taxonID	type	description	language	source
039B3920286E774EFC2EFA18FBC7D056.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony encrusting, multiserial. Autozooids with smooth gymnocystal frontal shield perforated by one to several large foramina. Zooidal orifices with proximolateral indentations, and shallow excavations in the adjacent gymnocyst; proximal rim of orifice with median suture. No spines or avicularia. Maternal orifice usually slightly larger than autozooidal orifice, or obviously so; brooding internal, with a distal ovicelllike kenozooid with a central perforation; kenozooid extending to basal wall. Ancestrula with membranous frontal wall only, no spines. Interzooidal communications via basal pore-chambers. Type species: Lepralia foraminigera Hincks, 1883, by original designation.	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B3920286D774BFF36FF59FEE7D420.taxon	description	(FIG. 1 A, B)	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B3920286D774BFF36FF59FEE7D420.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Colonies from Goat Island Bay, Leigh; Auckland Harbour; Greta Point, Wellington Harbour, New Zealand (unregistered, all DPG Collection); NZOI Stns Z 9669, Z 9670, Z 9677, Z 9684, Z 9685, Z 9687, Z 9700, Z 9701, Z 9710. Description Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar, circular on clean substrata, attaining c. 38 mm diameter. Self-overgrowth not usual, but possible from loci of damaged zooids through reparative budding, or on small pebbles where lateral expansion is restricted. Colony pink in newly forming zooids to red in fully formed and ephebic zooids, the pigment residing in epithelial tissues in foramina, under the operculum, and in the cells of the pharynx and oesophagus, thus imparting colour to the introvert, whereas the tentacles are colourless. Polypide with 14 – 17 tentacles. Autozooids contiguous, quincuncially arranged, 0.39 – 0.68 mm long (0.51 ± 0.08 mm), 0.22 – 0.47 mm wide (0.37 ± 0.07 mm). Gymnocystal frontal shield scarcely elevated, perforated by 3 – 7, rarely only 2, large oval to circular foramina; these with inwardly sloping sides, inner diameters of each foramen smaller than outer diameters; foramina covered in life with an epitheca. Orifice having a somewhat hatshaped outline, the anter high-arched and rounded with the proximal corners somewhat condyle-like; poster wider than anter, the proximal rim nearly straight though tending to sinuous, extended at the corners where there are lateral indentations. No peristome, umbones, spines, or avicularia. Maternal zooids with internal brooding of embryos, the distal zooidal wall strongly convex, overarched by a distal kenozooidal chamber whose extensive frontal wall resembles an ovicell; this perforated by a relatively large circular foramen with inwardly sloping walls, the foramen covered in life with an epitheca. Maternal orifice slightly broader (0.24 – 0.26 mm wide at the proximal margin) than that of autozooids (0.15 – 0.22 mm). Zooids communicating by 1 – 2 distal and 2 – 3 basolateral pore-chambers. Ancestrula subcircular with entire frontal area membranous, 0.40 – 0.42 ¥ 0.32 – 0.38 mm, larger than immediate daughter zooids; no spines; operculum with narrow subperipheral sclerite; ancestrular polypide with 13 – 15 tentacles. First daughter zooid budded mid-distally. Remarks As originally described, autozooids of E. foraminigera sensu stricto have several frontal foramina — Hincks (1883) illustrated 3 – 5. Very rarely, zooids may have only two, especially if they are constrained in their growth. At least one other New Zealand species (E. biperforata sp. nov.) has been consistently confused with E. foraminigera. Its zooids have only a pair of oval to circular foramina (rarely one) (see Brown, 1952; Powell, 1967; Gordon, 1984, 1989). A rarer, second new biperforate species (E. aupouria sp. nov.) has narrowly crescentic foramina. These three species also share a feature first noted, and illustrated, by Brown (1952), namely a median triradiate suture in the proximal rim of the orifice. His observations are germane to the phylogenetic relationships of eurystomellids: “ the proximal lip of the orifice closely resembles the ‘ apertural bar’ of Figularia ... for it appears to be formed by the coalescence of a pair of lateral, spiny processes, and, as in that genus, often shows a tiny median notch where the primitive spines have joined ”. Scanning electron microscopy has allowed close examination of this