identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
5046879BFFD9A5034D86FD475EB5FC86.text	5046879BFFD9A5034D86FD475EB5FC86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema Looss 1900	<div><p>Genus Astiotrema Looss, 1900 (sensu stricto)</p> <p>Synonyms: Astia Looss, 1899; Centrovitus Bhalerao, 1926; Tremiorchis Mehra &amp; Negi, 1926; Astioglossimetra Bilqees, Khatoon &amp; Khan, 2002 n. syn.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFD9A5034D86FD475EB5FC86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFD9A5044D86FCA65DFEFE79.text	5046879BFFD9A5044D86FCA65DFEFE79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema reniferum (Looss 1898) Looss 1900	<div><p>Type-species: Astiotrema reniferum (Looss, 1898) Looss, 1900</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body large, elongate to elongate oval, spatulate. Tegument spinous. Forebody approximately one third of total body length. Suckers subglobular, unspecialized, with variable sucker ratio. Oral sucker subterminal. Ventral sucker in anterior third of body or at border between anterior and middle thirds. Prepharynx indistinct to absent. Pharynx well developed, smaller than suckers. Esophagus of varying length to indistinct, straight to sigmoid. Intestine bifurcates in posterior or anterior part of forebody. Cecal ends variable in extent, close to posterior extremity or some distance short of it in middle third of body. Testes two, intercecal, smooth to indented, separated by small inter-testicular space, elliptical to slightly irregular, tandem to oblique, rarely opposite. Cirrus-pouch clavate, submedian or diagonal to midline, extends distinctly into hindbody. Internal seminal vesicle large, thick-walled, saccular to elongate saccular, unipartite, occasionally slightly sinuous; pars prostatica and ejaculatory duct short, tubular, inconspicuous. Genital atrium short, inconspicuous. Genital pore immediately anterior to ventral sucker, postbifurcal to occasionally bifurcal, median to slightly submedian. Ovary globular to elliptical, intercecal, pre-equatorial, dextral to dextro-submedian, entire, at base of cirrus-pouch or lateral to it. Canalicular seminal receptacle distinct, post-ovarian, variable in size, elliptical to kidney-shaped. Vitellarium follicular, in extracecal fields and sometimes extends dorsal and ventral to ceca, extends longitudinally between pharynx and cecal extremities; anterior extent pre-bifurcal, bifurcal or post-bifurcal; posterior extent pre-testicular, testicular or post-testicular. Uterus inter- and post-cecal, occasionally slightly extracecal, fills inter-testicular space and most of hindbody posterior to ovary, extends to posterior extremity. Metraterm simple, originates alongside cirrus-pouch. Eggs operculated, elliptical, unfilamented, tanned, unembryonated in utero, numerous. Excretory vesicle Y-shaped; stem passes between testes and bifurcates in two short arms between ovary and anterior testis. Excretory pore terminal. In intestine of various freshwater fishes (Bagridae, Cichlidae, Clariidae, Cyprinidae, Heteropneustidae &amp; Tetraodontidae), amphibians (Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae &amp; Hylidae), lizards (Varanidae) and turtles (Cheloniidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae &amp; Trionychidae); cosmopolitan in Asia, Europe and Africa.</p> <p>Remarks: Looss (1896) erected Distoma unicum Looss, 1896 for specimens collected from the intestine of the African or Nile soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis (Forsskål) (Syn. Trionyx niloticus Gray) (Testudines: Trionychidae), in the River Nile of Egypt. Due to the homonym observed with Distomum unicum Molin, 1859 (see Molin 1859), Looss (1898) renamed his specimens Distomum reniferum Looss, 1898. A year later, Looss (1899) considered D. reniferum as the type species of Astia Looss, 1899. As Astia Koch, 1879 was already preoccupied (i.e., an arachnid genus for Australian jumping spiders—see Koch [1879]), Looss (1900) changed Astia to Astiotrema Looss, 1900 with type species, Astiotrema reniferum.</p> <p>Tremiorchis Mehra &amp; Negi, 1926 was erected for the type-species Tremiorchis ranarum Mehra &amp; Negi, 1926 collected from the small intestine and duodenum of the Indian bullfrog, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin) (Syn. Rana tigrina [Duadin]) (Anura: Dicroglossidae), in Northern India (Mehra &amp; Negi 1926). That same year, from the intestine of the same host, H. tigerinus, from Allahabad and Nagpur, India, Bhalerao (1926) proposed Centrovitus Bhalerao, 1926 for its type species Centrovitus pentadelphi Bhalerao, 1926. Ejsmont (1928) presented a detailed comparison between T. ranarum and C. pentadelphi and, consequently, C. pentadelphi was synonymized with T. ranarum, and it followed that Centrovitus was considered a synonym of Tremiorchis. Verma (1930) supported the conclusions of Ejsmont (1928), discussed the systematic position of Tremiorchis, modified the generic diagnosis of Tremiorchis based on describing another species, Tremiorchis varanum Verma, 1930, and revised its taxonomic position clarifying the high importance of Tremiorchis because of possessing common features with several genera of the Plagiorchiinae Pratt, 1902 (= Plagiorchiidae Lühe, 1901) and probably some genera of the Brachycoeliinae Looss, 1899 (currently considered a synonym of the Brachycoeliidae Looss, 1899). Mehra (1931a) transferred Tremiorchis to the Lepodermatinae Looss, 1899 from the Lepodermatidae Looss, 1899. Thus far, most of the dispute involving the taxonomic status of Tremiorchis has involved whether this genus belongs to the Plagiorchiidae (Bhalerao 1926; Mehra &amp; Negi 1926; Mehra 1931a; Bhardwaj 1962; Rai 1962; Gupta, 1964; Skrjabin et al. 1964; Agrawal 1968; Ali &amp; Karyakarte 1970; Mukherjee &amp; Ghosh 1972; Singh 1977; Hafeezullah 1989; Rajendran &amp; Janardanan 1993; Bhutia 2006; Pandey &amp; Agrawal 2013) or the Brachycoeliidae (Dollfus 1930; Kalyanker &amp; Palladwar 1978; Hafeezulla &amp; Dutta 1981; Ghosh &amp; Chakraborty 1999; Ghosh &amp; Srivastava 1999; Bilqees &amp; Khan 