identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D047680277FFF0FF5CFF10FC51FED8.text	03D047680277FFF0FF5CFF10FC51FED8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Gomphostilbia) hongthaii Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Simulium (Gomphostilbia) hongthaii Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Ya’cob sp. nov. </p>
            <p> Male. Body length 2.5 mm. Head. Somewhat wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of 16 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows of large facets. Face brownish-black, white pruinose. Clypeus brownishblack, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (mostly directed upward) interspersed with several dark-brown longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, medium brown except scape and pedicel yellow and base of first flagellomere whitish-yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.9 times length of second one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with 5 segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.2:2.4; third segment (Fig. 1A) slender; sensory vesicle (Fig. 1A) globular, small (0.2 times length of third segment), and with opening of medium-size. Thorax. Scutum dark-brown to brownish-black, without longitudinal vittae, shiny and thinly gray pruinose on shoulders, on wide area along each lateral margin and on prescutellar area when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like recumbent hairs. Scutellum medium brown, covered with yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum brownish-black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum dark brown, longer than deep, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter light brown except base yellow; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though apical tip yellowish); tibia white to grayish except base light brown and little less than apical 1/3 brownish-black, and covered with white and yellow hairs on basal 2/3 of outer surface and white sheen on basal 2/3 of outer surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black; basitarsus moderately dilated, 7.5–8.4 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown except posterior surface brownish-black; trochanter light brown except base whitish-yellow; femur light brown with posterior surface of base somewhat whitish-yellow and apical cap medium brown (though apical tip yellow); tibia medium brown except basal 1/4 or little more whitish-yellow; tarsus dark brown except extreme base of basitarsus yellow. Hind leg: coxa light brown though apical portion whitish-yellow; trochanter whitish-yellow; femur light brown with base narrowly whitish-yellow and apical cap dark brown (though apical tip whitish-yellow); tibia (Fig. 1B) dark brown to brownish-black except little less than basal 1/2 whitish-yellow, covered with yellow hairs on basal 2/3 of outer surface; tarsus (Fig. 1C) medium to dark brown except little less than basal 1/2 of basitarsus (border not well defined) and basal 1/3 of second tarsomere yellowish; basitarsus (Fig. 1C) enlarged, 3.9–4.0 times as long as wide, and 0.9–1.0 and 1.0 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 1C) slightly shorter than basal width, and 0.3 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 1C) well defined. Wing. Length 2.1 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except hairs on basal portion yellow. Subcosta bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein yellow. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent.  Halter . Grayish except basal stem darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light-brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium to dark brown except anterior 1/2 of segment 2 yellowish, covered with dark-brown short to long hairs; segments 2 and 5–8 each with pair of shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 1D) nearly rectangular, 2.2 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 1D) bent inward, bluntly rounded apically and with apical spine; style in medial view (Fig. 1E) shorter than coxite (0.8 times length of coxite), gently bent inward, nearly parallel-sided to apex; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 1F) nearly parallelsided from base to basal 1/3, then slightly tapered toward apex, with truncated apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 1D) with body transverse, 0.5 times as long as wide, with anterior margin produced anteromedially, and posterior margin somewhat concave medially (though posterior margin slightly convex medially when ventral plate is slightly inclined), lateral margins slightly emarginated sub-basally, and densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of moderate length, directed forward, then convergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 1G) moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 1H) trapezoidal, with ventral margin shallowly concave medially, densely covered with microsetae on posterior surface except portion near each lateral tip narrowly bare. Median sclerite thin, plate-like, wide. Parameres (Fig. 1I) of moderate size, each with 4 distinct long and medium-long stout hooks and several smaller ones including smallest one on middle part of basal arm. Aedeagal membrane moderately setose, not sclerotized at base; dorsal plate not defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 1J, K) without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 1J) small, rounded, with 14 hairs. </p>
            <p>Pupa. Body length 2.4 mm. Head. Integument yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles except antennal sheaths and ventral surface almost bare; antennal sheath without any protuberances; face with pair of unbranched long trichomes with coiled apices, and frons with 3 pairs of unbranched long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; 3 frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles, and with 3 unbranched long dorsomedial trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices, 2 unbranched long anterolateral trichomes (1 with coiled apex, 1 with uncoiled apex), 1 unbranched medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and 3 unbranched ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (1 medium-long, 2 short) on each side. Gill (Fig. 1L) composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [3+ (1+2)]+2 or [(2+1)+3]+2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with medium-long common basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent basal fenestra at base; common basal stalk 0.5–0.8 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplets share short stalk and each composed of 3 individual filaments arising at same level, with short stalk, or composed of 1 individual and 2 paired filaments and bearing short primary and secondary stalks; stalk of ventral pair of filaments medium-long, 1.2–1.3 times length of common basal stalk, and 0.9–1.0 times length of interspiracular trunk, and 1.1–1.3 and 1.2–1.4 times as thick as primary stalks of middle and dorsal triplets, respectively, and 0.9 times as thick as common stalk of middle and dorsal triplets; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against that of lower pair at angle of about 50 degrees when viewed laterally; 6 filaments of dorsal and middle triplets subequal in length (1.8–2.0 mm) and thickness to one another; 2 filaments of ventral pair subequal in length (2.6 mm) and thickness to each other, and 1.3–1.5 times as thick as 6 other filaments when compared basally; all filaments light brown, gradually tapered toward