feature, lending strong support for Brown’s interpretation. Gordon (1989), for example, interpreted the triradiate suture as indicating the boundaries between contiguous vestigial costae, noting similar features in the orificial rims of some catenicellids. Ryland (1975) gave parameters of the lophophore in E. foraminigera from Goat Island Bay, Leigh, on the north-east coast of North Island (36 ° 16 ¢ S, specimens collected November 1971). The number of tentacles varied from 14 to 16 (mean 15.17). Mean tentacle length was 0.504 mm (SD 0.053 mm) and mean funnel diameter 0.530 mm (SD 0.028 mm). These figures accord with specimens freshly collected (February 2001) from Greta Point, Wellington (41 ° 18 ¢ S) which have the same range in tentacle number. Tentacle length and lophophore diameter can attain 0.566 mm and introvert length (measured from the plane of the orifice to the base of the lophophore) 0.415 mm. Faecal pellets measure 0.134 ¥ 0.068 mm, are circular in cross section, and rounded at each end. Distribution	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B3920286B774BFF5CFCD3FC47D288.taxon	description	(FIG. 1 C – E)	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B3920286B774BFF5CFCD3FC47D288.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype: NZOI H- 748, from NZOI Stn B 230, 46 ° 40.0 ¢ S, 168 ° 02.5 ¢ E, 26 m, Foveaux Strait, New Zealand. Paratype: NZOI P- 1217, from NZOI Stn Z 9697, 34 ° 21.06 ¢ S, 172 ° 42.53 ¢ E, 57 m, Spirits Bay, New Zealand. Other material: NZOI Stns B 220, B 221, B 224, B 230, B 235, D 273, K 837, Z 9671, Z 9677, Z 9678, Z 9687, Z 9695, Z 9697, Z 9700, Z 9708, Z 9710, Z 9716. Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition Stn 24, 69 m (see Uttley & Bullivant, 1972). Description Form of colony and colony colour as in E. foraminigera. Autozooids contiguous, quincuncially arranged, 0.37 – 0.74 mm long (0.53 ± 0.10 mm) and 0.28 – 0.53 mm wide (0.36 ± 0.079 mm). Gymnocystal frontal shield scarcely elevated, perforated by 2, exceptionally 1 (or 3 in proximally elongated zooids), large oval to circular foramina; if oval, often with the long axes directed obliquely away from each other; shield surface smooth proximal to foramina. Orifice as in E. foraminigera, the proximolateral corners also having a slight excavation of the gymnocystal surface beyond the indentations of the orifice. No peristome, umbones, spines, or avicularia; low bosses may be on the frontal shield between the orifice and foramina in some zooids. Maternal zooids and kenozooids as in E. foraminigera, including the size of the kenozooid and its foramen, except that the maternal orifice is more consistently broader (0.23 mm wide at the proximal margin) than that of other zooids (0.16 – 0.19 mm). Zooids likewise communicating by distal and lateral pore-chambers and the ancestrula (0.38 ¥ 0.34 mm) has the same form. Etymology From bi - (L) two, and perforatus (L) bored through, alluding to the two perforations of the kenozooid distal to the maternal zooid. Remarks Eurystomella biperforata is so similar to E. foraminigera that it must be asked if the number of gymnocystal foramina is a sufficiently reliable character for segregating a new species. It is now clear, from the examination of many colonies of both species, that foramen number is indeed consistent, but, beyond this externally obvious character, there is an important internal feature as well. Whereas the interior of the frontal shield in E. foraminigera is uniformly smooth and featureless (apart from the foramina), that of E. biperforata has an abrupt demarcation in its angle of slope, creating a line that curves around the proximal margins of the foramina. Additionally, in some zooids, the ascus roof is partially calcified. Distribution Eurystomella biperforata is endemic to New Zealand, where it ranges from 30 ° 15 ¢ S (Macauley Island, Kermadec Ridge) to 46 ° 30 ¢ S (Foveaux Strait) at 26 – 125 m depth. In the field, live colonies of E. biperforata are probably indistinguishable from those of E. foraminigera.	