2003; Pojmańska 2008; Ghosh &amp; Chakrabarti 2013; Keloth &amp; Kandambeth 2018). Bhardwaj (1962) erected the Tremiorchinae Bhardwaj, 1962 within the Plagiorchiidae to accommodate Tremiorchis based on (i) the plagiorchiid nature of Tremiorchis despite its considerable divergence from this line of evolution, (ii) the convergence of Tremiorchis with the Dicrocoeliidae Odhner, 1910 in regard to the shortening of the ceca and the limited extent and size of the vitellarium, (iii) the potential evolution of Brachycoelium Dujardin, 1845 from Tremiorchis reflected in maintaining the Brachycoelinae Looss, 1899 within the Plagiorchiidae (see Mehra 1931a), and (iv) the assignment of the Brachycoelinae among the dicrocoeliids. Fotedar (1971) compared the generic characteristics of Tremiorchis with Astiotrema, synonymized both genera, and considered T. ranarum as Astiotrema ranarum (Mehra &amp; Negi, 1926) Fotedar, 1971. Rajendran &amp; Janardanan (1993) apparently did not recognize the synonymy of Tremiorchis with Astiotrema and presented a detailed life-cycle of T. ranarum revealing that the first intermediate host was the amphibious apple snail, Pila virens (Lamarck) (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), and that the second intermediate hosts were tadpoles of the Indian bullfrog, H. tigerinus, and the Indian skittering frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider) (Syn. Rana cyanophlyctis [Schneider]) (Anura: Dicroglossidae), which within the former sporocysts produce xiphidiocercariae. Pojmańska (2008) and Pojmańska et al. (2008) considered Tremiorchis and Astiotrema separate genera; Pojmańska et al. (2008) concluded Astiotrema a genus incertae sedis in the Plagiorchioidea (sensu lato) Pojmańska, 2008 whilst Pojmańska (2008) reassigned Tremiorchis to the Brachycoeliidae, distinguishing it from other brachycoeliids by an elongate body, ceca that terminate anterior to or in the testicular zone, ceca and vitellarium that reach to the level of the testis, and a large distance between the ovary and testes. In addition, T. ranarum and T. varanum were considered as members of Tremiorchis (Pojmańska 2008, figs 12.1, 12.2).</p> <p>Besprozvannykh et al. (2015) established a genetic characterization and a detailed description of a life-cycle for Astiotrema odhneri Bhalerao, 1936 as well as discussed previously reported life-cycles for species of Astiotrema. This revealed some points of high phylogenetic and ontogenetic importance: (i) the first intermediate host of A. odhneri is a planorbid snail, Anisus (Gyraulus) centrifugops Prozorova &amp; Starobogatov (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), while the second intermediate hosts include the ramhorn snail, Helicorbis sujfunensis Starobogatov (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), and A. centrifugops, tadpoles of the Dybowski’s frog, Rana dybowskii Günther (Anura: Ranidae), and the Chinese sleeper fish, Perccottus glenii Dybowski (Perciformes: Odontobutidae); (ii) sporocysts develop in xiphidiocercariae; and (iii) A. odhneri clustered with other 28S rRNA gene sequences of Astiotrema forming a monophyletic clade closer and in a basal position to the Opisthorchioidea, obviously distant and separated from all members of the Plagiorchioidea. Furthermore, Besprozvannykh et al. (2015) disagreed with Shevchenko &amp; Vergun (1960) regarding the interpretation of the life-cycle of Astiotrema monticellii Stossich, 1904; the analysis by Besprozvannykh et al. (2015) indicated that Shevchenko &amp; Vergun (1960) most likely described larvae belonging to a member of the Opisthorchioidea rather than a species of Astiotrema. Thus, in their view, the prosobranch (gilled) snail Bithynia leachii (Sheppard) (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae) did not represent a first intermediate host for A. monticellii and the development of this parasite includes neither formation of rediae nor cercariae from the Pleurolophocerca group. Regarding the criteria and diagnostic features of Tremiorchis proposed by Pojmańska (2008) (see above), we conclude that these characters are identical with published diagnoses of Astiotrema (sensu stricto); therefore, we do not support placing Tremiorchis within the Brachycoeliidae. Based on the similarities between Tremiorchis and Astiotrema (sensu stricto), particularly in morphology and life history (i.e., observed intermediate hosts and development of a xiphidiocercaria within a sporocyst), we again consider Tremiorchis a synonym of Astiotrema (sensu stricto), consequently validating A. ranarum within Astiotrema (sensu stricto).</p> <p>Bilqees et al. (2002) created Astioglossimetra for its type species Astioglossimetra karachiensis Bilqees, Khatoon &amp; Khan, 2002, collected from the intestine of the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus) (Testudines: Cheloniidae), off the coast of Karachi, Pakistan. Bilqees et al. (2002) differentiated Astioglossimetra from two closely related genera, Astiotrema and Glossimetra Mehra, 1937, based on the shorter length of the vitelline fields and ceca in the former. Pojmańska et al. (2008) discussed the status of Astioglossimetra and pointed out its resemblance to members of both Astiotrema and Neoastiotrema Tkach, 2008; however, the problematic taxonomic status of Astioglossimetra resulted in it being declared temporarily a genus incertae sedis based on the fact that (i) both Astiotrema and Neoastiotrema are known only from freshwater habitats and hosts (Astioglossimetra was reported from a marine turtle in the northern Arabian Sea), and (ii) the description of the seminal vesicle in A. karachiensis as “smooth or bipartite” is ambiguous in that it may potentially put this genus into two families or even superfamilies. Bilqees et al. (2002) described A. karachiensis based on three specimens from a single host, two of which were fully illustrated with their genital systems in addition to the genital system only of the third specimen (see Bilqees et al. 2002, figs. 1–3). The seminal vesicle in the holotype and one paratype is unipartite (see Bilqees et al. 2002, figs. 1 &amp; 