identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B91146E7585E5F81B3C5F946FF65CB4A.text	B91146E7585E5F81B3C5F946FF65CB4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caloria indica (Bergh 1896)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Caloria indica (Bergh, 1896)</p>
            <p>Figure 8</p>
            <p> Learchis indica Bergh, 1896: 385-394, figs 1-4 (Ambon, Indonesia). </p>
            <p>Photographic record.</p>
            <p>SAASC, Al-Khiran, 18 November 2014, one individual on sand and rock mixed substratum photographed at 3.5 m depth, Don Christopher Pereira.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>The body is slender, translucent white, with a marking of white lines on the dorsum up to the rhinophores. Orange markings are prominent on the anterior part in front of the cerata and along the sides between the cerata. The rhinophores are smooth, white in colour, orange at the base with a prominent orange band at the middle. The oral tentacles also appear white, long, and slender, with basal orange markings. The cerata are fusiform with white, brown, and blue bands and a translucent white tip. The tail is white, long, and pointed.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Indo-West and Central Pacific, Hawaii, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, India, South Africa, Tanzania (Gosliner 1987; Yonow 2008; Gosliner et al. 2015), India (Sreeraj et al. 2012), Maldives (Yonow 1994b), Thailand (Mehrotra et al. 2021), Myanmar (Sanpanich and Duangdee 2019), Papua and New Guinea (Baine and Harasti 2007), Christmas Island, Fiji, New Caledonia, Oman, Seychelles, and Solomon Islands (Gosliner et al. 2008), and now Kuwait (this study).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p>Inhabits coral reef areas (Mehrotra et al. 2021). Feeds on hydroids (Yonow 2008; Gosliner et al. 2015). A new record to Kuwait and the APG.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B91146E7585E5F81B3C5F946FF65CB4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nithyanandan, Manickam;Al-Kandari, Manal;Mantha, Gopikrishna	Nithyanandan, Manickam, Al-Kandari, Manal, Mantha, Gopikrishna (2021): New records of nudibranchs and a cephalaspid from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian Gulf (Mollusca, Heterobranchia). ZooKeys 1048: 91-107, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250
4DBD274AD37E5D2DB79FAD6F199504E9.text	4DBD274AD37E5D2DB79FAD6F199504E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chelidonura livida Yonow 1994	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Chelidonura livida Yonow, 1994</p>
            <p>Figure 2</p>
            <p> Aglaja cyanea (nigra): Engel and van Eeken 1962 (part): 17, E55/342 (Red Sea). </p>
            <p> Chelidonura africana : Yonow 1990: 289, pl. 4 (Red Sea; misidentification). </p>
            <p> Chelidonura livida Yonow, 1994a: 141-147, Fig. 1 (Eilat, Red Sea): Yonow 2008: 78-79, includes five figures (Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea). </p>
            <p>Photographic record.</p>
            <p>SAASC Al-Khiran, 13 June 2012, one individual photographed at 3 m depth in sandy substrate, R. Dinesh Kumar.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>The individual has a black body colour, prominent electric blue spots scattered over the dorsum, head, and parapodia (Fig. 2). White flecks interspersed with electric blue spots are found on the head and along the edges of the parapodia. The caudal flaps are unequal with the left longer than the right, and with an electric blue spot at the base of the left caudal flap (see Fig. 2). The blue spots on the anterior portion of the propodium form a coalescent line which is partly visible in this individual (Fig. 2).</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Israel (Yonow 1994a, 2008), Abu Dhabi (Hardy 2001), Mayotte Island (http://seaslugs.free.fr/nudibranche/a_cheli_livida.htm), Tanzania and Mozambique (Gosliner et al. 2008;  Tibiriçá and Malaquias 2017), and Kuwait (this study). </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Yonow (1994a) described  Ch. livida from Eilat, Israel, in the north-eastern Red Sea. In  Ch. livida , both sides of the mouth bear whitish or yellowish sensory bristles which is visible in the frontal view or if viewed from above (Yonow 1994a); however, it is not clearly visible in the photograph of the individual presented in this study due to the angle at which it was photographed (Fig. 2). The head shield has two short processes on its lateral side, which is bit longer in the left compared to the right side and tubular when the animal is in relaxed state (Yonow 1994a). This was clearly observed in the individual recorded in this study (Fig. 2). The individual recorded from Mozambique (  Tibiriçá and Malaquias 2017: fig. 2f) has prominent electric blue rings that are scattered over the dorsum and parapodial margin. The caudal flaps are rather thin, the right one short and the left one elongated with a prominent electric blue spot. However, the individual observed in this study has short and thick caudal flap with a thin, pointed tip and a blue spot at its base (Fig. 2). The species possesses a highly reduced internal shell. This is a new record to both Kuwait and the APG, this record denoting a range extension into the northern APG from its type locality in the Red Sea. