taxonID	type	description	language	source
0C12051D2365FFF7FECCF97ACE49B1D5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Shell ovate to conic, smooth or with axial and / or spiral sculpture, umbilicate to imperforate. Protoconch evenly coiled or with apex slightly tilted inwards; of about 1.3 ­ 1.5 whorls, smooth except for faint spiral striae or very fine spiral wrinkles, slightly tilted. Aperture ovate, with weak to moderate rim within perisotome (on which edge of retracted operculum rests). Outer lip prosocline, simple (lacks any sinus or outer varix). Operculum calcified, oval, outer side flat to (usually) slightly concave, outer part concentric; nucleus eccentric, situated in middle to just below middle (relative to operculum located in aperture with shell upright). Muscle scar thick, convex, occupies most of inner surface, usually sculptured with pustules or concentric to irregular low ridges. Radula taenioglossate, with large central teeth, cutting edge occupying about half width of tooth, each with several (1 ­ 6, usually fewer than 5) pairs of basal cusps, lateral edges extend beyond base, at about 50 ­ 70 º. Lateral teeth with cutting edge about 0.3 ­ 0.7 length of lateral part of tooth, with near vertical inner edge and distinct basal excavation on inner side of prominent basal process; lateral process at about 50 ­ 70 º to dorsal edge; inner marginal teeth larger than outer marginals, with many small, sharp cusps, outer marginal teeth with small, sharp cusps on distal end. Alimentary canal similar to that of Bithynia, rectum straight, with elongately­oval, usually obliquely packed, faecal pellets. Pallial genital ducts lie within pallial kidney. Testis large, seminal vesicle long and coiled. Prostate elongate oval, compressed in section. Penis on right side of head behind right tentacle; bifid, with accessory lobe shorter than, or about equal in length to, penial lobe. Accessory gland (in cephalic cavity) short to very long. Ovary with several discrete tubular lobes. Renal oviduct with about two tight coils. Glandular oviduct with anterior (pallial) capsule gland, with ventral channel, and posterior (usually mostly or entirely visceral) laterally compressed albumen gland; genital opening terminal. Bursa copulatrix opens anteriorly to ventral channel near oviduct opening and lies on inner side of capsule gland. Seminal receptacle small, lies in middle part of outer wall of albumen gland. Distribution Asia, Australia. Remarks In most respects, the morphology of species of Gabbia is very similar to that described for B. tentaculata (see references above) but differs in the following characters: the shell is more conical in shape (rather than elongate­ovate); the apex of the protoconch is less strongly tilted inwards; the operculum has a moderately large, distinctly spiral nucleus in the centre of the operculum to just below the centre (as viewed in the aperture with the shell upright) (in a similar location but much smaller in B. tentaculata); the apices of the gill filaments are usually on the right side of the gill (in the middle in Bithynia); the bursa copulatrix lies on the inside of the capsule gland, not the outside and the small seminal receptacle is embedded in the middle part of the outer side of the albumen gland (not a large sac lying behind the albumen gland). This combination of characters, together with shared characters such as the simple outer lip (not sinuate as in Wattebledia Crosse, 1886 and lacking the varix present in species of Hydrobioides Nevill, 1884) also separate Gabbia from other bithyniid genera. The radula of species of Gabbia differs from that of the type species of Bithynia only in the sides of the central teeth being at a slightly wider angle (about 70 º rather than 50 ­ 60 º) and the basal cusps of the central teeth are typically fewer and weaker. In most other respects the radulae are very similar, as are the opercula, head­foot, pallial cavity and most other anatomical details. However, there are some significant differences in the female genital system, as detailed above, although in other respects the details of the female system are very similar. A detailed review of bithyniid genera is beyond the scope of this paper, although one is currently in preparation. Some names are based on species with similar shell morphology to the type species of Gabbia. These include the African Gabbiella Mandahl­Barth, 1968 (type species Bithynia stanleyi var humerosa Martens, 1879 from Lake Victoria, Africa) and Codiella Monterosato in Locard, 1894 (type species Turbo leachii Sheppard, 1823, a taxon usually included in Bithynia but treated [probably correctly] as a genus by some authors, e. g., Beriozkina et al. 1995). These taxa are not yet known sufficiently well anatomically to differentiate them, but Gabbia is the senior name for taxa based on this type of shell morphology. Wenz (1938) listed Digyrcidum Locard, 1882, Neumayria Stefani, 1877 and Alocinma Annandale and Prashad, 1919 (as Allocima in error) as synonyms of Gabbia. None of these names have priority over Gabbia. In Bithynia, Gabbia and several other bithyniid genera, the whole peristome has a rim within its edge which forms an opercular stop, keeping the operculum flush with the edge of the aperture when the snail is fully retracted.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2365FFF7FECCF97ACE49B1D5.taxon	description	Chung (1984) described the radula, operculum, mantle pigmentation and allozymes of Gabbia misella from Korea and Chitramvong (1991, 1992) described the morphology, including anatomy, of three species from Thailand and compared them with species in other bithyniid genera (Bithynia, Hydrobioides and Wattebledia).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2365FFF7FECCF97ACE49B1D5.taxon	description	Details given above that are uniform throughout the taxa described herein are usually not repeated in the descriptions. Shell: Inner rim of peristome – present in all species to a greater or lesser extent (related to degree of thickening of peristome) and is not mentioned in the descriptions. Operculum: All species have a similar, calcified operculum but this structure is illustrated for most taxa. Only a few details are given in the descriptions. Radula: The tooth shape is generally very similar between species so these details are mostly not given in the description (although are available from the figures). Head­foot: All species have a similar head­foot as outlined in the generic description. Only the pigmentation is given.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2363FFE7FECCFE9ACF51B2C5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Types: Holotype of B. vertiginosa, syntypes of B. schraderi, lectotype and paralectotypes of G. australis, syntypes of G. australis suspecta and B. hyalina. Other material Queensland: Wilsons Plains, near railway station, 27 ° 50 ’ S, 152 ° 39 ’ E, in pond, 1952 (MV F 54835, 12) New South Wales: Wellingrove Ck, 25 km NW of Glen Innes, 4 km N of Wellingrove, 29 ° 35.920 ' S, 151 ° 34.170 ' E, weeds in backwater, 19 DEC 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308020, several); 10 km SE Glen Innes, Lambs Valley Rd, 29 ° 45.460 ' S, 151 ° 48.770 ' E, rain water ponds, 26 NOV 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308014, 15); 14 km S Glen Innes, Grahams Valley Rd, 29 ° 51.930 ' S, 151 ° 43.530 ' E, small overflow pond in Ck, 01 JAN 1973, G. Witten (AMS C. 308023, 1); 20 km S Glen Innes ­ Guyra, 2 km N Glencoe, Barley Field Lagoon, 29 ° 54.620 ' S, 151 ° 43.830 ' E, amongst weeds, 18 DEC 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308021, 20 +); S of Wandsworth, Limestone Ck., Tingha­Guyra Rd, 30 ° 4.050 ' S, 151 ° 31.030 ' E, 13 JAN 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 307878, 1); 7 km S Ben Lomond, Reeves Rd, 30 ° 4.810 ' S, 151 ° 41.520 ' E, weedy pool in gully, 01 JAN 1973, G. Witten (AMS C. 308027, 16); 13 km ENE Guyra, Aberfoyle R, Wards Mistake Rd, 30 ° 11.490 ' S, 151 ° 46.560 ' E, weedy stream, shallow swampy stream, 18 DEC 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308013, 20 +); 6 km ENE Guyra, tributary of Gara R, 30 ° 12.000 ' S, 151 ° 43.250 ' E, large overflow pond, and in stream, 18 DEC 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308017, 20 +); Illaroo Ck, ca. 1 km SW of Wee Waa on Pillaga Rd, 30 ° 15.000 ' S, 149 ° 25.000 ' E, amongst grass & weeds along edge of pool, 17 SEP 1996, W. F. Ponder & A. Kornuishin (AMS C. 319907, 20 +); Narrabri, 30 ° 19.800 ' S, 149 ° 46.700 ' E, 1887, C. T. Musson (AMS C. 307859, 7); same locality, 1940 (QM MO 57225, 1); Sutton Gully, 40 km NW Armidale, near Longford, 30 ° 19.930 ' S, 151 ° 24.820 ' E, 23 JAN 1973, G. Witten & Gemmell (AMS C. 308024, 7); Gara R on Rockvale Rd, 30 ° 26.880 ' S, 151 ° 49.340 ' E, Stagnant pools, 03 OCT 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308029, 20 +); Yarrowyck (= Yarrowick), NW of Armidale, 30 ° 28.110 ' S, 151 ° 21.440 ' E, 1926, A. McKay (AMS C. 51673, 5); 1 km NE Brookside, NE Armidale, 30 ° 28.340 ' S, 151 ° 48.940 ' E, stagnant pools, 03 OCT 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308030, 16); Armidale, 30 ° 31.510 ' S, 151 ° 39.630 ' E, 1926, A. McKay (AMS C. 51672, 20 +; AMS C. 51675, 20 +; AMS C. 51688, 1; AMS C. 100600, 3); same locality, 1926, B. Bradley (AMS C. 51752, 11); same locality, 1988 (AMS C. 307886, 2); 5 km E of Armidale, Grafton Rd, 30 ° 31.840 ' S, 151 ° 42.850 ' E, in dam, 22 OCT 1972, R. Simpson (AMS C. 308015, 20 +); Tributary of Macleay R, Commissioners Water, near Armidale, 30 ° 32.430 ' S, 151 ° 43.690 ' E, in mud and gravel, 12 MAY 1944, H. F. Consett Davis (AMS C. 307852, 1); 5.5 km S Armidale ­ Kelly's Plains Rd, 30 ° 32.910 ' S, 151 ° 38.080 ' E, weedy pool, 09 NOV 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308025, 20 +); SW of Armidale, S of Uralla on Uralla Rd, Dangars (= Uralla) Lagoon, 30 ° 41.240 ' S, 151 ° 30.040 ' E, edge of lagoon, 10 APR 1973, R. Simpson (AMS C. 332523, 7); Gostwyck Stn, SE Uralla, 30 ° 41.550 ' S, 151 ° 35.200 ' E, 16 SEP 1940, L. Whitten (AMS C. 307865, 20 +); 6 km E Gostwyck, 33 km S of Armidale, 30 ° 42.770 ' S, 151 ° 39.100 ' E, temporary weedy pond, 20 OCT 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308016, 20 +); Frizzly Ck (= Frizzly Swamp), 20 km S Uralla, 30 ° 49.400 ' S, 151 ° 32.500 ' E, weedy pools, 11 NOV 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308022, 20 +); 13 km NW Walcha­Wollun, 30 ° 53.970 ' S, 151 ° 30.140 ' E, weedy pools, 11 NOV 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 308019, 20 +); 0.8 km N of Emu Ck, E of Walcha, 30 ° 56.220 ' S, 151 ° 56.220 ' E, weedy pool in spring, top of dam, 03 FEB 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 332883, 14); Emu Ck, E of Walcha, 30 ° 56.570 ' S, 151 ° 42.340 ' E, under rock at edge of Ck, 03 FEB 1972, G. Witten (AMS C. 332885, 20 +); MacDonald R, 5 km S Walcha Rd, 30 ° 59.550 ' S, 151 ° 23.000 ' E, weed bed of river (Valisnen's), 11 JAN 1973, G. Witten (AMS C. 308026, 1); Rocky Gully, 7.5 km S of Walcha, 31 ° 3.050 ' S, 151 ° 35.000 ' E, small stream, 11 JAN 1973, G. Witten (AMS C. 308028, 20 +); Tamworth, 31 ° 6.120 ' S, 150 ° 55.490 ' E, 1891, C. T. Musson (AMS C. 307867, 8); Scone, 32 ° 3.000 ' S, 150 ° 52.000 ' E, 1941 (AMS C. 307899, 20 +), same locality, J. Brazier (ANSP, 27223, several); N of Riverstone, off Windsor Rd, 33 ° 38.700 ' S, 150 ° 51.300 ' E, 15 JUN 1980, M. Shea (AMS C. 307889, 1); Windsor Rd, Box Hill, 33 ° 39.720 ' S, 150 ° 52.650 ' E, in Ck, 1971, N. J. Campbell (AMS C. 307851, 15); South Hornsby, unnamed Ck, 33 ° 43.200 ' s, 151 ° 6.000 ' e, 24 FEB 1975 (AMS C. 401250, 1); Eastern Ck, 33 ° 45.000 ' S, 150 ° 52.000 ' E, 1900 (AMS C. 307856, 16); Eastern Ck, Rooty Hill, 33 ° 46.000 ' S, 150 ° 50.000 ' E, 1875, J. Brazier (AMS C. 110159, 4; Macleay Mus. A. 69; AMS C. 171073, 6); Rooty Hill, 33 ° 46.300 ' S, 150 ° 50.600 ' E, 1877 (AMS C. 307866, 3); Parramatta (and Eastern Ck), 33 ° 47.500 ' S, 150 ° 57.000 ' E, 1877 (AMS C. 307853, 12); near Eastern Ck, on Great Western Highway, 33 ° 47.530 ' S, 150 ° 51.730 ' E, in small, sluggish creek, 09 OCT 1975, W. F. Ponder & P. H. Colman (AMS C. 412622, 20 +); tributary of Eastern Ck on private rd to Wallgrove Quarry, off Old Wallgrove Rd, 33 ° 48.620 ' S, 150 ° 50.730 ' E, reeds, roots & substrate, 26 FEB 1997, A. C. Miller (AMS C. 203392, 20 +); Parramatta, 33 ° 49.000 ' S, 151 ° 1.000 ' E, 1900 (AMS C. 307860, 6); same locality, JAN 1905, A. P. Schrader (AMS C. 307870, 11); Sydney W, Parramatta, 33 ° 49.000 ' S, 151 ° 1.000 ' E, in pond, 1912 (AMS C. 307874, 7); Mulgoa, 33 ° 50.000 ' S, 150 ° 39.000 ' E, in ponds, 1912 (AMS C. 307869, 20); Mulgoa Ck, Mulgoa, near bridge on Kings Hill Rd, 33 ° 49.950 ' S, 150 ° 39.490 ' E, in weeds, 17 APR 1988, G. A. Clark (AMS C. 332866, 20 +; AMS C. 307863, 20 +); Littlefields Ck at Mulgoa Rd crossing, Mulgoa, 33 ° 50.000 ' S, 150 ° 39.200 ' E, 04 MAY 1980, M. Shea, O. L. Griffiths & C. Urquhart (AMS C. 307855, 23); Mulgoa, Mulgoa Ck at road crossing, 33 ° 50.000 ' S, 150 ° 40.000 ' E, 04 MAY 1980, M. Shea (AMS C. 346193, 20); same locality, FEB 1993, M. Shea (AMS C. 320195, 5); Kemps Ck, Kemps Ck (Bonnyrigg), off Elizabeth Drive, under bridge, 33 ° 52.970 ' S, 150 ° 48.030 ' E, 12 APR 1975, C. Wallace (AMS C. 332859, 20 +); Lackey Rd Dam, St John's Park, Fairfield, W of Sydney, 33 ° 53.000 ' S, 150 ° 54.000 ' E, JAN 1956, Hamilton & Pearson (AMS C. 307875, 20 +); Duncans Ck, S of Wallacia, 33 ° 54.010 ' S, 150 ° 38.440 ' E, 06 MAR 1975 (AMS C. 332890, 20 +); Cabramatta Ck, SW Sydney, 33 ° 55.350 ' S, 150 ° 54.300 ' E, 1950 (AMS C. 307868, 6); Ingleburn, SW Sydney, 34 ° 0.000 ' S, 150 ° 52.000 ' E, 21 JAN 1941 (AMS C. 202843, 16); Ingleburn, Myrtle Ck, 34 ° 30.000 ' S, 149 ° 50.000 ' E, 24 FEB 1975 (AMS C. 401249, 16); Georges R near Ingleburn, 34 ° 0.500 ' S, 150 ° 53.230 ' E, NOV 1952, F. E. Allen (AMS C. 307871, 3); tributary of Bunbury Curran Ck, Ingleburn, 34 ° 59.840 ' S, 150 ° 52.080 ' E, 24 FEB 1975 (AMS C. 332871, 20 +); Sydney, Blair Athol, approx 200 m past junction of Mossberry & The Kraal Drive, 34 ° 3.867 ' S, 150 ° 47.833 ' E, small dry creek, 25 JUL 2000, S. A. Clark (AMS C. 401242, 6); Camden Park, 34 ° 5.430 ' S, 150 ° 43.070 ' E, 1912 (AMS C. 307854, 20 +); Campbelltown, Menangle, 34 ° 7.700 ' S, 150 ° 44.700 ' E, waterhole, 28 JAN 1941 (AMS C. 381624, 16); Glenfield, unnamed creek, 33 ° 58.000 ' S, 150 ° 54.000 ' E, 24 FEB 1975 (AMS C. 401248, 2); Trib of Bargo R, ca. 4.1 km from Picton Rd on Menangle Rd, 34 ° 10.720 ' S, 150 ° 40.880 ' E, in algal mat & base of reeds & on substrate, 26 FEB 1997, A. C. Miller (AMS C. 352373, 20 +); near intersection of Picton Rd & Menangle Rd, Maldon, 34 ° 11.510 ' S, 150 ° 37.930 ' E, edge of pond, 11 JUL 1995, M. V. Jones & S. M. Ridge (AMS C. 309414, 1).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2363FFE7FECCFE9ACF51B2C5.taxon	description	Description Shell (Figs 1 A, C­H; 2 A­E, 3 A­E) of moderate size (up to 7.4 mm in length), conic to ovate­conic, with up to 5 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 whorls, smooth except for traces of exceedingly fine spiral striae. Some specimens with 5 ­ 6 low, weak spiral ridges on last whorl (e. g., Fig. 2 A). Teleoconch smooth except for fine collabral growth lines; base evenly convex; umbilicus very small and narrow or closed in adults and juveniles. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome thin; outer lip slightly prosocline. Opaque to semi­translucent; periostracum thin to well­developed, pale yellowish­white to dark brown. Dimensions. See Table 1 for dimensions of type material and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Figs 4 A­E) typical of genus. Ovate, flat to very slightly concave, yellowish­white to brown, sometimes slightly translucent, concentric growth ridges mainly indistinct, a few very distinct; inner surface with muscle scar weakly pustulose to pitted. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 5 A­F) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 4 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.5 longer than adjacent cusps and its base subequal to slightly wider; median cusp initially parallel­sided or very slightly tapering, distally tapering to sharp point. Face of central tooth with 3 ­ 4 pairs of cusps that extend just inside lateral margin forming denticulate ridge, inner pair much larger than others, large (about 0.2 total height of tooth); lateral margins straight to slightly concave, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue narrow, long, prominent, usually with pointed end (sometimes rounded). Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2 + 1 + 3 ­ 4 (usually 3); with cutting edge about 0.35 ­ 0.47 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp to about 1.5 length of adjacent cusps, pointed to rounded; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 50 ­ 65 º to cutting edge, lateral edge straight to slightly concave. Inner marginal teeth with about 17 ­ 23 cusps, outer marginals with 10 ­ 18 small cusps. Head­foot with dark grey to black snout, tentacles grey to unpigmented, dorsal foot and opercular lobe dark grey, base of penis pale grey. Mantle roof black with small round white blotches giving it a mottled appearance, uniformly black or grey in some. Mantle edge grey to unpigmented. Visceral coil usually black dorsally. Anatomy. Gill (Fig. 6 A, E) with apices from very close to right edge in posterior two thirds, usually apices up to about third gill width in anterior third, sometimes up to about third gill width from right along entire gill; 42 ­ 62 filaments (n = 7). Osphradium opposite middle of gill to slightly posterior of middle. Penis (Fig. 7 I, J) with accessory lobe from about two thirds length of penial lobe to subequal in length, end of accessory lobe swollen, sucker­like; accessory gland long. Pallial oviduct with capsule gland narrower than, and slightly longer to nearly twice as long as, albumen gland. Bursa copulatrix on inner ventral wall of capsule gland, about quarter to nearly third height of capsule gland, extending to posterior pallial wall (Fig. 8 A) (AMS C. 332866, AMS C. 203392, AMS C. 352373, AMS C. 332885, AMS C. 308028).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2363FFE7FECCFE9ACF51B2C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 9) and habitat. South east Queensland to mid NSW (south of Sydney), with most records from western Sydney and the New England tablelands, including the western slopes as far west as the vicinity of Narrabri (149 º 46 ’ E). Lives in mud in shallow water in ponds, farm dams, swamps and sluggish creeks, including temporary water bodies.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2363FFE7FECCFE9ACF51B2C5.taxon	discussion	Remarks The long established name Gabbia australis Tryon is, unfortunately, superseded by two Frauenfeld names. These two names were listed by E. A. Smith (1882), Tate and Brazier (1881: 563) and Tate (1896: 210 ­ 211). Iredale (1943), surprisingly, did not list or comment on these names, and they have not appeared in Australian literature since, including the catalogue of non­marine molluscs by Smith (1992). Tate and Brazier (1881) listed these names as dating from Frauenfeld 1865, although they cited the page numbers in the 1862 paper. Tate (1896: 210 ­ 211) noted that “ Mr Brazier has communicated to me his opinion that B. schraderi, Fld., and B. australis are one and the same; but as Frauenfeld's diagnosis, … 1862, was unaccompanied by figures and without comparison with any other species, except his B. vertiginosa, to which the same criticisms are applicable, and which may after all be only an elate form, of a composite species, the question of priority in respect to exact definition may reasonably be raised. Frauenfeld did not figure his two species till late in 1865, whereas the publication of Tryon's species is dated July, 1865. ” Both species names were, however, validly introduced in 1862, before any other Australian bithyniids were named. Examination of the type material suggests that both species are conspecific with G. australis Tryon. The populations in the vicinity of Armidale (New England district) were separated as distinct by Iredale (1944: 116) because “ the Sydney shell, measuring about a quarter of an inch [= 6.3 mm] in height and one­sixth [4.2 mm] in breath, is smaller and narrower than the form figured from Armidale, which may be called Gabbia australis suspecta, subsp. nov., the type measuring 7 mm. by 5 mm. ” [width / length ratios both 0.7]. Despite Iredale's subterfuge of resorting to different units of measurement, the differences are insignificant (see also Fig. 10 A). Iredale’s observation that the New England form is broader than the Sydney form is generally true but there is no clear­cut separation, even within the type material of suspecta (see Fig. 1 C, D). The difference is also reflected when the measurement data is subjected to a discriminant function analysis, the specimens from the two areas being correctly classified with only 73 % success. The Sydney and New England populations are also separated by a gap in the distribution records. There are no recent records from the Hunter Valley and no records between there and northern and western Sydney. Whether this gap is a collecting artefact or real is uncertain, as suitable habitats for bithyniids have not been particularly well sampled in the intervening area. While the differences between the Sydney and New England forms are not judged significant here, this conclusion requires further testing with molecular data. Specimens on the western slopes of the divide in the New England area are sometimes difficult to separate from G. campicola n. sp. but the radulae of three such populations (AMS C. 319907, AMS C. 308017, AMS C. 308020) are characteristic of G. vertiginosa. Two measured western populations near Guyra differ slightly from the other populations (Appendix, Table 29). One lot (AMS C. 332890) from western Sydney is atypical and not included in the above description. The shell (Fig. 2 E, 3 C­E) has minute spiral wrinkles and, while the radula is similar in shape to other material of G. vertiginosa examined, it has different cusp details: central teeth with 2 ­ 3 basal cusps (instead of 3 ­ 4), lateral teeth with 8 ­ 9 cusps (instead of 6 ­ 8); and the inner and outer marginal teeth with 15 ­ 21 (cf. 17 ­ 27) and 7 ­ 13 (cf. 10 ­ 18) cusps respectively. Bithinia australis Smith, 1882 was included in the synonymy of G. australis Tryon by Tate (1896) and Smith (1992), along with the replacement names, B. smithii Tate, 1882 and B. tryoni Smith 1887, although Iredale (1943) correctly listed smithii as a separate species (as Gabbia smithii). Smith (1992) included G. centralia Iredale, 1943 as a synonym of G. australis Tryon but it is here considered a synonym of G. iredalei Cotton, 1942 as indicated by Cotton (1943). This rather variable taxon (see Fig. 2 A­E) has a smooth ovate­conic to conic shell, with convex whorls. A few specimens have weak spiral ridges on the last whorl and this character is variably developed within single samples, with other specimens being completely smooth. Several species described below have a similar shell to G. vertiginosa and are differentiated in the remarks under those taxa. The head­foot, penis, operculum and radula have been figured by Ponder & DeKeyzer (1998, fig. 15.116 B­E). McKay (1926) found that 25 % of a laboratory population survived for more than 200 days out of water but, surprisingly, no other published information on the ecology and biology of this species is available.