3); whereas, this feature appears to have a slightly sinuous wall (i.e., a somewhat “pinched” appearance) but not a distinct constriction dividing the seminal vesicle into two parts that is more indicative of a bipartite structure in the third figure (see Bilqees et al. 2002, fig. 2). There have been similar cases observed in other species of Astiotrema (see Mehra 1931b, fig. 2; Bhalerao 1936, fig. 4; Tang 1941, fig. 19; Gupta 1954, fig. 5; Dollfus &amp; Simha 1964, fig. 1; Wang 1987, fig. 2) strongly indicating that the seminal vesicle in Astioglossimetra is unipartite. In addition, it has been our experience that the seminal vesicle of many flukes develops by the spiraling or twisting of a more tubular singular structure, where depending on the number of resultant twists, there may be a main chamber (unipartite), two main chambers (bipartite) or three main chambers (tripartite). This development may confuse the issue of its actual structure based on the age of the specimens and how far along the development of this feature may be. The illustrated holotype (Bilqees et al. 2002, fig. 1) appears to be an early mature specimen whereas the illustrated paratype (fig. 3) represents a fully gravid specimen and both have a unipartite seminal vesicle, thus, the unipartite structure of the seminal vesicle in Astioglossimetra is confirmed. Accordingly, Astioglossimetra appears more closely related to Astiotrema than Neoastiotrema (i.e., unipartite seminal vesicle in the former vs a bipartite one in the latter). As for the recording of Astioglossimetra from the marine turtle C. mydas and in contrast to records of Astiotrema from freshwater habitats and hosts, C. mydas has been known to enter rivers and feed for reasonably long periods of time (Cammarata &amp; Dronen 2020); consequently, potential infection of C. mydas with a species of Astiotrema is possible. Furthermore, C. mydas belongs to a large, widely distributed and variant group, the Testudines, which represent one of the most common hosts for species of Astiotrema (see Discussion below); therefore, we cannot exclude the presence of marine species of Astiotrema in marine turtles. Bilqees et al. (2002) stated that Astioglossimetra is characterized by having a relatively short longitudinal distribution of the vitellarium from the intestinal bifurcation to a level anterior to the posterior testis and by having short ceca that terminate anterior to or at the level of the posterior testis. Our research clarified that species of Astiotrema exhibit a wide spectrum in the vitelline field length (between pharynx and cecal extremities) and in the location of the cecal ends (from level of anterior testis to near posterior extremity). Thus, the criteria used by Bilqees et al. (2002) for differentiating Astioglossimetra fall within those of Astiotrema and appear to be effective for differentiating species, but not at the generic level. Based on the identical morphology, the sharing of the same host group (Testudines), and the closely related localities (Pakistan &amp; India) reported between Astioglossimetra and Astiotrema, we hereby consider Astioglossimetra to be another synonym of Astiotrema.</p> <p>Pojmańska et al. (2008) included some vague and problematic genera within the Plagiorchioidea (sensu lato) as genera incertae sedis. As stated earlier, the ambiguous state of Astiotrema is attributed to its closer phylogenetic affinity to opisthorchioids and their positioning together in one cluster distinctly separated from plagiorchioids (see Tkach et al. 2001; Olson et al. 2003; Pojmańska et al. 2008; Tkach 2008; Besprozvannykh et al. 2015; de León &amp; Hernández-Mena 2019) despite Astiotrema resembling the latter in its morphology and life-cycle patterns (see Pojmańska et al. 2008; Tkach 2008; Besprozvannykh et al. 2015). For interpreting the ambiguous phylogenetic status of Astiotrema, Tkach et al. (2001) suggested two variants: either Astiotrema is unrelated to the Plagiorchiidae or it represents a heterogeneous group with polyphyletic origin where some of its members may belong not only to different genera, but even to different families; Galaktionov &amp; Dobrovolskij (2003) adopted the latter variant. Pojmańska et al. (2008) considered Astiotrema as incertae sedis within the Plagiorchioidea (sensu lato). Besprozvannykh et al. (2015) revealed through molecular studies that Astiotrema is phylogenetically closer to opisthorchioids and separate from plagiorchioids (as stated earlier by Pojmańska et al. 2008); however, they considered Astiotrema as incertae sedis within the Opisthorchioidea. Due to the potential polyphyletic origin of Astiotrema and its closely resembling the Plagiorchioidea in morphology and life-cycle patterns, we prefer to consider this genus within the expanded concept of the Plagiorchioidea (Pojmańska et al. 2008) until such a time as the actual systematic position of Astiotrema can be determined.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFD9A5044D86FCA65DFEFE79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFDEA5094D86FD9E5E98FCF5.text	5046879BFFDEA5094D86FD9E5E98FCF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema reniferum (Looss 1898) Looss 1900	<div><p>Astiotrema reniferum (Looss, 1898) Looss, 1900</p> <p>(Figs. 1–5)</p> <p>(Syns.: Distomum unicum Looss, 1896 nec Molin, 1859; Distomum reniferum Looss, 1898; Astia renifera [Looss, 1898] Looss, 1899; Astiotrema elongatum Mehra, 1931; Astiotrema loossii Mehra, 1931; Astiotrema gangeticus Harshey, 1932; Astiotrema indica Thapar, 1933; Astiotrema spinosa Chatterji, 1933; Astiotrema rami Bhalerao, 1936; Astiotrema dassia Dayal, 1938; Astiotrema hoshiarpurium Gupta, 1954; Astiotrema thapari Gupta, 1954; Astiotrema giganticum Tiwari, 1958; Astiotrema lobiorchis Tiwari, 1958; Astiotrema lissemysi Qazi &amp; Qazi, 1963; Astiotrema longicirra Dwivedi, 1966; Astiotrema kachugai Gupta &amp; Jahan, 1978 n. syn.; Astiotrema pseudobagri Wang in Wang, Zhao, Ghen &amp; Tao, 1983 n. comb.; Gauhatiana pseudobagri Wang in Wang, Zhao, Ghen &amp; Tao, 1983 n. syn.; Astiotrema manteri Gupta &amp; Saxena, 1987 n. syn.)