taxonID	type	description	language	source
038F87C00F1C3520FF3EFD36FE54FEFA.taxon	distribution	Distribution Type Locality. South Australia (Point Turton jetty on piles and weed 3 – 4 m, coll. K. Gowlett Holmes 3.12. 93 holotype SAM E 2892; coll. K Gowlett Holmes & W. Zeidler 20.4. 94 paratypes SAM E 2891). Examined Material. South Australia (Investigator Group, QM GH 933 GH 2299; Gambier Group, QM GH 4405). Tasmania (Nine Pin Point, QM G 1999 GH 2017). Queensland (Bowen, AM Y 1827 Y 1829). The species, also has been recorded from Tasmania (Kott, 1952) and South Australia (Glenelg, Kott, 1972 a) Description Individuals sometimes upright, occasionally with short stalk. Up to 3 cm long. Upright individuals with atrial aperture terminal, branchial aperture directed laterally from halfway down the dorsum, both on short wart-like siphons. Other individuals sessile, fixed along their left sides. In preservative body laterally flattened, body wall closely adherent to gelatinous, thin white translucent test. Characteristic echinated needle-like spines in test, shorter and sparser than those crowded in body wall. Longest spines randomly orientated ones in posterior part of body wall, shorter ones anterior. Spines in siphonal walls orientated longitudinally. Distinct circular muscle bands surround each siphon. On each side about 22 longitudinal branchial muscle bands extend almost parallel to one another and terminate in front of the horizontal gut loop on left and gonad on right. Twelve longitudinal atrial muscles on each side, the three anterior bands cross the posterior ends of the five dorsal longitudinal branchial muscles and the posterior atrial ones extend a short distance across body behind branchial muscles terminating near anus and gonoducal openings. When contracted, longitudinal branchial muscles raise body wall and test in rounded ridge around siphons. Dorsal tubercle a small cushion in wide peritubercular ‘ V’ with a simple U-shaped slit, its ends turned in. Branchial sac with seven to nine broad folds on each side with up to 12 internal longitudinal vessels on folds and one or two in interspace. Between dorsal fold and dorsal lamina never more than three internal longitudinal vessels which sometimes are absent altogether. Gut a horizontal loop with usual compact liver of crowded tubules embedded in body wall over pyloric region. Anal border variable, bilabiate, each lip usually divided and variously subdivided into regular or irregular tongue-like to rounded lobes. Long ovarian tubes, one in gut loop on left and one in corresponding position on right, undulate regularly and have clumps of testis follicles around each outer curve. From each clump, a number of short vasa efferentia join into a short common duct extending across surface of ovary to join central vas deferens. Large circular to fan-shaped, sometimes frilled and occasionally fringed membranous hood projects from the body wall over upper mesial surface of distal end of the short oviduct. It usually folds around to form conical to cylindrical chamber in front of oviducal opening. In older specimens, oviducal hood becomes less membranous, and is vascularized, to form a firm and slightly concave circular lid over the usually large, circular or sometimes triangular opening. Proximal to the origin of the oviducal hood, the male duct opening is a transverse slit sometimes raised on a short papilla projecting from surface of oviduct or is sessile, on side of, or across surface of oviduct. Variable frilled or fringed membranes, and / or pointed or rounded and sometimes branched papillae usually project into atrial cavity from body wall over oviduct distal and / or proximal to male opening. In robust (to 3 cm) specimens from Bowen, gonoducal hoods and membranes contain spines. Remarks The species resembles the Atlantic Herdmania momus: Van Name, 1921, 1930 and 1945, Cynthia pallida: Traustedt, 1883 and Rhabdocynthia pallida: Sluiter, 1898 b in having testis follicles clumped along the outsides of an undulating ovary and a common vas deferens opening at the base of the short oviduct. However, in the Atlantic species neither oviducal hood or chamber nor the fringed or frilled membranes and / or papillae around the male openings are present. The present species is similar in size and appearance and has an oviducal hood and lobed anus as in Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816), but the undulations of its oviduct are not as pronounced, testis follicles do not form an undulating band along