds, different in length; 1 short ss; 1 eps; 1 ps; and 1 short eus. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well-separated and with 3 long and 3 short pda. Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VII (Fig. 211) with 1 prs; 2 pds of different length; 1 ss; 2 eps of different length; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 212) with 2 pds; 1 ss; 2 eps of different length; 1 ps; 1 lsts; and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 212) with 1 ds; and 2 sts of same length. Each anal lobe on abdominal segment X (Fig. 212) with 1 very short, feebly visible seta.</p> <p>Description of pupa. COLORATION. Body yellow.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY (Figs. 213–215). Body length 2.2–3.0 mm; widest part 1.4–1.6 mm (see Table. 1). Body elongate. Rostrum long, approximately 4.5 times as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum 1.4 times as wide as long.</p> <p>CHAETOTAXY (Figs. 213–215). Setae distinct, long or moderately long; unequal in length, light brown; on pronotum and head placed on small protuberances. Head capsule including 1 vs, 1 os, 1 sos, and 1 pas. Rostrum with 1 rs located medially. Setae on head slightly shorter than setae on thoracic and abdominal segments. Pronotum with 2 as, 2 ls, 1 ds, and 1 pls; ds as long as other setae on pronotum. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with 2 setae. Each apex of femora with 1 fes. Setae on abdominal segments I–VIII placed posteromedially and posterolaterally; all abdominal setae located on thorn-like protuberances. Pseudocerci slender, slightly curved inside.</p> <p>Biological observations. Pupae were found in the cells 8 days later the entrance of larvae into the soil. The duration of the pupal stage was 8 days. Adults emerged at the surface 4–5 days later.</p> <p>Remarks. Tychius tibialis is a species with a western European and circummediterranean distribution and is distinguishable from the numerous similar species by the colour of the tibiae which is black at its basal portion (Caldara 1990). There were no previous biological data on this species. In the same field, where T. tibialis was collected, also T. curtirostris was collected, but on Trifolium glomeratum.</p> <p>KEY TO SPECIES OF IMMATURE STAGES OF THE GENUS TYCHIUS</p> <p>In the following keys it was not possible to include the species described by Clark et al. (1978) due to lack of some diagnostic characters in their description. However, concerning larvae, T. sordidus, T. lineellus, T. tectus, T. soltaui and T. prolixus might be included at point 16, but the next step would be impossible, because Clark et al. (1978) did not recognize stps, pfs and mbs setae. The species of the T. stephensi group (T. stephensi, T. picirostris and T. flavus) might be included at point 2, but the next step would be impossible; in fact Clark et al. (1978) did not include abdominal segment VIII. Concerning pupae every assumption appears impossible, since Clark et al. (1978) did not include a count of ds on the pronotum.</p> <p>Larvae</p> <p>1. Meso- and metathorax with 2 pds or variable in segments (Figs. 41, 145, 158, 171, 184, 197, 210).................... 2</p> <p>- Meso- and metathorax with 3 pds (Figs. 8, 18, 28, 54, 67, 80, 93, 106, 119, 132)................................... 8</p> <p>2. Abdominal segment VIII with 1 prs (Fig. 173)..................................................... T. decretus</p> <p>- Abdominal segment VIII without prs (Figs. 43, 147, 160, 186, 199, 212)......................................... 3</p> <p>3. Abdominal segments I–VII with 2 eps (Figs. 42, 159, 211).................................................... 4</p> <p>- Abdominal segments I–VII with 1 eps (Figs. 146, 185, 198).................................................... 6</p> <p>4. Abdominal segments I–VII with 1 ps (Fig. 211)....................................................... T. tibialis</p> <p>- Abdominal segments I–VII with 2 ps (Figs. 42, 159)......................................................... 5</p> <p>5. Mala without mbs (Fig. 35). Abdominal segment VIII with 1 ps (Fig. 43)................................. T. alpinus</p> <p>- Mala with 1 mbs (Fig. 152). Abdominal segment VIII with 2 ps (Fig. 160).............................. T. curtirostris</p> <p>6. Meso- and metathorax without as (Fig. 145). Abdominal segment VIII without ss (Fig. 147).............. T. breviusculus</p> <p>- Meso- and metathorax with 1 as (Figs. 184, 197). Abdominal segment VIII with 1–2 ss (Figs. 186, 199)................ 7</p> <p>7. Abdominal segments I–VII without prs and 2 ss (Fig. 185)............................................. T. meliloti</p> <p>- Abdominal segments I–VII with 1 prs and 1 ss (Fig. 198).............................................. T. pusillus</p> <p>8. Abdominal segments I–VII with 2 prs (Figs. 29, 94)......................................................... 9</p> <p>- Abdominal segments I–VII with 1 prs (Figs. 9, 19, 55, 68, 81, 107, 120, 133).................................... 10</p> <p>9. Pronotum with 6 prn (Fig. 28). Meso- and metathorax without as and ss (Fig. 28)................... T. quinquepunctatus</p> <p>- Pronotum with 8 prn (Fig. 93). Meso- and metathorax with 1 as and 2 ss (Fig. 93)........................ T. capucinus</p> <p>10. Meso- and metathorax with 2 prs (Fig. 80)........................................................ T. schneideri</p> <p>- Meso- and metathorax with 1 prs (Figs. 8, 18, 54, 67, 106, 119, 132)........................................... 