</p> <p>Records (see Table 1): 1. Looss (1899); 2. Mehra (1931b); 3. Harshey (1932); 4. Chatterji (1933); 5. Thapar (1933); 6. Bhalerao (1936); 7. Dayal (1938); 8. Gupta (1954); 9. Tiwari (1958); 10. Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958); 11. Khalil (1959, 1969); 12. Mehrunnisa &amp; Qazi (1963); 13. Agrawal (1966a, 1966b); 14. Dwivedi (1966); 15. Kumari et al. (1972); 16. Cho &amp; Seo (1977); 17. Gupta &amp; Jahan (1978); 18. Wang et al. (1983); 19. Gupta &amp; Saxena (1987); 20. Tawfik et al. (1996); 21. Koiri &amp; Roy (2016).</p> <p>Remarks: Astiotrema reniferum is the type species of Astiotrema and represents one of the most commonly known and frequently reported species of this genus. Several of these records were identical with the original description of A. reniferum in morphology, host groups, and sharing same or close localities (see Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; Khalil 1959, 1969; Agrawal 1966a, 1966b; Kumari et al. 1972; Khalil &amp; Thurston 1973; Cho &amp; Seo 1977) while there were some doubtful or disputed records based on either some critical morphological differences, which caused an overlap with other closely related genera, or an unusual host record (see Bray et al. 2006). Our investigations on these confirmed records of A. reniferum revealed several variations in some morphological features of A. reniferum which were noted either among different publications or in the specimens of the same species collected from the same host (see Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; Kumari et al. 1972). These variations include: (i) variable sucker size which ranges from either oral sucker slightly larger or smaller than ventral sucker to equally sized suckers; (ii) change in esophagus length from fairly long to sometimes short or indistinct in contracted specimens; (iii) seminal receptacle shape varied from elliptical, saccular or kidney-shaped as well as variable in size; (iv) variation of posterior extension of cirrus-pouch from a position slightly anterior to ovary to slightly posterior to it; (v) testes shape varied from globular to oval or sometimes irregular as well as their lobulation degree from entire to slightly or deeply lobed; (vi) testes position relative to each other whether tandem, obliquely tandem or rarely oblique; (vii) intestinal ceca terminate near posterior extremity of the body or more anterior to it at about mid-post-testicular area; (viii) vitelline follicles sometimes small aggregations with few follicles or condensed and numerous; (ix) extent of tegument spination from anterior extremity reaching to near level of midbody, covering first two thirds of body or terminating at posterior extremity; (x) differences in location of maximum body width from being in anterior third to around midbody level; (xi) presence or absence of minute esophageal glands; and (xii) vitellarium distribution where the anterior extent of the vitelline fields reaches either the anterior extent of the ovarian level or a little anterior to the level of the ventral sucker, but never reaching the level of the intestinal bifurcation, whereas the posterior extent of vitelline follicles terminates at the level of the posterior margin of the anterior testis or extends to the level of the posterior margin of the posterior testis.</p> <p>Slight variations observed in size of suckers, maximum body width, testes shape, lobulation degree of testes, posterior extent of intestinal ceca, and the anterior and posterior extent of the vitellarium are greatly affected by host-induced changes, range of geographical distributions and samples sizes used. Concerning differences in seminal receptacle shape and size as well as abundance of vitelline follicles, these can indicate developmental changes which depend on the maturity of the worm. In addition, variation in esophagus length, seminal receptacle position, posterior extent of cirrus-pouch, testes position relative to each other, and tegument spination are influenced by the degree of relaxation of specimens and affected by the different treatments used in parasite preparation, particularly fixation reagents, flattening and staining methods. All these slight variations reflect intraspecific variability and are not indicative of a lack of conspecificity within A. reniferum. Accordingly, we conclude the reliable morphological characteristics of A. reniferum include the following combinations of characters: (i) suckers of roughly equal size, (ii) vitelline field extent ranges from ventral sucker level to the level of the posterior margin of the posterior testis, (iii) ceca extend well into the post-testicular area and terminate near the posterior extremity of the body, (iv) ovary located midway between ventral sucker and anterior testis and (v) the presence of a long esophagus. Therefore, we concur with Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958) in synonymizing A. dassia, A. elongatum, A. gangeticus, A. hoshiarpurium, A. indica, A. loossii, A. rami, A. spinosa and A. thapari with A. reniferum. In addition, the following synonymies are also included with A. reniferum: A. giganticum, A. lissemysi, A. lobiorchis and A. longicirra (see Siddiqi 1965; Dwivedi &amp; Chauhan 1970; Fotedar 1971; Simha &amp; Chattopadhyaya 1971; Verma 1973; Gupta &amp; Jahan 1978; Gupta &amp; Singh 1985).