the top of the ovary, the vas deferens is not interrupted and it has only a single opening. Herdmania momus: Nishikawa, 1991 and possibly some H. momus: Tokioka, 1953 (pl. 69 fig. 3) also have an oviducal hood and differ from the present species in having an interrupted vas deferens, each section with a separate opening like H. momus. Herdmania inflata differs in its interrupted vas deferens as well as its lack of gonoducal membrances. Herdmania mentula sp. nov. (p. 365), similar to the presents species, is known only from the north-western Australian coast and is distinguished by its freely projecting vas deferens and four shallow, smooth anal lobes (see below). The deeply scalloped anal border distinguishes the present species from H. insolita Monniot & Monniot, 2001 which has an even undivided anal margin.	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F1A3522FF65FE31FD1EFCF0.taxon	description	1928: 441. Hastings, 1931: 72.	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F1A3522FF65FE31FD1EFCF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution Previously Recorded. Western Australia (Geraldton to Albany, Hartmeyer & Michaelsen, 1928; Kott, 1952, 1972 b, 1985). South Australia (Millar, 1960, 1963, 1966; Kott, 1976). New South Wales (Heller, 1878; Herdman, 1882, 1899; von Drasche, 1884; Kott, 1952, 1985). Queensland (Moreton Bay to Cairns, Hastings, 1931; Kott, 1952, 1966, 1964). Papua New Guinea (Monniot & Monniot 2001) Examined Material. Western Australia (Port Hedland WAM Z 11766 / 1179.83; Cockburn Sound QM G 11896, WAM Z 11772 / 1180.83 Z 11774 / 1189.83 Z 11775 / 115.72 Z 11778 / 591.84 Z 11780 / 1181.83 Z 11781 / 756.82 Z 11782 / 1182.83 Z 11783 / 233.82 Z 11784 / 232.82), South Australia (Port Naorlunga, QM G 9318), Tasmania (Burnie, QM GH 4691), Victoria (Bass Strait, QM GH 2210), New South Wales (South Ulladulla QM G 8578; Woolongong, QM GH 5759; Shell Harbour AM Y 1814; Arrawarra, QM GH 2248; Byron Bay, QM G 308514). Queensland (Tweed River, QM G 308523; Moreton Bay, QM G 4928 G 5146 G 5166 G 8569 GH 377; Mooloolaba, QM GH 2349 GH 2200; off Murdoch Point, QM GH 769). Hartmeyer & Michaelsen (1928) believed that the forms of H. momus occurring in Australia (ff. grandis, galei, pallida) owed their wide geographical range to transport by ships. For instance, f. grandis, previously known from Port Jackson could have been transported to the south-western Australian coast in that way. However, H. grandis is now known to occur around the whole Australian coast (see Kott, 1985 and new records, below) and most likely is part of the indigenous fauna. Description The largest known species of Herdmania, some specimens being up to 16 cm or more in maximum dimension. Test tough, leathery, wrinkled and opaque. Smaller individuals to 2 cm also have opaque test. Lower half of body, often less wrinkled than upper half, sometimes sandy and may be embedded in sediments. Epibionts including other ascidians, often on outside of test. One specimen (QM GH 2210) has sand embedded in the test, making it hard and relatively brittle. Short cylindrical siphons originate close together in middle of upper surface and diverge from one another, or branchial siphon almost horizontal and atrial siphon vertical. Characteristic Herdmania spines crowded in body wall, especially long in posterior end and shorter anteriorly. Crowded spines in siphons aligned longitudinally. In contracted body wall spines, crowded into calcareous felt-work, sometimes lie parallel to one another. Circular muscles are around each siphon and its base. About 30 (individuals 2 cm long) to 50 (individuals from 4 cm long) strong longitudinal muscle bands on each side of the body radiate from atrial and branchial siphons and cross one another (the atrial muscles inside the branchial ones) on the sides of body, to create a meshwork of crowded muscles over whole body when contracted. In all specimens, muscles branch in lower half of body and form almost continuous layer over gut loop and gonads. Dorsal tubercle large, hemispherical cushion, usually filling anterior part of peritubercular area which has a narrow tongue-shaped extension projecting posteriorly in line with dorsal lamina. In smaller (2 cm: QM G 308523) specimens opening of neural duct is a long slit undulating around circumference of dorsal tubercle with its ends turned in, the gap between them directed anteriorly. In larger specimens the slit is more convoluted, covering whole surface of tubercle. Dorsal lamina narrow, extending