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2371FFE5FECCFCB2CF8FB626.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Types: Holotype of G. iredalei; other topotypic material from Horn Expedition (MV F. 54870; MV F. 54829; AMS C. 2151). Other material: Queensland: Goyder Lagoon Dam, AMS C. 45 miles S of Birdsville, 26 ° 53.817 ' S 138 ° 57.050 ' E, 22 MAY 1975, J. Blyth, (AMS C. 417602, 20 +).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2371FFE5FECCFCB2CF8FB626.taxon	description	Northern Territory: Finke Gorge, Central Australia, 23 ° 43.800 ' S, 132 ° 39.700 ' E, 1912, W. B. Spencer (MV F 751, 3). South Australia: Storm Ck, near Oodnadatta, 27 ° 17.000 ' S, 135 ° 29.000 ' E, 1897, W. B. Spencer (MV F 54829, 2), same locality, “ waterfall ”, 1912, W. B. Spencer (MV F 54870, several); Neales R, near Oodnadatta, 27 ° 33.000 ' S, 135 ° 27.000 ' E, MAY 1894 (AMS C. 2151, 2); NW Branch of Coopers Ck, 27 ° 30.000 ' S, 140 ° 9.000 ' E, ephemeral pool, 18 FEB 1987, J. T. Puckridge (SAM TD 14431, 6). Description Shell (Figs 1 B, 2 F) of moderate size for genus (up to 7.9 mm in length), ovate­conic, with up to about 4.6 convex whorls. Protoconch not examined. Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral striae; base evenly convex; umbilicus closed (represented by a chink) to narrowly open. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome thickened on inner lip in adults; outer lip prosocline, thickened slightly within in adults; adults with one or a few varices. Shell opaque to slightly translucent; periostracum thin to moderate, yellow­brown to brown. Dimensions. See Table 2 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 4 F) typical of genus. Ovate, yellowish­white, with few, distinct concentric growth ridges; inner surface not examined. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 5 G, H) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 short, rather blunt cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.3 ­ 1.4 longer and its base wider, than adjacent cusps; median cusp broadly triangular, tip bluntly pointed. Face of central tooth with 4 ­ 6 pairs of cusps that extend just inside lateral margin forming denticulate ridge, inner pair much larger than others, sharp and large (about half total height of tooth); lateral margins straight, at about 60 º; basal tongue long, narrow. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 + 1 + 3; with cutting edge about 0.4 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp about 1.4 length of adjacent cusps, triangular, bluntly pointed; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 60 º to cutting edge, lateral edge distinctly concave with angle. Inner marginal teeth with about 16 ­ 20 cusps, outer marginals with 8 ­ 11 cusps. Head­foot and anatomy not examined. Distribution (Fig. 9) and habitat. Central Australia, in pools and waterholes in temporary creek beds. One record from a dam. Remarks This species differs from G. vertiginosa (which is restricted to the eastern parts of the northern half of NSW and southern­most coastal Queensland), in having a more inflated shell which has a larger last whorl (and hence aperture) and very small to (usually) absent umbilicus. While variation is encountered in both taxa, most specimens can usually be separated on shell characters. The radula of a topotypic specimen is similar to that of G. vertiginosa but differs in the cutting edge of the central teeth being narrower, and the cusps shorter and blunter (narrowly triangular rather than finger­shaped). The outer marginal teeth have fewer cusps (8 ­ 11 compared with 10 ­ 18) and the median cusps on the lateral and central teeth are only slightly larger than the adjacent cusps. The outer edges of the lateral teeth are sharply bent (Fig. 5 G), whereas in G. vertiginosa it is slightly concave to nearly straight. Hedley (1896) illustrated the radula of one of the topotypes and, although his drawing is rather crude, it shows the same bent outer edge of the lateral teeth. His illustration incorrectly shows many small cusps on the lateral teeth (up to about 18). Smith (1992) treated G. centralia as a synonym of Gabbia australis (= G. vertiginosa) but listed G. iredalei under Incertae sedis although the synonymy of these two taxa was previously correctly noted by Cotton (1943). Cotton (1942) gave the dimensions as 7 mm x 5.5 mm, and his species was distinguished from G. australis (p. 127) by its “ general shape and comparatively greater width. ” Cotton's material was, although he did not state it, based on specimens collected by the Horn Expedition (Tate, 1896). Almost at the same time Iredale (1943) introduced the name Gabbia centralia, which Smith (1992: 32) treated as a nomen nudum. However, Iredale (1943: 206) states “ As pointed out by Tate, the Centralian shell is larger. ”, a statement that could be construed as “ differentiating the taxon ” (ICZN, Art. 13.1.1). Fortunately the question of the validity of Iredale's name is unimportant because of Cotton's prior name and because both names are based on the same material from the Horn Expedition, in which only a single species is found. Hedley (1896: 221) incorrectly described the operculum of topotypes as seeming “ corneous instead of calcareous ”. Tate (1896: 211) noted that the northern South Australian specimens collected by the Horn Expedition reached a larger size than the east coast New South Wales material with which they otherwise “ fairly agree ”. This species is capable of surviving for long periods sealed in its shell. Hedley (1896: 220) recorded specimens in mud from central Australia reviving promptly after being placed in water after “ more than a year ”. A similar observation was noted by Spencer (1896: 16) who reported that specimens collected in the bed of a dried up water hole and kept in a tin match box were alive 15 months later. Specimens from a small sample from southeast South Australia in the vicinity of Naracoorte (Yelloch Ck, at Wattonbully Rd, South Australia 37 ° 1.000 ' S, 140 ° 53.000 ' E, 22 OCT 1998, C. Madden [AMS C. 405556, 6] ­ see Fig. 9; Appendix, Tables 29, 30) have a similar shell to G. iredalei. The radula differs from topotypic material of G. iredalei but there is insufficient material to determine whether or not these specimens represent a distinct taxon and it is tentatively referred to as G. aff. iredalei	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2373FFDFFECCF992CFA9B595.taxon	etymology	Etymology Campus ­ Latin ­ field, plain. cola ­ Latin ­ dweller, inhabitant. Type material 5.5 km S of turnoff to Thornwood HS, NE of Nyngan, NW of Warren on road to Carinda, NSW, 31 ° 3.500 ' S, 147 ° 29.100 ' E, amongst sedges and macrophytes, 16 SEP 1996, W. F. Ponder & A. Kornuishin (Holotype AMS C. 417664, paratypes AMS C. 332829, 110 wet, 5 dry 3 on SEM stubs; QM 71719, 5; NTM P 21380, 4). Additional material examined Queensland: Red Falls, on Lolworth R 19 ° 56.000 ' S, 145 ° 44.000 ' E, basalt wall, AUG 1981, F. S. Colliver (QM MO 13176, 6); on road between Nebo & Mackay, 21 ° 23.550 ' S, 148 ° 56.330 ' E, in mud on edges of swamp, 12 SEP 2000, W. F. & J. M. Ponder (AMS C. 386131, 1); 20 km S of Funnel Ck, S of Sarina, 21 ° 35.000 ' S, 149 ° 12.000 ' E, brigalow scrub, mud under leaves in deep depressions, 28 MAY 1977, I. Loch, P. Colman & R. Creese (AMS C. 307898, 20 +); Nebo, Ca. 30 km SW at Mt Flora Stn, 21 ° 53.083 ' S, 148 ° 35.417 ' E, Eucalypt woodland / brigalow ­ on ground, 23 JUL 1994, J. Stanisic, D. Potter, G. Ingram & C. Eddie (QM MO 54307, 7); Dipperu NP, S of Nebo, 21 ° 56.000 ' S, 148 ° 42.000 ' E, SEP 1971, Baldwin (QM MO 26515, 1); Western R, 0.2 km S of Winton, 22 ° 23.000 ' S, 143 ° 2.000 ' E, on weeds in channels, AUG 1983, G. Knight (QM MO 57226, 2; QM MO 57223, 4); 0.2 km S of Winton on Jundah Rd, 22 ° 23.550 ' S, 143 ° 2.460 ' E, mud along edge of bore drain, 20 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 327895, 8); SW of Barcaldine, 7 km E of Landsborough Hwy, rd to Rosemont, 23 ° 49.500 ' S, 145 ° 22.000 ' E, in bore fed ck at roadside, 27 SEP 1984, W. F. Ponder & P. H. Colman (AMS C. 308009, 13); Cluny, 24 ° 32.000 ' S, 139 ° 37.000 ' E, from flood plain, 25 AUG 1978, B. R. Jahnke (QM MO 57227, 5); Retreat Stn, 25 ° 12.000 ' S, 143 ° 16.000 ' E, temporary water in paddock, 30 MAR 1982, B. J. Smith (MV F 54869, 19); between Cunnamulla and Charleville, 28 ° 1.130 ' S, 145 ° 44.930 ' E, in mud in water, 17 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 318702, 20 +; AMS C. 351062, 2; AMS C. 347629, 2); W of Eulo on S side of road, 28 ° 8.750 ' S, 144 ° 57.000 ' E, 04 SEP 1984, W. F. Ponder & P. H. Colman (AMS C. 307893, 25); spring at Tunga Bore near Mt Tunga ca 43 km WSW of Eulo, 28 ° 13.000 ' S, 144 ° 38.000 ' E, in boulder strewn creek, 06 SEP 1984, W. F. Ponder & P. H. Colman (AMS C. 308010, 20 +); Binya Stn, 70 miles S of Cunnamulla, 29 ° 4.000 ' S, 145 ° 41.000 ' E, in ditch from bore, 05 DEC 1980, C. Roper (AMS C. 307882, 15); Bore no. 1, Binya bore drain, Binya Sheep Stn, 29 ° 4.000 ' S, 145 ° 41.000 ' E, 05 DEC 1980, C. Roper (USNM 803665, many; C. 344345); 3.5 miles N of bore no. 1, Binya Sheep Stn, 29 ° 4.000 ' S, 145 ° 41.000 ' E, 07 DEC 1980, C. Roper (USNM 803667, 5).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2373FFDFFECCF992CFA9B595.taxon	description	New South Wales: Moppin­Aveymore Rd, ca. 400 m S of junctn at Dolgelly Bore, 28 ° 53.433 ' S, 149 ° 51.500 ' E, 29 NOV 1999, L. Wilkie, R. Harris & T. Moulds (AMS C. 417764, 1); Boxflat near Brindingabba Ck N. of Bindra Stn, NW of Bourke, 29 ° 2.611 ' S, 144 ° 49.571 ' E, 20 MAY 1994, P. H. Colman & J. Kelly (AMS C. 303294, 2); NW of Bourke, Bloodwood Stn, via Yantabulla, 29 ° 32.000 ' S, 144 ° 55.000 ' E, pool (AMS C. 203379, 20 +); Bloodwood Stn, Bells Ck, lower Crescent Pool, 29 ° 33.000 ' S, 144 ° 52.000 ' E, 01 MAR 1998, B. Timms (AMS C. 346352, 20 +); Bullaroon Stn., off Mitchell H'way N. of Bourke, 29 ° 40.632 ' S, 146 ° 9.476 ' E, black soil floodplain, 19 MAY 1995, P. H. Colman & J. Kelly (AMS C. 305358, 20 +); Merah North, small pool in small stream gully on E side of village, 30 ° 12.000 ' S, 149 ° 18.000 ' E, on surface of mud amongst sedges etc., 17 SEP 1996, W. F. Ponder & A. Kornuishin (AMS C. 327926, 20 +). Description (based on type material only, other than anatomy) Shell (Figs 2 G­K, 3 F­I, 13 A, B) moderately large (up to 8.3 mm in length), ovate­conic to conic, of up to about 5 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 smooth whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral growth lines and extremely minute, irregular spirally orientated, short wrinkles (visible only with SEM); base evenly convex; umbilicus usually closed (represented by small chink), sometimes perforate and very small. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome weakly thickened on inner lip, outer lip slightly thickened within in adults, prosocline. Colour: shell opaque to transparent, periostracum thin, yellow­brown, edge of outer lip dark brown. Dimensions. See Table 3 for dimensions of holotype and figured paratype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 4 G­I) typical of genus. Ovate, semitranslucent white, concentric growth ridges distinct; inner surface sculptured with small, closely­spaced pustules. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 11 A­G; 16 B, C) typical of genus. Central teeth with 4 (­ 5) cusps on either side of median cusp which is about equal in length to lightly longer than adjacent cusps and its base is about as wide to slightly wider; median cusp triangular to short finger­shaped. Face of central tooth with 3 ­ 4 pairs of cusps that extend just inside lateral margin forming short denticulate ridge, inner pair much larger than others, sharp, rather small (about 0.14 total height of tooth); lateral margins strongly concave, upper part at about 70 ­ 75 º, lower part at about 50 ­ 55 º; basal tongue long, narrow, bluntly pointed. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 ­ 4 + 1 + 4 ­ 5; with cutting edge about 0.36 ­ 0.40 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to about twice as long as adjacent cusps, tapering and pointed; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 60 ­ 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge concave. Inner marginal teeth with 16 ­ 20 cusps, outer marginals with 9 ­ 12 cusps. ­ G. cf. rotunda. Head­foot with snout and bases of tentacles usually weakly to strongly pigmented pale to dark grey; tentacles, if pigmented, grey with unpigmented edges and 1 ­ 2 narrow dark longitudinal lines or unpigmented with median grey line. Foot and opercular lobes unpigmented to grey. Mantle roof dark to pale grey, rarely unpigmented, mottled with white spots. Visceral coil sometimes black dorsally. Anatomy. Gill with apices at or very near right edge except at anterior third where they are at fifth to third gill width from right; 50 ­ 75 filaments (n = 5). Osphradium opposite middle of gill to slightly anterior to middle. Penis (Fig. 7 A, D) with accessory lobe shorter than penial lobe to subequal, with distal swelling; accessory gland short to medium length. Pallial oviduct similar to G. vertiginosa but with very narrow (less than a quarter of height of capsule gland), latero­ventrally located bursa copulatrix (AMS C. 332829, AMS C. 327926, USNM 803665). Distribution (Fig. 9) and habitat. North western New South Wales and western Queensland south of 19 º. A few lots from coastal Queensland in the vicinity of Mackay are also (somewhat tentatively) assigned to this species. Found in temporary swamps, pools and similar habitats on mud or clay. Remarks This species is found in western parts of northern NSW and in western Queensland. It is characterised by the shell being moderately large, rather thin­shelled with a straightsided spire and in having a mottled (black and white) roof to the mantle cavity. This species is similar to G. iredalei but differs in radular characters. The central teeth of G. campicola have sharper cusps and a shorter pair of inner basal cusps (occupying less than 0.2 of the tooth height compared with about 0.5) and fewer (2 ­ 3 compared with 4 ­ 5) and relatively weaker subsidiary basal cusps, and the lateral edges are typically more strongly concave (although straight to weakly concave in USNM, 803665). Bythinia vertiginosa is also very similar but differs from G. campicola in having a more globose shell and the central and lateral teeth of the radula usually have straight lateral margins. Never­the­less, specimens of the two taxa are often difficult to place using shell characters alone and there is an apparent gradation in shell characters between the two taxa on the western slopes of the Great Divide in the New England area but the radula characters clearly place this material in G. vertiginosa (see above). The penis in G. campicola has a shorter accessory gland than in G. vertiginosa, although it is rather variable in length (Fig. 7 A, D compared with 7 I, J). In addition, G. campicola differs in having a much more weakly pigmented head­foot and, although the mantle roof is usually mottled, it is often not as darkly pigmented as in G. vertiginosa. The description is based on the type material only owing to uncertainty of the allocation to this taxon of some of the material attributed to it. For example, a small lot from Retreat Station in western Queensland (MV F. 54869) has more distinct spiral microsculpture but is otherwise similar (including the radula). Some specimens (typified by AMS C. 318702) have some differences in the central teeth of the radula to the type material of G. campicola including: basal tongue more triangular and sharper; cutting edge more triangular and much more strongly concave on its dorsal margin; basal denticles stronger; and lateral edges only weakly convex to almost straight. They agree in having a pustulate inner side to their operculum. Their shells also lack any distinctive features that separate this material from typical G. campicola and they are here tentatively considered to represent the same species­group taxon. Similar radular features to those seen in AMS C. 318702 are seen in specimens from Binya Stn and vicinity (AMS C. 307882; USNM 803665, 803667), although the basal denticles are more similar to those in the typical material. In addition the median cusps of the central and lateral teeth are about twice as long as the cusps on either side. These have a mottled mantle and a similar shaped shell to G. campicola but it has distinct axial colour lines that are especially noticeable in juveniles, and traces of spiral sculpture are present. The above samples are otherwise not able to be readily differentiated morphologically from G. campicola and are here also treated as varieties of that taxon. The two species appear to abut in their range west of the New England area (see Fig. 9). Further studies are needed to clarify the detail of the distribution of these taxa in this area and whether or not they are always allopatric. Specimens from the Murray R drainage in the vicinity of Kerang, Victoria (10 km W of Kerang, VIC, 35 ° 44.000 ' S, 143 ° 52.000 ' E, standing water on side of road, 27 AUG 1976, B. J. Smith [MV F 54838, 11]; Leaghur Forest, 20 km SW of Kerang, VIC, 35 ° 58.000 ' S, 143 ° 46.000 ' E, 24 MAY 1975, J. McVicar & J. Gilmore [MV F 78762, 2]), have a similar shell that is somewhat intermediate between G. vertiginosa and G. campicola. A single empty shell, also from the Murray­Darling drainage, from the Gwydir R, below Moree (29 ° 25.000 ' S, 149 ° 50.000 ' E, 12 APR 1992 [Murray Darling F / W R. C.]), is also similar to the Kerang material and has traces of spiral sculpture. There is insufficient material to determine whether or not these specimens represent one or two distinct taxa and they are tentatively referred to as G. aff. vertiginosa. A discriminant function analysis using the shell dimensions and the number of whorls of the measured samples (Table 4; Figs 10 B) showed that 89 % of G. iredalei and 83 % of G. vertiginosa were correctly identified with only 35 % of G. campicola specimens being incorrectly placed in both the other two species. When the forms from Victoria and eastern South Australia are included, the results are even less clear cut (Table 5; Fig. 10 C). The difficulty in the assignment of G. campicola reflects the considerable variation in shell morphology in what is considered here to be a single taxon. Given this variation and the considerable geographic range, further analysis involving molecular data may possibly reveal greater taxonomic diversity than recognised here.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2348FFD3FECCFCA8C8EFB550.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after George Kendrick, Western Australian Museum (retired) in recognition of his considerable efforts in collecting the non­marine molluscan fauna of Western Australia. Type material Murchison R Bridge, on Great Northern Highway, WA, 27 ° 49.667 ' S, 114 ° 41.500 ' E, 20 AUG 1968 (Holotype WAM S 10877; paratypes WAM 991 ­ 85, 135 wet, 11 dry, 4 on SEM stub, paratypes AMS C. 203378, 5). Additional paratypes: same locality, 02 MAR 1966, B. R. Wilson & G. W. Kendrick (WAM 1064 ­ 66, 33 wet, 2 dry, WAM 1064 ­ 66, 1) ,, east of bridge, 10 SEP 1975, B. R. Wilson & S. M. Slack­Smith (WAM 8 ­ 96, 672 dry), same locality, 12 AUG 1961, B. R. Wilson & G. W. Kendrick (WAM 42 ­ 96, 66 wet, 2 dry; WAM 7 ­ 96, 5); Murchison R Bridge, in mud, under stones at flood line, 18 SEP 1968 (WAM 38 ­ 96, 99 wet, 3, dry), 03 APR 1974, Landye et al. (USNM 883293, 511 wet, 38 dry), Four Mile Pool, below bridge, rocks and water weeds in shallow, slow river, 01 SEP 1989, V. Kessner (AMS C. 346425, 8). Additional material examined Western Australia: Willie Ck, N of Broome, 17 ° 46.000 ' S, 122 ° 12.000 ' E (MV F 4671, 14); Broome, 17 ° 58.000 ' S, 122 ° 14.000 ' E, 1957 (AMS C. 307895, 5); Fraser R, Bungarragut Pool, 17 ° 23.000 ' S, 123 ° 11.000 ' E, 23 APR 1998, M. Smith (AMS C. 326798, 7); Murchison R, 25 ° 42.000 ' S, 118 ° 6.000 ' E (AMS C. 307877, 7); same locality, 28 MAY 1975, F. Jones (WAM 14 ­ 96, 6), JUL 1963 (AMS C. 382368, 20 +); 32 km W Yallalong Stn HS, Murchison R, 27 ° 25.000 ' S, 115 ° 29.000 ' E, 12 NOV 1979, J. Blyth (MV F 54858, 20 +); Murchison R, Kalbarri Gorge, below Ross Graham Lookout, 27 ° 39.000 ' S, 114 ° 28.000 ' E, 8 MAY 1968, J. L. Bannister (WAM 15 ­ 96, 1); same locality, near river bank, 9 JUL 1967, J. White (WAM 13 ­ 96, 1); Yalgoo, 28 ° 21.000 ' S, 116 ° 41.000 ' E, 1980, I. C. Carnaby (WAM 6 ­ 96) (AMS C. 380779, 7); Arrowsmith R, Arramall Cave, E 22, 29 ° 30.000 ' S, 115 ° 30.000 ' E, in flood debris, 31 MAR 1973, J. Lowry (WAM 17 ­ 96, 4, WAM 18 ­ 96, 5, WAM 10 ­ 96, 1; WAM 12 ­ 96, 1; WAM 16 ­ 96, 1; WAM 11 ­ 96, 3); Arro Swamp, 29 ° 44.000 ' S, 115 ° 10.000 ' E, seasonal swamp, 22 SEP 1999 (AMS C. 405609, 6); near Eneabba, 3 ml W of Lake Indoon, 29 ° 52.000 ' S, 115 ° 9.000 ' E, clay pan, 16 OCT 1976, J. White (WAM 5 ­ 96, 6). Description Shell (Figs 2 L, 3 J) of moderate size for family (up to 6.5 mm in length), broadly­ovate to ovate conic, of up to 4.9 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 smooth whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral growth lines and, in some specimens, numerous very fine spiral lines (not raised as sculpture) present, a few specimens have a few weak, spiral ridges on last whorl; base evenly convex; umbilicus usually narrowly open in adults and juveniles, sometimes closed and chink­like. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome thin to slightly thickened; outer lip prosocline. Colour: shell semitranslucent to transparent, periostracum thin, yellowish­white to reddish­brown. One or a few thin, dark brown, slightly raised varices often present. Dimensions. See Table 6 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 4 J­L) typical of genus. Ovate, white; concentric growth ridges indistinct to distinct; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with small, weak, rather even pustules. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 11 H, I) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 4 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.5 ­ 2.0 longer than adjacent cusps and its base about twice as wide; median cusp initially parallel­sided, distal part papilla­like to almost triangular, tapering to blunt point. Face of central tooth with 3 ­ 4 pairs of cusps that commence well inside lateral edge and move closer to lateral margin ventrally forming separate dentate ridge, inner pair about twice as large as adjacent cups, rather small (about 1 / 7 total height of tooth); lateral margins concave, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue broad, rounded. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2 ­ 3 + 1 + 4 ­ 5; with cutting edge about 0.4 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to nearly twice as long as adjacent cusps, parallelsided with rounded end; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 50 º to cutting edge, straight. Inner marginal teeth with 18 ­ 21 small cusps, outer marginals with 10 ­ 11 cusps. Head­foot unpigmented other than snout (dorsal black), mantle black, mottled with large white spots. Anatomy. Gill with apices at 0.25 ­ 0.3 gill width from right; 66 ­ 75 filaments (n = 2). Osphradium opposite middle of gill. Penis and accessory lobe long and narrow; accessory gland medium length. Pallial oviduct similar to G. vertiginosa but with shorter, wider bursa copulatrix (WAM 42 ­ 96, USNM 883293). Distribution (Fig. 12) and habitat. This species is known mainly from the Murchison R, north of Geraldton, Western Australia, with a few records from the vicinity of Broome. It is often found with the superficially similar Coxiella (Coxielladda) cf. gilesi (Angas 1877) in what is presumably rather saline water. Remarks Gabbia kendricki is similar in shell morphology to G. vertiginosa but differs in usually being narrowly umbilicate. The central teeth of the radula differ in having concave lateral margins and the basal tongue broadly rounded in contrast to the narrow, elongate basal tongue seen in the type species. In addition, the penial accessory gland is shorter and the penis and accessory lobes longer (confirmed in three different lots of specimens) and the gill has the apices at about 0.25 ­ 0.3 from the right side (they are usually closer to, or on the right margin in G. vertiginosa). The pallial oviduct is generally similar except for having a shorter, wider bursa copulatrix. Despite the apparent similarity in shell features, a discriminant function analysis showed that 90 % of specimens of G. kendricki were successfully classified when compared against G. vertiginosa, G. iredalei and G. campicola (Table 7). Available material from the vicinity of Broome is poor and, particularly in view of the markedly disjunct distribution (which in large part can be explained by the intervening Great Sandy Desert), their association with this taxon requires further investigation.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2345FFD6FECCFA27C84FB74C.taxon	etymology	Etymology Pallidus (L.) – pale (pallidula dim.) Type material Unnamed spring near Smokey Ck. near The Springs HS, ca 83 km NNE of Aramac, Qld, 22 ° 12.330 ' S, 145 ° 22.500 ' E, in pool at base of spring, 25 SEP 1984, W. F. Ponder and P. H. Colman (Holotype, AMS C. 417667, paratypes, AMS C. 308007,144 wet, 6 dry, 1 on SEM stub; QM MO 71710, 5). Description Shell (Figs 3 K, 13 C, D) small (up to 4.3 mm in length (type locality only )), ovateconic, of up to 4.2 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.3 whorls, with traces of faint spirals and wrinkles, last 0.3 whorls with weak growth lines. Teleoconch not clearly differentiated from protoconch, sculptured with fine collabral growth lines only; base evenly convex; umbilicus usually closed in juveniles and adults, sometimes very narrowly open. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome slightly thickened (when mature) on inner lip where it is slightly reflected; outer lip thin, prosocline. Colour: shell semi­transparent to subtranslucent, periostracum very thin, colourless to pale yellowish, edge of mature lip yellow. One or two narrow varices sometimes present. Dimensions. See Table 8 for dimensions of holotype and figured paratype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 15 C, D) typical of genus. Ovate, white, concentric growth ridges indistinct or one or two distinct; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with weak pustules and ridges. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 16 A) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 4 (rarely 5) cusps on either side of median cusp; median cusp to about 1.5 length of adjacent cusps and twice as wide, tapering and pointed. Face of central tooth with 2 ­ 4 pairs of cusps that lie well inside lateral margin, inner pair much larger than others, about quarter to third total height of tooth; lateral margins straight to slightly concave, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue long, rather narrow and bluntly pointed. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 ­ 4 + 1 + 3 ­ 5; with cutting edge about half length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to about two thirds length of adjacent cusps, blunt to pointed; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 60 ­ 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge straight to slightly to moderately concave. Inner marginal teeth with 20 ­ 23 cusps, outer marginals with 11 ­ 14 cusps. Head­foot and mantle unpigmented. Anatomy. Gill with apices at about quarter to third gill width from right; 48 ­ 52 filaments (n = 2). Osphradium opposite middle of gill. Penis with accessory lobe slightly longer than penial lobe, not expanded distally; accessory gland medium length. Pallial oviduct similar to G. vertiginosa, with large seminal receptacle embedded in outer wall of albumen gland; bursa copulatrix narrow (about third height of capsule gland), at inner ventral side of capsule gland, extends to posterior end of capsule gland (AMS C. 308007). Distribution (Fig. 9) and habitat. Known only from the type locality, an artesian spring, where it occurs in mud in the pool at the base of the spring. Remarks This species is similar to G. campicola and falls within the distribution of that taxon. Although G. pallidula lacks any distinctive shell features, other than being smaller, that separate it from typical G. campicola, a discriminant function analysis of these two taxa resulted in 100 % successful classification of G. pallidula, although 14 % of G. campicola were incorrectly classified. G. pallidula lacks a pigmented mantle and the gill apices are located further to the left than in G. campicola. In addition, the lateral teeth of the radula have a straighter dorsal margin, the median cusp on the lateral teeth has a rounded end in two of the three specimens of G. pallidula (pointed in all G. campicola examined) and there tend to be more cusps on the marginal teeth. The bursa copulatrix is also wider in G. pallidula than in the examined material of G. campicola. This species also resembles G. fontana n. sp., G. davisi n. sp. and G. rotunda n. sp. and is contrasted in the remarks relating to those taxa. The unpigmented head­foot and mantle has not been seen in any other species in western Queensland other than one lot of G. fontana n. sp. (AMS C. 307906) and one lot of G. campicola (AMS C. 318702).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2343FFCBFECCF9FECF91B42D.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named for Assoc. Prof. Andrew Davis, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia, in appreciation of his companionship and assistance in the field. Type material Lake Huffer Stn, large spring near lake, pool at base of spring, Qld, 22 ° 15.660 ' S, 145 ° 20.430 ' E, in mud, 4 OCT 2002, W. F. Ponder & A. Davis (Holotype, AMS C. 417668; paratypes AMS C. 417617, 414 wet, 5 on SEM stub; QM MO 71711, 10). Description Shell (Fig. 13 E) medium (up to 6.7 mm in length), broadly­ovate­conic, up to 4.6 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.3 ­ 1.5 almost smooth whorls, with traces of extremely fine spiral striae, last half whorl with weak axial threads. Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral growth lines only; base evenly convex; umbilicus narrowly open, wider in juveniles. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome thin; inner lip slightly thickened, outer lip thin, prosocline. Colour: shell opaque to semi­translucent; periostracum pale yellowish to yellowish­brown. A few thin, rather indistinct, pale brown varices sometimes present. Dimensions. See Table 9 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 15 E, F) typical of genus. Ovate, white; with several distinct concentric growth ridges; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with weak pustules. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 16 E, F) typical of genus. Central teeth with 4 ­ 5 cusps on either side of median cusp which is up to about 1.5 length of adjacent cusps and its base up to about 1.5 width; median cusp tapering and pointed. Face of central tooth with 1 pair of prominent cusps about third to nearly half of tooth height; lie inside lateral margin with weakly denticulate ridge representing up to 4 additional rudimentary basal denticles; lateral margins straight to slightly concave, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue rather long, narrow and blunt. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 + 1 + 3 ­ 4; cutting edge slightly less than half length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp about 1.5 length of adjacent cusps, tapering with blunt to pointed end; inner side with excavation at base, upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge strongly concave. Inner marginal teeth with 15 ­ 21 cusps, outer marginals with 8 ­ 9 cusps. Head­foot grey to black except for tentacles distal to eyes. Tentacles unpigmented except for grey stripe in middle. Mantle roof black with small to large, close white spots and patches giving it netted appearance. Visceral coil unpigmented to black dorsally. Anatomy. Gill with apices at about third gill width from right; 55 ­ 61 filaments (n = 3). Osphradium slightly posterior to middle of gill or at middle. Penis (Fig. 7 C) and accessory lobe about equal in length to penial lobe or slightly longer, accessory lobe expanded to markedly expanded distally; accessory gland very long and tightly coiled. Pallial oviduct similar to G. vertiginos, with narrow bursa copulatrix reaching edge of albumen gland (AMS C. 417617). Distribution (Fig. 9) and habitat. Known only from a single spring on Lake Huffer Station in western Queensland where it was found in a small, shallow muddy pool near the head of a large spring and, abundantly, in a large, shallow muddy pool at the base of the spring outflow. Remarks This species closely resembles G. campicola in shell characters and measurements and in radular characters. Its whorls tend to be more convex and it is much more distinctly umbilicate, especially in juveniles which are rather widely umbilicate. Gabbia davisi differs from G. campicola in the gill apices being at about a third of the gill width (compared with on or close to the right edge). It also differs from G. campicola and all other similar species in the accessory prostate being unusually very long, narrow and tangled. The pigmented mantle, long accessory gland and umbilicus separate this species from G. pallidula. Gabbia davisi is found in a spring very near the type locality of G. pallidula, and is contrasted in the remarks under that species. Gabbia fontana n. sp., another spring endemic, is contrasted below under that taxon. Despite the apparent lack of shell differences, a disciminant analysis including all similar species from NE Queensland separates this species reasonably well from G. campicola and other similar taxa (Figs 10 D, 17 A, C; Tables 10, 11).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D235CFFC9FECCFEE2C869B6AE.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named for the Napier Range, western Kimberleys, the type locality. Type material Barnet Cave, NW end of Napier Range, SW facing side of Range, Kimberley, WA, 17 ° 15.000 ' S, 124 ° 42.000 ' E, in matted fine roots and dried algae under overhang of dry Ck bank and under stones in dry Ck bed, 30 AUG 1975, B. R. Wilson & S. M. Slack­Smith (Holotype, WAM S 10978; paratypes WAM 1006 ­ 76, 628 wet, 7 dry, 9 on SEM stubs, AMS C. 337372, 10; WAM 1005 ­ 76, 13; WAM 1004 ­ 76, 1; AMS, AMS C. 337372, 10). Additional material examined Western Australia: Mitchell Plateau, Mertons Ck, 14 ° 47.000 ' S, 125 ° 55.000 ' E, 19 AUG 1986, A. Kirke (WAM 35 ­ 96, 1); tributary of Mitchell R, small stream on rd to Mitchell Falls camping area, 14 ° 49.940 ' S, 125 ° 44.330 ' E, under rocks & in weed in pool, 22 JUN 1999, W. F. Ponder & G. Wilson (AMS C. 371623, 6; AMS C. 371627, 2); Camp Ck, Mitchell Plateau, 14 ° 51.800 ' S, 125 ° 50.000 ' E, 19 AUG 1986, A. Kirke (WAM 45 ­ 96, 8); Drysdale R NP, Worriga Gorge, on Palmoondoora Ck, approx 2 km downstream from Morgan Falls, 14 ° 59.000 ' S, 126 ° 40.000 ' E, leaf litter in wooded & grassy flood scree, 16 AUG 1975, B. R. Wilson (WAM 266 ­ 76, 1); Ning Bing Bore, spring fed creek, 15 ° 14.940 ' S, 128 ° 40.660 ' E, on weed, 28 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 327877, 3; AMS C. 381452, 2); near a cave, 3.5 km S of Ningbing Bore, Ningbing Ranges, E Kimberley, 15 ° 16.470 ' S, 128 ° 40.600 ' E, 26 JUN 1995, V. Kessner (V. Kessner coll'n 24306, 12; AMS C. 318592, 4).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D235CFFC9FECCFEE2C869B6AE.taxon	description	G. cf. napierensis: Whim Ck area, W of Balla, Balla Ck nr NW corner of Mallina Stn, Tanganyika Gold Lease M 47 / 360, 20 ° 45.500 ' S, 117 ° 46.000 ' E, flood plain, 30 MAY 2000, S. Slack­Smith (WAM S 12742, 4; WAM S 12743, 9). Description Shell (Figs 3 L, M, 13 F, G) small (up to 5.1 mm in length), ovate conic, solid, with up to 4.9 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 smooth whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with fine, rather irregular collabral axial threads with traces of very fine spiral threads; base evenly convex; umbilicus closed by thickening behind outer lip. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome moderately thickened; outer lip prosocline. Colour: shell opaque to subtranslucent white; periostracum thin, white to slightly yellowish. Varices usually absent. Dimensions. See Table 12 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 15 G­I) typical of genus. Ovate, slightly concave, opaque, white; concentric growth ridges distinct; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with low, irregular pustules. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 16 G­J) typical of genus. Central teeth with 2 ­ 4 cusps on either side of median cusp which is 1.5 to about twice as long as adjacent cusps and its base nearly twice as wide; median cusp parallel­sided, with papilla­like end. Face of central tooth with 1 ­ 3 pairs of cusps that lie just inside lateral margin forming denticulate ridge, inner pair much larger than others, moderately large (nearly to about half total height of tooth); lateral margins straight, at about 60 ­ 70 º; basal tongue long, narrow. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2 ­ 4 + 1 + 3 ­ 4; with cutting edge about 3.0 ­ 3.7 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp from slightly longer to nearly twice as long as adjacent cusps, tapering to blunt point; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 60 ­ 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge slightly concave to distinctly angled. Inner marginal teeth with 12 ­ 21 cusps, outer marginals with 7 ­ 11 cusps. Animal not examined. Distribution (Fig. 12) and habitat. Kimberleys, north Western Australia mainly in pools in creek beds; sometimes in water flowing from caves. Remarks Gabbia napierensis has a narrow thickened callus behind the inner lip that covers the umbilical chink, a feature not seen in any other Australian bithyniid. In most features it is similar to G. vertiginosa, differing in its more thickened peristome, callosity over the umbilical chink and smaller size. It is also similar to G. obesa n. sp. and is contrasted with that species below (see remarks under G. obesa). Gabbia kendricki is possibly the sister species of G. obesa + G. napierensis. It also has a papilla­like median cusp on the central teeth, but differs in being larger, with a thinner peristome. The cusps on the lateral and marginal teeth are also longer. Shells from Mallina Stn (WAM S 12742, 3) on the northern edge of the Pilbara region, are very similar to G. napierensis but are smaller than typical specimens.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D235FFFCEFECCF91DCE4FB6D5.taxon	etymology	Etymology Rotundus (L.) – round, spherical. Type material Spring on Doongmabulla Stn, ca. 7 km S of Carmichael Ck, ca. 50 km SW Beylando Crossing, Qld, 22 ° 5.449 ' S, 146 ° 14.425 ' E, in small seeps flowing from low mound and in damp mud out of the water., 4 MAY 2001, W. F. Ponder & C. Lydeard (Holotype, AMS C. 417670; paratypes, AMS C. 400139, 731 wet, 2 dry; QM, MO 71712, 10). Additional material examined Queensland: 177.8 km from Marlborough turnoff to inland road, unnamed swampy Ck on Sarina ­ Marlborough Inland Rd, 21 ° 50.890 ' S, 148 ° 55.910 ' E, on edges of creek, in mud and on leaves etc., 12 SEP 2000, W. F. & J. M. Ponder (AMS C. 385439, 20 +). Description Shell (Figs 3 N, O, 18 A, B) of medium size (up to 4.4 mm in length), broadly­ovate to ovate conic, with up to 4.5 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.3 ­ 1.5 smooth whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with very fine collabral close, micro­costae and exceedingly fine close spiral striae; base evenly convex; umbilicus narrowly open in juveniles, usually closed chink in adults or very small if open. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome thin or with inner lip moderately thickened; outer lip slightly prosocline. Colour: shell opaque to semitranslucent; periostracum varies from nearly white through pale yellow to yellow­brown. Several varices usually present, represented by darker, weak, thin ridge. Dimensions. See Table 13 for dimensions of holotype and figured paratypes and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 15 L, M) typical of genus. Ovate, dirty white to brown, with several distinct concentric, sometimes frilled, growth ridges; inner surface with muscle scar sculptured with ill­defined irregular shallow pits and weak, irregular, short ridges. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 21 A­C) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 4 cusps on either side of median cusp which is up to about twice as long as adjacent cusps and its base about a third wider; median cusp elongate­triangular, evenly tapering and sharply pointed. Face of central tooth with 2 ­ 3 pairs of cusps lying just inside lateral margin, inner pair much larger than others, moderate in size (about a third of total height of tooth); lateral margins straight, at about 60 ­ 70 º; basal tongue rather short, bluntly triangular. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 ­ 4 + 1 + 3 ­ 4; with cutting edge about 0.43 ­ 0.50 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp about 1.5 length of adjacent cusps, tapering, pointed; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 60 ­ 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge concave. Inner marginal teeth with 17 ­ 20 cusps, outer marginals with 9 ­ 16 cusps. Head­foot dark grey, snout dark grey with black spots, tentacles grey or with pale grey longitudinal line in middle, otherwise unpigmented. Mantle roof mottled, darker anteriorly. Anatomy. Gill (Fig. 6 D) with apices at about fifth of gill width from right, in some close to right edge in posterior third; 45 ­ 49 filaments (n = 4). Osphradium opposite middle of gill. Penis (Fig. 7 B) with accessory lobe and penial lobe about equal in length, accessory lobe with distal end swollen and sucker­like; accessory gland short. Pallial oviduct not examined (AMS C. 400139). Distribution (Fig. 9) and habitat. Known only from a large, swampy recharge spring on Doongmabulla Station in the catchment of the Belyando and Burdekin Rivers and material from one other locality near Mt White in the Isaac, Mackenzie and Fitzroy River catchments is also tentatively attributed to this species. Both locations lie between 21 ­ 23 ºS in Queensland and are about 277 kms apart. Remarks The description is based on the type material only. The type series is smaller in size than the other lot (AMS C. 385439) which is tentatively attributed to this species from eastern Queensland, which reaches 5.2 mm in length, but otherwise has similar shell features (Fig. 13, H, I, 14 A; operculum Fig. 15 J, K). The radular characters (Fig. 16 K, L) are also similar, other than the lateral margins of the central teeth being weakly concave. The gill has more filaments (60 ­ 62 [n = 2] compared with 45 ­ 49) and the penis and accessory gland are very similar. The new species is similar to G. vertiginosa in radular features but has a smaller, more globose shell with microcostae. It differs from G. campicola in its more globose shell, presence of microcostae and in radular characters (less developed basal cusps, with the second pair much weaker than the innermost, nearly straight lateral margins of the central teeth, and nearly straight to weakly concave dorsal edge to the outer part of the lateral teeth). The shell morphology of G. rotunda is also similar to that of G. iredalei but that species has a much larger shell and has a relatively narrower cutting edge on the central teeth, which bear 4 ­ 6 cusps on the face (compared with 2 ­ 3 in G. rotunda), a shorter basal tongue and the lateral teeth have a more distinctly angled lateral edge. The shell sculpture is reminiscent of G. affinis (see below) but is finer and less regular while the shell of that species is more elongate and the central teeth of the radula have multiple basal cusps. Gabbia pallidula is similar in shell characters to G. rotunda but G. pallidula differs in its very pale shell, narrow umbilicus, unpigmented animal and more prominent secondary basal denticles. There is very fine spiral striae present in G. rotunda which is absent in G. pallidula (and G. fontana n. sp.).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D235BFFC0FECCFEE2CF2DB455.taxon	etymology	Etymology Fons, fontis (L.) – spring. Type material Big Spring, ca 3 km SE of Edgbaston HS, ca 31 km NE of Aramac, Qld, 22 ° 45.083 ' S, 145 ° 25.600 ' E, outflow, 26 SEP 1984, W. F. Ponder & P. H. Colman (Holotype, AMS C. 417672; paratypes, AMS C. 307903, 592 wet, 36 dry, 9 on SEM stubs; AMS C. 307904, 5; AMS C. 307905, 7; QM MO 71713, 8), same data, in small seep (AMS C. 417918, 12), same locality, far end of spring near fence, amongst sedges, 5 MAY 2001, W. F. Ponder & C. Lydeard (AMS C. 401245, 17 wet). Additional material examined Queensland: Springs on Edgbaston Stn, NE of Aramac, QLD: NE group, fenced spring, 22 ° 43.125 ' S, 145 ° 26.230 ' E, on mud, in spring outflow & at edges of outflow, 5 MAY 2001, W. F. Ponder & C. Lydeard, (AMS C. 408298, 20 +; AMS C. 400141, 20 +); near NW edge of springs, fenced spring on east side of track, 22 ° 43.000 ' S, 145 ° 25.633 ' E, middle of spring, 5 MAY 2001, W. F. Ponder & C. Lydeard (AMS C. 401244, 20 +); Little Western Spring, 22 ° 42.91 ' S, 145 ° 25.55 ' E, end of outflow, 26 SEP 1984, W. F. Ponder & P. H. Colman (AMS C. 307906, 20 +), same data, edge of spring (AMS C. 307907, 1); “ Pool 3 ”, near Edgbaston HS, 22 ° 43.16 ' S, 145 ° 26.09 ' E, lower outflow, SEP 1991, P. Unmack (AMS C. 380856, 20 +), same data, middle of spring, SEP 1991, P. Unmack (AMS C. 380860, 20 +), near head of spring (AMS C. 380861, 20 +); Blue Eye Spring, 22 ° 43.19 ' S, 145 ° 26.37 ' E, 30 SEP 1991, P. Unmack (AMS C. 380862, 20 +; AMS C. 380863, 20 +); Goby Spring, 22 ° 45.92 ' S, 145 ° 25.79 ' E, lower outflow, SEP 1991, P. Unmack (AMS C. 380864, 20 +), same data, near head, SEP 1991, P. Unmack (AMS C. 380866, 20 +). Description Shell (Figs 14 B, C, 18 C­F) small to moderate (up to 5.2 mm in length), ovate­conic, of up to about 4 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 whorls, smooth except for extremely minute granules and faint spirals, last half whorl with weak growth lines. Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral growth lines only; base evenly convex; umbilicus widelyopen in juveniles and open in adults. Aperture broadly­ovate; peristome thin; outer lip prosocline. Colour: shell thin, subtranslucent; periostracum pale yellowish­white. Dimensions. See Table 14 for dimensions of holotype and figured paratypes and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 20 A­C) typical of genus. Ovate, white, concentric growth ridges weak, one or two distinct growth ridges rarely present, typically much of outer surface eroded; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with irregular, convoluted grooves and ridges. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Figs 16 D, 21 D­F) typical of genus. Central teeth with 2 ­ 5 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.5 longer than adjacent cusps and its base twice as wide; median cusp tapering to sharp point. Face of central tooth with single pair of prominent cusps (about 0.3 total height of tooth) and, sometimes pair of weak denticles (very rarely 3 rd pair of denticles present); cusp lies well away from lateral margin; lateral margins straight, simple, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue broad, rounded. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2? ­ 3 + 1 + 3 ­ 6; with cutting edge about 0.41 ­ 0.66 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to about twice length of adjacent cusps, tapering, often with convex sides, end blunt to pointed; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 45 ­ 60 º to cutting edge, lateral edge straight to slightly concave. Inner marginal teeth with 15 ­ 24 cusps, outer marginals with 7 ­ 21 cusps. Head­foot unpigmented to dark grey or black except for distal half of tentacles which fade to unpigmented. Penis unpigmented to black. Mantle roof and visceral coil unpigmented to black. Anatomy. Gill (Fig. 6 C) with apices at quarter to third gill width from right; 39 ­ 47 filaments (n = 5). Osphadium opposite middle of gill. Penis (Fig. 7 F, G) with accessory lobe shorter to about equal in length of penial lobe, distal end slightly to moderately expanded, sucker­like; accessory gland short to very short. Pallial oviduct similar to G. vertiginosa but with relatively shorter albumen gland and larger seminal receptacle embedded in centre of ventral part of gland; bursa copulatrix reaching to end of capsule gland (AMS C. 380863, AMS C. 307903, AMS C. 307906, AMS C. 400141). Distribution (Fig. 9) and habitat. This species appears to be restricted to artesian springs on Edgbaston Station near Aramac, western Queensland. A number of other endemic molluscs and fishes have been described from these springs (Ponder and Clark, 1990; Ponder, in press; Brown, 2001; Wager and Unmack, 2000). It lives in the shallow water on the edges of the outflows, or along the damp edges, and can be very abundant. Remarks The shell of G. fontana lacks distinctive sculpture and is thus superficially similar to the species resembling G. vertiginosa (including G. iredalei and G. campicola) but differs from all these in being distinctly umbilicate and in the central teeth of the radula having only two pairs of cusps on their lateral faces, the inner­most being moderately large, the outer pair being minute. G. fontana is also unusual in, when pigmented (the usual condition), the mantle roof is solid black rather than mottled. This species is most similar to G. pallidula, which occurs nearby, in shell shape and size but that species differs in both juveniles and adults being imperforate or very narrowly perforate. In addition, the head­foot and mantle roof of G. pallidula are completely unpigmented whereas in G. fontana they are usually strongly pigmented, often black, although at least one lot (AMS C. 307906) is unpigmented. The central teeth of the radula have only one pair of distinct basal cusps in G. fontana whereas there are at least two in G. pallidula. The two species have similar shell dimensions but discriminate reasonably well (85 %) in a discriminant function analysis (see Fig. 10 D, 17 A; Table 11). Gabbia davisi n. sp., another species found in the Barcaldine Supergroup springs, close to the locality where G. pallidula is found, is discriminated well (95 %) from both species (Figs 17 A; Table 11; see also Fig. 10 D and Table 10). That species differs from G. fontana in having a narrower umbilicus and a much longer accessory gland. Both species usually lack additional pairs of basal denticles but G. fontana does not have the incipient denticles seen in G. davisi. The shell and operculum are often corroded. The opercula that are not corroded do not have the heavy concentric ridges seen in several other taxa that live in temporary wetlands and represent “ rest ” periods (e. g. G. vertiginosa). Similarly, the shells lack varices. The lack of these structures is probably because of the continuity of the artesian spring habitat. The considerable erosion often seen on the outer surface of the operculum in this species is unusual and has not been observed in other taxa. One sample in which the head­foot and mantle roof are unpigmented in all specimens (AMS C. 307906) also has weak denticles on the central teeth of some specimens but is similar to typical G. fontana in other respects.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2356FFC5FECCFB22CD8EB535.taxon	etymology	Etymology Obesus (L.) – fat, corpulent. Type material Harris Lake, S of Burketown on Burketown ­ Normanton Rd, Qld, 17 ° 48.670 ' S, 139 ° 33.360 ' E, on mud and weed, 29 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (Holotype AMS C. 417673; paratypes AMS C. 203380, 447 wet, 104 dry, 2 on SEM stub; AMS C. 417603, 3; QM MO 71714, 12; NTM P 21371, 8). Additional material examined Northern Territory: 2 km S of Bing Bong Stn HS, Gulf of Carpentaria, 15 ° 38.500 ' S, 136 ° 21.330 ' E, 16 APR 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24301, 20 +; VKC 24300, 9; AMS C. 380763, 6; AMS C. 318565, 4 on SEM stubs).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2356FFC5FECCFB22CD8EB535.taxon	description	Queensland: Macadam Ck, East of Gregory Downs Stn, 18 ° 38.400 ' S, 139 ° 11.450 ' E, limestone, 27 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331866, 20 +). Description Shell (Figs 14 D, F, 18 G­J) of small to medium size (up to 5.7 mm in length), broadlyovate, of up to 4.6 strongly convex whorls, sometimes weakly and narrowly shouldered. Protoconch of about 1.3 ­ 1.5 almost smooth whorls, with exceedingly fine spiral wrinkles or granules, last quarter whorl with a few axial threads. Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral growth lines and, in some specimens, some are thickened into weak, irregular riblets; base evenly convex; umbilicus narrowly­open to partially closed in some adults. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome slightly thickened in mature specimens, inner lip forms narrow reflexion partially covering umbilicus; outer lip prosocline. Colour: shell semitranslucent to opaque; periostracum pale yellowish­brown to brown. Dimensions. See Table 15 for dimensions of holotype and figured paratype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 20 D­F) typical of genus. Ovate, white to pale yellow; one or two distinct concentric growth ridges sometimes present; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured weak pustules and pits. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 21 G­M) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 4 cusps on either side of median cusp; medium cusp about 1.5 to twice length, and twice width, of adjacent cusps, triangular, tapering to sharp point, sometimes distal part tapers more rapidly (Fig. 21 I). Face of central tooth with 2 ­ 4 (usually 3) pairs of cusps that lie well inside lateral margin, inner pair much larger than others, about 0.3 ­ 0.4 total height of tooth; lateral margins straight to slightly concave, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue prominent, narrow, with pointed to rounded end. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 ­ 4 + 1 + 3 ­ 5; with cutting edge about half length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to about 1.7 length of adjacent cusps, tapering, with rounded to bluntly­pointed ends; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 60 º to cutting edge, lateral edge straight to slightly concave. Inner marginal teeth with 17 ­ 22 cusps, outer marginals with 8 ­ 11 cusps. Head­foot with snout neck and bases of tentacles grey, foot, siphon opercular lobes unpigmented to pale grey; tentacles unpigmented to very pale grey, with grey central stripe; mantle roof black with white blotches giving it netted to mottled appearance; visceral coil unpigmented to grey­black dorsally. Anatomy. Gill with apices at right side of gill to about third of gill width anteriorly and quarter of width posteriorly; 59 ­ 67 filaments (n = 3). Osphradium opposite middle of gill. Penis with accessory lobe slightly longer to subequal to penial lobe; accessory gland thick, of medium length. Pallial oviduct not examined (AMS C. 203380). Distribution (Fig. 22) and habitat. Flood plains of the Gulf of Carpentaria living in large to small temporary water bodies. Remarks Specimens attributed to this species are from three localities in the flood plains of the Gulf of Carpentaria. One sample is from near Bing Bong, about 754 kms from the type locality. Some specimens from this locality (AMS C. 318565 and VKC 24300) that were collected at the same time are nearly twice as large as the main sample and appear to represent second­year growth adults, while the large number of specimens in the rest of the sample are much smaller, although many have thickened peristomes. The large Bing Bong shells, as well as the small ones, agree closely with specimens from the type locality. Radular characters also generally agree but the cusp counts for the inner marginal are lower (12 ­ 14, compared with 17 ­ 22) in the Bing Bong sample. This species differs from the other smooth­shelled species in being distinctly umbilicate in its smaller stages, the umbilicus narrowing in full­sized specimens and sometimes being almost closed. The whorls are very strongly convex and the shell outline is similar to that of the broadly­ovate forms of G. adusta n. sp. and it is with this species that the relationships of this taxon possibly lie. That species, however, has distinct axial riblets crossed by fine spirals. Gabbia obesa is similar to G. napierensis which also has very fine axial threads, and fine spiral striae, but the axials are more irregular in G. napierensis. Both species have a reduced number of pairs of basal cusps (usually only two well developed, the third, if present rudimentary), and some specimens of G. obesa have a hint of a papilla­like median cusp. Both have a very strong angulation on the inner edge of the lateral tooth, this character differing from G. vertiginosa. G. obesa has a small, open umbilicus and simple to moderately thickened inner lip whereas G. napierensis has a narrow thickened callus behind the inner lip which covers the umbilical chink, a feature not seen in any other Australian bithyniid. In addition, G. napierensis has an opaque, white to yellowish­white shell whereas that of G. obesa is translucent, shining and has a yellow­brown periostracum. The two taxa also tend to differ in shape, although not consistently; G. obesa tends to have a shorter spire and less convex whorls. This species is somewhat similar to short­spired forms of G. smithii but differs in being narrowly umbilicate and even more short­spired, lacks any spiral threads and the radula has two or more (usually three) pairs of prominent basal cusps on the central teeth. This species somewhat resembles G. davisi but has a shorter spire, develops a thicker inner lip and differs in radular characters, in particular the possession of additional pairs of basal denticles.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2353FFC4FECCFA82C85CB725.taxon	etymology	Etymology Tumidus (L.) – swollen. Type material Ngumurra Nawaru (Claud Cave), Kimberley, WA, 18 ° 4.030 ' S, 125 ° 43.900 ' E, 28 JUL 1998, S. Eberhard, (Holotype, WAM, S 10885; paratypes, WAM S 10879, 13; AMS C. 417604, 2). Additional material examined Northern Territory: Limestone Gorge, Gregory Nat Pk, Victoria R Distr., NT, 16 ° 2.700 ' S, 130 ° 22.830 ' E, 30 JUL 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24372, 1; AMS C. 318570, 1).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2353FFC4FECCFA82C85CB725.taxon	description	Western Australia: Resurgence Cave, Kimberley, WA, 18 ° 4.030 ' S, 125 ° 43.900 ' E, 28 JUL 1998, S. Eberhard (WAM S 12736, 20 +). Description Shell (Fig. 18 K) of moderate size (up to 5.5 mm in length), broadly­ovate to ovateconic, with up to 5.2 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral growth lines only; base evenly convex; umbilicus narrow to partially closed in both adults and juveniles. Aperture broadly­ovate; peristome with inner lip slightly thickened, outer lip thin and prosocline. Colour: shell semitranslucent white (“ fresh ”) to opaque white (“ dead ”); periostracum very thin. Dimensions. See Table 16 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum and radula unknown. Distribution (Fig. 12) and habitat. This species is known from only three samples of empty shells. One in the Gregory NP is about 540 km distant from the others but all are inland from the Kimberley region. Two of the samples were found associated with limestone caves and the Gregory NP sample is also associated with limestone in an area where there are extensive caves. None of the material has been collected alive, or even contain the remains of the animal, although some specimens are recently dead. Whether this species lives within the cave system or outside it is unknown. Remarks This species is similar to the smooth­shelled species resembling G. vertiginosa (G. campicola, G. rotunda, G. kendricki, G. pallidula etc.) but differs in having a smaller adult size than some of these species and from all but G. fontana, G. davisi and G. obesa in being narrowly umbilicate. G. tumida separates rather well from the other smooth umbilicate species, with 95 % being correctly classified in a discriminant function analysis. It also separates well from G. smithii while G. napierensis, also from the Kimberley, is classified less successfully (see Fig. 17 B, D; Table 17). This latter species differs from G. tumida in having a smaller, more conic, imperforate shell and the aperture is thicker.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D232DFFB1FECCFD5BCDAEB14A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Types: Lectotype and paralectotypes. Other material: Western Australia: Donnas Drain, Kimberleys, 17 ° 15.183 ' S, 124 ° 41.767 ' E, 20 JUL 1998, S. Eberhard (WAM S 12754, 2); Shelobs Lair, Kimberleys, 17 ° 15.317 ' S, 124 ° 41.750 ' E, 20 JUL 1998, S. Eberhard (WAM S 10880, 8); Munja Stn, Walcott Inlet, 16 ° 19.000 ' S, 124 ° 56.000 ' E, 1943, H. F. Consett Davis (AMS C. 307862, 3; AMS C. 307883, 7); tributary of Mitchell R, small stream on road to Mitchell Falls Camping area, 14 ° 49.940 ' S, 125 ° 44.330 ' E, under rocks and in weed, in pool, 22 JUN 1999, W. F. Ponder & G. Wilson (AMS C. 371700, 20 +); Fossil Downs Stn, E of Fitzroy Crossing, 18 ° 9.000 ' S, 125 ° 47.000 ' E, billabong near water trough and tanks, on Chara, 12 MAY 1978, J. B. Burch & J. Walker (AMS C. 203388, 26); swamp ca. 10 km W of Theda Stn turnoff on Kalumbura Rd, 14 ° 48.310 ' S, 126 ° 25.470 ' E, Cara on soft mud in swampy pools alongside road, 20 JUN 1999, W. F. Ponder (AMS C. 371051, 20 +; AMS C. 371660, 20 +); tributary of Carson R, 14 ° 29.125 ' S, 126 ° 43.311 ' E, pond in dry creek bed, amongst algae, black mud, floating weed, 19 JUN 1999, W. F. Ponder & G. Wilson (AMS C. 371658, 20 +); near Wyndham, Lagoon 1, 15 ° 28.000 ' S, 128 ° 6.000 ' E, 28 NOV 1978, J. A. Stoddart & D. Roberts (WAM 44 ­ 96, 3); swamp, 14 miles S of Wyndham, 15 ° 40.000 ' S, 128 ° 6.000 ' E, from crop of Ibis, 1914 (AMS C. 307873, 20 +); 12 Mile Lagoon, nr Wyndham, 15 ° 29.000 ' S, 128 ° 6.000 ' E, 12 DEC 1977, J. A. Stoddart, S. Slack­Smith & G. R. Allen (WAM 993 ­ 85, 3); Parrys Ck, Pool 2, 15 ° 22.000 ' S, 128 ° 9.000 ' E, 16 DEC 1977, S. Slack­Smith, J. Stoddart, G. Allen (WAM 20 ­ 96, 8); Police Hole nr Wyndham, 15 ° 34.000 ' S, 128 ° 15.000 ' E, in small waterhole under trees, 12 DEC 1972 (WAM 21 ­ 96, 1); Marglu Billabong, Parry Lagoons Nature Reserve, 20 km SE of Wyndham, 15 ° 32.980 ' S, 128 ° 15.600 ' E, 01 JUL 1996, W. F. Ponder & V. Kessner (AMS C. 327888, sev); Parry Lagoons area, S of Wyndham, 15 ° 34.000 ' S, 128 ° 20.000 ' E, mud bottom with lilies, 21 MAY 1978, J. B. Burch & J. Walker (AMS C. 203390, 2); Parry Lagoon Creek Farm, billabong, 15 ° 35.730 ' S, 128 ° 16.660 ' E, black soil lagoon, on weed in shady areas, 28 JUN 1999, W. F. Ponder & G. Wilson (AMS C. 371036, 22); Parry Lagoon Creek Farm, billabong, 15 ° 35.730 ' S, 128 ° 16.660 ' E, black soil lagoon, on weed in shady areas, 28 JUN 1999, W. F. Ponder & G. Wilson (AMS C. 381438, 3); Kununurra ­ Wyndham Rd, 3.9 km from Halls Ck turnoff, stock pond, 15 ° 52.400 ' S, 128 ° 22.300 ' E, mud and gravel, 21 MAY 1978, J. B. Burch and J. Walker (AMS C. 381446, 2); Old Stn billabong, 15 ° 39.980 ' S, 128 ° 41.370 ' E, on weed and substrate, 01 JUL 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 314734, 20 +, AMS C. 399381, 2); Packsaddle Swamp, Kununurra, 15 ° 49.000 ' S, 128 ° 41.000 ' E, 03 JUL 1977, J. A. Stoddart (WAM 997 ­ 85, 21); Argyle Lagoon, Ord R, 16 ° 19.000 ' S, 128 ° 41.000 ' E, OCT 1971, B. R. Wilson (WAM 562 ­ 75, 12; WAM 567 ­ 75, 6); same locality, on water weeds, 7 OCT 1971, B. R. Wilson (WAM 565 ­ 75, 10); near Kununurra, Ord R Diversion Dam, 15 ° 48.000 ' S, 128 ° 42.000 ' E, on banks, 16 OCT 1976, S. Slack­Smith (WAM 19 ­ 96, 3); Ord Irrigation Area, Kununurra, 15 ° 36.000 ' S, 128 ° 45.000 ' E, on Vallisneria in about 2 m water, 01 JUL 1977, J. A. Stoddart (WAM S 10881, 9), same locality, 07 JUL 1977, J. A. Stoddart (WAM S 10882, 29); main supply channel, Ord Irrigation Area, Kununurra, 15 ° 46.000 ' S, 128 ° 43.000 ' E, on Vallisneria, 07 DEC 1977, J. A. Stoddart (WAM 723 ­ 77, 20 +); Pondage Wier, Ord R, Kununurra, 15 ° 46.000 ' S, 128 ° 44.000 ' E, 22 SEP 1979, J. Blyth (MV F 54841, 6, MV F 54862, 20 +); Arm of Lake Argyle at Kununurra (S side of main rd), 15 ° 47.210 ' S, 128 ° 44.260 ' E, 28 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 202832, 20 +); Lake Kununurra, Kununurra, 15 ° 48.000 ' S, 128 ° 44.000 ' E, Lily Pool, on various weeds, 04 JUL 1977, J. A. Stoddart (WAM 996 ­ 85, 2), same locality, 28 NOV 1978 (WAM S 10883, 23).