</p> <p>Astiotrema kachugai was erected by Gupta &amp; Jahan (1978) for specimens from the intestine of the three-striped roofed turtle, Batagur dhongoka (Gray) (Syn. Kachuga dhongoka Boulenger) (Testudines: Geoemydidae), from Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Gupta &amp; Jahan (1978) differentiated A. kachugai from all known species of Astiotrema by the absence of a seminal receptacle. They stated that A. kachugai exhibited a great similarity with A. reniferum except for its larger size, presence of esophageal glands, and in the extension of vitelline fields from the level of the anterior margin of the ventral sucker or a little anterior to it to the mid-level of or a little anterior to the posterior testis. Astiotrema is characterized by having a seminal receptacle, but sometimes it can become very difficult to observe when uterine coils overlap and cover it, specimens have not reached full maturity, and/or there is overlap and crowding among the ovary, Mehlis’ gland and anterior testes. Gupta &amp; Jahan (1978, figs. 1–3) seem to have misidentified the structure next or posterior to the ovary, which they considered to be the öotype surrounded by a large number of Mehlis’ gland cells; it appears to be a small seminal receptacle overlapped by several Mehlis’ gland cells. Gupta &amp; Saxena (1987) reported A. manteri from the intestine of the Indian tent turtle, Pangshura tentoria (Gray) (Syn. Kachuga intermedia Boulenger) (Testudines: Geoemydidae), in Lucknow, India. Both A. manteri and A. kachugai share the same host group (Geoemydidae) and are identical in all features except esophageal glands which are not reported in A. manteri (Gupta &amp; Saxena 1987). The characteristics used in differentiating A. kachugai and A. manteri from A. reniferum fall within the range of intra-specific variation for A. reniferum; consequently, we conclude both A. kachugai and A. manteri as synonyms of A. reniferum.</p> <p>Wang et al. (1983) collected G. pseudobagri from the intestine of the yellow catfish, Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson) (Syn. Pseudobagrus fulvidraco [Richardson]) (Siluriformes: Bagridae), from Hongze Lake, China. Our review pointed out that G. pseudobagri lacks some characteristics of species of Gauhatiana Gupta, 1953, particularly vitellarium in two distinct clusters in lateral fields on each side of the body and in having an equatorial ovary (see Gupta 1953; Font &amp; Lotz 2008); however, G. pseudobagri has all the characteristics of species of Astiotrema, thereby we believe it to belong in Astiotrema. Indeed, A. pseudobagri n. comb. and A. reniferum are identical in all morphological features except for an indistinct esophagus in A. pseudobagri (see Wang et al. 1983, fig. 4; Note: figs. 3 &amp; 4 in Wang et al. 1983, p. 132 of Allocreadium (Allocreadium) ctenopharyngodonis Wang in Wang, Zhao, Ghen &amp; Tao, 1983 and G. peudobagri are reversed in the figure legend). Several records reported A. reniferum from various fishes; however, the airbreathing catfishes (i.e., species of Clarias Scopoli [Siluriformes: Clariidae]) represent the most commonly known fish group harboring A. reniferum (Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; Khalil 1959, 1969; Kumari et al. 1972). Bray et al. (2006) referred to some doubtful or disputed host records for A. reniferum that include two cichlids, the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), and the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) (Tawfik et al. 1996; El Garhy 2003), as well as the fish known locally in Africa as the “semutundu”, Bagrus docmak (Forsskål) (Perciformes: Bagridae) (Khalil &amp; Thurston 1973). Based on having an identical morphology, parasitizing the same fish group (Siluriformes) and the wide distribution of A. reniferum from northeast Africa to Asia, A. pseudobagri herein is considered another synonym of A. reniferum.</p> <p>Kumari et al. (1972) discussed the large amount of intraspecific variation observed in A. reniferum and pointed out that the generic diagnosis of the Indian Pseudoparamacroderoides Gupta &amp; Agarwal, 1968, was identical to that of Astiotrema except for the position of the ovary, shape of the excretory vesicle and larger spines at the oral sucker than on the body. Kumari et al. (1972) did not believe these variations to be of generic importance and considered Pseudoparamacroderoides congeneric with Astiotrema, believing Pseudoparamacroderoides seenghali Gupta &amp; Agarwal, 1968 and Pseudoparamacroderoides vittatusi Kakaji, 1969 as junior synonyms of A. reniferum. Yamaguti (1971) had earlier established Pseudoparamacroderoides as a subgenus within Paramacroderoides Venard, 1941 based on similar morphology, hosts and localities among constituent species. Agarwal &amp; Kumar (1983) recognized neither the synonymies of Yamaguti (1971) nor Kumari et al. (1972) and established another species, Pseudoparamacroderoides raychaudhurii Agarwal &amp; Kumar, 1983, while Agarwal &amp; Agarwal (1985) followed with a fourth species, Pseudoparamacroderoides keni Agarwal &amp; Agarwal, 1985. Font &amp; Lotz (2008) continued the synonymy of Pseudoparamacroderoides and its representative species within Paramacroderoides. Investigations by Tkach et al. (2010) revealed that Indian members of Paramacroderoides (Syn. Pseudoparamacroderoides) differ substantially from North American members of Paramacroderoides in both morphology and host-parasite data, therefore, they synonymized Pseudoparamacroderoides with Macroderoides Pearse, 1924 —the morphologically most similar genus—and suggested the possibility of further change in the systematic position of members of Pseudoparamacroderoides with future molecular analysis. Whether Pseudoparamacroderoides represents a distinct genus or is synonymous with either Macroderoides or Paramacroderoides, representative species of these three genera can be distinguished clearly from members of Astiotrema by having a bipartite seminal vesicle and an I-shaped excretory vesicle (see Font &amp; Lotz 2008).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFDEA5094D86FD9E5E98FCF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFD3A50D4D86FC5A5CD2FB9D.text	5046879BFFD3A50D4D86FC5A5CD2FB9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema impletum (Looss 1899) Looss 1900	<div><p>Astiotrema impletum (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1900</p> <p>(Figs. 6–11)</p> <p>(Syns.: Astia impleta Looss, 1899; Tremiorchis varanum Verma, 1930 n. syn.; Astiotrema sudarshani Mukherjee &amp; Ghosh, 1970 n. syn.; Astiotrema varanum [Verma, 1930] Mukherjee &amp; Ghosh, 1970 n. syn.; Astiotrema varanusi Gupta &amp; Jahan, 1978 n. syn.)</p> <p>Host: Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus; Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae; Globe fish.