through centre of circular area delimited on each side by a deeply curved dorsal branchial fold. Rather fleshy and very pointed languets are on the edge of the dorsal lamina. From six (small specimens to 4 cm: QM G 308523, GH 2200; AM Y 1814) to 12 (individuals to 10 cm or more) internal longitudinal vessels on flat area between dorsal fold on each side and short dorsal lamina converge at each end. From ten to 13 broad deeply curved, branchial folds on each side lie flat, folded up toward dorsum, ventral surface wider than dorsal surface of fold. Number of folds does not seem to be correlated with size, a specimen of 4 cm (QM GH 769) having ten folds on each side, and one of 2 cm (QM G 308523) having 11. Up to 23 internal longitudinal vessels on wider folds but only two or three in interspace. Gut loop and gonads embedded deeply in body wall in most larger specimens, although often gonads were not detected, suggesting individuals might be senescent. Anal border has two or three regular pointed lobes with lobed or scalloped margins, or irregular branched lobes or is sometimes almost smooth (QM G 8578 GH 2248). Testis follicles either in patches over each side of, or all over, upper surface of long, tubular, straight to slightly sinuous ovary deeply embedded in body wall alongside distal limb of gut loop. Oviducal opening large, sometimes slightly indented. Common vas deferens extends along top of ovary, opening on short inconspicuous papilla near female opening. Specimen 2 cm long from Shell Harbour (AM Y 1814), a juvenile without gonads, identifiable with present species by its slightly convoluted circular slit on dorsal tubercle, six internal longitudinal vessels between dorsal lamina and left dorsal fold, 11 branchial folds on each side and long body muscles extending down over gut and gonads. Remarks As well as becoming larger than those of other known species, individuals of this indigenous species, even small specimens, are distinguished from others by their tough opaque test, large dorsal tubercle with convoluted slit, six or more internal longitudinal vessels between the short dorsal lamina and deeply curved dorsal fold, long and straight or almost straight ovarian tube with only occasional irregular, shallow undulations, testis follicles in clumps or crowded in an uninterrupted mass on the upper surface of the ovary (along each side or completely covering it), common vas deferens opening on a small papilla on top of the short oviduct, oviducal opening wide (without a hood) and long, strong radial muscles from each siphon crossing each other over the whole of each side of the body. This last character is unique, other species having radial muscles that terminate at the anterior limits of the gut loop (on the left) and the gonad (on the right). Possibly the contraction of these muscles in the present species cause the gonad on the left to be tightly associated with the distal limb of the gut loop. Further, the number, strength and length of the muscles in this species effects such strong contraction that spines are often drawn together in parallel to form a hard layer over the whole of the body wall.	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F183523FF01FC4AFC24F9AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution Type Locality. North-western Australia (Mary Anne Passage 21 ∞ 15 ¢ S 115 ∞ 50 ¢ E, 27 m, south of Barrow I., coll. R. J. Hannon 17.7.63, holotype WAM Z 11771 / WAM 1199.83; Mary Anne Reef buoy, paratypes WAM Z 11759 / WAM 212.82 (1). Examined Material. North-western Australia (Rowley Shoals, WAM Z 11768 / 1197.83 Z 11769 / 1198.83 (1) Z 11770 / 1188.83 (1); Dampier Archipelago, WAM Z 11765 / 761.82 (1); Cape Preston, WAM Z 11763 / 974.85; Monte Bello Is, WAM Z 11762 / 918.93; North-west Cape, WAM Z 11761 / 924.83; Learmonth, WAM Z 11760 / 1188.83; Shark Bay, WAM Z 11756 / 1193.83 Z 11757 / 1196.83; Cervantes WAM Z 11779 / 662.89. Description Specimens available from one to 6 cm (holotype) diameter, laterally flattened in preservative. Test thin, sometimes papery, white, slightly translucent, occasionally naked, but sometimes with sand completely encrusting it (WAM Z 11762); or with Sea Grass (Amphibolis) fronds attached, forming a capsule around it (WAM Z 11757 Z 11779); or with a mixture of sand and other debris adhering (WAM Z 11771). Apertures on short divergent, naked siphons arising quite close together on the upper surface, atrial siphon the longer one, curved horizontally, branchial siphon directed obliquely