apex; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though becoming less marked apically, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1 and 2 not pigmented and without tubercles; segment 1 with 1 unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with 1 unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta and 5 short somewhat spinous setae submedially on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with 4 hooked spines and 1 short somewhat spinous seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine-combs and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segments 6–9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (those on segment 9 slightly to much smaller than those on segments 6–8) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segments 5–8 each with 2 or 3 short setae near posterior margin on each side; segment 9 with pair of wide flat terminal hooks, of which outer margin is 2.8–3.0 times length of inner margin and crenulated (Fig. 1M) when viewed caudally. Ventrally, segment 4 with 1 unbranched hook (subequal in size to those on segments 5–7) and few slender short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few short slender setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few short slender setae on each side; segments 4–8 with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with 3 grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon. Wallpocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally; dorsomedial portion of anterior margin somewhat produced anteriorly, with short anterodorsal bulge; 3.0– 3.2 mm long by 1.9–2.4 mm wide.</p>
            <p>Female and larva. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Type specimens.   Holotype.  Male (reared from pupa and preserved with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon in a vial with 80% ethanol), collected from a small stream (width 0.5 m, bed rocky, water temperature 17˚C, shaded, altitude 975 m, N21˚27’501’’/E105˚38’941’’), flowing slowly in a bush along the road in the Tam Dao National Park, Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam, 8-XI-2013, by M. Sofian-Azirun  .   Paratype.  One male (reared from a pupa and preserved with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon in a vial with 80% ethanol), collected from a small stream (width 0.5 m, shaded, water temperature 17 ˚C, shaded, altitude 997 m, N21˚27’819’’/E105˚38’946’’) flowing slowly in a forest, about 500 m inside the gate, Tam Dao National Park, Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam, 9-XI-2013, by Z. Ya’cob  . </p>
            <p> Biology. The pupae of this new species were collected from trailing grasses. The associated species were S.  (G.) brinchangense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Hashim , S. (Nevermannia) sp. (  Simulium feuerborni species-group) and S.  (S.) brevipar Takaoka &amp; Davies.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name  hongthaii is in honor of Dr. Hong Thai Pham, head of Insect systematics Department, Institute of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam, for his contribution in insect systematics and ecology. </p>
            <p> Remarks. This new species is assigned to the  Simulium asakoae species-group of the subgenus  Gomphostilbia defined by Takaoka (2012) by having the yellow hair tuft on the base of the radial vein, enlarged male hind basitarsi and ventral plate with lateral margins emarginated medially (Fig. 1D). The male of this new species is characterized by the greater number of upper-eye large facets in 16 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows. Such a greater number of upper-eye facets was recorded in five of the 21 species of the  asakoae species-group, i.e.,  S. (G.) jianfengense Long, An &amp; Hao from China,  S. (G.) sofiani Takaoka &amp; Hashim and  S. (G.) lurauense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Hashim , both from Peninsular Malaysia, and  S. (G.) taitungnese Huang &amp; Takaoka , and  S. (G.) tuenense Takaoka , both from Taiwan (Long et al. 1994; Takaoka et al. 2011a, b; Huang et al. 2011). However, the male of  S. (G.) hongthaii sp. nov. is easily distinguished from  S. (G.) jianfengense by the ventral plate which is trapezoidal in caudal view (cf., triangular in  S. (G.) jianfengense ), and all the other four species by the relative width of the hind basitarsus against the hind tibia (0.9–1.0 in  S. (G.) hongthaii sp. nov. versus 0.8 in the other four species). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D047680277FFF0FF5CFF10FC51FED8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Sofian-Azirun, Mohd;Ya’Cob, Zubaidah;Chen, Chee Dhang;Lau, Koon Weng;Pham, Hong Thai	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Hong Thai (2014): New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3838 (3): 347-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.6
03D047680272FFF2FF5DFE11FDEBF89D.text	03D047680272FFF2FF5DFE11FDEBF89D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Gomphostilbia) tamdaoense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Simulium (Gomphostilbia) tamdaoense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Ya’cob sp. nov. </p>
            <p> Male. Body length 2.2 mm. Head. Somewhat wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of 14 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows of large facets. Face brownish-black, white pruinose. Clypeus brownish-black, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (mostly directed upward) interspersed with several dark brown simple longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, light to medium brown except scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere whitish-yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.6 times length of second one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with 5 segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.2:3.1; third segment (Fig. 2A) slender; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2A) globular or ellipsoidal, small (0.2 times length of third segment), and with opening of medium size. Thorax. Scutum dark brown to brownish-black, without longitudinal vittae, shiny and thinly gray pruinose on shoulders, on wide area along each lateral margin and on prescutellar area when illuminated at certain angles, and densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like recumbent hairs. Scutellum ochreous, covered with yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum dark-brown to brownish-black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum dark brown, longer than deep, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter yellow though outer surface somewhat darkened; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though apical tip yellowish); tibia white to grayish except base light brown and little more than apical 1/3 brownishblack, and covered with white hairs on basal 2/3 of outer surface and white sheen on basal 2/3 of outer surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black; basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.8 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown except posterior surface brownish-black; trochanter yellowish; femur light brown with base somewhat yellowish and apical cap medium brown (though apical tip yellow); tibia medium brown except basal 1/4 yellowish; tarsus dark-brown to brownish-black except basal 1/3 or more of basitarsus dark yellow to light brown (border not well defined). Hind leg: coxa light brown though apical portion whitish-yellow; trochanter whitishyellow; femur light to medium brown with base narrowly whitish-yellow and apical cap dark brown (though apical tip whitish-yellow); tibia (Fig. 2B) dark-brown to brownish-black except basal 1/2 whitish-yellow, covered with yellow hairs on basal 2/3 of outer surface; tarsus (Fig. 2C) medium to dark brown except basal 1/2 of basitarsus and basal 1/3 of second tarsomere whitish-yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 2C) enlarged, spindle-shaped, 4.2 times as long as wide, and 0.9 and 0.9 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 2C) slightly shorter than basal width, and 0.4 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 2C) well defined. Wing. Length 1.7 mm. Other characters as in  S. (G.) hongthaii sp. nov. Halter . Grayish except basal stem darkened and apical half grayish ochreous. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light to medium-brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark-brown to black except anterior 1/3 of segment 2 yellowish, covered with dark-brown short to long hairs; segments 2 and 5–8 each with pair of shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 2D) nearly rectangular, 1.8 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 2D) bent inward, bluntly rounded apically and with apical spine; style in medial view (Fig. 2E) shorter than coxite (0.8 times length of coxite), gently bent inward, nearly parallel-sided to apex; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 2F) slightly tapered toward apex, with truncated apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 2D) with body transverse, 0.5 times as long as wide, with anterior margin produced anteromedially, and posterior margin somewhat concave medially (though posterior margin slightly convex medially when ventral plate is slightly inclined), lateral margins somewhat emarginated medially, and densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of moderate length, directed forward, then convergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 2G) moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 2H) trapezoidal, ventral margin nearly straight, densely covered with microsetae on posterior surface except portion near each lateral tip narrowly bare. Median sclerite thin, plate-like, wide. Parameres (Fig. 2I) of moderate size, each with 3 distinct long stout hooks and with 6–8 minute setae on outer surface of basal arm. Aedeagal membrane sparsely setose, not sclerotized at base; dorsal plate not defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 2J, K) without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 2J) small, rounded, with 12 or 13 hairs. </p>
            <p> Pupa. Body length 2.4 mm. Nearly as in pupa of  S. (G.) hongthaii sp. nov. except following characters. </p>
            <p>Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles except mediodorsal and mediolateral surface sparsely covered with round tubercles. Gill (Fig. 2L) composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(2+1)+ (1+2)]+2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with medium-long common basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent basal fenestra at base; common basal stalk 0.8 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplets share short stalk; dorsal triplet composed of 1 individual and 2 paired filaments with medium-long primary and short secondary stalks, and middle triplet composed of 1 individual and 2 paired filaments and bearing medium-long primary and secondary stalks; stalk of ventral pair of filaments medium-long, 1.2 times length of common basal stalk, 1.1 and 1.2 times as thick as primary stalks of middle and dorsal triplets, respectively, and 0.9 times as thick as common stalk of middle and dorsal triplets; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against that of lower pair at angle of about 80 degrees when viewed laterally; 6 filaments of dorsal and middle triplets subequal in thickness to one another; 2 filaments of ventral pair subequal in thickness to each other, and much thicker than 6 other filaments when compared basally; all filaments light brown, gradually tapered toward apex, and with apical portions of various lengths lost, thus their exact lengths not known; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though becoming less marked apically, densely covered with minute tubercles.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Dorsally, segment 5 lacking spine-combs but with comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segments 6–9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (those on segment 9 well developed as those on segments 6–8) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of triangular flat terminal hooks of which apices are curved anterodorsally (when viewed laterally) and outer margin is 1.8–1.9 times length of inner margin and crenulated when viewed caudally (Fig. 2M). Ventrally, segment 4 with 1 or 2 unbranched hooks (somewhat shorter and thinner than those on segments 5–7). Cocoon. Wall-pocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, with anterodorsal portion somewhat broken medially, though having short bulge when viewed dorsally; 3.0 mm long by 2.4 mm wide.</p>
            <p>Female and mature larva. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Type specimen.   Holotype.  Male (reared from a pupa and preserved with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon in a vial with 80% ethanol), collected from a roadside ditch (width 0.5–1.0 m, bed sandy, water temperature 23˚C, exposed to sun, altitude 173 m, N21˚25’687’’/E105˚36’928’’), flowing slowly along the road to Tam Dao Town, Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam, 10-XI-2013, by H. Takaoka. </p>
            <p> Biology. The pupa of this new species was collected from a trailing grass. The associated species was S. (G.) sp. (  Simulium ceylonicum species-group). </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name  tamdaoense refers to the name of the locality, Tam Dao, where this new species was collected. </p>
            <p> Remarks. As in the preceding species, this new species is assigned to the  asakoae species-group by having the yellow hair tuft of the stem vein, enlarged male hind basitarsus and ventral plate with lateral margins emarginated medially (Fig. 2D).The male of  S. (G.) tamdaoense sp. nov. appears to be related to  S. (G.) chiangdaoens e Takaoka &amp; Srisuka described from Thailand and  S. (G.) tanahrataense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Ya’cob described from Peninsular Malaysia by having a similar number of upper-eye enlarged facets (in 13 or 14 vertical columns and 15 or 16 horizontal rows in  S. (G.) chiangdaoense and in 13 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows in  S. (G.) tanahrataense ) and a similar relative width of the hind basitarsus against the hind tibia (1.0 in  S. chiangdaoense and 0.9 in  S. (G.) tanahrataense ) (Takaoka &amp; Srisuka 2009; Takaoka et al. 2014a). However, the male of  S. (G.) tamdaoense sp. nov. is distinguished from these two species by the absence of hairs on the subcosta. The pupa of  S. (G.) tamdaoense sp. nov. is distinguished from  S. (G.) chiangdaoense by the simple wall-pocket-shaped cocoon (cf., with a long anterodorsal projection in  S. (G.) chiangdaoense ), and from  S. (G.) tanahrataense by the narrower terminal hooks (Fig. 2M) (i.e., ratio of the outer margin against the inner margin is 1.8–1.9 in this new species and 2.7–2.8 in  S. (G.) tanahrataense ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D047680272FFF2FF5DFE11FDEBF89D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Sofian-Azirun, Mohd;Ya’Cob, Zubaidah;Chen, Chee Dhang;Lau, Koon Weng;Pham, Hong Thai	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Hong Thai (2014): New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3838 (3): 347-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.6