11</p> <p>11. Abdominal segments I–VII with 1 pds (Fig. 107).................................................... T. caldarai</p> <p>- Abdominal segments I–VII with 2 or 3 pds (Figs. 9, 19, 55, 68, 120, 133)....................................... 12</p> <p>12. Abdominal segments I–VII with 2 pds (Figs. 68, 120)....................................................... 13</p> <p>- Abdominal segments I–VII with 3 pds (Figs. 9, 19, 55, 133).................................................. 14</p> <p>13. Abdominal segment VIII with 1 prs and 1 pds (Fig. 69)............................................. T. depressus</p> <p>- Abdominal segment VIII without prs and with 2 pds (Fig. 121)..................................... T. squamulatus</p> <p>14. Abdominal segment VIII without prs (Fig. 134)................................................... T. argentatus</p> <p>- Abdominal segment VIII with 1 prs (Figs. 10, 20, 56)....................................................... 15</p> <p>15. Abdominal segments I–VII with 1 ss (Fig. 9). Abdominal segment VIII with 3 pds (Fig. 10)................ T. parallelus</p> <p>- Abdominal segments I–VII with 2 ss (Figs. 19, 55). Abdominal segment VIII with 1–2 pds (Figs. 20, 56).............. 16</p> <p>16. Clypeus with 2 cls (Fig. 15). Abdominal segment X with 3 setae (Fig. 20)................................ T. striatulus</p> <p>- Clypeus without cls (Fig. 51). Abdominal segment X with 1 seta (Fig. 56)................................. T. brisouti</p> <p>Pupae</p> <p>1. Femora without fes (Figs. 45, 84, 188, 201)................................................................ 2 - Femora with 1 or 2 fes (Figs. 32, 58, 71, 97, 110, 123, 136, 149, 162, 175, 214).................................... 5</p> <p>2. Pronotum with 1 ds (Figs. 188, 189, 201, 202).............................................................. 3</p> <p>- Pronotum with 2 ds (Figs. 45, 46, 84, 85).................................................................. 4</p> <p>3. Rostrum with 1 rs (Figs. 200, 202). Meso- and metathorax with 2 setae (Fig. 201).......................... T. pusillus</p> <p>- Rostrum without rs (Figs. 187, 189). Meso- and metathorax with 1 seta (Fig. 188).......................... T. meliloti</p> <p>4. Rostrum without rs, head with 1 vs (Figs. 44, 46).................................................... T. alpinus</p> <p>- Rostrum with 1 rs, head with 2 vs (Figs. 83, 85)................................................... T. schneideri</p> <p>5. Pronotum with 1 ds and 1 pls (Figs. 71, 72, 123, 124, 162, 163, 175, 176, 214, 215)................................ 6</p> <p>- Pronotum with 2 ds and 1 pls (Figs. 32, 33, 58, 59, 97, 98, 110, 111, 136, 137, 149, 150)........................... 10</p> <p>6. Pronotum with 1 ls (Figs. 71, 72)............................................................... T. depressus</p> <p>- Pronotum with 2 ls (Figs. 123, 124, 162, 163, 175, 176, 214, 215).............................................. 7</p> <p>7. Meso- and metathorax with 2 setae (Fig. 214)........................................................ T. tibialis</p> <p>- Meso- and metathorax with 1 seta (Figs. 123, 162, 175)....................................................... 8</p> <p>8. Head with 2 os (Figs 122, 124)............................................................... T. squamulatus</p> <p>- Head with 1 os (Figs 161, 163, 174, 176).................................................................. 9</p> <p>9. Rostrum without rs (Figs. 174, 176).............................................................. T. decretus</p> <p>- Rostrum with 1 rs (Figs. 161, 163).............................................................. T. curtirostris</p> <p>10. Femora with 2 fes (Figs. 32, 136)....................................................................... 11</p> <p>- Femora with 1 fes (Figs 58, 97, 110, 149)................................................................. 12</p> <p>11. Head with 2 vs and without sos (Figs. 135, 137)................................................... T. argentatus</p> <p>- Head with 1 vs and 1 sos (Figs. 31, 33).................................................... T. quinquepunctatus</p> <p>12. Head with 2 vs (Figs. 57, 59).................................................................... T. brisouti</p> <p>- Head with 1 vs (Figs 96, 98, 109, 111, 148, 150)........................................................... 13</p> <p>13. Head with 2 os (Figs 96, 98).................................................................. T. capucinus</p> <p>- Head with 1 os (Figs 109, 111, 148, 150)................................................................. 14</p> <p>14. Rostrum without rs (Figs. 148, 150)........................................................... T. breviusculus</p> <p>- Rostrum with 1 rs (Figs. 109, 111)................................................................ T. caldarai</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A65B8792F3001F0267B4BA9A8DB4AFCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skuhrovec, Jiří;Gosik, Rafał;Caldara, Roberto	Skuhrovec, Jiří, Gosik, Rafał, Caldara, Roberto (2014): Immatures of Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Tychius (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): new descriptions and new bionomic data with an evaluation of their value in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Zootaxa 3839 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3839.1.1