upwards. Body wall adheres closely to inside of test. Circular muscles surround each siphon and longitudinal muscles extend along their length, to about halfway down each side of body wall. Longitudinal siphonal muscles divert to respective sides of body from mid-dorsal line. About 20 longitudinal branchial and about 12 longitudinal atrial muscles on each side. Atrial muscles on right cross over and exchange fibres with posterior half of dorsalmost branchial muscles anterior to gonad. Similar number of atrial and branchial muscles cross one another on left, although all but anterior three cover distal (dorsal) extent of distal limb of gut loop and gonad. Large circular dorsal tubercle has deep Ushaped slit with both horns turned or coiled in. Up to ten branchial folds per side. Branchial formula of holotype: E 1 (3) 1 (10) 2 (14) 3 (20) 9 (27) 6 (20) 7 (20) 6 (15) 4 (11) 5 DL. Dorsal lamina a narrow membrane with long pointed conical languets along its margin. Gut loop horizontal with usual compact liver in pyloric region enclosing left gonad. Anal border always divided into four shallow, smooth lips. Gonads, one per side, each a long, thick ovarian sac, only slightly undulating, with clumps of branched testis follicles around its margin, each clump connected to thick central common vas deferens by a vas efferens running at right angles to long axis of gonad. Oviducal opening large, shielded by circular to fan-shaped oviducal hood projecting from body wall over distal part of oviduct. Male opening on the tip of long cylindrical, distal part of vas deferens that projects free into atrial cavity. Occasionally body wall over this projection is produced into lobes or papillae around terminal aperture and in one specimen (WAM Z 11761) a circle of pointed tentacle-like projections surrounds terminal aperture. Oviducal hood and projections around male aperture contain spines. Remarks The species is characterized by its smooth anal border with four shallow indentations and the projecting tip of the vas deferens. The tapering conical dorsal languets and narrow dorsal lamina, oviducal hood, projections around the male opening, central common vas deferens with a single aperture, clumps of male follicles and simple U-shaped slit on the dorsal tubercle with horns rolled in resemble Herdmania fimbriae, although the latter species has a regularly undulating ovary, fewer longitudinal branchial vessels, shorter longitudinal muscle bands and a deeply lobed anal border. Occasionally in H. fimbriae the tip of the vas deferens projects into the atrial cavity, but its free part is much shorter than in the present species. The species is distinguished from H. pallida by its oviducal hood, anal border and relatively few dorsal internal longitudinal branchial vessels between the dorsal lamina and dorsal fold on each side. Herdmania insolita has shorter longitudinal muscles than the present species, fewer internal longitudinal branchial vessels on and between the folds and it lacks the freely projecting distal end of the vas deferens found in the present species. The known range of the present species is between Cervantes and Rowley Shoals on the north-western Australian coast. Herdmania fimbriae is recorded from the western end of the Great Australian Bight to Bowen (Queensland). So far, neither of these species has been recorded from Torres Strait, the Arafura Sea, south-western Australia, and north-eastern Australia north of Bowen.	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F19352EFCB8F9FCFBBBFC12.taxon	distribution	Previously Recorded. Queensland (SE Qld, Kott, 1964; Great Barrier Reef, Kott, 1952, 1964, 1985). Western Pacific (Fiji, Kott, 1981; French Polynesia, Herdman, 1882, 1886; Coral Sea Plateau, Monniot, 1992). Indonesia (Ambon, Billiton, Sluiter, 1885, 1890, 1895; Herdman, 1886). Indian Ocean (Sluiter, 1905 a, b?). Red Sea (Savigny, 1816; Michaelsen, 1918 a, b).	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F19352EFCB8F9FCFBBBFC12.taxon	materials_examined	Examined Material. Queensland (Moreton Bay, QM G 308580; Noosa, QM G 4965; Capricorn Grp, AM Y 1811 holotype H. curvata Kott, 1952; AM Y 2334 paratypes H. curvata Kott, 1952; G 9363 G 10014 GH 2554; Keppel I., G 11999); Swain Reefs (QM GH 4842.; Lizard I., GH 771). Philippines (QM GH 561 - 2).	