03D047680270FFFAFF5CF8E3FCAAFDBB.text	03D047680270FFFAFF5CF8E3FCAAFDBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Simulium) taythienense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Simulium (Simulium) taythienense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Ya’cob sp. nov. </p>
            <p> Female. Body length 2.6–3.5 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons black, shiny with bluish reflection when illuminated at certain angles, with several dark stout hairs along lateral margins; frontal ratio 1.3–1.4:1.0:1.4; frons:head ratio 1.0:4.4. Fronto-ocular area well developed, short, directed laterally, and pointed apically. Clypeus brownish-black, shiny with bluish reflection when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with darkbrown medium-long hairs (though mediolongitudinal portion of upper 2/3 widely bare) interspersed with several dark-brown longer curved hairs on each side of lower portion. Labrum 0.6 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres; first flagellomere 1.5 times length of second one; antenna yellow to dark yellow, except 5 or 6 apical flagellomeres dark brown (though in 1 female antenna almost entirely yellow to dark yellow except flagellomere 5 and apical half or little less of flagellomere 8 dark brown). Maxillary palp with 5 segments, medium brown except first and second segments ochreous or light brown, and third segment dark brown; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.1:2.6–2. 7; third segment (Fig. 3A) of normal size, with medium-sized ellipsoidal sensory vesicle (0.3–0.4 times length of third segment) having large opening. Maxillary lacinia with 14 or 15 inner and 12–14 outer teeth. Mandible with 24 or 25 inner and 13–15 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 3B) with 30–32 minute processes near posterodorsal margin. Thorax. Scutum black, shiny, densely covered with whitish-yellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark-brown short hairs on anterior portion near anterior margin and lateral portions near lateral margins, and several dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area; scutum gray pruinose with 5 non-pruinose longitudinal vittae (1 medial, 2 submedial, and 2 sublateral), medial and submedial vittae well defined from anterior margin to posterior portion but sublateral vittae not well defined and their anterior halves indistinct), all vittae united with transverse non-pruinose band on prescutellar area, when illuminated in front and viewed dorsally; scutum gray pruinose except 4 non-pruinose longitudinal vittae, when illuminated posteriorly and viewed dorsally. Scutellum medium brown, covered with dark-brown upright long hairs and whitish-yellow short hairs. Postnotum brownish-black, shiny, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum brownish-black, longer than deep, shiny, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish; trochanter whitish, with outer surface somewhat darkened; femur whitish-yellow basally, then yellow except apical tip brownish-black on inner surface, dark yellow, gradually darkened toward apex, with apical tip brownish-black on outer surface; tibia brownish-black to black except basal tip light to medium black; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.4–5.6 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownishblack; trochanter brownish-black except anterior surface of base whitish; femur brownish-black except basal tip light to medium brown; tibia dark brown to brownish-black except base yellow, and with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus light to medium brown except basal 4/5 to 2/3 of basitarsus and basal1/6 to 1/2 of second tarsomere yellowish-white. Hind leg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter yellowish-white; femur brownish-black except base whitish-yellow; tibia (Fig. 3C) brownish-black except base whitish-yellow and with whitish sheen on basal 1/2 or more of posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus dark brown except basal 2/3 of basitarsus yellowish-white and basal 1/2 of second tarsomere yellowish; basitarsus (Fig. 3D) nearly parallel-sided, 6.2–6.3 times as long as wide, and 0.6–0.7 and 0.6 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 3D) moderately developed, nearly as long as wide, and 0.4 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 3D) well developed at basal 1/3 of second tarsomere. Tarsal claw simple, without tooth. Wing. Length 2.4 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta haired except near apex bare; basal section of radial vein haired except basal 1/6 to 2/5 bare; R 1 with dark brown spinules and hairs; R 2 with dark-brown hairs; hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown; basal cell absent.  Halter . White except base darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish-black, with fringe of dark hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium-brown to brownish-black, with light to dark-brown short hairs; tergite 2 shiny and silvery iridescent when illuminated at certain angles and tergites 6–9 shiny. Ventral surface of seventh segment with pair of weakly sclerotized submedian sternal plates. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 3E) with posterior margin concave medially in form of reversed-U shape, bare medially, with 28–39 dark brown medium-long to long stout hairs and 16–21 yellow short hairs on each lateral surface. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 3E) rounded posteromedially, with ventrally produced lobe near inner margin, membranous except narrow area along inner margin slightly sclerotized, covered with 28–37 short yellow hairs and numerous microsetae; inner margins slightly sinuous, somewhat separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 3F) of inverted-Y form, with narrow well sclerotized stem; arms of moderate width, each with moderately sclerotized lateral portion. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 3G) rounded, subequal in length to greatest width, strongly pigmented on anterior surface, with 30–39 dark short to medium-long hairs (except several hairs yellow) on lateral and ventral surfaces, and with 7–10 short sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 3H) nearly half as long as wide, and much protruding ventrally beyond ventral margin of cercus. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 3H) short, 0.6 times as long as wide, with numerous medium-long hairs, and rounded posteriorly. Spermatheca (Fig. 3I) nearly ovoid, 1.2–1.3 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except portion of junction with duct somewhat widely unsclerotized, without definite reticulate patterns on its surface; internal setae present; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other, and slightly thicker than major duct. </p>
            <p>Male. Body length 3.0– 3.2 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye consisting of large facets in 17 or 18 vertical columns and in 17 or 18 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose and brilliantly iridescent when illuminated at certain angles, sparsely covered with dark brown hairs along and near lateral margins (most of central portion bare). Antenna similar in number of articles and color to that of female; first flagellomere elongate, 1.5 times length of second one. Maxillary palp similar in number of segments and color to that of female; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.3:2.8; third segment (Fig. 4A) of normal size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 4A) ellipsoidal, 0.2 times length of third segment, and with small opening.</p>