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D232DFFB1FECCFD5BCDAEB14A.taxon	description	Northern Territory: Cockatoo Lagoon, Keep R NP, 15 ° 58.160 ' S, 129 ° 2.530 ' E, 28 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder & V. Kessner (AMS C. 202808, 20 +); Kings Billabong, Victoria Hwy, 15 ° 46.790 ' S, 130 ° 0.870 ' E, on weeds and mud, 27 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 202831, 20 +), same locality, Chara, lilies, 19 MAY 1978, J. B. Burch & J. Walker (AMS C. 337023, 20 +), same locality, 21 MAY 1986, P. H. Colman (AMS C. 151075, 20 +); billabong at side of Victoria Hwy between Timber Ck TS and WA border, 15 ° 45.180 ' S, 130 ° 2.650 ' E, on mud, 27 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 318691, 20 +); Billabong in Dick Ck, nr Victoria Hwy, 16 ° 4.000 ' S, 130 ° 10.000 ' E, 10 DEC 1977, G. R. Allen, S. Slack­Smith & J. A. Stoddart (WAM 487 ­ 79, 12); 5.9 km W of Big Horse Ck in roadside mud hole, 15 ° 35.830 ' S, 130 ° 20.820 ' E, weed washings, 02 JUL 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey, V. Kessner & J. M. Ponder (AMS C. 318692, 20 +); Darkies Hole, Litchfield Stn, 13 ° 22.580 ' S, 130 ° 27.080 ' E, 30 SEP 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24290, 6; AMS C. 318610, 2); Moon Billabong, 5.1 km SW of Litchfield HS, Litchfield Stn, 13 ° 28.080 ' S, 130 ° 28.000 ' E, 1 OCT 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24291, 20 +; AMS C. 318569, 6); Tipperoy Stn, Naenayee Lagoon, 13 ° 50.080 ' S, 131 ° 8.230 ' E, V. Kessner (AMS C. 307292, 20 +), same locality, 27 AUG 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24267, 20 +; AMS C. 318616, 6); lagoon near Douglas R, S of Douglas R Research Farm, 13 ° 51.420 ' S, 131 ° 9.970 ' E, 25 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 327875, 20 +, AMS C. 332846, 20 +); billabong, on road to Larrys Lake Yard on W side of road, 5 km N of Buchanan Hwy, E of Victoria R, 16 ° 18.460 ' S, 131 ° 9.700 ' E, 04 JUL 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, V. Kessner, D. L. Beechey & J. M. Ponder (AMS C. 202830, 14); seasonal billabong, 3.4 km SW of Douglas Daly Research Farm, N of Daly R, NT, 13 ° 51.720 ' S, 131 ° 10.050 ' E, 13 AUG 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24292, 20 +; AMS C. 318623, 6); Fogg Dam, SE of Darwin, 12 ° 34.000 ' S, 131 ° 18.000 ' E, in shallow water, swampy area, on mud and vegetation, 02 MAY 1981, V. Kessner (AMS C. 307881, 20 +, QM MO 11498, 13); same locality, 06 JUN 1976, A. Dartnall & B. J. Smith (MV F 78757, 3; MV F 23331, 7), MAR 1975, R. Pengelly (MV F 54857, 7), on vegetation, in dam and surrounding swamps, 02 MAY 1981, V. Kessner (MV F 54831, 20 +); S of Adelaide R TS, waterhole on side of Stuart Hwy, 12 ° 35.210 ' S, 131 ° 20.480 ' E, 25 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 318700, 20 +, AMS C. 399380, 2); Harrison Dam, 12 ° 35.220 ' S, 131 ° 20.490 ' E, in dense reeds along edge of dam, 24 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 318703, 20 +); small billabong, 6.4 km NW of Marrakai Crossing, W of Adelaide R, 12 ° 53.150 ' S, 131 ° 13.120 ' E, 17 SEP 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24284, 20 +; AMS C. 318622, 6); large billabong 6.8 km NW of Marrakai Crossing, W of Adelaide R, 12 ° 53.750 ' S, 131 ° 12.700 ' E, 17 SEP 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24285, 20 +; AMS C. 318595, 6); Heathers Lagoons, 4.1 km NW of Marrakai Crossing, W of Adelaide R, 12 ° 54.670 ' S, 131 ° 13.870 ' E, 17 SEP 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24283,5; AMS C. 318596, 2), same locality, 3.9 km NW of Marrakai Crossing, 12 ° 54.770 ' S, 131 ° 13.920 ' E, 17 SEP 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24282, 20 +; AMS C. 318608, 6), 3.5 km NW of Marrakai Crossing, 12 ° 55.000 ' S, 131 ° 14.250 ' E, 17 SEP 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24281, 20 +; AMS C. 318572, 5), 12 ° 54.940 ' S, 131 ° 14.200 ' E, in weed, tree roots and in mud, 24 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 322309, 20 +, AMS C. 380556, 20 +); seasonal pond near Adelaide R, W of Marrakai Crossing, 12 ° 55.650 ' S, 131 ° 15.750 ' E, 12 AUG 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24286, 20 +; AMS C. 318597, 10); permanent billabong near Adelaide R, W of Marrakai Crossing, 12 ° 55.670 ' S, 131 ° 15.750 ' E, 12 AUG 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24287, 20 +; AMS C. 318583, 6); small billabong E of Marrakai Crossing, Adelaide R, 12 ° 55.570 ' S, 131 ° 15.920 ' E, 12 AUG 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24288, 20 +; AMS C. 318617, 6); small billabong, E of Owens Lagoon, W of Aelaide R, 12 ° 59.220 ' S, 131 ° 15.330 ' E, 11 MAY 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24279, 20 +; AMS C. 318633, 6); Owens Lagoon, W of Adelaide R TS, 12 ° 59.250 ' S, 131 ° 15.330 ' E, weed and mud mostly away from edge, 24 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 318697, 20 +); Mt Keppler Stn HS, E of Margaret R, 13.4 km NE, 13 ° 1.400 ' S, 131 ° 22.500 ' E, 26 JUL 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24257, 11; AMS C. 318593, 3), same locality, collector and date, 13.5 km NE, 13 ° 1.500 ' S, 131 ° 22.750 ' E (VKC 24258,20 +; AMS C. 318567, 3), 10.8 km NE, 13 ° 2.250 ' S, 131 ° 21.250 ' E (VKC 24259, 10; AMS C. 318643, 2), 10.2 km NE, 13 ° 2.330 ' S, 131 ° 21.070 ' E (VKC 24256, 12; AMS C. 318632, 3), 7.2 km NE, 13 ° 3.970 ' S, 131 ° 20.270 ' E (VKC 24255, 20 +; AMS C. 318566, 6), 7.1 km NE, 13 ° 4.050 ' S, 131 ° 20.270 ' E (VKC 24254, 20 +; AMS C. 318577, 6); 5 km SW, 13 ° 7.330 ' S, 131 ° 14.580 ' E (VKC 24280, 20 +; AMS C. 318634, 6); Ringwood Stn HS, 4.9 km SW, 0.3 km W of Howley Ck, 13 ° 8.150 ' S, 131 ° 19.600 ' E, 10 AUG 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24264, 20 +; AMS C. 318571, 6); 5.2 km SW, 13 ° 8.950 ' S, 131 ° 19.720 ' E (VKC 24262, 20 +; AMS C. 318609, 6), 6 km SW, 13 ° 9.550 ' S, 131 ° 19.550 ' E (VKC 24261, 20 +; AMS C. 318626, 6), 6.5 km SW (Alligator Hole), 13 ° 9.670 ' S, 131 ° 19.430 ' E, (VKC 24260, 20 +; AMS C. 318562, 6), 17 km SW, 13 ° 15.480 ' S, 131 ° 17.670 ' E (VKC 24265, 20; AMS C. 318601, 6); Mt Bundey Stn, 4 km S of Adelaide R TS, E of Stuart Hwy, 13 ° 14.870 ' S, 131 ° 8.170 ' E, 12 AUG 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24289, 20 +; AMS C. 318598,); ca. 7 km S. of Adelaide R along Stuart H'way., 13 ° 15.050 ' S, 131 ° 6.500 ' E, in muddy pool alongside road, 29 AUG 1994, W. F. Ponder, G. Wilson & V. Kessner (AMS C. 327886, sev); lagoon at Smith Point, Cobourg Peninsula, 11 ° 7.000 ' S, 132 ° 8.000 ' E, open water, 3 JUN 1976, J. Burch, W. Ponder & D. Feughelman (AMS C. 401247, 1); 45 km S of Katherine, 14 ° 54.000 ' S, 132 ° 13.720 ' E, 05 MAY 1978, V. Kessner (AMS C. 307891, 1); Katherine Abbattoir, 14 ° 30.090 ' S, 132 ° 13.720 ' E, stagnant effluent dam, mud bottom, 10 JUN 1976, J. Burch, W. Ponder & D. Feughelman (AMS C. 307890, 20 +); Corndorl (= Corndal) Billabong, 12 ° 37.913 ’ S, 132 ° 53.07 ’ E, 25 MAY 1996 (AMS C. 203649, several); Anbangbang (Anabany?) Billabong, 12 ° 49.65 ’ S, 132 ° 52.96 ’ E, 28 MAY 1996 (AMS C. 203650, 6); Mudginberri Billabong, 10 km N Jabiru Mining Camp, 12 ° 42.000 ' S, 132 ° 54.000 ' E, 12 JUL 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54847, 17), same locality, 17 JAN 1980, R. Marchant (MV F 54856, 3); Magela Ck, Jabiru, 12 ° 38 ' S, 132 ° 55 ' E, 03 DEC 1981 (AMS C. 346217, 3), same locality, and flood plain, 1984, P. Dostine (AMS C. 203391, 6), muddy water with weed, 14 JUN 1976, W. F. Ponder, J. B. Burch & D. Feughelman (AMS C. 401246, 1); Georgetown Billabong, 4 km SE Jabiru Mining Camp, 12 ° 40.783 ' S, 132 ° 52.917 ' E, 19 DEC 1974 (NTM P 15895, 20 +), same locality, 11 MAY 1995 (AMS C. 203652, 4), 11 DEC 1974, R. Pengelly (MV F 78755, 2), 15 NOV 1974, R. Pengelly (MV F 78753, 1), 19 DEC 1974, R. Pengelly (MV F 78756, 5), 10 DEC 1974 (MV F 78752, 2), 19 DEC 1974, R. Pengelly (MV F 54859, 4; MV F 54861, 9; MV F 45840, 5), 14 JAN 1980, R. Marchant (MV F 54855, 10), 05 MAR 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54849, 13), 11 JUN 1979, R. Marchant, (MV F 54853, 20 +), 02 APR 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54845, 8), 06 AUG 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54850, 1); Buffalo Billabong, 11 km N Jabiru Mining Camp, 12 ° 42.000 ' S, 132 ° 54.000 ' E, 04 MAY 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54843, 20 +), same locality, 10 MAR 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54844, 2), 07 APR 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54852, 20 +), 18 JAN 1980, R. Marchant (MV F 54848, 1); Goanna Billabong, 3 km NW Jabiru Mining Camp, 12 ° 42.000 ' S, 132 ° 54.000 ' E, 07 MAR 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54846, 20 +), same locality, 05 APR 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54854, 20 +), same locality, 08 AUG 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54842, 2), 13 JAN 1979, R. Marchant (MV F 54851, 20 +), 16 JAN 1980, R. Marchant (MV F 54871, 17); pond beside Roper Hwy, 1 / 2 km towards Roper Bar from Scherwin Ck, 14 ° 42.270 ' S, 134 ° 27.620 ' E, on mud and weed, 19 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326789, 20 +); Lomarieum Lagoon, St Vidgeon Stn, Roper R, 14 ° 46.870 ' S, 134 ° 53.260 ' E on weed etc., 20 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 337049, 20 +); Elsey Cemetery, 11 km S of Mataranka Springs, 15 ° 5.100 ' S, 130 ° 2.380 ' E, along edges of large drying pond in soft mud and grass, 18 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332833, 20 +), same locality, on and in mud and on green algae, 03 JUL 1999, W. F. Ponder (AMS C. 371694, 20 +), in recently dried up pool / swamp, 23 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 202809, 20 +); Warloch Ponds, near Elsey Cemetery, S of Mataranka, 15 ° 5.250 ' S, 133 ° 7.330 ' E, 06 APR 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24276, 20 +; AMS C. 318585, 6); 2 km S of Bing Bong Stn HS, Gulf of Carpentaria, 15 ° 38.500 ' S, 136 ° 21.330 ' E, 16 APR 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24301 (part), 13); Tawarrila Ck, S. of Bing Bong, W. Gulf of Carpentaria, 15 ° 46.580 ' S, 136 ° 25.170 ' E, amongst macrophytes, 23 AUG 1994, W. F. Ponder, G. Wilson & V. Kessner (AMS C. 327882, 20 +); Wanmurri Lagoon, 5 km S of Manangoora Stn, 16 ° 2.660 ' S, 136 ° 55.400 ' E, on grass at edges, on mud in deeper water at edge of grass, 23 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401220, 8). Queensland: Bynoe R, 17 ° 51.740 ' S, 140 ° 48.190 ' E, small billabong on E side, on mud in shallow water, 30 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332836, 20 +), same locality, collectors and date, muddy billabong between Bynoe R & overflow channel, 17 ° 51.760 ' S, 140 ° 48.460 ' E, on mud (AMS C. 332831, 20 +), Bynoe Waterhole, near side channel of Bynoe R to E of main crossing, 17 ° 52.050 ' S, 140 ° 49.360 ' E, on mud amongst algae (AMS C. 331867, 20 +); mudhole ca. 1 km E of Karumba, 17 ° 29.660 ' S, 140 ° 50.600 ' E, on mud amongst algae and grass, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331864, 20 +); Billabong beside Norman R at Gulf Developmental Rd, 17 ° 51.400 ' S, 141 ° 8.110 ' E, amongst weed and on mud, 30 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331860, 1); Twelve Mile Ck waterholes at Karumba to Normaton Rd, 17 ° 31.730 ' S, 141 ° 9.570 ' E, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 346422, 25); Brannigan Ck at Karumba to Normanton Rd (side channel with waterholes), 17 ° 28.660 ' S, 141 ° 10.600 ' E, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331865, 20 +); mudholes by Walker Ck, 17 ° 28.030 ' S, 141 ° 10.790 ' E, in mud around edges, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331880, 20 +); waterhole in river flood channel of Gilbert R, ca. 0.2 km S of Gilbert R, 17 ° 10.450 ' S, 141 ° 45.990 ' E, on weed & mud, 01 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 380900, 4); Developmental Rd, 16 ° 41.000 ' S, 141 ° 58.550 ' E, on grass & substrate mainly in middle part, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 347242, 12); Dorunda Lodge, ponds at campground, 16 ° 33.210 ' S, 141 ° 49.540 ' E, on weed, mainly in deeper water, 2 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326795, 20 +); mudhole 1 km W of Dorunda Lodge, 16 ° 33.450 ' S, 141 ° 50.190 ' E, 2 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 203395, 20 +); swampy hole 3 km on E side of Wyaaba Ck Crossing on Burke waterhole W of Pelican Ck, 10.5 km SSE of Wyaaba Ck crossing, 16 ° 46.920 ' S, 141 ° 59.230 ' E, on grass & substrate, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332838, 8); Bloodwood Lagoon, 16 ° 13.450 ' S, 142 ° 13.800 ' E, on weed away from edges, 2 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326802, 20 +); billabong SW of Dunbar, on road to Rutland Plains, 16 ° 3.610 ' S, 142 ° 19.130 ' E, on weed, 3 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 346623, 20 +); billabong 2 km from Farewell Yards, SW of Dunbar, on rd to Rutland Plains, 16 ° 3.610 ' S, 142 ° 19.130 ' E, on weed, 3 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 381451, 20 +); Clarks Lagoon, Dunbar Stn on Burke Dev Rd, 16 ° 1.030 ' S, 142 ° 25.010 ' E, on weed, 3 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 381253, 1; AMS C. 381472, 20 +); just outside Mungkan Kaanju NP, billabong on side of track to Merapah Stn, 13 ° 39.170 ' S, 142 ° 36.340 ' E, on weeds & surface of mud, 23 SEP 2000, W. F. & J. M. Ponder (AMS C. 385438, 20 +); billabong opposite Healeys Yard, on Burke Dev. Rd, 16 ° 4.050 ' S, 142 ° 37.290 ' E, on weed, 3 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332840, 20 +); billabong on Burke Development Road, NW of Marlborough Yard, 16 ° 5.460 ' S, 142 ° 41.170 ' E, on weed, 3 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326796, 20 +); small lagoon near Ten Mile Yard, 16 ° 20.510 ' S, 143 ° 2.460 ' E, on weeds in shallow billabong, 3 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326801, 20 +); Longreach Lagoon, at Burke Developmental Rd, 16 ° 32.080 ' S, 143 ° 24.190 ' E, on weed, 04 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 346620, 20 +); Dinner Camp Lagoon on Burke Development Rd, 16 ° 33.370 ' S, 143 ° 30.680 ' E, on weed, 04 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332837, 20 +); E of Einasleigh, “ Red Rock ”, Pigeon Springs, artesian spring in clay pan, 18 ° 34.450 ' S, 144 ° 5.867 ' E, on logs and mud, 31 MAR 2001, R. J. Fensham (AMS C. 401125, 20 +); NW of Greenvalee, Lyndhurst Stn, Swamp Paddock Spring, 18 ° 3.633 ' S, 144 ° 32.133 ' E, 5 JUN 2001, R. J. Fensham (AMS C. 417595, 18); 14 km NW of Cooktown, billabong on side of road, 15 ° 25.600 ' S, 145 ° 9.270 ' E, on surfaces of fine weed, along edges of billabong, 15 SEP 2000, W. F. & J. M. Ponder (AMS C. 386130, 20 +). Description Shell (Figs 1 J, 14 G­J, 23 A­I) small to moderate (up to 5.6 mm in length), ovate­conic to conic in shape, with up to 4.7 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 smooth whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral growth lines (rarely developed into close, weak rugae on last whorl) and, usually, microscopic spiral striae (typically not visible using a stereomicroscope); base evenly convex; imperforate in adults and juveniles. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome thin, very slightly thickened in mature specimens; outer lip prosocline. Colour: shell opaque to transparent; periostracum very thin, pale yellow to greenish­yellow or pale brown, edge of mature aperture dark brown. Varices thin dark brown lines but rarely present. Dimensions. See Table 18 for dimensions of type material and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 20 G­O) typical of genus. Ovate, slightly to moderately concave, translucent to white; concentric growth ridges usually indistinct; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with low pustules or irregular low, concentric or irregular folds. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 28 A­E) typical of genus. Central teeth with 2 ­ 4 cusps on either side of median cusp which is tapering and sharply pointed and up to nearly twice as long as adjacent cusps (usually about 1.5 length) and its base about twice as wide; face of tooth with single large basal cusp (about 0.4 ­ 0.5 height of tooth) and 0 ­ 4 pairs of denticles or small cusps that extend well inside lateral margin and form denticulate ridge along basal edge of tooth; lateral margins straight, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue short, pointed to rounded. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2 ­ 4 (usually 3) + 1 + 3 ­ 6 (usually 4); with cutting edge about half length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp about 1.2 ­ 1.7 as long as adjacent cusps, tapering gradually proximally, distally more rapidly, end pointed to rounded; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 50 ­ 60 º to cutting edge, lateral edge straight to slightly concave. Inner marginal teeth with 15 ­ 22 cusps, outer marginals with 9 ­ 16 cusps. Head­foot unpigmented to weakly pigmented, with smudge of grey to black behind tentacle bases, sides of foot and opercular lobe, and narrow line of black to grey pigment in centre of tentacles. Mantle roof, when pigmented, grey to black, with many white spots giving it netted appearance. Anatomy. Gill (Fig. 6 G) with position of apices variable (n = 12), usually at right edge to about right quarter, with anterior quarter at about right quarter to third (AMS C. 322309, AMS C. 331867), sometimes near half, or two thirds from right, others on or near right edge (AMS C. 332837); 52 ­ 55 filaments (n = 4). Osphradium opposite middle of gill. Penis and accessory lobe slender, accessory lobe about three quarters to two thirds length of penial lobe, distal end not expanded or sucker­like; accessory gland moderate to long. Pallial oviduct (Fig. 8 B) similar to G. vertiginosa, albumen gland large, wider than capsule gland, bursa copulatrix broad, overing about half of inner face of capsule gland and extending to posterior pallial wall (AMS C. 322309, AMS C. 331867, AMS C. 332837). Distribution (Fig. 24) and habitat. This species is often abundant, living on macrophytes in billabongs and lagoons on the flood plains of coastal rivers in the northern Queensland (Cape York and Gulf of Carpentaria) to the eastern side of the Kimberley. The lack of varices in many specimens and prominent growth rings on the operculum suggests that this species usually lives for a single year. Remarks The type specimens of this species were marked “ probable syntypes ” but in the absence of any other type material these are considered to be the type material. Several of the specimens are immature and, to assist in stablising the taxonomy of this variable species, a lectotype has been chosen (Fig. 1 J). This species, as interpreted here, varies considerably in size and in shape, from conical (e. g., Fig. 23 B) to almost ovate­conic (e. g., Fig. 23 C), the types (Fig. 1 J) falling in the broader end of the range of variation. While some populations exhibit considerable variation in shape, others are more consistent with some having mostly inflated shells while others have only conical shells. Examination of radulae from 13 samples across the range of shell variation has not detected any consistent differences in the more inflated populations. While variable in shape, specimens from the Northern Territory to the eastern Kimberley are often more conical and slightly larger than many populations of G. smithii from Queensland and also typically differ in lacking the fine spiral striae seen in those specimens. However, a few conical populations also exhibit fine spirals and the radulae of the two forms is also very similar. The only difference, which is not consistent, is that the “ typical ” G. smithii (the more inflated form) usually has a short rounded basal tongue on the central teeth while that of the conical, smooth form is also short, but is often more triangular, coming to a blunt point. Given the apparent absence of any other clear­cut differences, the conical form is treated here as being conspecific with G. smithii, but this assumption requires testing. Of the material examined anatomically, there is considerable variation in the length of the accessory gland of the penis, and in the position of the gill apex. A detailed study of these differences has not been carried out to determine if they are correlated with particular shell morphologies. If they are, it is possible that more than one species is represented within what is being treated here as G. smithii. Some specimens from the eastern Kimberley reach a larger size (up to about 6.3 mm in length) than most specimens of G. smithii, and are typically elongate­conic, but are otherwise similar and appear to be indistinguishable from typical smithii. Two lots from the Boyne River (AMS C. 332836; AMS C. 331867) have a radula in some specimens with the outer basal cusps more strongly developed than in most other specimens of G. smithii but are otherwise similar. One lot from Queensland (AMS C. 326796) has smaller radular cusp counts and a completely unpigmented mantle. A single bleached specimen (Whim Ck area, W of Balla, Balla Ck nr NW corner of Mallina Stn, Tanganyika Gold Lease M 47 / 360, 20 ° 45.500 ' S, 117 ° 46.000 ' E, flood plain, 30 MAY 2000, S. Slack­Smith [WAM S 12741, 1]) from the Pilbara area in Western Australia is large and conical and only tentatively referred to this species. The only similar species in northern Australia is G. affinis which differs in its shell being more solid with fine axial rugae on all whorls and more convex whorls. In addition, the radula of G. affinis has a longer, narrower basal projection on the central teeth and the basal denticles are more strongly developed. G. obesa could be confused with the most inflated forms of G. smithii but that species differs in being umbilicate and is separated well from G. smithii in a discriminant function analysis (Fig. 17 B, C; Table 19). G. tumida from the Kimberley is also similar but is umbilicate and also discriminates well from G. smithii. G. napierensis, also from the Kimberley, has a more solid shell, with more convex whorls and a thickened aperture. The spelling of the name smithii is not emended (to smithi) following ICZN (1999) Article 33.4.