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F19352EFCB8F9FCFBBBFC12.taxon	discussion	Herdmania momus is tropical and in Australia has a recorded range in Queensland waters between Moreton Bay and Lizard I. where it is the common species in shallow water reefal and littoral habitats (Kott, 1964). It has not been recorded from the western coast of the continent although it is known from Indonesia and, in view of its presence in the Red Sea, is very likely to occur in the Indian Ocean. Herdmania pallida is recorded from the Arafura Sea (Tokioka, 1952) and Torres Strait (see below), but there are no records of the present species from the northern coast of the continent.	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F19352EFCB8F9FCFBBBFC12.taxon	description	Smaller specimens to 3 cm pink with translucent test; larger specimens (to 8 cm) test becomes tough, opaque or even leathery, especially anteriorly (QM G 10014). Cylindrical siphons originate close to one another on upper surface, branchial siphon directed laterally and atrial siphon vertical. Minute spicules just under the surface layer of test, larger ones in internal layer. Largest spicules (to 1.5 mm long) in posterior end of body wall. They are shorter anteriorly and in blood vessels of branchial wall. Spines longitudinally arranged and parallel in siphons, but randomly orientated in body wall, in which they form a felt-work of calcareous spicules when it contracts. Circular muscles surround each siphon. On each side, about 20 longitudinal branchial muscles and 15 longitudinal atrial muscles radiate over the anterior half of body terminating at the same level just anterior to horizontal gut loop on left and gonad on right. Anterior atrial muscles and posterior branchial ones cross each other. Dorsal tubercle, a small cushion in large open peritubercular ‘ V’, usually has U-shaped slit with opening directed anteriorly in smaller specimens; larger specimens with both horns turned in or out, sometimes forming double spiral. One specimen (QM GH 2554) has two separate U-shaped openings, the left one with the gap turned to the left. In one large specimen (8 cm) the dorsal tubercle is a circular cushion with a complex convoluted slit. Dorsal lamina a wide membrane with laterally flattened languets on the edge. In an 8 cm specimen the branchial sac has 8 – 12 wide, longitudinal folds on each side. Depending on size of individual, one to six internal longitudinal vessels are between dorsal lamina and dorsal fold. Gut in posterior half of body forms simple horizontal loop enclosing left gonad. Liver composed of several compact masses of small, vertical, crowded tubules tightly enclosed in body wall over pyloric region. Anal lobes variable, anus basically bilabiate with each lip subdivided into long, sometimes branched, ribbon-like lobes (QM G 4965 G 9363) or one or two triangular lobes with scalloped margins (QM G 10014). Variations in anal border are not size dependent. Gonads, one on each side of the body, consist of a long ovarian tube in characteristic tight undulations obscured by an opaque band of testis follicles that undulates from side to side along the top of the ovary. Testis ducts numerous, short and vertical, with elliptical openings that appear to be sessile between crowded testis follicles. Oviduct short with fan-shaped to semicircular hood projecting from body wall just behind triangular oviducal opening close to anus. Oviducal hood large delicate, membranous, transparent in smaller specimens folding down over tip of oviduct to form conical chamber in front of opening. Smaller, firmer hood with vascular network in it forms slightly concave lid over oviducal opening in larger specimens. In large (about 6 cm) specimens from Philippines oviducal hood is a wide, fan-shaped flap, packed with spines symmetrically arranged across its width.	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F19352EFCB8F9FCFBBBFC12.taxon	discussion	Michaelsen (1918 a, b) reviewed and tabulated those taxa (as formae) known to contain the long echinated needle-like spines characteristic of this genus. In the group he assigned to f. typica (Michaelsen, 1918 b: 40 no. 42) are specimens with the ovary a straight tube with small branches and testes around the edges. These and other specimens may not be accurately assigned. Nevertheless he interpreted the type specimens of H. momus as having a continuously winding band of testis follicles along the top of the ovary. Although neither Savigny nor Michaelsen saw the separate male ducts, Savigny (1816) correctly identified the oviducal opening with a membranous ‘ cornet’ around it. Kott (1957, 1966, 1972 a) referred to H. momus var. curvata as a junior synonym of H. momus