            <p>Thorax. Scutum black, with whitish-gray pruinose pattern, i.e., anterior pair of large spots on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins and connected to large transverse spot entirely covering prescutellar area, anterior pair of large spots divided into anterior half and posterior half, either of which disappears depending on direction of lights; all these spots brilliantly iridescent when illuminated at certain angles; scutum uniformly and moderately covered with brassy recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark-brown short hairs near anterior margin and darkbrown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum medium brown, with dark-brown long upright hairs and dark short hairs. Postnotum brownish-black, shiny and whitish-gray pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish-black, and bare. Legs. Color similar to that of female except hind basitarsus yellowish-white on basal3/5 or little less and dark brown on rest; fore basitarsus moderately dilated, 5.6–7.3 times as long as its greatest width; hind basitarsus (Fig. 4B) enlarged, gradually widened toward apical 1/3, then nearly parallel-sided or slightly narrowed, 4.4–4.6 times as long as wide, and 0.8 and 0.8–0.9 times as wide as greatest width of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 4B) developed, small, little shorter than its basal width, and 0.3 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 4B) well developed. Wing. Length 2.3–2.4 mm. Other characters as in female except basal portion of radial vein and subcosta bare. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish-black, with fringe of dark-brown long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium-brown to brownish-black except basal half or less of segment 2 whitish-yellow, moderately covered with dark-brown short to medium-long hairs; segments 2, 5, 6 and 7 each with pair of whitish pruinose spots (brilliantly iridescent when illuminated at certain angles) dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 connected broadly to each other in middle. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 4C) nearly quadrate, nearly as long as wide; coxite in ventrolateral view (Fig. 4D) rectangular, 0.8 times as long as wide. Style in ventral view (Fig. 4C) elongate, slightly narrowed toward middle, then nearly parallel-sided to apex, inner margin gently concave, with subapical spine (2 subapical spines in 1 male); style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 4D) 1.7 times length of coxite, 2.9 times as long as greatest width near apex; style in medial view (Fig. 4E) somewhat flattened dorsoventrally, with short basal protuberance directed dorsomedially, with several cone-like spines along its anterior margin; style in dorsomedial view (Fig. 4F) with short basal protuberance with well sclerotized, saw-like ragged anterior margin. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 4C) with body broad, bearing prominent median process sharply narrowed to round tip; body covered with minute setae medially; arms short, stout, divergent from base; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 4G) with median process abruptly bent ventrally at nearly right angle; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 4H) in form of equilateral triangle, and bare. Median sclerite in ventral view (Fig.4C) weakly sclerotized, wide, nearly parallel-sided on posterior 2/3, with its base arising in front of anteroventral margin of ventral plate. Paramere in caudal view (Fig. 4I) wide, moderately sclerotized, with several short to medium-long hooks near apex. Aedeagal membrane in caudal view (Fig. 4I) sparsely covered with minute setae; dorsal plate indistinct. Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 4J, K) with 5–10 distinct hairs on ventral and posterolateral surface near each posterolateral corner. Cercus (Fig. 4J, K) small, rounded, with 14–17 distinct hairs.</p>
            <p>Pupa. Body length 3.1–3.5 mm. Head. Integument yellow to dark yellow, moderately covered with relatively large tubercles interspersed with small ones near lateral margins; large tubercles round and lacking secondary projections (Fig. 5A); frons with 2 pairs of short trichomes with uncoiled apices (Fig. 5B); face with pair of long trichomes with uncoiled apices (Fig. 5C), 1.3–1.9 times length of frontal trichomes. Thorax. Integument yellow to dark yellow, moderately covered with relatively large tubercles except lateral surfaces and dorsal surface of posterior 1/2 of thorax moderately covered with small tubercles; thorax on each side with 3 bifid or trifid long trichomes with uncoiled apices) anterodorsally (Fig. 5D), 2 trichomes (1 bifid or trifid long with uncoiled apex, 1 unbranched medium-long with uncoiled apex) anterolaterally (Fig. 5E), 1 unbranched or bifid medium-long trichome with uncoiled apex mediolaterally (Fig. 5F), and 3 trichomes with uncoiled apices (2 unbranched or bifid long, 1 unbranched or bifid short) ventrolaterally (Fig. 5G). Gill (Fig. 5H) with 10 thread-like filaments arranged as 2+(1+2)+(2+1)+2 or 2+(1+2)+(1+1+1)+2 filaments from dorsal to ventral (exceptionally 2+2+1+(1+1+1)+2 filaments in left gill of one pupa –– Fig. 5I); dorsal and ventral pairs with short stalk, two middle triplets with short stalk and short to medium-long secondary stalk when arranged as 1 individual and 2 paired filaments; dorsalmost filament shortest (1.0– 1.3 mm long), 1 or 2 filaments of lower middle triplet longest (1.3–1.7 mm long) and other filaments intermediate in length; proportional thickness of 10 filaments from dorsal to ventral 1.4–1.6:1.4–1.6:1.2–1.3:1.2:1.0–1.1:1.4–1.8:1.3–1.7:1.2–1.5:1.1–1.2:1.0 when compared basally; all filaments medium brown, covered with annular ridges and furrows and densely covered with minute tubercles, relatively larger ones on ridges and smaller one on interridges. Abdomen. Dorsally, nearly transparent except segment 1 grayish; segment 1 without tubercles, with 1 short seta on each side; segment 2 without tubercle, with 1 short seta and 5 short spinous setae, of which 1 is much smaller than others, on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with 4 distinct hooks and 1 short spinous seta on each side; all setae and hooks unbranched; segments 5, 6, 7 and 9 lacking spine-combs; segment 8 with distinct spine-combs in transverse row; segments 6–9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of cone-like terminal hooks (Fig. 5J). Ventrally, segments 4–9 transparent, each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 5 with pair of bifid stout hooklets submedially and few unbranched short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer stout hooklets somewhat separated from each other and few unbranched short setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9. Cocoon (Fig. 5K). Medium-brown, shoe-shaped, with several small to large open spaces anterolaterally on each side (shape and size of open spaces are variable by cocoons), moderately woven; posterior half with floor; individual threads visible; 3.9–4.3 mm long by 1.5 mm wide.</p>