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4DBD274AD37E5D2DB79FAD6F199504E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nithyanandan, Manickam;Al-Kandari, Manal;Mantha, Gopikrishna	Nithyanandan, Manickam, Al-Kandari, Manal, Mantha, Gopikrishna (2021): New records of nudibranchs and a cephalaspid from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian Gulf (Mollusca, Heterobranchia). ZooKeys 1048: 91-107, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250
F6A494A58ED8507BBBBBBB0C0C46E55F.text	F6A494A58ED8507BBBBBBB0C0C46E55F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniobranchus bombayanus (Winckworth 1946)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Goniobranchus bombayanus (Winckworth, 1946)</p>
            <p>Figure 3</p>
            <p> Glossodoris bombayana Winckworth, 1946: 155-156, fig. 1 (Bombay, India). </p>
            <p> Goniobranchus naiki Valdés , Mollo &amp; Ortea, 1999: 468-471, fig. 1 (Mandapam, southern India); Gosliner et al. 2015: 228, one figure. </p>
            <p>Photographic record.</p>
            <p>SAASC, Al-Khiran, 23 March 2013, one individual photographed at 5 m depth on a concrete wall adjacent to tidal gates, Don Christopher Pereira.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>The individual photographed has a translucent white body with conspicuous deep purple spots scattered over the dorsum (Fig. 3). The foot is covered by the dorsum. On the mantle margin, yellow spots are arranged in a row merging with the purple spots. These yellow spots appear as a tubercle projecting from the centre of few purple spot on the dorsum and are confluent with purple spots in the margin. Rhinophores and gills bear rows of faint opaque white spots.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Known only from Mandapam, southern India (  Valdés et al. 1999), Mumbai and Gulf of Kutch, northwestern India (Winckworth 1946; Apte and Desai 2017), and Kuwait (this study). </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Johnson and Gosliner (2012), in considering the monophyletic nature of the genus  Chromodoris , suggested a revision in the classification by moving some Indo-Pacific chromodorids to the genus  Goniobranchus . According to WoRMS (2021)  Goniobranchus naiki Valdez, Mollo &amp; Ortea, 1999 from Mandapam, southern India is a junior synonym of  G. bombayanus (Winckworth, 1946). In  G. naiki ,  Valdés et al. (1999) and Gosliner et al. (2015) indicated the occurrence of translucent white spots on the dorsum; in the individual recorded during this study only faint opaque spots were observed (Fig. 3). In  G. bombayanus the posterior portion of the foot extends beyond the mantle as a white tail with no dark spots (Winckworth 1946), which is also visible in the photographed individual (Fig. 3, arrowed). A new record to Kuwait and the APG. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F6A494A58ED8507BBBBBBB0C0C46E55F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nithyanandan, Manickam;Al-Kandari, Manal;Mantha, Gopikrishna	Nithyanandan, Manickam, Al-Kandari, Manal, Mantha, Gopikrishna (2021): New records of nudibranchs and a cephalaspid from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian Gulf (Mollusca, Heterobranchia). ZooKeys 1048: 91-107, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250
B82F77FCA0B0507493EBE4A49E34AF5A.text	B82F77FCA0B0507493EBE4A49E34AF5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniobranchus sp. 1	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Goniobranchus sp. 1</p>
            <p>Figure 4</p>
            <p>Photographic record.</p>