var. typica. Later (1985), she regarded all varieties of Herdmania as growth forms of the one taxon until Kennett (1997) observed the release of sperm from many points along the surface of the ovary. The multiplicity of separate short vasa deferentia from crowded clumps of lobed testis follicles were duly demonstrated, evenly spaced along the curved band of testis follicles on the surface of a tightly curved ovarian tube in specimens referable to H. curvata Kott, 1952 (a senior synonym of H. contorta Monniot, 1992: see Kott, 1998), now known to be a junior synonym of H. momus. Although Monniot (1992) shows a male duct opening at the base of the oviduct (Monniot, 1992, fig. 6 b), he reports that he did not see either a vas deferens or its opening. Cynthia pallida billitonensis Sluiter, 1885 from Indonesia has relatively few longitudinal muscles, the dorsal tubercle and dorsal lamina are like H. momus and the convoluted course of the testis follicles along the surface of the ovary can be seen in the figure (Sluiter, 1885; pl. IV figs 1 – 2). Also like the present species, Rhabdocynthia tenuis: Sluiter, 1895 from Ambon, with a translucent thin, gelatinous test, has seven folds per side, two internal longitudinal vessels in the interspace, a broad dorsal lamina with long thin languets and the slit on the dorsal tubercle with both horns spiralling in. It is taken from the same location as Cynthia pallida: Herdman, 1886, which also has a undulating ovary. Cynthia papietensis Herdman, 1882 and 1886, from Tahiti, with the same broad dorsal lamina as the present species and lacking internal longitudinal branchial vessels between the dorsal midline and the dorsal folds, is conspecific. Herdmania momus: Millar, 1975 from Japan, Singapore and Indonesia cannot be accurately assigned owing to lack of information on gonads and gonoducts. Some specimens of the present species may be included, although others also may be present. The species is distinguished by the tight undulations of its ovarian tube; the hood over and in front of the oviducal opening produced from the body wall over the oviduct; the undulating band of crowded clumps of testis follicles along the top of the ovary; a separate short, vertical duct from each clump of testis follicles; absence of a male opening at the base of the oviduct; relatively small dorsal tubercle with one or two Ushaped openings with the horns turned or spiralling in or out (except in one large specimen 8 cm, in which the slit is convoluted); and relatively few internal longitudinal vessels between the dorsal lamina and dorsal fold. Herdmania momus: Nishikawa, 1991 from the Sea of Japan has an oviducal hood and numerous vas deferens openings but the course of the ovary is not recorded. Herdmania fimbriae has a lobed anal border, an undulating ovarian tube and an oviducal hood, but it has a large, straight common vas deferens with a single opening surrounded by an elaborate membranous fringe. Herdmania mentula has a similar oviducal hood but a common vas deferens projecting into the atrial cavity at its distal end, a gently undulating ovary and the anal rim divided into four smooth, shallow lips. Herdmania inflata (Van Name, 1918), from the Philippines (Fig. 5 A), like the present species has many short vasa deferentia opening over the surface of the male follicles which are in a conspicuous undulating band. However, in H. inflata the ovary is straight, it lacks an oviducal hood, the vas deferens is less interrupted and the separate openings fewer than in H. momus and the terminal part of the vas deferens opens with the oviduct, on a cylindrical short projection into the atrial cavity.	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F143529FCE0FC3BFDBBFEB9.taxon	distribution	Distribution Previously Recorded. Western Australia (Dirk Hartog, WAM Z 11764 / 1195.83; Jurien Bay, WAM Z 11776 / 242.87 Kott, 1985). The species is recorded from South Africa (Herdman, 1881, 1882; Sluiter, 1898 a?; Michaelsen, 1934?). West Indian Ocean (Heller, 1878; Sluiter, 1905 a, b?; Michaelsen, 1918 a, b, 1921; Vasseur, 1967 b). West Indian Ocean (Sluiter, 1898 a, b?; Herdman, 1906; Michaelsen, 1908). Taiwan (Michaelsen, 1908). South China Sea (Kott & Goodbody, 1982). Japan (Hartmeyer, 1906; Tokioka, 1953). Tropical West Pacific (Heller, 1878; Tokioka, 1961; Vasseur, 1967 a). Indonesia (Sluiter, 1904?). Arafura Sea (Tokioka, 1952). Fiji (Herdman, 1881, 1882). Tahiti (Heller, 1878): Philippines (Van Name, 1918). Hawaii (Abbott et al., 1997). Australia (Broome, Hartmeyer & Michaelsen, 1928).	