            <p>Mature larva. Body length 5.2–6.2 mm. Body grayish light-brown, or dark gray, or light to medium brown, or grayish green. Abdomen in lateral view gradually widened from segment 1 to segment 7, then narrowed to segment 9. Thorax and abdomen with pair of cone-like dorsolateral protuberance on each segment (Fig. 6A), though those on thoracic segments 1 and 2 and abdominal segment 8 tiny, often overlooked. Cephalic apotome whitish-yellow on anterior 1/2, yellow on posterior 1/2, darkened widely along each lateral margin and narrowly along posterior margin; mediolongitudinal spots faintly positive but other spots usually indistinct though posterior1/2 of mediolateral spots distinct in some larvae; lateral surface of head capsule yellow or yellowish-brown to medium brown, except eyespot region whitish and wide areas above and anterior to and posterior to eyespot region medium brown; spots near posterior margin indistinct or somewhat negative; ventral surface of head capsule yellow or yellowish-brown or light brown; elongate spots on each side of postgenal cleft indistinct or negative. Antenna composed of 3 articles and apical sensillum, slightly longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of 3 articles (from base to tip) 1.0:1.3–1.5:0.7–0.8. Labral fan with 36–44 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 6B) with serrations composed of 2 teeth (1 large, 1 small); main tooth at right angle against mandible on apical side; comb-teeth composed of 4 or 5 teeth, gradually decreased in length from first to third; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 6C) with 9 anterior teeth, of which each corner tooth longest, followed by median tooth and outer tooth of 3 intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margins serrate apically; 4–6 hypostomal bristles divergent posteriorly from lateral border on each side. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 6D) large, rounded, 4.7–5.6 times length of postgenal bridge; subesophageal ganglion pigmented or unpigmented. Cervical sclerites composed of pair of light brown pieces, not fused to occiput. Histoblast of pharate pupal gill with 10 thread-like slender filaments. Thoracic cutilce almost bare except dorsolateral and lateral area on segment 3 sparsely covered with minute colorless setae. Abdominal cuticle sparsely covered with minute colorless setae which appear to be widened apically and divided into two or three apices (Fig. 6A) when viewed anterodorsally, and moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales absent. Rectal organ of 3 lobes, each with 12–15 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with short broad anterior arms 0.7–0.8 times length of posterior ones and with forked apices; 4–6 sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment not bulged laterally and lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 92–98 rows of hooklets with up to 18 hooklets per row.</p>
            <p> Type specimens.   Holotype.  Male (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon, preserved in 80% ethanol), collected from an irrigation channel (width 0.5–1.0 m, bed muddy, water temperature 21 ˚C, exposed to sun, altitude 283 m, N21˚26’014’’/E105˚36’808’’), flowing slowly to moderately in a grassland near the bank of a big river, Tay Thien, Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam, 12-XI-2013, by M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob and H. Takaoka  .  Paratypes. Two females, three males (all reared from pupae and preserved with their associated pupal exuviae and cocoons in vials with 80% ethanol), six pupae and 10 mature larvae (all preserved in vials with 80% ethanol), same data and date as holotype . </p>
            <p> Biology. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from grass leaves trailing in water. Associated species were  S. (N.) aureohirtum and  S. (S.) nodosum . </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name  taythienense refers to the locality name, Tay Thien, where this new species was collected. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  S. (S.) taythienense sp. nov. is assigned to the  Simulium striatum species-group by the unique shapes of the female ovipositor valves (Fig. 3E) and the male ventral plate (Fig. 4C). This new species is characterized by having the haired basal portion of the female radial vein and the pupal gill with 10 slender filaments of almost the same thickness (Fig. 5H). In having these characters, this new species is similar to  S. (S.) grisescens Brunetti from India (Brunetti 1911; Puri 1932),  S. (S.) quinquestriatum (Shiraki) from Taiwan (Shiraki 1935; Takaoka 1979),  S. (S.) pingtungense Huang &amp; Takaoka also from Taiwan (Huang &amp; Takaoka 2008) and  S. (S.) wuzhishanense Chen from China (Chen 2003). </p>
            <p> This new species is distinguished in the male from  S. (S.) grisescens by the color and relative size of the hind basitarsus, which is yellowish on the basal 3/5 or little less and 0.2 times as wide as its length in this new species, but is yellowish on the basal 1/2 and 0.3 times as wide as its length in  S. (S.) grisescens , and from the other three species by the number of upper-eye enlarged facets, which are in 17 or 18 vertical columns and 17 or 18 horizontal rows in this new species but in 16 horizontal rows in  S. (S.) quinquestriatum , in 19 vertical columns and 20 horizontal rows in  S. (S.) pingtungense and in 12 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows in  S. (S.) wuzhishanense ). This new species differs from  S. (S.) quinquestriatum and  S. (S.) wuzhishanense by the brassy short hairs on the male scutum (cf., yellow short hairs in  S. (S.) quinquestriatum and  S. (S.) wuzhishanense ) and from  S. (S.) pingtungense and  S. (S.) wuzhishanense by the presence of paired dorsal protuberances on the larval abdomen (cf., such protuberances absent in the latter two species). </p>
            <p> This new species is distinguished from  S. (S.) saccatum Rubtsov from Siberia (Rubtsov 1956) by the nearly parallel-sided style and ventral plate not produced posteriorly (cf., style narrowed from basal 1/3 toward apex and ventral plate produced posteriorly in  S. (S.) saccatum ). The color of short hairs on the scutum and the number of upper-eye facets of the male of  S. (S.) saccatum are unknown. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D047680270FFFAFF5CF8E3FCAAFDBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Sofian-Azirun, Mohd;Ya’Cob, Zubaidah;Chen, Chee Dhang;Lau, Koon Weng;Pham, Hong Thai	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Hong Thai (2014): New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3838 (3): 347-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.6
03D047680278FFE5FF5CFD18FBC8F888.text	03D047680278FFE5FF5CFD18FBC8F888.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Simulium) xuandai Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Simulium (Simulium) xuandai Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Ya’cob sp. nov. </p>