</p> <p>Locality: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683334/lat 26.15)">From</a> the River Nile at Qena, Egypt, 26°08’N, 32°42’E –26°09’N, 32°41’E; depth = 0.60–7.50 m; June/2018 &amp; July/2018.</p> <p>Site of infection: Intestine.</p> <p>Prevalence: 3 of 8 Tetraodon lineatus (37.5% infected).</p> <p>Intensity: 20–45 worms/host specimen.</p> <p>Mean intensity: 31.7 (95/3) worms.</p> <p>Relative density/abundance: 11.9 (95/8) worms.</p> <p>Deposited specimens: BM(NH) vouchers NHMUK.2021.5.26.1-3; SVU vouchers (SVU) 21.18.Ai01–Ai05.</p> <p>Records (see Table 1): 1. Looss (1899); 2. Odhner (1911); 3. Verma (1930); 4. Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958); 5. Fischthal &amp; Kuntz (1963); 6. Mukherjee &amp; Ghosh (1970); 7. Gupta &amp; Jahan (1978); 8. El-Naffer et al. (1984); 9. Hamada (2002); 10. Present study.</p> <p>Supplemental description. [Based on 17 ovigerous specimens] Body elongate-oval with almost parallel margins, range 2,211 –3,578 (mean 2,860) × 1,116 –1,540 (1,299); maximum width at area anterior to anterior testis to anterior limit of ventral sucker level, 38.4%–57.8% (45.8%) of body length. Anterior end broadly rounded; posterior end less broadly rounded; pre-oral lobe distinct, short, 82–120 (105) long, 2.8%–4.6% (3.7%) of body length. Forebody 617–881 (773) long, 20.8%–33.8% (27.4%) of body length, gradually narrows near anterior end. Hindbody wider and longer than forebody, gradually narrows in posterior third of body. Tegument armed with numerous small, scale-like spines, spines 8–12 µm long; concentrated in forebody, sparser gradually towards posterior limit of level of posterior testis, post-testicular area devoid of spines. Oral sucker globular, sub-terminal, unspecialized with conspicuous large central mouth opening, 290–412 (346) × 298–410 (356), 10.9%–13.3% (12.2%) of body length. Ventral sucker sessile, unspecialized, globular, pre-equatorial, distinctly smaller than oral sucker, 168–277 (211) × 171–286 (222), 6.9%–8.3% (7.4%) of body length. Suckers well-separated by a long distance 230–405 (343) long, 7.0%–17.3% (12.3%) of body length. Oral sucker/ventral sucker length and width ratios 1:0.55–0.67 (1:0.61) &amp; 1:0.57–0.70 (1:0.62), respectively. Prepharynx absent. Pharynx muscular, transversely oval, well-developed, narrower and smaller than both suckers, not papillate, 96–136 (115) × 95–163 (144), 3.4%–5.0% (4.1%) of body length. Pharynx/oral sucker length and width ratios 1:2.51–3.35 (1:3.02) &amp; 1:2.22–3.71 (1:2.50). Pharynx/ventral sucker length and width ratios 1:1.60–2.25 (1:1.85) &amp; 1:1.29–2.38 (1:1.56). Prebifurcal distance 568–725 (653) long, 19.8%–29.3% (23.1%) of body length. Esophagus distinct, thin, long, sigmoid [n=15], 144–398 (252) long, 4.9%–12.8% (8.9%) of body length, rarely contracted [n=2]. Intestinal bifurcation in mid-forebody, at distance 568–725 (653) from anterior extremity and 19.8%–29.3% (23.1%) of body length, separated from ventral sucker by small distance 20–195 (106), 0.6%–6.1% (3.8%) of body length. Ceca 2, simple, blind, arcuate, subequal in length, equal in width, pass posteriorly along lateral margins of worm to end at level of posterior testis or slightly further, at distance 414–1,041(771) from posterior extremity, represents 18.7%–31.6% (26.6%) of body length.</p> <p>Testes 2, consistently globular to oval, equally-sized, entire, oblique [n=16], rarely opposite [n=1], occupy middle third of body, widely separated from posterior end, separated by narrow inter-testicular space, 19–164 (83) long, 0.7%–6.8% (2.9%) of body length; anterior testis 313–558 (428) × 357–552 (432), 12.8%–17.5% (14.9%) of body length; posterior testis 396–618 (483) × 338–560 (444), 13.4%–19.4% (17.0%) of body length. Pre-testicular distance 1,020 –1,568 (1,295) long, 42.2%–53.7% (45.5%) of body length. Post-testicular space approximately represents last quarter of body, 475–1,134 (825) long, 21.5%–34.2% (28.5%) of body length. Cirrus-pouch large, claviform, curved to C-shaped, 382–751 (572) × 108–217 (165), 14.8%–25.3% (19.9%) of body length, extends posteriorly around left edge of ventral sucker [n=13] or occasionally around right edge [n=4] to ovarian level; encloses well-developed prostatic cells, ejaculatory duct, pars prostatica and seminal vesicle. Internal seminal vesicle broadly saccular, unipartite, occupies about two thirds of cirrus-pouch, 215–508 (375) × 108–217 (165), 9.7%– 18.9% (13.1%) of body length, connects to well-developed, short, thin-walled, straight, pars prostatica. Ejaculatory duct short, indistinct from pars prostatica, extends slightly anterior to ventral sucker before it turns posteriorly to enter shallow genital atrium. Genital pore post-bifurcal in forebody, median [n=12] to slightly sinistro-submedian [n=5], mid-way between ventral sucker and intestinal bifurcation [n=10] to immediately anterior to ventral sucker [n=3] or immediately ventral to intestinal bifurcation [n=4], 643–830 (726) from anterior end or 21.3%–32.4% (25.7%) of body length.</p> <p>Ovary entire, rounded, 165–258 (232) × 167–286 (246), 7.0%–9.2% (8.2%) of body length, pre-testicular, distinctly separated from anterior testis, dextral to ventral sucker and either separated by a slight distance or contiguous to it [n=13]; in some specimens, ovary separated by a short transverse distance 81–218 (156) long, occupied by cirrus-pouch [n=4]. Preovarian region 748–1,087 (924) long, 28.9%–41.4% (32.6%) of body length from anterior end. Mean testes/ovary length and width ratios 1:0.40–0.61 (1:0.51) &amp; 1:0.45–0.67 (1:0.57), respectively. Seminal receptacle conspicuous, broadly saccate, 155–508 (363) × 134–250 (190), situated in area posterior to ovary and may occupy space between ovary and anterior testis. Öotype median, surrounded by a large mass of Mehlis’ gland cells; both in small area proximate to posterior margin of ventral sucker, anterior margin of anterior testis and either sinistral or dextral margins of seminal receptacle and cirrus-pouch. Uterus well-developed, highly coiled, intercecal, occupies entire post-testicular area, extends anteriorly and fills inter-testicular space to level of posterior margin of ventral sucker. Metraterm