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F143529FCE0FC3BFDBBFEB9.taxon	materials_examined	Examined Material. Hong Kong (QM G 12781 G 12792 G 12803 GH 217, Kott & Goodbody, 1982). Queensland (Bowen, AMY 1813, Kott, 1952).	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F143529FCE0FC3BFDBBFEB9.taxon	description	Description Specimens to 9 cm (see Herdman, 1906) in maximum dimension with tough, opaque test. Apertures, on conspicuous diverging siphons on upper surface about one-third of body width apart. Individuals white, laterally flattened in preservative. Dorsal tubercle large, occupying upper half of V-shaped peritubercular area, conspicuous slit with both horns spiralling in. Dorsal lamina with tusk-shaped, pointed, tapering languets along edge of narrow membrane. Circular muscles surround each siphon. About nine of 16 radiating longitudinal atrial muscles and ten of about 21 branchial ones cross one another in upper half of each side terminating over distal limb of gut loop on left and anterior to gonad on right. Branchial folds about eight or nine per side. On each side two or three internal longitudinal vessels between dorsal fold and dorsal midline. Anal rim smooth, bilabiate or only slightly indented. Branched testis follicles along each side of long, straight or slightly sinuous ovarian tube. Single duct from each clump of testis follicles crosses surface of ovary to join central vas deferens, which opens on small papilla near large opening of female duct. Sometimes clumps of testis follicles crowded together forming a continuous band around periphery of ovary; but often isolated from each other, or irregularly distributed.	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
038F87C00F143529FCE0FC3BFDBBFEB9.taxon	discussion	Remarks Sluiter’s (1904) material from Indonesia (especially the specimens with transparent test) and from the West Indian Ocean and South Africa (Sluiter, 1898 a, 1905 a, b) could be either the present species or H. momus (known from the same geographical range). Herdmania momus is known only from tropical locations, however, while the present species has been recorded further north to Japan and Taiwan. From South Africa, Herdman (1881, 1882) has reported specimens like the present species with similar gonads, dorsal lamina, dorsal tubercle and smooth anal border; and it is probable that Michaelsen’s (1934) specimen is conspecific, this being the only species known from South Africa. Tokioka (1961) has reported specimens with similar features from Noumea. Specimens 2.5 cm and 4.5 cm long from the Arafura Sea (Tokioka, 1949) have eight or more internal longitudinal vessels between the mid-dorsal line and the dorsal fold on each side as in H. grandis. Although this is a high number for H. pallida, gonads, dorsal tubercle and anal border are similar, suggesting that variations in the number of dorsal internal longitudinal vessels are greater than previously known. Tokioka (1949, 1953, 1967) assigned specimens from Japan to H. momus, and though one (Tokioka, 1953; pl. 68 fig. 6, specimen 110) has a similar gonad, they all are said to have about 12 anal lobes which distinguishes them from the present species. From Sri Lanka, the large specimens of Rhabdocynthia pallida: Herdman (1906) appear to be correctly assigned to the present species. The holotype of R. ceylonica Herdman, 1906 from the same location, re-examined by Monniot & Monniot (1989), also has gonads, and a simple dorsal tubercle like the present species. The present species most resembles H. grandis, having similar gonads, with a common vas deferens opening on the oviduct near the large female opening and lacking oviducal hood or membranes associated with the gonoducal openings. It has a smooth anal opening (which is rare in H. grandis), its dorsal tubercle has a double spiral opening (not convoluted as in H. grandis), dorsal languets are tusk-like rather than laterally flattened (as in H. grandis), longitudinal body muscles are confined to the body wall anterior to the gonads (rather than occupying the whole side of the body as in H. grandis) and testis follicles are around the periphery of the ovary, sometimes in clumps (rather than on top of the ovary as in H. grandis). On rare occasions (see Tokioka, 1952) there are as many as eight internal longitudinal vessels between the dorsal mid-line and the dorsal fold as in H. grandis, although this is exceptional.	en	Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x