            <p> Male. Body length 3.0 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye consisting of large facets in 20 vertical columns and 20 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose and brilliantly iridescent when illuminated at certain angles, sparsely covered with dark brown hairs along and near lateral margins (most of central portion bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow and rest of first flagellomere and second and third flagellomeres dark yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.6 times length of second one. Maxillary palp with 5 segments, medium-brown except first and second segments ochreous and fifth segment grayish light-brown; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.0:2.4; third segment (Fig. 7A) of normal size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 7A) globular or ellipsoidal, 0.2 times length of third segment, and with small opening. Thorax. Similar to that of male of  S. (S.) taythienense sp. nov. except scutum uniformly and moderately covered with whitish-yellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark-brown short hairs near anterior margin and dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area, and scutellum dark brown, with dark-brown long upright hairs and yellow short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellowishwhite; trochanter yellow, with lower surface somewhat darkened; femur yellow except apical tip on inner surface, dark yellow with apical tip light brown on outer surface; tibia brownish-black to black except basal tip light brown; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 6.1 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter brownish-black except base whitish; femur brownish-black except apical cap black; tibia dark-brown to brownish-black except base yellowish-white, and with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium brown except basal 3/4 to2/3 of basitarsus and basal tip of second tarsomere yellowish-white. Hind leg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter yellowish-white; femur dark brown except base whitish-yellow and apical cap brownish-black; tibia brownish-black except base yellowish-white; tarsus brownish-black except little more than basal 1/2 of basitarsus and basal 1/2 of second tarsomere whitish-yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 7B) somewhat enlarged, slightly widened toward apical 1/3, then slightly narrowed, 4.1–4.3 times as long as wide, and 0.8 and 0.8 times as wide as greatest width of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 7B) developed, small, little shorter than its basal width, and 0.3 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 7B) well developed. Wing. Length 2.3 mm. Other characters as in male of  S. (S.) taythienense sp. nov. except right subcosta bare and left subcosta with two hairs. Abdomen. As in male of  S. (S.) taythienense sp. nov. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 7C) nearly quadrate, little longer than wide; coxite in ventrolateral view (Fig. 7D) rectangular, 0.7 times as long as wide. Style in ventral view (Fig. 7C) elongate, slightly narrowed toward middle, nearly parallel-sided to apical 1/3, then slightly narrowed to apex, inner margin gently concave, with subapical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 7D) 1.9 times length of coxite, 3.4 times as long as greatest width near apex; style in medial view (Fig. 7E) somewhat flattened dorsoventally, with short basal protuberance directed dorsomedially, with several cone-like spines along its anterior margin; style in dorsomedial view (Fig. 7F) with short basal protuberance with well sclerotized, saw-like ragged anterior margin. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 7C) with body broad, with lateral margins gently convex, anterior margin deeply concave, and posterior margin nearly straight; body bearing prominent median process sharply narrowed to round tip; body covered with minute setae medially; arms short, stout, divergent from base; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 7G) with median process abruptly bent ventrally at nearly right angle; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 7H) in form of equilateral triangle, and bare. Median sclerite, paramere, aedeagal membrane, abdominal segment 10 and cercus nearly as in those of S. (S.) taythiensense sp. nov. except cercus with 14 distinct hairs. </p>
            <p> Pupa. Body length 3.2 mm. Head. Integument light ochreous, moderately covered with relatively large tubercles having few to several secondary projections of which some are sharply pointed on frons (Fig. 8A), and moderately with round or cone-like small ones without secondary projections on face; frons with two pairs of unbranched or bifid long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices (Fig. 8B); face with pair of unbranched or bifid long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices (Fig. 8C), subequal in length to frontal trichomes. Thorax. Integument light ochreous, moderately covered with relatively large tubercles (similar to those on frons) except lateral surfaces and dorsal surface of posterior 1/2 of thorax moderately covered with relatively smaller round or cone-like tubercles; thorax on each side with 3 long trichomes with 4 or 5 branches (Fig. 8D) anterodorsally, 2 long trichomes with 4 or 5 branches (similar to Fig. 8D) anterolaterally, 1 medium-long trichome with 3 or 4 branches (Fig. 8E) mediolaterally, and 3 trichomes with uncoiled apices (2 bifid or quadrifid long, 1unbranched or bifid medium-long) (Fig. 8F) ventrolaterally. Gill (Fig. 8G) with 10 thread-like filaments arranged as 2+(2+1)+(2+1)+2 filaments from dorsal to ventral; dorsal and ventral pairs with short stalk, two middle triplets with short stalk; all filaments subequal in length (about 1.0 mm) and thickness, though filaments of middle triplets slightly thinner than those of dorsal and ventral pairs (relative thickness of filaments from dorsal to ventral when compared basally 1.0:1.0:0.8:0.8:0.9:0.8:0.8:0.8:1.0:1.0); all filaments medium brown, covered with sharply-defined annular ridges and furrows and densely covered with minute tubercles, relatively larger ones on ridges and smaller one on interridges. Abdomen. Dorsally, nearly transparent except segment 1 light ochreous; segment 1 without tubercles, with 1 bifid medium-long seta on each side; segment 2 without tubercle, with 1 bifid medium-long seta and 5 short spinous setae, of which 1 is much smaller than others, on each side; other characters as in  S. (S.) taythienense sp. nov. except right inner hook of ventral surface of segment 6 trifid. Cocoon (Fig. 7I). Light ochreous, shoe-shaped, with several small to large open spaces anterolaterally on each side; posterior half with floor; posterior half thickly woven and individual threads almost invisible; 3.9 mm long by 1.5 mm wide. </p>
            <p>Female and mature larva. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Type specimen.   Holotype.  Male (reared from a pupa and preserved with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon in a vial with 80% ethanol), collected from a moderately-flowing forest stream (width 4–5 m, depth 10–15 cm, bed gravelly, stony and rocky, water temperature 18.0˚C, shaded, altitude 700 m, N21˚27’054”/E105˚38’470”), behind the Tam Dao Resort Hotel, Tam Dao, Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam, 9-XI-2013, by H. Takaoka. </p>
            <p> Biology. The pupa of this new species was collected from a plastic tape trailing in water. Associated species were  S. (S.) tani and  Simulium (S.) sp. (  Simulium multistriatum species-group). </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name  xuandai is in honor of Dr. Pham Xuan Da, director general, National Institute of Food Control, Ministry of Health, Vietnam, for his contribution as a pioneer in faunal studies of black flies in Vietnam. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  S. (S.) xuandai sp. nov. is assigned to the  striatum species-group by the unique shape of the male ventral plate (Fig. 7C). This new species is characterized by having the male scutum covered with yellow short hairs and the pupal gill with 10 slender filaments of almost the same thickness, arranged as 2+(2+1)+(2+1)+2 filaments from dorsal to ventral (Fig. 8G). In having these characters, this new species is similar to S. (S.) lineothorax Puri, S. (S.) pallidum Puri, both from India (Puri 1932), S. (S.) consimile Puri from India and Sri Lanka (Puri 1932; Davies &amp; Györkös 1992),  S. (S.) quinquestriatum (Shiraki) from Taiwan (Shiraki 1935; Takaoka 1979), and  S. (S.) wuzhishanense Chen from China (Chen 2003). </p>