            <p>SAASC, Al-Khiran, 23 March 2013, one individual photographed at 3.5 m depth on a rock culvert, R. Dinesh Kumar.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>The individual has a white body with dark purple spots scattered over the dorsum and mantle margin (Fig. 4). A row of orange-yellow mantle glands covers the mantle margin. Rhinophores have a white base and bright orange lamellae gradually extending from the anterior surface up to 1/4 of the dorsal side, and the gills are white with a bright orange midrib.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Kuwait (this study) and Abu Dhabi, UAE Coast (http://medslugs.de/E/Ind-NW/Goniobranchus_sp_10/Goniobranchus_sp_10_01.htm)</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Very similar to  G. kitae (Gosliner 1994; see below) and  G. tumuliferus (Collingwood, 1881) (see Gosliner et al. 2015 and Mehrotra et al. 2021). However, the individual observed in this study differs from both  G. kitae and  G. tumuliferus by having orange rhinophores with a white base, an orange midrib in the gills, purple spots on the elongated foot, and yellow at the tip of the elongated foot (Fig. 4). Probably an undescribed species. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B82F77FCA0B0507493EBE4A49E34AF5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nithyanandan, Manickam;Al-Kandari, Manal;Mantha, Gopikrishna	Nithyanandan, Manickam, Al-Kandari, Manal, Mantha, Gopikrishna (2021): New records of nudibranchs and a cephalaspid from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian Gulf (Mollusca, Heterobranchia). ZooKeys 1048: 91-107, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250
516F529081085F2F902B38B253DB9663.text	516F529081085F2F902B38B253DB9663.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniobranchus sp. 2	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Goniobranchus sp. 2</p>
            <p>Figure 5</p>
            <p>Photographic record.</p>
            <p>Failaka Island, 22 December 2014, one individual found in rocks in sandy mud intertidal areas at the lowest tide mark, Dr. Valeriy Skryabin.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>The individual has a white translucent body with dark red / purple spots scattered over the dorsum; a few of the dark red / purple spots have a tubercle-like projection in the middle giving a conical impression (Fig. 5, arrowed). A scattered row of spots extends around the margin of the mantle and the foot. Rhinophores are translucent with white lamellae. Gills are also translucent with a white midrib. The edge of the mantle has a submarginal bright yellow band and an interior ring of opaque white glands.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Kuwait (this study).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The individual recorded has a submarginal ring of translucent white glands just inside the prominent bright orange band similar to  G. tumuliferus (Collingwood, 1881; see also Gosliner et al. 2015: 229). However, in  G. tumuliferus the rhinophores and tentacles have opaque white tips (Gosliner et al. 2015; Mehrotra et al. 2021), which was not observed in the individual recorded during this study. The translucent white glands with dark red / purple spots interrupting the bright orange band is a character combination of what has been observed in  Goniobranchus kitae Gosliner, 1994 from Madagascar and  G. bimaensis (Bergh, 1905) from the Indo-West Pacific. Probably an undescribed species. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/516F529081085F2F902B38B253DB9663	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nithyanandan, Manickam;Al-Kandari, Manal;Mantha, Gopikrishna	Nithyanandan, Manickam, Al-Kandari, Manal, Mantha, Gopikrishna (2021): New records of nudibranchs and a cephalaspid from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian Gulf (Mollusca, Heterobranchia). ZooKeys 1048: 91-107, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250
B4FF8D263C09544CBF09A1C2619F852D.text	B4FF8D263C09544CBF09A1C2619F852D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypselodoris infucata (Rueppell & Leuckart 1830)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> 
Hypselodoris infucata (
Rueppell
&amp; Leuckart, 1830)
</p>
            <p>Figure 6A, B</p>
            <p> Doris infucata Rüppell &amp; Leuckart, 1828-1830: tab X, 34, fig. 3 (northern African Red Sea). </p>
            <p>Photographic record.</p>