thin-walled, extends along right side of ventral sucker, reaches slightly anterior to genital pore level then turns posteriorly to enter genital atrium. Vitellarium mainly extracaecal; follicles distributed dorsal and ventral to ceca, relatively numerous, moderate in size, subglobular to oval; fields extend along lateral margins from near level of pharynx or slightly posterior to it and anterior to intestinal bifurcation to terminate near posterior testis level; pre-vitelline region 447–728 (607) long, 17.4%–27.1% (21.4%) of body length; post-vitelline region 699–1,671 (1,136) long, 31.6%–46.7% (39.2%) of body length. Small vitelline ductulus unite at anterior extremity of each vitelline field forming one transverse vitelline duct that extends from each side then unites in a small median vitelline reservoir directly anterior to ventral sucker or overlaps it dorsally. Eggs numerous, oval, 38–46 (42) × 13–20 (16) [n=21], operculate, thin-shelled, without filaments.</p> <p>Excretory vesicle Y-shaped, stem extends anteriorly, passes between testes and bifurcates posterior to ovary into two short arms; excretory pore terminal.</p> <p>Remarks: Comparisons among records of A. impletum from the type host, the globe fish, Tetraodon lineatus (Syn. Tetraodon fahaka Hasselquist) (see Looss 1899; Odhner 1911; Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; Fischthal &amp; Kuntz 1963; El-Naffar et al. 1984), and the present material reveal some morphological variation within this species: (i) genital pore position relative to the intestinal bifurcation differentiated slightly from pre-bifurcal (Looss 1899) to bifurcal (Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; Present study) to post-bifurcal (Odhner 1911; Fischthal &amp; Kuntz 1963; El-Naffar et al. 1984; Present study); (ii) genital pore position varied from median (Looss 1899; Fischthal &amp; Kuntz 1963; El-Naffar et al. 1984; Present study) to slightly submedian and sinistral (Odhner 1911; Present study); (iii) testes either well-separated (Looss 1899; Odhner 1911; Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; El-Naffar et al. 1984; Present study) or contiguous (Fischthal &amp; Kuntz 1963; Present study); (iv) testes either oblique (Looss 1899; Odhner 1911; Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; Fischthal &amp; Kuntz 1963; El-Naffar et al. 1984; Present study) or opposite (El-Naffar et al. 1984; Present study); (v) testes lobulation and shape range from occasionally slightly lobed and almost symmetrical (Odhner 1911) to entire and more diagonal in position (Looss 1899; Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; Fischthal &amp; Kuntz 1963; El-Naffar et al. 1984; Present study); and (vi) the position of the cirrus-pouch relative to the ventral sucker and ovary varies from either dextral to both ventral sucker and ovary (i.e., ventral sucker situated between ovary and cirrus-pouch) (see Looss 1899; Odhner 1911; Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; El-Naffar et al. 1984; Present study) or confined between right edge of ovary and left edge of ventral sucker (i.e., ventral sucker sinistral to both cirrus-pouch and ovary) (see El-Naffar et al. 1984; Present study). The pre-bifurcal position of the genital pore in A. impletum as stated by Looss (1899) is inconsistent with all reported subsequent records from the type host. We suspect that Looss (1899) was mistaken and that the true position of the genital pore is either post-bifurcal or occasionally bifurcal. We interpret the remaining morphological variation listed above, in part, to intra-specific variation and/or differences in parasite preparation and the potential effect of change in the host locality. Characteristics of A. impletum that we consider consistent are as follows: (i) oral sucker distinctly larger than ventral sucker, (ii) vitelline fields extend from pharyngeal level to the anterior extent of posterior testes level, (iii) ceca terminate at posterior limit of posterior testes level, (iv) ovary either contiguous to ventral sucker or posterior to it by a very small distance, and (v) a sigmoid esophagus.</p> <p>Verma (1930) reported T. varanum from the small intestine of two reptilians, the Bengal or Indian monitor, Varanus bengalensis (Daudin), and the desert monitor Varanus griseus (Daudin) (Squamata: Varanidae), from Allahabad, India. Mukherjee &amp; Ghosh (1970) noted that T. varanum resembles species of Astiotrema more than Tremiorchis, particularly in regard to the posterior extent of the intestinal ceca, the position of the testes and the sigmoid nature of the excretory vesicle. Consequently, they transferred T. varanum to Astiotrema as A. varanum. Astiotrema varanusi represents another closely related species collected from the intestine of an unidentified species of Varanus Merrem from Lucknow, India (Gupta &amp; Jahan 1978). The two species have identical morphology as well as sharing the same locality (India) and host group (monitors), thus we synonymize A. varanusi with A. varanum. Furthermore, A. varanum and its synonym A. varanusi are morphologically identical with A. impletum; we could not find any distinct characteristics differentiating them except A. impletum was reported from a fish host (globe fish) and A. varanum is known from monitor lizards. The fresh and brackish water globe fish is widely spread throughout Africa, particularly in large rivers, open water, weed beds and vegetated fringes (Froese &amp; Pauly 2021); whereas, monitor lizards are native to Africa, Asia, and Oceania (Uetz et al. 2021). Both the globe fish and monitor lizards are entirely carnivorous; the globe fish feeds on mollusks (Froese &amp; Pauly 2021) and monitor lizards consume a wide variety of food such as insects, crustaceans, arachnids, myriapods, mollusks, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (Pianka et al. 2004). As A. varanum and A. impletum share the same morphology as well as host geographical distribution (Africa) and feeding habitats (consume mollusks), we conclude A. varanum as another synonym of A. impletum.