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B3920286B774AFC08FA7AFEAED274.taxon	description	(FIG. 1 F) Material examined Holotype: NZOI H- 749, from NZOI Stn Z 9716, 34 ° 21.69 ¢ S, 173 ° 00.06 ¢ E, 100 m, Tom Bowling Bay, New Zealand. Paratype: NZOI P- 1218, same locality as holotype. Other material: NZOI Stns Z 9077, Z 9679, Z 9713. Description Form of colony and autozooidal orifice as in E. foraminigera; colony colour not known. Autozooids contiguous, quincuncially arranged, 0.37 – 0.58 mm long (0.46 ± 0.056 mm), 0.28 – 0.51 mm wide (0.37 ± 0.006 mm). Gymnocystal frontal shield not elevated, perforated by 2 large, nearly crescentic foramina; these very broad, extending almost to the zooidal margins, the inwardly sloping walls broad and shelflike, the inner distal foramen edge generally concealed by the outer distal foramen rim which overlaps it, giving the foramina a slit-like appearance frontally; shield surface smooth proximal to foramina. Orifice as in E. foraminigera. No peristome, umbones, bosses, spines, or avicularia. Maternal zooids and kenozooids as in E. foraminigera, including the size of the kenozooid and its foramen, except that the plane of the foramen opening slopes distad. Zooids communicating by distal and lateral pore-chambers. Ancestrula not known. Etymology From aupouri (Maori) alluding to the marine biotic province (Aupourian) in which the species occurs, in turn named after the long NW-trending Aupouri Peninsula at the north of North Island. Remarks When frontal membranes and cuticle are removed, Eurystomella aupouria is readily distinguished from E. biperforata by its much broader, narrower foramina that extend almost to the zooidal margins, and in which the inner distal edge is generally concealed. Distribution Eurystomella aupouria is endemic to New Zealand, where it is known only from the Three Kings Islands (~ 34 ° 08 ¢ S) to Spirits Bay (34 ° 25 ¢ S) at depths of 27 – 100 m.	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B3920286A7749FC50FC0CFDECD63C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony encrusting, multiserial. Autozooids with smooth gymnocystal frontal shield lacking foramina. Zooidal orifices with proximolateral indentations, and shallow excavations in the adjacent gymnocyst; oral rim lacking median suboral suture. No spines or avicularia. Maternal orifice usually slightly larger than autozooidal orifice, or obviously so; brooding internal, with a distal ovicell-like kenozooid with a central perforation. Ancestrula with membranous frontal wall only, no spines. Interzooidal communications via uniporous mural septula. Type species: Lepralia bilabiata Hincks 1884. Etymology From integer (L.) whole, and pelta (f. L.) a small shield. Remarks A new genus is established here for encrusting eurystomellids with imperforate frontal shields and communicating via uniporous mural septula instead of basal pore-chambers. In the diagnosis, the ancestrula is described as having a membranous frontal wall only. This is based on the description of I. bilabiata by Soule et al. (1995), who described it as resembling the adult zooid “ but with cuticular frontal wall ”; there are no spines (D. Soule, pers. comm. 2001). This accords with the form of the ancestrula in Eurystomella, which has no frontal shield and the distal rim and operculum are like those of later zooids. The ancestrula has not yet been encountered in any of the new species described below. Integripelta bilabiata was fully described and illustrated by SEM by Soule et al. (1995).	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B3920286A774AFECBFA3EFA99D471.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Colony encrusting, uni- to biserial. Autozooids with smooth gymnocystal frontal shield lacking foramina. Zooidal orifices with minute proximolateral indentations and a median suboral suture; no excavations in adjacent gymnocyst. No spines or avicularia. Maternal orifice slightly larger than autozooidal orifice; brooding internal, with a distal ovicell-like kenozooid with a large central perforation; two tiny accessory pores frontally. Ancestrula with membranous frontal wall only, no spines. Interzooidal communications via uniporous mural septula. Type species: Eurystomella crystallina Gordon (1984). Etymology From zygas (Greek) pair, and palme (f. Greek) shield, alluding to the linear colonial morphology in which zooids may be biserial. Remarks Cladistic analysis has tended to highlight the differences between Zygopalme crystallina and other encrusting eurystomellids. Two characters are unique for this species and considered synapomorphies for this monotypic genus. These are the scarcely differentiated proximal corners of the orificial anter, and three kenozooidal foramina (one central, plus two small frontal pores) (see also Cladistic Analysis, below). Autapomorphic characters include the linear colony form and absence of gymnocystal foramina but retention of the median suboral suture. At present the genus is known only from a single station on the southern half of the Kermadec Ridge (33 ° S), on scleractinian coral at 350 m depth. It was fully described and illustrated by SEM by Gordon (1984).	