            <p> This new species is distinguished in the male from S. (S.) lineothorax by the absence of longitudinal vittae on the scutum, from S. (S.) pallidum by the darker legs (e.g., the mid tibia is dark-brown to brownish-black except base yellowish-white in this new species but is entirely yellow in S. (S.) pallidum), and from the other three species by the number of upper-eye enlarged facets, which are in 20 vertical columns and 20 horizontal rows in this new species but in 16 vertical columns and 15 or 16 horizontal rows in S. (S.) consimile, in 16 horizontal rows in  S. (S.) quinquestriatum and in 12 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows in  S. (S.) wuzhishanense . </p>
            <p> S. (S.) xuandai sp. nov. is readily distinguished from  S. (S.) taythienense sp. nov. in the male by the yellowish short hairs on the scutum, and in the pupa by the relatively large tubercles having secondary projections on the head and thoracic integument (Fig. 8A), and branched trichomes on the frons (Fig. 8B). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D047680278FFE5FF5CFD18FBC8F888	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Sofian-Azirun, Mohd;Ya’Cob, Zubaidah;Chen, Chee Dhang;Lau, Koon Weng;Pham, Hong Thai	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Hong Thai (2014): New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3838 (3): 347-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.6
03D047680267FFE6FF5CF8E8FBA9FE01.text	03D047680267FFE6FF5CF8E8FBA9FE01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Gomphostilbia) brinchangense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Hashim 2014	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 5.  Simulium (Gomphostilbia) brinchangense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Hashim, 2014</p>
            <p> Simulium (Gomphostilbia) brinchangense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Hashim, 2014a: 55–61 (female, male, pupa and larva). </p>
            <p> Specimens examined. Four males (reared from pupae and preserved with their associated pupal exuviae and cocoons in vials with 80% ethanol), five mature larvae (all preserved in a vial with 80% ethanol), collected from the same stream as noted under the holotype of  S. (G.) hongthaii sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Malaysia and Vietnam (new record).</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species was described from Peninsular Malaysia and assigned to the  asakoae species-group (Takaoka et al. 2014a). According to keys (Takaoka et al. 2014a), four males, their pupal exuviae and mature larvae collected from Tam Dao National Park are identified as S.  (G.) brinchangense . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D047680267FFE6FF5CF8E8FBA9FE01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Sofian-Azirun, Mohd;Ya’Cob, Zubaidah;Chen, Chee Dhang;Lau, Koon Weng;Pham, Hong Thai	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Hong Thai (2014): New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3838 (3): 347-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.6
03D047680264FFE6FF5CFE54FAB4FB25.text	03D047680264FFE6FF5CFE54FAB4FB25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum Brunetti 1911	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 6.  Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum Brunetti, 1911</p>
            <p> Simulium aureohirtum Brunetti, 1911: 283–288 (male). </p>
            <p> Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum ; Ogata, 1956: 61–62; Ogata, 1966: 129; </p>
            <p>Crosskey, 1987: 459; Takaoka &amp; Roberts, 1988: 194–195; Takaoka, 2003: 37–45 (female, male, pupa and larva).</p>
            <p> Simulium (Eusimulium) aureohirtum: Puri, 1933:1–7 ; Takaoka, 1979: 382–384 (female, male, pupa and larva). </p>
            <p> Specimens examined. One male (reared from a pupa and preserved with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon in a vial with 80% ethanol), 13 pupae and 10 mature larvae (all preserved in vials with 80% ethanol), collected from the same irrigation channel as noted under  S. (S.) taythienense sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Distribution. India, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Guam, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (new record).</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species belongs to the  Simulium ruficorne species-group, and is characterized by the unique female and male genitalia, pupal gill with six filaments and larval head capsule with bold head spots. This is the only autogenous species in the Oriental Region, of which the female can develop the first batch of eggs without blood-meals (Takaoka &amp; Noda 1979). The pupae and larvae of this species appear to be highly adapted to relatively high water temperatures, slow flow and even somewhat muddy or contaminated waters, where most other simuliid species cannot survive (Takaoka 2003). These capabilities, together with other factors, may explain why this species is widely distributed in the Oriental Region and extends into the Palearctic and Australasian Region. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D047680264FFE6FF5CFE54FAB4FB25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Sofian-Azirun, Mohd;Ya’Cob, Zubaidah;Chen, Chee Dhang;Lau, Koon Weng;Pham, Hong Thai	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Hong Thai (2014): New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3838 (3): 347-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.6
03D047680264FFE6FF5CFB7EFD2CF935.text	03D047680264FFE6FF5CFB7EFD2CF935.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Simulium) brevipar Takaoka & Davies. These 1995	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 7.  Simulium (Simulium) brevipar Takaoka &amp; Davies, 1995</p>
            <p> Simulium (Simulium) brevipar Takaoka &amp; Davies, 1995: 132–137 (Female, male, pupa and larva). </p>
            <p> Specimens examined. Two females, one male (all reared from pupae and preserved with their pupal exuviae and cocoons in vials with 80% ethanol) and two mature larvae (preserved in a vial with 80% ethanol), collected from the same small stream as noted under the holotype of  S. (G.) hongthaii sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam (new record).</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species belongs to the  Simulium tuberosum species-group. The pupa of this species is characterized by the thoracic integument with a pit-like organ near the base of the gill on each side, and six gill filaments all directed forward (Takaoka &amp; Davies 1995). The females, male, pupae and larvae agree with those of the original description (Takaoka &amp; Davies 1995). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D047680264FFE6FF5CFB7EFD2CF935	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Sofian-Azirun, Mohd;Ya’Cob, Zubaidah;Chen, Chee Dhang;Lau, Koon Weng;Pham, Hong Thai	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Hong Thai (2014): New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3838 (3): 347-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.6