            <p>SAASC, Al Khiran, 2 July 2013, two individuals photographed at 3 m depth on a rock culvert, R. Dinesh Kumar.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>The two individuals in the photographs have a slender white body with blue, yellow, and black spots scattered all over. At the mantle margin, triangular dark blue-green and pale blue patches alternate (Fig. 6A), and bright yellow spots are scattered on both the dorsum and foot. The rhinophores are bright orange-red and the core is white. The oral tentacles are bright orange-red at the midrib and tip (Fig. 6A). A row of prominent dark blue blotches occurs on the either side at the edge of dorsum.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Indo-West Pacific species and a Lessepsian migrant (Rudman 1977; Yonow 2008), Oman, South Africa, Philippines, Australia (Debelius 1996), Madagascar, Bali, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Hawaii (Johnson and  Valdés 2001; Gosliner et al. 2008), Gulf of Kutch and Lakshadweep, India (Apte 2009; Apte et al. 2010), Larak and Lavan islands, Iran (Rezai et al. 2016), Mozambique (  Tibiriçá et al. 2017), Pakistan (Gul, 2019), Thailand (Mehrotra et al. 2021), and Kuwait (this study). </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> This species exhibits a high degree of variability in colour pattern and the bright yellow spots observed in the individual during the present study was similar to a specimen recorded from Eilat, northern Red Sea (Ben Tov 2003). A second colour morph (Fig. 6B) was also recorded with triangular blue grey patches on the either side of the dorsum as illustrated in Yonow (2008).  Hypselodoris infucata can be easily confused with  H. kanga Rudman, 1977 due to morphological similarities (Rudman 2007; Mehrotra et al. 2021). In  H. infucata the gills are rather simple with a bright red line on the outer and inner edges, whereas in  H. kanga , they are triangular with three lines and, distinctively, with white or yellow spots in-between (Rudman 2007). Bluish purple lines usually occur in the dorsum of  H. kanga (Mehrotra et al. 2021); however, individuals observed in this study only have dark blue or black spots.  Hypselodoris infucata differs externally from another congener,  H. roo Gosliner &amp; Johnson in Epstein et al. 2018, in not having a white spot at the base of the rhinophores on the posterior side and a broad posterior portion of the notum (Epstein et al. 2018). A new record to Kuwait. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4FF8D263C09544CBF09A1C2619F852D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nithyanandan, Manickam;Al-Kandari, Manal;Mantha, Gopikrishna	Nithyanandan, Manickam, Al-Kandari, Manal, Mantha, Gopikrishna (2021): New records of nudibranchs and a cephalaspid from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian Gulf (Mollusca, Heterobranchia). ZooKeys 1048: 91-107, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250
9E42466388C15E54A4D2BAFC349DBF82.text	9E42466388C15E54A4D2BAFC349DBF82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypselodoris sp.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Hypselodoris sp.</p>
            <p>Figure 7</p>
            <p>Photographic record.</p>
            <p>SAASC, Al-Khiran, 23 March 2013, one individual on an unidentified sponge photographed at 3.5 m depth, R. Dinesh Kumar.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>The individual photographed has a bluish grey body with yellow and black spots. The margin of the mantle is thin; yellow and black spots extend onto the foot. A prominent row of black blotches is present on the either side of the dorsum. Rhinophores are tipped red-orange, with a translucent white base (Fig. 7). Gills are orange-red at the tips and the midribs are interrupted with white bands. A circular row of blue spots extends onto the base of the slightly elevated gill pocket.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Kuwait (this study).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The individual in this study has similarities in colour pattern with two recently described species,  H. confetti (Johnson &amp; Gosliner in Epstein et al. 2018) and  H. roo . In  H. confetti , the gills have purple lines and red-orange tips and in  H. roo the gills are bright orange-red at tips with two red lines on the exterior side and one on the interior. However, the individual in this study has gills with orange-red midribs and tips (Fig. 7). The bases of the rhinophores are purple in  H. confetti and red in  H. roo with a prominent opaque white spot on the posterior side (Epstein et al. 2018), which is clearly absent in the individual recorded in this study as it only has orange-red tipped rhinophores with white bases (Fig. 7). In  H. roo , the posterior portion of the notum has a tapering shape, which was also observed in this individual (Fig. 7). A new record to Kuwait and the APG. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E42466388C15E54A4D2BAFC349DBF82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Nithyanandan, Manickam;Al-Kandari, Manal;Mantha, Gopikrishna	Nithyanandan, Manickam, Al-Kandari, Manal, Mantha, Gopikrishna (2021): New records of nudibranchs and a cephalaspid from Kuwait, northwestern Arabian Gulf (Mollusca, Heterobranchia). ZooKeys 1048: 91-107, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1048.66250