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B392028697749FE82FED6FB03D4B6.taxon	description	(FIG. 2 A, B) Material examined Holotype: ZIHU 02034, from 43 ° 3 ¢ N, 140 ° 35 ¢ E, 0 m, the rocky tidal flat of Kamekawa, Kikonai-cho, Shirabeshi Prefecture, Hokkaido. Paratype: ZIHU 02035, same locality as holotype. Description Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids contiguous, quincuncially arranged, 0.39 – 0.75 mm long (0.52 ± 0.08 mm), 0.33 – 0.45 mm wide (0.39 ± 0.03 mm). Gymnocystal frontal shield smoothsurfaced, somewhat convex, no umbo or carina, lacking fenestrae. Orifice somewhat hat-shaped, the anter high-arched with the proximal embayments rounded, the proximal rim of the poster gently and evenly concave or straight; the lateral excavations of the gymnocyst very well developed, occurring adjacent to the embayments and extending proximally, on one or both sides, for a considerable distance, often equivalent to half the zooid length. Orifice of maternal zooids dimorphic, though not always obviously so (0.26 – 0.31 mm wide at the proximal margin compared to that of autozooids 3 / 4 0.20 – 0.26 mm); distal kenozooidal chamber forming a somewhat triangular cap, with a transverse to circular sloping shelf of interior wall and a small circular foramen. No basal porechambers, interzooidal communications comprising a row of uniporous septula along each lateral wall. Ancestrula not seen. Etymology From novellus (L.), diminutive of novus, new. Remarks Integripelta novella closely resembles the type species, I. bilabiata, which, however, is much larger in size. According to Soule et al. (1995), autozooids of I. bilabiata are 0.60 – 0.65 mm long and 0.50 – 0.55 mm wide with an orifice width of 0.30 – 0.32 mm (hence the widths of zooids and orifices do not even overlap in the two species). Additionally, the shallow gymnocystal excavations in I. novella are proportionately very much longer whereas the kenozooidal foramen is tiny and surrounded by a broader area of interior wall. Apart from those sources already mentioned, Integripelta bilabiata has been recorded or described by Hincks (1882, 1884), Robertson (1908), O’Donoghue & O’Donoghue (1925, 1926), Osburn (1952), and Banta (1973). Soule et al. (1995) gave its range as Nootka Island, Alaska, through British Columbia to southern California and to Navidad Head, Mexico, at depths of 168 – 237 m, but it has also been recorded intertidally (McBeth, 1971). It is also known from the Pleistocene of southern California (Soule & Duff, 1957). Robertson (1908) described the operculum of I. bilabiata in some detail — it appeared to be two-layered and, together with the distal rim of the orifice, the whole structure appeared to be superficially bilabiate. Judging from observations on I. sextaria (below) the ‘ bilabiate’ appearance obtains in dried material, in which the distal vestibular wall may be accentuated if slightly protruding. While the operculum proper may be thin, a descending cuticular rim around its periphery can give the appearance of thickness. The orificial structure of I. japonica (below) is not known. Distribution Known with certainty only from the intertidal zone at the type locality in Hokkaido.	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B392028697747FC16FC53FD70D12D.taxon	description	(FIG. 2 C, D)	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B392028697747FC16FC53FD70D12D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype: SMBL Type no. 399, 34 ° 50.568 ¢ N, 131 ° 05.554 ¢ E, 89 – 94 m, near the island of Mi-shima, north of south-west Honshu (Yamaguchi Prefecture) [Seto Marine Biological Laboratory Station 13 - 1, 29 September 1998]. Paratypes: SMBL Type no. 400, and NIWA P- 1218, same locality as holotype. Description Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Dried colonies hyaline. Autozooids contiguous, quincuncially arranged, 0.47 – 0.75 mm long (0.62 ± 0.07 mm), 0.32 – 0.57 mm wide (0.45 ± 0.07 mm). Gymnocystal frontal shield not elevated, no umbo or carina, smoothsurfaced, lacking fenestrae. Orifice somewhat more D-shaped than hat-shaped, the anter high-arched with the proximal corners bluntly condyle-like, the proximal rim of the poster straight or scarcely concave, the