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2327FFAAFECCFCD3CD85B20D.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named for Mr Vince Kessner, of Adelaide River, NT, in recognition of his major contributions to this project. Type material Heathers Lagoons, west of Adelaide R TS, NT, 12 ° 54.940 ' S, 131 ° 14.200 ' E, mainly along edges in weed, tree roots and in mud (under water at base of trees), in grass and roots etc., 24 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (Holotype, AMS C. 417675; paratypes AMS C. 322308, 46 wet, 3 dry, 6 on SEM stubs; NTM P 21372, 8; QM MO 71715, 5). Additional material examined Melville Island: Melaleuca swamp, Batten Point Rd, 11 ° 18.000 ' S, 130 ° 27.000 ' E, 24 FEB 1992, Tyler & Davies (SAM TD 15235, several).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2327FFAAFECCFCD3CD85B20D.taxon	description	Northern Territory: Mango Farm, Daly R, 13 ° 30.000 ' S, 130 ° 24.000 ' E, MAY 1997, H. Ronay (AMS C. 324329, 5); SE of Howard Springs, 12 ° 28.000 ' S, 131 ° 3.000 ' E, marshy area near creek, 30 MAY 1976, W. Ponder, J. Burch & D. Feughelman (AMS C. 307880, 2; AMS C. 307896, 20 +); Manton R, just below Manton Dam, 12 ° 55.000 ' S, 131 ° 4.000 ' E, 19 MAY 1976, J. Burch, W. Ponder & D. Feughelman (AMS C. 203386, 3); stream crossing Stuart Hwy, N of Manton R, 60 km S of Darwin, 12 ° 38.000 ' S, 131 ° 4.000 ' E, on dead fronds, in cloudy, flowing creek, 29 MAY 1976, J. Burch, W. Ponder & D. Feughelman (AMS C. 401251, 2); Heathers Lagoons, 4.1 km NW of Marrakai Crossing, W of Adelaide R TS, 12 ° 54.670 ' S, 131 ° 13.870 ' E, 17 SEP 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24296, 1), same locality, 3.9 km NW of Marrakai Crossing, 12 ° 54.770 ' S, 131 ° 13.920 ' E, 17 SEP 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24294, 15; AMS C. 318638, 5), 3.5 km NW of Marrakai Crossing, 12 ° 55.000 ' S, 131 ° 14.250 ' E, 17 SEP 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24295, 1); billabong E of Adelaide R, at Marrakai Crossing, 12 ° 55.510 ' S, 131 ° 15.930 ' E, V. Kessner (AMS C. 307278, 1); small billabong E of Marrakai Crossing, Adelaide R, 12 ° 55.570 ' S, 131 ° 15.920 ' E, 12 AUG 1995, V. Kessner (VKC 24297, 1; AMS C. 318581, 1); Fogg Dam, SE of Darwin, 12 ° 33.950 ' S, 131 ° 18.000 ' E, 02 MAY 1981, V. Kessner (VKC 7715, 20 +; AMS C. 318568, 6), same locality, on plants and mud in shallow water, 14 JUN 1984, V. Kessner (AMS C. 307275, 4), in shallow water in dam and surrounding swamps, 02 MAY 1981, V. Kessner (AMS C. 307894, 20 +), in shallow water, swampy area, on mud and vegetation, 02 MAY 1981, V. Kessner (QM MO 11497, 9), 6 JUN 1976, A. Dartnall & B. J. Smith (MV F 78757, 5), on vegetation, in dam and surrounding swamps, 2 MAY 1981, V. Kessner (MV F 54830, 19); Middle Point jungle, near Fogg Dam, SE of Darwin, 12 ° 33.330 ' S, 131 ° 18.670 ' E, 24 DEC 1981, V. Kessner (VKC 7716, 5; AMS C. 318588, 2); 15 km off Stuart Hwy, on Beatrice Hill Rd, swamps on black soil plain, 12 ° 39.000 ' S, 131 ° 19.000 ' E, muddy water with lilies, 12 JUN 1976, J. Burch, W. Ponder & D. Feughelman (AMS C. 401252, 1; AMS C. 307900, 1); Harrison Dam, 12 ° 35.220 ' S, 131 ° 20.490 ' E, dense reeds along edge of dam, 24 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 318745, 5); canal from Harrison Dam, 12 ° 33.270 ' S, 131 ° 21.200 ' E, among dense reeds in water, 24 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 318695, 20 +), same locality, 12 MAY 1996, V. Kessner (AMS C. 351073, 13); 4.2 km W of Mt Ringwood Stn HS, E of Howley Ck, 13 ° 7.820 ' S, 131 ° 20.000 ' E, 10 AUG 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24033, 3; AMS C. 318630; 1, VKC 24034, 3; AMS C. 318602, 1); 1.2 km N of Alligator Hole, E of Howley Ck, 5.2 km SW of Mt Ringwood Stn HS, 13 ° 8.950 ' S, 131 ° 19.720 ' E, 10 AUG 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24032, 8; AMS C. 318578, 1); near Mt Keppler Stn HS, E of Margaret R, 13 ° 1.500 ' S, 131 ° 22.750 ' E, 13.5 km NE, 26 JUL 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24030, 5; AMS C. 318611, 1), same locality, 10.8 km NE, 13 ° 2.250 ' S, 131 ° 21.250 ' E, 26 JUL 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24031, 14; AMS C. 318590, 2), 10.2 km NE, 13 ° 2.330 ' S, 131 ° 21.070 ' E, 26 JUL 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24029, 14, AMS C. 318563, 2), 10.8 km NE, 13 ° 20.250 ' S, 131 ° 21.250 ' E, small billabong, mud, weeds, 15 APR 1997, V. Kessner (AMS C. 203385, 20 +); Buba Billabong, 12 ° 51.183 ' S, 132 ° 44.866 ' E, 30 MAY 1996 (AMS C. 203651, 5; AMS C. 203654, 6), same locality, 25 MAY 1995 (AMS C. 203653, 5); Georgetown Billabong, 4 km SE Jabiru Mining Camp, 12 ° 40.000 ' S, 132 ° 52.000 ' E, necton sample, 19 DEC 1974, R. Pengelly (MV F 4839, 10); swamp on Wulunurrayi Ck, just off rd, 15 ° 18.350 ' S, 135 ° 20.200 ' E, on weed, 21 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326791, 20 +). Description Shell (Fig. 14 K, M, 25 A­E) large (up to 11 mm in length), ovate, with up to 4.7 lightly convex whorls. Protoconch not examined (eroded in available material). Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral growth lines and a few fine spiral grooves, especially on upper part of whorls; base evenly convex; umbilicus closed. Aperture broadly ovate, evenly rounded to very slightly subangled anteriorly; peristome thin; outer lip prosocline, very narrowly reflected in mature specimens. Colour: greenish­yellow to olive­brown, rarely with collaboral thin brown lines; peristome often dark brown to almost black; shell opaque to semitranslucent; periostracum thin and smooth, often conspicuous. Varices rarely present, if present, usually only one on last half of last whorl, dark brown, slightly raised. Dimensions. See Table 20 for dimensions of holotype and figured paratypes and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 27 A, B) typical of genus. Ovate, white (sometimes stained brown), near flat to slightly concave, concentric growth lines distinct but not forming heavy ridges; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with weak pustules and, sometimes, wrinkles. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 28 F­I) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 6 cusps on either side of median cusp which is up to nearly twice as long as adjacent cusps and its base up to nearly twice as wide; median cusp proximally parallel­sided to tapering, distally papilla­like to rapidly tapering and pointed. Face of central tooth with 1 ­ 4 pairs of cusps that extend just inside lateral margin forming weakly denticulate to simple ridge, inner pair larger than others (if others present), small (about quarter of total height of tooth), other cusps small or, usually, subobsolete to obsolete; lateral margins straight, at about 50 ­ 70 º; basal tongue prominent, narrow, with rounded end. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2 ­ 3 + 1 + 3 ­ 5; with cutting edge about 0.30 ­ 0.48 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp longer than adjacent cusps, broad and blunt; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 50 ­ 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge slightly to moderately concave. Inner marginal teeth with 12 ­ 20 cusps, outer marginals with 6 ­ 18 cusps. Head­foot unpigmented to pale to dark grey, tentacles paler than rest of head to unpigmented. Mantle roof mostly grey to black with white spots, grey to black on right; visceral coil unpigmented. Anatomy. Gill (Fig. 6 H) with apices at or very near right edge along entire gill to about fifth gill width or, in some, at about fifth to quarter gill width from right in posterior third; 73 ­ 98 filaments (n = 3). Osphradium opposite middle of gill to opposite anterior half. Penis with accessory lobe subequal to shorter than penial lobe, distal end of accessory lobe simple; accessory gland medium length. Pallial oviduct (Fig. 8 C) similar to G. vertiginosa but with narrower capsule gland; bursa copulatrix extending to end of capsule gland (AMS C. 351073, AMS C. 203385; AMS C. 322308). Distribution (Fig. 29) and habitat. Western side of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory in billabongs and other large semi­permanent water bodies. Lives mainly on submerged macrophytes. One lot from Melville Island is only tentatively attributed to this taxon. Remarks Differs from all other Australian species, other than G. beecheyi n. sp. described below, in its large, greenish, smooth, shining, ovate shell with convex spire outlines that resembles the type species of Bithynia s. s. This species, and the next, are, however, included in Gabbia because the configuration of the female reproductive system is similar to that of the other species included in that group. Gabbia kessneri differs from G. beecheyi in usually being slightly larger and in having the aperture more rounded anteriorly. See remarks under G. beecheyi for more detailed comparisons. A single lot from Melville Island consisting entirely of sub­mature individuals cannot be determined with any confidence. It has some shell features that are similar to G. beecheyi n. sp. but is geographically closely associated with G. kessneri to which it is tentatively referred.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D233CFFAFFECCFD7AC894B34D.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after Mr Des Beechey, Research Associate, Australian Museum, in recognition of his contribution as volunteer field assistant on two field trips to northern Australia. Type material N. of Ballys Lagoon, Devils Gate Stn, Gulf of Carpentaria, Qld, 17 ° 15.210 ' S, 138 ° 40.210 ' E, billabong, 25 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (Holotype, AMS C. 417676, paratypes AMS C. 331852, 36 wet, 27 dry, 3 on SEM stubs); same data, mudhole (paratypes AMS C. 331875, 9; QM MO 71716, 8; NTM P 21373, 5). Additional material examined Northern Territory: Nikantyarra Waterhole, Cox R, 15 ° 20.560 ' S, 135 ° 21.190 ' E, on mud & weeds, 21 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 381470, 4); Burketown­Borroloola Rd, E. of turnoff to Red Bank Mine, 17 ° 11.740 ' S, 137 ° 44.130 ' E, stream bed spring, under rocks, 26 AUG 1994, W. F. Ponder, G. Wilson & V. Kessner (AMS C. 380806, 20 +).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D233CFFAFFECCFD7AC894B34D.taxon	description	Queensland: Jam Tin Yard, Devils Gate Stn, 17 ° 24.600 ' S, 138 ° 34.950 ' E, on mud, 24 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326806, 20 +); Ballys Lagoon, Devils Gate Stn, 17 ° 19.770 ' S, 138 ° 38.900 ' E, on weed, 24 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401232, 20 +); Judy Lagoon at Armraynald Stn HS on Burketown Normanton Rd, 17 ° 57.440 ' S, 139 ° 45.380 ' E, on weed and mud, 29 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401231, 20 +); billabong beside Norman R at Gulf Developmental Rd, 17 ° 51.400 ' S, 141 ° 8.110 ' E, amongst weed and on mud, 30 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331862, 20 +); Twelve Mile Ck waterholes at Karumba to Normaton Rd, 17 ° 31.730 ' S, 141 ° 9.570 ' E, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332844, 20 +); waterhole on Eight Mile Ck on Karumba ­ Chillagoe Rd, 17 ° 12.217 ' S, 141 ° 12.1 ' E, on weed etc., mainly along edges, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331878, 20 +; AMS C. 331879, 20 +; AMS C. 331886, 11; AMS C. 381282, 7); Brannigan Ck at Karumba to Normanton Rd (side channel with waterholes), 17 ° 28.660 ' S, 141 ° 10.600 ' E, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332400, 24); waterhole in river flood channel of Gilbert R, ca. 0.2 km S of Gilbert R, 17 ° 10.450 ' S, 141 ° 45.990 ' E, on weed & mud, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326800, 20 +); waterhole on Dogwood Ck on Burke Developmental Rd, 16 ° 51.730 ' S, 141 ° 58.060 ' E, on weed & mud, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326794, 20 +); waterhole W of Pelican Ck, 10.5 km SSE of Wyaaba Ck crossing, 16 ° 46.920 ' S, 141 ° 59.230 ' E, on grass & substrate, 01 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332843, 20 +); Clarks Lagoon, Dunbar Stn on Burke Dev Rd, 16 ° 1.030 ' S, 142 ° 25.010 ' E, on weed, 3 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326797, 20 +). Description Shell (Fig. 19 A, B, 25 F­I) moderately large for genus (up to 10 mm in length), ovate, with up to 4.6 lightly convex whorls usually narrowly and weakly shouldered (shoulder often absent on last whorl). Protoconch (Fig. 14 N, O) of about 1.3 almost smooth whorls, only sculpture traces of extremely fine spiral striae, last third whorl with very fine axial lines; lost in most adults (Fig. 19 A). Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral growth lines and very fine spiral striae, mainly on upper part of whorls; base evenly convex; umbilicus closed. Aperture broadly ovate, subangled anteriorly; peristome thin; outer lip prosocline, simple, very slightly thickened in adults. Colour: opaque to semi­translucent, peristome often dark brown; periostracum thin and smooth, pale yellowish to light brown, sometimes with reddish tinge, rarely olive, often with close, narrow dark brown to palebrown collabral axial stripes. Dimensions. See Table 21 for dimensions of holotype and figured paratype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 27 C­E) typical of genus. Ovate, white, slightly concave; concentric growth ridges distinct but heavy ridges rarely formed; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with low irregular to concentric ridges and weak pustules. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 28 J­M) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 5 cusps on either side of median cusp; median cusp up to about twice as long and wide as adjacent cusps, triangular, sharply pointed. Face of central tooth with 1 large pair of cusps and 0 ­ 3 small to subobsolete cusps that extend just inside lateral margin forming weakly denticulate to simple ridge, inner pair much larger than others, about half total height of tooth; lateral margins straight, at about 50 ­ 70 º; basal tongue short, subtriangular to rounded. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2 ­ 4 + 1 + 3 ­ 6 (usually 4); with cutting edge about 0.3 ­ 0.4 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp about 1.4 ­ 1.6 as long as adjacent cusps, and about twice as wide, with rounded to square end; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 50 ­ 60 º to cutting edge, lateral edge slightly to moderately concave. Inner marginal teeth with 14 ­ 25 cusps, outer marginals with 9 ­ 20 cusps. Head­foot very weakly pigmented, with dark grey patch to cluster of small black spots behind eyes. Tentacles unpigmented except for central pale to dark grey stripe. Mantle roof unpigmented to pale grey or black with white spots (mottled appearance). Anatomy. Gill (Fig. 6 B) with apices at about fifth to quarter of gill width from right, 72 ­ 97 filaments (n = 4). Osphradium slightly posterior to slightly anterior to middle of gill. Penis (Fig. 7 E) and accessory lobe slightly shorter than penial lobe to about equal in length, distal end of accessory lobe simple; accessory gland long. Pallial oviduct immature in all specimens examined (AMS C. 332843, AMS C. 332844, AMS C. 331879). Distribution (Fig. 29) and habitat. Coastal plains of the Gulf of Carpentaria into the western base of Cape York. In billabongs and other large semiperment pools where it lives mainly on submerged macrophytes. Remarks This species is very similar to G. kessneri which it appears to replace in the Gulf Country. The shell is usually smaller (although there is overlap in size – see Fig. 30 A and Appendix, Table 29) and is typically paler in colour. The radulae in the two species also differs in G. beecheyi having a prominent inner pair of basal cusps that extend below the basal margin, whereas these are small and well above basal margin in G. kessneri (compare Fig. 28 F, I with 27 K, L). The whorls are typically (but not always) narrowly and weakly shouldered just below the suture (there is no shoulder in G. kessneri), although the shouldering is often absent on the last whorl. The suture is not markedly margined in G. beecheyi (distinctly narrowly margined in G. kessneri, this especially obvious in semi­translucent specimens). The outer lip of the aperture is simple in G. beecheyi but is very slightly reflected in G. kessneri. The aperture also differs in being slightly angled anteriorly in G. beecheyi where the inner and outer lips meet, whereas this part of the aperture is evenly convex in G. kessneri. While the shell differences separating these two taxa are rather subtle they appear to be consistent in the large range of material available. Several lots were examined for anatomy but most were heavily parasitized and, females in particular, were not sexually mature. It is probable that this species reproduces during the wet season, as all available material was collected in the dry season.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2339FFA2FECCFC40CF43B56D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Topotypic material: ex J. Brazier: Hillgrove, 26 ° 26.000 ' S, 147 ° 9.000 ' E, 1900 (AMS C. 2515, 2; AMS C. 5804, 2). Queensland: NE of Julia Ck, ca. 13.8 km NNE of Malpas Hmstd, E side of road, 19 ° 30.000 ' S, 142 ° 17.750 ' E, muddy pool, 15 SEP 1984, W. F. Ponder & P. H. Colman (AMS C. 308008, 20 +); Tallaroo Stn, E of Georgetown, hot artesian spring, 18 ° 7.250 ' S, 143 ° 57.617 ' E, edge of spring where water is cooler, 29 MAR 2001, R. J. Fensham (AMS C. 401124, 20 +), same locality, 18 MAY 2001, S. Wilson (QM MO 69564, 10); Chillagoe, ca. 3 km SW on Royal Arch Caves Rd, 17 ° 10.580 ' S, 144 ° 0.250 ' E, 15 JUL 1994, J. Stanisic, D. Potter, G. Ingram, C. Eddie (QM MO 53452, 19); Kidston, The Oaks Stn, Middle Spring, permanent spring feeding dam, 18 ° 51.617 ' S, 144 ° 7.233 ' E, 4 JUN 2001, R. J. Fensham (AMS C. 401127, 10); NW of Greenvalee, Lyndhurst Stn, Swamp Paddock Spring, 18 ° 3.633 ' S, 144 ° 32.133 ' E, 5 JUN 2001, R. J. Fensham (AMS C. 401126, 17); Mt Garnet, ca. 13 km NW of Mt Garnet­Lynd Rd at Rosella Plains Stn, NEQ, 18 ° 39.580 ' S, 144 ° 35.750 ' E, in litter near creek, 16 JUL 1994, J. Stanisic, D. Potter, G. Ingram, C. Eddie (QM MO 58548, 20 +). Description Shell (Fig. 1 I, 19 C, D, 31 A) small (up to 5.8 mm in length), conical, with up to 4.5 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 smooth whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with fine collabral, closely spaced, somewhat irregular micro­costae over at least some of surface, crossed by very fine, irregular spiral striae (not visible with light microscope); base evenly convex; umbilicus small to very small, closed. Aperture broadly­ovate; peristome thin; outer lip moderately prosocline. Opaque to semi­translucent; periostracum very thin, transparent, yellowish­white to pale brown. Dimensions. See Table 22 for dimensions of topotypes and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 27 F­I) typical of genus. Ovate, dirty white to yellow­brown, with distinct concentric growth ridges; inner surface with muscle scar sculptured with ill­defined irregular shallow pits and weak, irregular, short ridges. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 33 A­C) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 5 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.3 to 1.5 times longer than adjacent cusps and its base about twice as wide; median cusp sub triangular, base about 0.7 ­ 0.8 length, with angulation at about half to one third of length often bearing weak denticle, sides near parallel proximal to angulation. Face of central tooth with 3 ­ 4 pairs of cusps that lie well inside lateral margin forming denticulate ridge, inner pair much larger than others (one specimen has second pair larger on one side), large (about half total height of tooth); lateral margins slightly concave, at about 50 ­ 55 º; basal tongue narrow, with rounded end. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 ­ 4 + 1 + 3 ­ 4; with cutting edge about 0.4 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to about 1.5 length of adjacent cusps, tapering and pointed; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 60 ­ 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge slightly concave. Inner marginal teeth with 16 ­ 21 cusps, outer marginals with 9 ­ 11 cusps.. Head­foot and anatomy not examined. Distribution (Fig. 22) and habitat. North eastern Queensland in the base of Cape York. In spring feed pools and pools in streams. Remarks Introduced by Smith (1882: 267) “ under the name of G. affinis, Brazier, two specimens found at Hillgrove …. ” “ They differ from those here described in having the last whorl smaller, the increase of volutions appears to be less rapid, and the operculum is much more distinctly concentrically ringed by the lines of growth. ” Iredale (1943) treated this taxon as a valid species but Smith (1992) regarded it as incertae sedis. Smith (1992) noted that the type material had not been located but, as far as I am aware, a thorough search of the collections in the BMNH has not been made for this material. Cotton (1943: 144) noted that “ Gabbia affinis Mousson nom. nud. was renamed and figured [by Cotton, 1942] as Gabbia relata Cotton. ” This is a lapsus for Assiminea affinis and A. relata. The description of the radula and operculum given above are based on topotypic specimens from far NW Qld (Hillgrove, NE Julia Ck, AMS C. 308008). The shells from the original series and the topotypic specimens are very similar. All specimens have at least traces of the same distinctive fine axial costae, rather tall spire and small, closed umbilicus. While the shells, radula and opercula are generally very similar to those of G. vertiginosa, the shells differ in being more elongate (ie., more conical) (P <0.001) and in having fine, regular axial microcostae rather than just fine growth lines. The radulae of the specimens attributed to G. affinis also differ in detail. The median cusps of the central teeth have broader bases (due to their subtriangular shape) and have an angulation (often with a tiny denticle on either side) at about the middle part of the cusp. The median cusps on the central teeth of G. vertiginosa are approximately finger­shaped, with a relatively much narrower base and the proximal half of the tooth having parallel sides and lacking any denticles. In addition, the outer marginal teeth have fewer cusps in G. affinis compared with G. vertiginosa (10 ­ 12 ­ one with 15, compared with 10 ­ 18, with most more than 12). The shell of this species is distinctive in possessing microcostae, being conical with convex whorls and non­umbilicate. It is most similar to G. microcosta n. sp. but is much smaller. G. smithii is sometimes rather similar but has a thinner shell, less convex whorls and is usually smooth, although some specimens do develop very weak flat­topped microcostae which are usually only seen on the last whorl.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2334FFA0FECCFA72CF2AB5CD.taxon	etymology	Etymology Micro (Gr.) – small; costa (L.) – rib. Type material 1.5 km N of Bridge Ck, along Stuart Hwy, ca. 32 km SE of Adelaide R TS, NT, 13 ° 25.450 ' S, 131 ° 18.300 ' E, 28 APR 1996, V. Kessner (ex VKC 24293) (Holotype, AMS C. 417677; paratypes AMS C. 318641, 17 wet, 11 dry, 5 on SEM stub; VKC 24293, 16; NTM P 21374, 5). Additional material examined Northern Territory: Stuart Hwy, 3 km S of Adelaide R TS, 13 ° 14.210 ' S, 131 ° 6.330 ' E, in mud among grass and reeds, 24 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 202810, 20 +); 25.5 km N of Hayes Ck, along Stuart Hwy (ca. 32 km SE of Adelaide R TS) NT, 13 ° 25.450 ' S, 131 ° 18.300 ' E, 16 APR 1988, V. Kessner (VKC 12811, 20 +; AMS C. 318564, 6; AMS C. 307279, 2; AMS C. 307861, 9); 4.2 km W of Mt Ringwood Stn HS, E of Howley Ck, 13 ° 7.820 ' S, 131 ° 20.000 ' E, 10 AUG 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24263, 2); ca. 33 km S Adelaide R TS at waterhole on side of Stuart Hwy, 13 ° 26 ' E, 131 ° 19 ' E, in dried up waterhole, 25 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 202807, 9); seasonal ponds 17.7 km NW of Hayes Ck, along Stuart Hwy, ca. 40 km SE of Adelaide R TS, NT, 13 ° 28.680 ' S, 131 ° 21.360 ' E, 16 APR 1988, V. Kessner (VKC 12812, 5; AMS C. 318628, 1). Description Shell (Figs 1 K, 19 E­G, 31 B, C) moderate to large (up to 10.6 mm in length), conical, with up to 5.5 convex whorls. Protoconch of about smooth 1.5 whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with moderately distinct, regular collabral, linear­spaced micro­costae crossed by very fine (but visible with light microscope) spiral threads; base evenly convex; umbilicus small to very small, closed. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome thin; outer lip slightly to moderately prosocline. Opaque to semi­translucent; periostracum very thin, transparent, yellowish­white to pale brown. Dimensions. See Table 23 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 27 J­L) typical of genus. Ovate, yellow­brown to brown, with distinct concentric growth ridges; inner surface with muscle scar sculptured with brain­like sculpture to irregular pits and ridges. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 33 D­G) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 4 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.3 ­ 1.4 times longer than adjacent cusps and its base about twice as wide; median cusp triangular, base about 0.7 ­ 0.8 length, with angulation at about half to one third of length often bearing weak denticle. Face of central tooth with 1 ­ 3 pairs of cusps that extend to lateral margin forming simple to denticulate ridge, inner pair much larger than others, large (about half total height of tooth); lateral margins straight to very slightly concave, at about 30 ­ 37 º; basal tongue narrowly triangular, with rather pointed end. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 + 1 + 3; with cutting edge about 0.3 ­ 0.4 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to nearly twice as long as adjacent cusps, bluntly pointed to sharp; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 60 º to cutting edge, lateral edge straight to slightly concave. Inner marginal teeth with 16 + cusps, outer marginals with 9 ­ 15 cusps. Head­foot and anatomy not examined. Distribution (Fig. 22) and habitat. This species appears to have a restricted distribution, being known only from a small area south of Adelaide River township where it lives in seasonal swamps and pools. Remarks This species is most similar to G. affinis from Queensland, but is much larger (Fig. 30 B) and has more distinct and regular micro axials than that species and fine spiral threads that are easily visible under a light microscope. As with G. affinis, the shells, radula and opercula are generally similar to those of G. vertiginosa, but the shells differ in being larger and in having fine, regular axial microcostae rather than just fine growth lines. The present species also differs from G. vertiginosa in the same radular characters outlined for G. affinis. The basal cusps in this species are variable in strength, with specimens from one sample having a single pair of distinct cusps, although others were usually represented by minute denticles. The radulae of the specimens attributed to G. affinis differ in detail from G. microcosta. These differences include: The basal denticle on lateral teeth projects beyond the base; the lateral edges of the central teeth are at a steeper in most specimens; there is usually at least one fewer basal cusps on the central teeth and these extend to the lateral edges so that the cusps and lateral edge converge distally (they diverge in G. affinis); the median cusp on the central teeth is relatively wider, with the denticles usually placed more distally (half or more down the tooth compared with half to further back in G. affinis) and the sides of the central tooth behind the denticles are oblique (the entire tooth is triangular) but are approximately parallel­sided in G. affinis; and the basal tongue of the central teeth is triangular and pointed (rounded and blunt in G. affinis).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2336FF9AFECCF9CFCE75B175.taxon	etymology	Etymology Adustus (L.) ­ brown. Type material Billabong beside Roper R, NT, 14 ° 44.410 ' S, 134 ° 42.050 ' E, in mud & weed, 20 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (Holotype, AMS C. 418413; paratypes AMS C. 203384, 264 wet, 40 dry, 1 on SEM stub; NTM 21375, 8; QM MO 71717, 5). Additional material examined Northern Territory: Elsey Cemetery, 11 km S of Mataranka Springs, 15 ° 5.150 ' S, 133 ° 7.440 ' E, along edges of large drying pond in soft mud and grass, 18 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 333080, 20 +), same locality, on mud and algae, 3 JUL 1999, W. F. Ponder (AMS C. 381471, 9), in recently dried up pool / swamp, 23 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 333675, 10), along edges of large drying pond in soft mud and grass, 18 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 417913, 20 +), on & in mud & on green algae, 3 JUL 1999, W. F. Ponder (AMS C. 371689, 20 +); Warloch Ponds, near Elsey Cemetery, S of Mataranka, NT, 15 ° 5.250 ' S, 133 ° 7.330 ' E, 6 APR 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24308, 15; AMS C. 318629, 3); Newcastle Waters, causeway, 17 ° 22.370 ' S, 133 ° 24.730 ' E, waterhole, much organic matter & floating weed, 5 JUL 1999, W. F. Ponder (AMS C. 371684, 20 +); Strangways Ck, waterhole on flood channel near bridge, 14 ° 54.190 ' S, 133 ° 45.100 ' E, on mud along edges and in a few cm of water, 19 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331869, 20 +); pond beside Roper Hwy, 1 / 2 km towards Roper Bar from Scherwin Ck, 14 ° 42.270 ' S, 134 ° 27.620 ' E, on mud and weed, 19 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 333673, 20 +; AMS C. 351061, 20 +); waterhole nr Roper Bar, 14 ° 43.040 ' S, 134 ° 30.780 ' E, mud, 20 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 346417, 20 +); lagoon near Hodgson R, 14 ° 51.680 ' S, 134 ° 32.670 ' E, weed & mud, 20 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 375634, 2); small billabong 2 km W of Ngukurr, S of Roper R, Gulf of Carpentaria, 14 ° 44.220 ' S, 134 ° 42.920 ' E, 6 APR 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24310, 20 +; AMS C. 318589, 6; billabong beside rd opposite Ngukurr Mission, 14 ° 44.230 ' S, 134 ° 42.940 ' E, 20 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 203394, 20 +); swamp on Wulunurrayi Ck, just off rd, 15 ° 18.350 ' S, 135 ° 20.200 ' E, on weed, 21 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401225, 1); Nikantyarra Waterhole, Cox R, 15 ° 20.560 ' S, 135 ° 21.190 ' E, on mud & weeds, 21 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 203396, 1); Rocky Ck, below the bridge at Borroloola, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 4.000 ' S, 136 ° 18.420 ' E, pool below the bridge, muddy sand, 16 APR 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24299, 1); mudhole ca. 9.5 km W of Borroloola on Carpentaria Hwy, 16 ° 6.660 ' S, 136 ° 13.380 ' E, on mud & weed, 22 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 346423, 20 +); Wanmurri Lagoon, 5 km S of Manangoora Stn, 16 ° 2.660 ' S, 136 ° 55.400 ' E, on mud, 23 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401228, 16); Surprise Ck crossing, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 53.920 ' S, 137 ° 12.750 ' E, 28 AUG 1988, V. Kessner (VKC 13888, 1; AMS C. 318637, 1); billabong S of Tully Inlet, 2.5 km W of Settlement Ck, Wollogorang Stn, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 45.700 ' S, 138 ° 8.950 ' E, 25 AUG 1994, V. Kessner (VKC 24312, 20 +; AMS C. 318631, 6); 65 km (by road) NE of Wollogorang, near NT / Qld border, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 47.000 ' S, 138 ° 10.170 ' E, 29 AUG 1988, V. Kessner (VKC 13889, 5; AMS C. 318612, 1).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2336FF9AFECCF9CFCE75B175.taxon	description	Queensland: waterhole W of Pelican Ck, 10.5 km SSE of Wyaaba Ck Crossing, 16 ° 46.920 ' S, 141 ° 59.230 ' E, on grass & substrate, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332841, 1); Nolan Ck at Burke Developmental Rd, 16 ° 48.670 ' S, 144 ° 10.090 ' E, 4 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 346413, 20 +); billabong E of Settlement Ck crossing, Wollogorang Stn, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 53.450 ' S, 138 ° 9.280 ' E, 25 AUG 1994, V. Kessner (VKC 24311, 13; AMS C. 318635, 3); Ballys Lagoon, Devils Gate Stn, 17 ° 19.770 ' S, 138 ° 38.900 ' E, on surface of sediment, 24 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401226, 20 +); swamp between Four Mile Lagoon and Pioneer Waterhole, 17 ° 17.460 ' S, 138 ° 19.200 ' E, on weed and mud, 24 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 203383, 20 +); Bullock Head Yard, E of Devils Gate ca. 14 km, 17 ° 24.700 ' S, 138 ° 28.890 ' E, on weed and substrate, 24 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 203381, 20 +; AMS C. 417678, 1); Jam Tin Yard, Devils Gate Stn, 17 ° 24.600 ' S, 138 ° 34.950 ' E, on mud, 24 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 333676, 20 +); near Scrutton Ck crossing, Gulf of Carpentaria, 17 ° 35.750 ' S, 138 ° 26.420 ' E, 1 km SSE of crossing, small billabong in Cliffdale Ck drainage, 30 AUG 1988, V. Kessner (AMS C. 307864, 5), same locality, collector and date, 7 km SSE, 17 ° 35.750 ' S, 138 ° 26.420 ' E, (VKC 13890, 20 +; AMS C. 318642, 6); N of Ballys Lagoon, Devils Gate Stn, 17 ° 15.210 ' S, 138 ° 40.210 ' E, mudhole, 25 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331876, 20 +; AMS C. 380859, 20 +); same data, billabong (AMS C. 331882, 20 +); waterhole of Archie Ck System on Lawn Hill to Gregory Downs Rd, 18 ° 35.280 ' S, 138 ° 49.180 ' E, on bottom amongst weed, 27 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 346419, 20 +); Nicholson R crossing, 3 km SE of Doomadgee, Gulf of Carpentaria, 17 ° 57.750 ' S, 138 ° 50.750 ' E, 30 AUG 1988, V. Kessner (VKC 13891, 3; AMS C. 318615, 1); Nicholson R at Doomadgee, 17 ° 57.640 ' S, 138 ° 51.060 ' E, on side of river channel behind weir, 25 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331859, 20 +); billabong / mudhole, NW of Burketown, 17 ° 41.570 ' S, 139 ° 23.130 ' E, 28 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401227, 20 +); M Lagoon next to M Ck on Normanton ­ Burketown Rd, 18 ° 6.070 ' S, 140 ° 16.880 ' E, on mud amongst vegetation, 29 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331870, 20 +); billabong beside Norman R at Gulf Developmental Rd, 17 ° 51.400 ' S, 141 ° 8.110 ' E, amongst weed and on mud, 30 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331871, 20 +); waterhole on Eight Mile Ck on Karumba ­ Chillagoe Rd, 17 ° 12.217 ' S, 141 ° 12.1 ' E, mainly along edges, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331883, 22). Description Shell (Figs 19 C, D, 31 D­L) moderate (up to 6.8 mm in length; usually to about 4 ­ 5 mm), broadly­ovate to sub­conic, with up to 4.7 convex whorls. Protoconch of 1.3 ­ 1.5 almost smooth whorls, finely granular with some minute spiral wrinkles; last third to half whorl with few axial threads. Teleoconch sculptured with weak to moderately strong axial ribs with rounded to flattened tops and often steep sides, crossed by very numerous fine spiral threads; base evenly convex; umbilicus moderate to closed (with chink) in adults, juveniles usually perforate. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome moderately thickened in adults, inner lip forms narrow reflexion that partially obscures umbilicus in mature specimens; outer lip prosocline. Colour: shell usually opaque, juveniles sometimes sub­translucent, periostracum thin, ranging from white to yellow brown, sometimes stained dark brown or orange brown. Dimensions. See Table 24 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 32 A­H) typical of genus. Ovate, opaque white or yellowish­white, sub­translucent in smaller specimens; concentric growth ridges often distinct; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with weak pustules. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 33 H­K) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 5 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.5 to 1.8 length of adjacent cusps and its base nearly twice as wide; median cusp evenly tapering to a sharp point (one sample [AMS C. 331869; Fig. 33 I] has median cusp nearly parallel sided proximally with distal end tapering rapidly to point in some teeth while others nearly evenly tapering). Face of central tooth with 2 ­ 3 pairs of cusps that extend well inside lateral margin forming a cuspate ridge, inner pair much larger only slightly larger than adjacent pair, a little less than half total height of tooth; lateral margins slightly convex to slightly concave, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue moderate length, triangular to subtriangular, usually pointed, rarely blunt. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 ­ 4 + 1 + 3 ­ 6; with cutting edge about half to slightly less than half length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp about 1.2 ­ 1.5 as long as adjacent cusps, usually parallel­sided and rounded distally, rarely tapering and pointed; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at 50 ­ 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge usually straight, rarely slightly concave. Inner marginal teeth with 11 ­ 22 cusps, outer marginals with 7 ­ 11 cusps. Head­foot with dark grey snout, otherwise grey to unpigmented. Tentacles with grey middle and unpigmented edges, tentacle bases unpigmented to grey. Mantle roof grey to black with small white spots (appears mottled); visceral coil unpigmented or with grey or black pigment. Anatomy. Gill (Fig. 6 F) with apices at or very near (up to about fifth of gill width) right edge except for anterior third where apices may be at about quarter gill width from right; 42 ­ 63 filaments (n = 4). Osphradium slightly anterior of middle of gill to opposite middle. Penis (Fig. 7 K) with accessory lobe about equal to slightly shorter than penial lobe, accessory lobe with slightly expanded distal end. Accessory gland moderately long. Pallial oviduct (Fig. 34 A) similar to G. vertiginosa but with shorter, much wider bursa copulatrix (AMS C. 203394). Distribution (Fig. 35) and habitat. Western base of Cape York across the Gulf of Carpentaria to Arnham Land. In billabongs and pools living mainly on mud, although often obtained in samples along with algae and macrophytes. Remarks The shell of this species is distinctive with its short to moderate spire, yellowish to reddish or orange brown colour and weak to moderate, narrow axial ribs with very fine spiral striae. The populations attributed to this species encompass considerable variation in shell size and shape (relative length of spire) and in the degree of umbilication. The sculpture is more consistent, although the axial ribs can vary in strength from very weak to strong and prominent and the prominence of the spiral sculpture varies from being almost invisible under a stereomicroscope in some to quite distinct, as in a population from near Elsie Cemetery (Fig. 31 L). Populations representing the variation encompassed by this species concept do not appear to differ significantly in shell morphometrics or in radular details from the type population. Although much of the variation in shell morphology can occur both within and between populations, several samples have only a single morph. Given the amount of variation exhibited it is possible that this species concept may eventually prove to consist of more than one taxon. Hemispherical egg capsules containing a single embryo were found laid individually on some shells in one sample (AMS C. 203394). Gabbia adusta is most similar to G. lutaria n. sp., and is contrasted with it in the remarks under that species.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D230CFF9FFECCFE42C8A4B3F0.taxon	etymology	Etymology Lutarius (L.) ­ of mud. Type material Billabong 1.7 km W of East Baines R, N of Victoria Hwy, Victoria R District, NT, 15 ° 45.170 ' S, 130 ° 2.480 ' E, 27 JUN 1996, V. Kessner (Holotype, AMS C. 417680; paratypes AMS C. 318599, 41; AMS C. 380764, 5; VKC 24320, 15); West Baines Minor R, S of Victoria Hwy, Victoria R District, 15 ° 55.970 ' S, 129 ° 44.670 ' E, 2 JUL 1996, V. Kessner (Paratypes, VKC 24321, 4); West Baines Minor R, 15 ° 56.020 ' S, 129 ° 44.660 ' E, shallow pools, in mud & on pool edges, 29 JUN 1999, W. F. Ponder (Paratypes AMS C. 371666, 83 wet; AMS C. 371668, 247 wet; NTM P 21376, 8; WAM S 10884, 5). Additional material examined Northern Territory: Kings Billabong, 2 km SW of East Baines R, along Victoria Hwy, Victoria R district, 15 ° 46.780 ' S, 130 ° 0.870 ' E, 27 JUN 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24319, 1); billabong at side of Victoria Hwy between Timber Ck TS and WA border, 15 ° 45.180 ' S, 130 ° 2.650 ' E, on mud, 27 JUN 1996, W. F. Ponder, A. C. Miller, D. L. Beechey & V. Kessner (AMS C. 318735, 32). Description Shell (Fig. 36 A) very small (up to 2.7 mm in length), broadly­ovate, with up to 4.0 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 smooth whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with close, narrow axial ribs crossed by fine, close spiral lirae; base evenly convex; umbilicus moderate to wide. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome moderately thickened in adults; outer lip prosocline. Colour: shell opaque to semitranslucent, periostracum thin, white to pale yellowish­brown. Dimensions. See Table 25 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 32 I, J) typical of genus. Ovate, slightly concave, translucent colourless to yellowish, concentric growth lines only in most specimens, one or two distinct ridges in some; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with very weak concentric folds. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 33 L, M) typical of genus. Central teeth with 2 ­ 3 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.4 ­ 1.5 longer than adjacent cusps and its base slightly wider to about 1.3 as wide; median cusp tapering to a sharp point. Face of central tooth with 3 ­ 4 pairs of cusps that extend to just inside lateral margin forming cuspate ridge, inner pair much larger than others, nearly half total height of tooth; lateral margins slightly convex to slightly concave, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue moderately long, triangular, bluntly pointed. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2 ­ 3 + 1 + 3 ­ 5; with cutting edge about 0.42 ­ 0.45 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp about 1.5 as long as adjacent cusps, proximately parallel­sided to very slightly tapering, distally rapidly tapering to point or rounded; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 60 ­ 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge straight to slightly concave. Inner marginal teeth with 17 ­ 23 cusps, outer marginals with 10 ­ 12 cusps.. Head foot and anatomy not examined. Distribution (Fig. 35) and habitat. This species lives in fine mud in pools in the East and West Baines Rivers, both western tributaries of the Victoria R in the western Northern Territory. Remarks This species is very similar to G. adusta n. sp. but differs in its smaller size and relatively shorter spire. A discriminant function analysis separated all specimens of G. lutaria from G. adusta and G. clathrata n. sp. (Fig. 38). FIGURE 38. Plot of the canonical scores obtained from a discriminant function analysis using all shell measurements and whorl counts; x ­ G. clathrata; O ­ G. adusta; + ­ G. lutaria.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2309FF9DFECCFBC9C893B6FD.taxon	etymology	Etymology Clathratus (L.) – latticed. Type material Burketown­Borroloola Rd, E. of turnoff to Red Bank Mine, NT, 17 ° 11.740 ' S, 137 ° 44.130 ' E, streambed spring, under rocks, 26 AUG 1994, W. F. Ponder, G. Wilson & V. Kessner (Holotype, AMS C. 417681; paratypes AMS C. 327884, 31 wet, 2 dry, 1 on SEM stub; NTM P 21377, 8, QM MO 71718, 5). Additional material examined Northern Territory: seasonal waterhole near Sly Ck Crossing, 15 ° 49.900 ' S, 135 ° 25.720 ' E, on mud & ground, 21 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 346418, 20 +); waterhole on trib of Limestone Ck, nr road on E side, 15 ° 52.360 ' S, 135 ° 31.060 ' E, on leaves & rocks, 21 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 202386, 20 +); waterhole on trib of Limestone Ck, nr road on E side, 15 ° 52.360 ' S, 135 ° 31.060 ' E, on leaves & rocks, 21 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 202387, 20 +); pool beside Batten Ck, about 9.5 km SE of Tawallah on Billengarrah ­ Borraloola Rd, 16 ° 13.520 ' S, 135 ° 58.450 ' E, 22 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401223, 6); mudhole near Batten Ck, ca. 30 km SW of Borroloola, 16 ° 10.510 ' S, 136 ° 2.620 ' E, on mud etc. in pool, 22 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 378474, 8); 2 km S of Bing Bong Stn HS, Gulf of Carpentaria, 15 ° 38.500 ' S, 136 ° 21.330 ' E, 16 APR 1996, V. Kessner (VKC 24304, 11; AMS C. 318614, 3); waterhole 3 km S of Bing Bong Stn HS, Gulf of Carpentaria, 15 ° 38.500 ' S, 136 ° 21.500 ' E, 23 AUG 1994, V. Kessner (VKC 24303, 20 +; AMS C. 318586, 6); Bing Bong Stn, W. Gulf of Carpentaria, 15 ° 38.570 ' S, 136 ° 21.680 ' E, waterhole, 24 AUG 1994, W. F. Ponder, G. Wilson & V. Kessner (AMS C. 327878, 13); unnamed seasonal stream N of Batten Ck, Bing Bong Stn, Gulf of Carpentaria, 15 ° 50.750 ' S, 136 ° 23.670 ' E, 23 AUG 1994, V. Kessner (VKC 24302, 20 +; AMS C. 318574, 6).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2309FF9DFECCFBC9C893B6FD.taxon	description	Queensland: Ballys Lagoon, Devils Gate Stn, 17 ° 19.770 ' S, 138 ° 38.900 ' E, on surface of sediment, 24 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401229, 16); waterhole on Eight Mile Ck on Karumba ­ Chillagoe Rd, 17 ° 12.217 ' S, 141 ° 12.1 ' E, on weed etc., mainly along edges, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332333, 3); Clarks Lagoon, Dunbar Stn on Burke Dev Rd, 16 ° 1.030 ' S, 142 ° 25.010 ' E, on weed, 3 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 401230, 1). Description Shell (Fig. 26 A­C, 36 B) of moderate size (up to 6.5 mm in length), solid, broadlyovate, umbilicate, with up to 4.9 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 whorls, first whorl with fine spiral wrinkles, last half with spiral wrinkles crossed with axial lines. Teleoconch sculptured with numerous closely­spaced axial ridges crossed by many mostly flat­topped spiral cords with interspaces about equal to, or narrower than, cords, points of crossing not distinctly gemmate. Base evenly convex; umbilicus open, moderate in size, axial and spiral sculpture extending into umbilicus but much weaker. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome moderately thickened and rounded in adults, inner lip forming narrow reflexion; outer lip slightly prosocline. Colour: shell opaque to sub­translucent, periostracum thin, yellow­white to brown or orange­brown. Dimensions. See Table 26 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 32 K, L) typical of genus. Ovate, semitransparent colourless to yellowish­white or white, slightly concave, with (when present) very heavy concentric growth ridges; inner surface with muscle scar occupying most of surface, sculptured with weak pustules or irregular weak ridges. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 37 A­C) typical of genus. Central teeth with 2 ­ 4 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.2 ­ 1.4 longer than adjacent cusps and its base 1.3 ­ 1.6 as wide; median cusp tapering gradually proximally, more rapidly distally, end pointed. Face of central tooth with 3 ­ 4 pairs of sharp cusps that extend just inside lateral margin forming cuspate ridge, inner pair larger than others, large (about half total height of tooth); lateral margins convex above, then slightly concave, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue of moderate length, broad, rounded. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2 ­ 3 + 1 + 3 ­ 4; with cutting edge about 0.33 ­ 0.40 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to about 1.5 length of adjacent cusps and much broader, with parallel sides and rounded (sometimes bifid) distal end; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 70 º to cutting edge, lateral edge concave. Inner marginal teeth with 18 ­ 21 cusps, outer marginals slender, with broad, tapering base and 9 + ­ 10 + cusps.. Head­foot with dark grey snout, grey neck and tentacle bases (behind eyes), tentacles unpigmented or pale grey, sometimes with black line in middle, foot and opercular lobe unpigmented to pale grey. Mantle roof with some black pigment over gill to uniformly black, visceral coil unpigmented to grey or black. Anatomy. Gill with apices up to about quarter gill width from right in anterior two thirds, up to about third gill width in posterior third; 55 ­ 65 filaments (n = 2). Osphradium slightly anterior to middle of gill. Penis with penial lobe and accessory lobe about equal in length, accessory lobe slightly swollen distally, not markedly sucker­like; accessory gland long. Pallial oviduct (Fig. 34 B) similar to G. vertiginosa but with bursa copulatrix occupying nearly all of inner wall of capsule gland and extending to posterior pallial wall, seminal receptacle lies anterior to coiled oviduct embedded near ventrally in outer wall of anterior part of albumen gland (AMS C. 346418). Distribution (Fig. 22) and habitat. Coastal plains of the Gulf of Carpentaria into the western base of Cape York. In pools and billabongs on mud, although often associated with macrophytes and algae. Remarks This species is very distinctive and unique in its solid, broadly­ovate, umbilicate shell with numerous axial and spiral ridges of about equal strength. The flat­topped spirals cross the rounded axial ridges and, although not actually raised into gemmules at the points of crossing they give the appearance of being weakly gemmate. The shell shape and size is very similar to G. adusta, the two species being indistinguishable using morphometric measurements. The female reproductive system, while similar to B. vertiginosa in most respects, is unlike any other examined Australian species in having the seminal receptacle located in the anterior part of the albumen gland rather than in the middle part.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D230AFF93FECCFEE2C82BB6FD.taxon	etymology	Etymology Spiralis (L.) – spiral. Type material Waterhole on Eight Mile Ck on Karumba ­ Chillagoe Rd, Qld, 17 ° 12.217 ' S, 141 ° 12.1 ' E, on weed etc. mainly along edges, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (Holotype, AMS C. 417682; paratypes AMS C. 331849, 655, 16 dry, 6 on SEM stub; QM MO 71720, 12; NTM P 21378, 8). Additional material examined Queensland: Waterhole W of Pelican Ck, 10.5 km SSE of Wyaaba Ck Crossing, 16 ° 46.920 ' S, 141 ° 59.230 ' E, on grass & substrate, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332834, 20 +); waterhole 300 m N of Gilbert R on Burke Developmental Rd, 17 ° 9.880 ' S, 141 ° 46.120 ' E, on mud & weed along edges, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 338815, 20 +); waterhole in river flood channel of Gilbert R, ca. 0.2 km S of Gilbert R, 17 ° 10.450 ' S, 141 ° 45.990 ' E, on weed & mud, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326799, 20 +); Twelve Mile Ck waterholes at Karumba to Normaton Rd, 17 ° 31.730 ' S, 141 ° 9.570 ' E, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332839, 20 +). Description Shell (Figs 1 L, 26 D, G, 36 C, D) small to moderate (up to 5.6 mm in length), broadlyovate to ovate­conic, with up to 4.0 convex, narrowly shouldered whorls. Protoconch of 1.3 ­ 1.5 whorls, smooth except for traces of fine spiral striae. Teleoconch sculptured with numerous strong spiral cords (about 25 ­ 30 spiral cords on last whorl) with about equal to linear interspaces and crossed by fine collabral growth lines; one cord on upper part of whorl slightly stronger, with weak shoulder above; base evenly convex; umbilicus open, moderate size. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome moderately thickened in adults; outer lip prosocline. Colour: shell opaque to sub­translucent; periostracum thin, yellowish­white to orange­brown. A few thin, dark varices typically present. Dimensions. See Table 27 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 32 N, M) typical of genus. Ovate, translucent and colourless to yellowish­white or white; concentric growth ridges poorly demarcated (outer surface often appears almost smooth) to distinct; inner surface with muscle scar occupying much of surface, sculptured with folds, pits or pustules. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 37 D, E) typical of genus. Central teeth with 4 ­ 5 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.3 ­ 1.6 longer than adjacent cusps and its base about twice as wide; median cusp evenly tapering to sharp point to parallel sided proximally with peg­like projection distally (Fig. 37 E). Face of central tooth with 3 ­ 5 pairs of cusps that extend well inside lateral margin and parallel to it forming cuspate ridge, inner pair larger than others but second pair almost equal in size; inner pair about half total height of tooth; lateral margins straight to slightly concave, at about 50 ­ 60 º; basal tongue short, blunt to pointed. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 4 ­ 5 + 1 + 4 ­ 5; with cutting edge about third length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to about 1.4 length of adjacent cusps, parallel sided to slightly tapering, distal end bluntly pointed to rounded; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 50 ­ 60 º to cutting edge, lateral edge slightly to moderately concave. Inner marginal teeth with 21 ­ 24 cusps, outer marginal teeth narrow, with 8 ­ 11 cusps. Head­foot with pale grey to black snout, pigment extending onto middle part of head in more heavily pigmented specimens, tentacles with wide grey to black longitudinal streak in middle part; bases of tentacles, foot and siphon unpigmented. Mantle roof unpigmented, or with grey or black pigment and tiny white spots in anterior half fading to absent posteriorly, mantle edge unpigmented. Visceral coil unpigmented or with dorsal grey to black smudge. Anatomy. Gill with apices at quarter to third gill width from right; 64 ­ 67 filaments (n = 3). Osphradium slightly anterior to middle of gill. Penis (Fig. 7 H) with accessory lobe slightly shorter than penial lobe, distal end swollen; accessory gland moderately long. Pallial oviduct (Fig. 34 C) similar to G. vertiginosa, bursa copulatrix rather narrow, and almost reaches posterior pallial wall (AMS C. 331849). Distribution (Fig. 22) and habitat. Coastal plains, western base of Cape York, Gulf of Capentaria. In billabongs and pools on mud, although often associated with macrophytes and algae. Remarks This species and the next differ from all other Australian bithyniids in dominant spiral sculpture. Gabbia spiralis differs from G. carinata n. sp. in having more numerous, relatively weaker spiral cords, a taller spire and smaller umbilicus. See the remarks under G. carinata relating to the generic placement of spirally lirate species.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2304FF97FECCFEE2CE0BB5C2.taxon	etymology	Etymology Carinatus (L.) – keeled. Type material Two mudholes, by Walker Ck, Qld, 17 ° 28.030 ' S, 141 ° 10.790 ' E, in fine mud around edges, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (Holotype, AMS C. 417683; paratypes AMS C. 331877, 1018 wet, 30 + juveniles, 10 dry, 4 on SEM stubs; NTM P 21379, 15; QM MO 71721, 10). Additional material examined Northern Territory: Tawarrila Ck, S. of Bing Bong, W. Gulf of Carpentaria, 15 ° 46.580 ' S, 136 ° 25.170 ' E, amongst macrophytes, 23 AUG 1994, W. F. Ponder, G. Wilson & V. Kessner (AMS C. 327927, several).	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
0C12051D2304FF97FECCFEE2CE0BB5C2.taxon	description	Queensland: billabong S of Tully Inlet, 2.5 km W of Settlement Ck, Wollogorang Stn, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 45.700 ' S, 138 ° 8.950 ' E, 25 AUG 1994, V. Kessner (VKC 23956, 20 +; AMS C. 318640, 6); billabong E of Settlement Ck crossing, Wollogorang Stn, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 53.450 ' S, 138 ° 9.280 ' E, 25 AUG 1994, V. Kessner (VKC 23955, 20 +; AMS C. 318576, 6); billabong above Tully Inlet, W. of Mornington Is., Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 45.710 ' S, 138 ° 8.960 ' E, amongst weed & macrophytes, 25 AUG 1994, W. F. Ponder, G. Wilson & V. Kessner (AMS C. 327879, several; AMS C. 327893, 20 +); billabong off road to beach nr Tully Inlet, W. of Mornington Is, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 46.900 ' S, 138 ° 10.140 ' E, 25 AUG 1994, W. F. Ponder, G. Wilson & V. Kessner (AMS C. 327883, 20 +); permanent billabong E of Settlement Ck., Wollogorang Stn, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 46.920 ' S, 138 ° 10.170 ' E, 25 AUG 1994, V. Kessner (VKC 23957, 20 +; AMS C. 318618, 6); 65 km by road NE of Woologorang HS, nr Qld border, Gulf of Carpentaria, 16 ° 47.000 ' S, 138 ° 10.170 ' E, in shallow billabong, in mud, 29 AUG 1988, V. Kessner (AMS C. 300776, 3; VKC 13881, 14; AMS C. 318591, 3); 7 km SSE Scrutton Ck crossing, Gulf of Carpentaria, 17 ° 35.750 ' S, 138 ° 26.420 ' E, small billabong in Cliffdale Ck drainage, 30 AUG 1988, V. Kessner (AMS C. 300777, 1; VKC 13882, 1); Jam Tin Yard, Devils Gate Stn, 17 ° 24.600 ' S, 138 ° 34.950 ' E, on mud, 24 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326805, sev); M Lagoon next to M Ck on Normanton ­ Burketown Rd, 18 ° 6.070 ' S, 140 ° 16.880 ' E, on mud amongst vegetation, 29 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331861, 20 +); Twelve Mile Ck waterholes at Karumba to Normaton Rd, 17 ° 31.730 ' S, 141 ° 9.570 ' E, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 332842, 20 +); Brannigan Ck at Karumba to Normanton Rd (side channel with waterholes), 17 ° 28.660 ' S, 141 ° 10.600 ' E, 31 MAY 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 331863, 20 +); waterhole in river flood channel of Gilbert R, ca. 0.2 km S of Gilbert R, 17 ° 10.450 ' S, 141 ° 45.990 ' E, on weed & mud, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 333670, 1; AMS C. 381244, 5); waterhole on Dogwood Ck on Burke Developmental Rd, 16 ° 51.730 ' S, 141 ° 58.060 ' E, on weed & mud, 1 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 326793, 20 +); Clarks Lagoon, Dunbar Stn on Burke Dev Rd, 16 ° 1.030 ' S, 142 ° 25.010 ' E, on weed, 3 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 381474, 14); Nolan Ck at Burke Developmental Rd, 16 ° 48.670 ' S, 144 ° 10.090 ' E, 4 JUN 1997, W. F. Ponder, V. Kessner & D. L. Beechey (AMS C. 346293, 20 +). Description Shell (Figs 26 H, J, 36 E, F) small (up to 5.6 mm in length), trochiform with strong spiral ridges, up to 4.4 convex whorls shouldered in upper third by upper­most spiral ridge. Protoconch of about 1.3 ­ 1.5 smooth whorls. Teleoconch sculptured with heavy, flat­topped spiral ridges, 3 on penultimate whorl, 6 ­ 11 on last whorl; intermediate cords present between main ridges, especially on last whorl, with one between main ridges on upper part of whorl and, usually, 3 between upper and lower basal ridges; weak spiral lines and threads also present; spiral sculpture crossed by much finer collabral growth lines; base convex, subangled by lower basal ridge; umbilicus wide, rimmed by lower basal spiral ridge and with 1 or 2 ridges within. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome moderately thickened in adults; outer lip prosocline. Colour: shell opaque to sub­translucent; periostracum thin to moderate, yellow­white to brown. One or two varices typically present, represented by rather irregular lines or breaks. Dimensions. See Table 28 for dimensions of holotype and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. Operculum (Fig. 32 O, P) typical of genus. Ovate, yellowish­white (unless stained), slightly to moderately concave, concentric growth ridges distinct; inner surface sculptured with low, concentric ridges. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 37 F, G) typical of genus. Central teeth with 3 ­ 5 cusps on either side of median cusp; median cusp about 1.3 ­ 1.4 longer than adjacent cusps, base about twice as wide, initially parallel­sided to slightly tapering, distally tapering to blunt to sharp point. Face of central tooth with 2 ­ 3 pairs of cusps parallel to lateral margin, inner pair much larger than others, about half total height of tooth. Lateral margins straight to slightly concave; at about 50 ­ 60 º, basal tongue short, rounded. Lateral teeth with cusp formula 3 ­ 4 + 1 + 4 ­ 6; cutting edge about third length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp up to about twice as long as adjacent cusps, broad, parallel­sided to slightly tapering, with rounded end; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 50 ­ 60 º to cutting edge, lateral edge straight. Inner marginal teeth 21 ­ 25 cusps, outer marginal teeth long and very slender with expanded bases, with 5 ­ 9 cusps. Head­foot with unpigmented foot, snout pale grey, tentacles with central pale grey stripe. Mantle roof unpigmented over rectum / kidney – remainder with black with large white blotches. Anatomy. Gill with apices at about quarter of width from right; 52 ­ 58 filaments (n = 2). Osphradium opposite middle of gill. Penis and accessory lobe shorter than penial lobe, distal end of accessory lobe lacking swelling or distinct sucker; accessory gland moderate to short. Pallial oviduct (Fig. 34 D) similar to G. vertiginosa but with relatively shorter albumen gland; bursa copulatrix narrow, extends to posterior pallial wall (AMS C. 326793, AMS C. 327883). Distribution (Fig. 39) and habitat. Coastal plains of the Gulf of Capentaria and the eastern base of Cape York. In billabongs and pools on mud, although often associated with macrophytes and algae. Remarks This species is very distinctive amongst the Australian fauna with its trochiform shell with an open umbilicus and strong spiral ridges. However, Mysorella costigera has a very similar shell to G. carinata but differs in being much larger (about twice as large), in having a very heavy operculum, in the axial sculpture being heavier and sharper, especially on the base, and in the edge of the outer lip being very slightly reflected in adults (simple in G. carinata). M. costigera and has been described anatomically (from India) by Seshaiya (1930). The central teeth of the radula reportedly have central teeth with only a single pair of basal cusps (Annandale, 1920), although Seshaiya (1930) noted 1 ­ 3 pairs and Starmühlner (1974) 3 pairs, although the 2 nd and 3 rd pairs are small.	en	Ponder, Winston F. (2003): Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Zootaxa 230 (1): 1-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.230.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.230.1.1