lateral corners curving obliquely distad towards the short indentations and adjacent excavations. Orifice of maternal zooids mostly not dimorphic, more or less identical in size and shape (0.30 – 0.36 mm wide at the proximal margin) to that of autozooids (0.24 – 0.30 mm); distal kenozooidal chamber very small, not extending to the basal wall, the central foramen tiny, rounded or slit-like. No basal pore-chambers, interzooidal communications comprising a row of uniporous septula along each lateral wall. Ancestrula not seen. Etymology From japonica (L.) Japanese. Remarks	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B392028697747FC16FC53FD70D12D.taxon	distribution	Distribution Southern Japan Sea off south-western Honshu, 89 – 94 m (Seto Marine Biological Laboratory Collection).? Also Japan Sea, western Honshu, 151 m (Kataoka, 1960), and Early Miocene of south-west Hokkaido and central Honshu (Hayami, 1970, 1974).	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B392028677745FF73F9D8FE7CD2BC.taxon	description	(FIG. 3 A – C)	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B392028677745FF73F9D8FE7CD2BC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype: SMBL Type no. 401, 33 ° 02.326 ¢ N, 132 ° 05.608 ¢ E, 80 – 86 m, off the island of Saiki-wan, Oita Prefecture, eastern Kyushu [Seto Marine Laboratory Stn 5, 26 September 1998]. Paratypes: SMBL Type no. 402, and NIWA P- 1219, same locality as holotype. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial. Self-overgrowth not seen. Colony colour unknown. Autozooids contiguous, quincuncially arranged, 0.47 – 0.75 mm long (0.58 ± 0.07 mm), 0.28 – 0.55 mm wide (0.41 ± 0.06 mm). Gymnocystal frontal shield flat, centrally smooth and imperforate. Orifice longer than wide, somewhat dumbbell-shaped, the anter high-arched and rounded with the proximal corners somewhat condyle-like; poster not wider than anter, the proximal rim gently and evenly concave. Conspicuous crescentic slits curve proximolaterally from corners of poster; below the outer edge of each slit is a narrow shelf. Traces of these slits, paired or distally continuous, occur in incompletely formed autozooids, i. e. kenozooids. No peristome, umbones, spines, or avicularia. Orifice of maternal zooids larger overall than in autozooids, the distal kenozooid with a large, transversely elongate foramen sloping distad. Interzooidal communication via tiny uniporous mural septula. Ancestrula not known. Etymology After Professor Yoshihisa Shirayama, director of the Seto Marine Laboratory, Shirahama, Kii Peninsula, in recognition of his contributions to biodiversity appreciation in Japan. Remarks This is a very striking species, easily recognizable by the crescentic lateral slits, which are very conspicuous in dead zooids. Okada (1929) attributed specimens in his collection from Mutsu Bay to Eurystomella bilabiata but illustrated the slits and, in one zooid, a spine-like umbo, described in the text as keel-like or carinate and restricted to older zooids. None of the specimens we have examined show this latter feature. Eurystomella shirayamai is also distinguished on the basis of the ‘ ooecial kenozooid’, the foramen of which is larger and more bean-shaped than in E. bilabiata. Cook & Chimonides (1981) noted the crescentic lateral slits illustrated by Okada (1929) and Sakakura (1935) and also discovered them in a specimen in The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH 1885.8.29.1) from “ Sio-u-whu Bay ”. [This name, not found in modern atlases, refers to a locality south of Vladivostok, Russia, in the Japan Sea. The coordinates on the label give the following data: “ Sio-u-whn (u) Bay, Gulf of Tartary, 42 ° N, 133 ° S ”.] Cook & Chimonides (1981) wrote: “ Some of the Japanese populations have been reported to show characters [sic] states which vary somewhat from those of the eastern Pacific specimens. [The slits] are covered by brown cuticle which appears to be continuous distally with that of the operculum ”. This observation accords with our interpretation that the slits are lateral extensions of the indentations seen at the proximolateral corners of most eurystomellids (see Cook & Chimonides, 1981). Unfortunately, the specimens available to us were all dead and lacked opercula and membranes. The narrow shelf below the outer edge of each slit is clearly homologous with the excavations that occur in the gymnocysts of species like I. novella sp. nov. and I. sextaria sp. nov. (cf. Figs 2 A, B, F and 3 C). One other possibility is that the slits represent frontal foramina that have migrated laterally; this is suggested by their presence in kenozooids lacking orifices, but, in one instance, the kenozooidal slits are distally continuous and the distal part of the inverse U-shaped slit is suggestive of aborted orificial development. Further, the distalmost parts of the frontal gymnocyst merely abut, and do not fuse, with the proximal corners of the ‘ ooecial kenozooid’, such that organic continuity between the operculum and the slits is possible just at or under the loci of abutment. Distribution	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B392028657745FE82FA52FADAD3D1.taxon	description	(FIG. 3 D, E) Material examined Holotype: NZOI H- 751, from NZOI Stn Z 9697, 34 ° 21.06 ¢ S, 172 ° 42.53 ¢ E, 57 m, Spirits Bay, New Zealand. Paratype: NZOI P- 1219, same locality as holotype. Other material: NZOI Stns Z 9667, Z 9678, Z 9684, Z 9687. Description Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids 0.33 – 0.60 mm long (0.45 ± 0.006 mm), 0.22 – 0.49 mm wide (0.35 ± 0.008 mm). Frontal shield smooth with a conspicuous umbo in its centre. No gymnocystal foramina; no peristome, spines, or avicularia. Autozooidal orifice broad, not very high-arched, the proximal rim gently and evenly concave, not sinuous; lateral corners slightly indented and excavated. Incompletely developed autozooids are kenozooidal, with a central foramen and cuticular structure that appears to be a nonfunctional operculum. Maternal zooids obviously dimorphic, broader than autozooids with broader, somewhat D-shaped orifice (0.25 – 0.30 mm wide at the proximal margin; cf. 0.16 – 0.24 mm in autozooids). Ooecium-associated kenozooid moderately well developed frontally, with a single large foramen facing distad. Interzooidal communications via rows of tiny uniporous septula. Ancestrula unknown. Etymology From umbo (L.) boss, protuberance, alluding to the umbonate frontal shield. Remarks Integripelta umbonata is the second-known frontally imperforate New Zealand species, the other being Z. crystallina, from the Kermadec Ridge, which is biserial and its zooids lack umbones. Both species lack basolateral pore-chambers but the proximolateral rim of the orifice in Z. crystallina is somewhat elevated and has a median suture. Distribution Endemic to New Zealand – known only from Spirits Bay, northernmost North Island, 29 – 57 m depth.	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
039B392028657744FC15FAACFE35D37F.taxon	description	(FIG. 2 E, F) Material examined Holotype: NZOI H- 750, from NZOI Stn Z 9700, 34 ° 22.88 ¢ S, 172 ° 39.71 ¢ E, 54 m, Spirits Bay, New Zealand. Paratype: NZOI P- 1220, separated part of holotype colony, same locality. Description Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids contiguous, quincuncially arranged, 0.47 – 0.75 mm long (0.62 ± 0.07 mm), 0.32 – 0.57 mm wide (0.45 ± 0.07 mm). Gymnocystal frontal shield smoothsurfaced, somewhat convex, no umbo or carina, lacking fenestrae. Orifice somewhat hat-shaped, the anter high-arched with the proximal embayments rounded, the proximal rim of the poster gently and evenly concave; the lateral excavations of the gymnocyst well developed, occurring on either side of the embayments and extending proximally a short distance. Orifice of maternal zooids obviously dimorphic (0.30 – 32 mm wide at the proximal margin) compared to that of autozooids (0.20 – 0.28 mm); distal kenozooidal chamber well developed, with a conspicuous transverse or circular foramen. No basal pore-chambers, interzooidal communications comprising a row of uniporous septula along each lateral wall. Ancestrula not seen. Etymology From sextarius (L.) sixth, alluding to the discovery of a sixth species of eurystomellid in New Zealand waters. Remarks Integripelta sextaria resembles I. bilabiata but has smaller zooids and a proportionately broader ‘ ooecial kenozooid’ with a relatively very large foramen. The gymnocystal excavations are often relatively long, as in I. novella, but again, the ‘ ooecial kenozooid’ and foramen are significantly larger in I. sextaria. Distribution Endemic to New Zealand; known only from Spirits Bay, North Island, 54 m.	en	Gordon, Dennis P., Mawatari, Shunsuke F., Kajihara, Hiroshi (2002): New taxa of Japanese and New Zealand Eurystomellidae (Phylum Bryozoa) and their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 199-216, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00020.x