</p> <p>Mukherjee &amp; Ghosh (1970) described A. sudarshani for specimens collected from the intestine of the Southeast Asian or Asian common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider) (Syn. Bufo melanostictus Schneider) (Anura: Bufonidae), from Birati, West Bengal, India. We note no distinct characteristics differentiating A. sudarshani from A. impletum except that it was recorded from anurans. In addition, D. melanostictus is a completely carnivorous toad that occurs widely in Asia; it consumes a wide variety of food, mainly arthropods and mollusks (Berry &amp; Bullock 1962). Given that A. sudarshani and A. impletum have indistinguishable morphology, their hosts share feeding habitats (consume mollusks) and A. impletum (Syn. A. varanum) was reported earlier from the same geographical area (Asia), we synonymize A. sudarshani with A. impletum.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFD3A50D4D86FC5A5CD2FB9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFD7A50F4D86FB895DE7FBD5.text	5046879BFFD7A50F4D86FB895DE7FBD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema ranarum (Mehra & Negi 1926) Fotedar 1971	<div><p>Astiotrema ranarum (Mehra &amp; Negi, 1926) Fotedar, 1971</p> <p>(Figs. 12–14)</p> <p>(Syns.: Centrovitus pentadelphi Bhalerao, 1926; Tremiorchis ranarum Mehra &amp; Negi, 1926; Tremiorchis mehrai Rai, 1962; Tremiorchis vitelloconfluentum Rai, 1962; Tremiorchis attenuatus Karyakarte, 1973; Tremiorchis tigrinarum Sinha, Sahay &amp; Prasad, 1974; Tremiorchis mathuraensis Swaroop &amp; Jain, 1976; Tremiorchis tigrinarum andersoni Lal, 1977 n. syn.; Tremiorchis spiniphlyctis Kalyankar &amp; Palladwar, 1978; Astiotrema siddiqii Lal &amp; Prasad, 1980 n. syn.; Tremiorchis jamshedpurensis Hasnain, 1989 n. syn.; Tremiorchis fatimae Bilqees &amp; Khan, 2003 n. syn.)</p> <p>Records (see Table 1): 1. Bhalerao (1926); 2. Mehra &amp; Negi (1926, 1936); 3. Verma (1930); 4. Singh (1954); 5. Bhardwaj (1962); 6. Rai (1962); 7. Agrawal (1968); 8. Ali &amp; Karykarte (1970); 9. Dwivedi &amp; Chauhan (1970); 10. Mukherjee &amp; Ghosh (1970); 11. Fotedar (1971); 12. Sinha &amp; Sahay (1971); 13. Pandey (1973); 14. Rao (1974); 15. Sinha et al. (1974); 16. Bhutta &amp; Khan (1975); 17. Swaroop &amp; Jain (1976); 18. Khan &amp; Haksar (1977); 19. Lal (1977); 20. Singh (1977); 21. Kalyankar &amp; Palladwar (1978); 22. Singh &amp; Sinha (1979); 23. Karyakarte &amp; Baheti (1980); 24. Lal &amp; Prasad (1980); 25. Hafeezullah &amp; Dutta (1981); 26. Hasnain (1989); 27. Rajendran &amp; Janardanan (1993); 28. Bilqees &amp; Khan (2003); 29. Pandey &amp; Agrawal (2013); 30. Pandey et al. (2013); 31. Hemalatha et al. (2015).</p> <p>Remarks: Bhardwaj (1962) examined T. ranarum and reported intra-specific variations and abnormalities including (i) differences in size of body and organs, (ii) minor differences in sucker ratio, (iii) presence or absence of a prepharynx, (iv) slight changes in extent of intestinal ceca, cirrus-pouch and vitellarium, (v) confluent nature of the vitelline follicles, (vi) differences in position, size and shape of gonads as well as degree of lobulation of testes, (vii) slight variations in size and shape of the egg, (viii) differences in the posterior extent of the cirrus-pouch relative to the ventral sucker (either more dorsal or lateral to it), and (viii) degree and posterior extent of spines on the body. In light of the work of Bhardwaj (1962), Mukherjee &amp; Ghosh (1970) considered both T. mehrai and T. vitelloconfluentum as synonyms of T. ranarum and transferred T. varanum into Astiotrema as A. varanum (see above). Pandey &amp; Agrawal (1981) presented a detailed discussion and review of Tremiorchis. This study focused on the slight morphological spectrum observed in some features which previously were considered differential characters between several species of Tremiorchis. Pandey &amp; Agrawal (1981) attributed the observed variations noted by Bhardwaj (1962) to the degree of maturity of the worm, poor sample size and errors in preparation of parasites, particularly fixation. Based on the invalidity of characterizing species based on such slight variations, Pandey &amp; Agrawal (1981) accepted the synonymy of T. mehrai and T. vitelloconfluentum with T. ranarum and also synonymized T. tigrinarum, T. mathuraensis and T. spiniphlyctis with T. ranarum, the only representative of Tremiorchis. In another revision of Tremiorchis, Hafeezullah &amp; Dutta (1981) referred to the synonymy of T. attenuatus, T. tigrinarum and T. mathuraensis with T. ranarum as an indicator of the monotypy of Tremiorchis. To explain the variability among these four species, Hafeezullah &amp; Dutta (1981) attributed these variations to human error during sample preparation as represented by the different states of contraction or relaxation among the specimens, evidence of excessive pressure applied and the incorrect orientation of the fluke during the mounting process. Fotedar (1971) synonymized Tremiorchis with Astiotrema and recognized T. ranarum as A. ranarum, and although this synonymy was rejected by Pojmańska (2008), we accept it based on the results of Besprozvannykh et al. (2015) and similarities with life-cycle patterns elucidated by Rajendran &amp; Janardanan (1993).</p> <p>Astiotrema ranarum is easily characterized as follows: (i) oral sucker slightly smaller than ventral sucker, (ii) vitelline fields short and extend from level of ventral sucker to posterior limit of pretesticular level, (iii) ceca short and terminate at level of anterior testis, (iv) ovary either contiguous with ventral sucker or posterior to it by a small distance and (v) esophagus long and straight. Lal (1977) described a new subspecies, T. tigrinarum andersoni, based on what was interpreted as intra-specific morphological variations observed in specimens of T. tigrinarum (= T. ranarum) from the intestine of the smooth-sided or spotted toad, Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider) (Syn. Bufo anderssoni Melin) (Anura: Bufonidae). Hasnain (1989) added T. jamshedpurensis for specimens gathered from the intestine of the common or Indian skittering frog, E. cyanophlyctis (Anura: Dicroglossidae), in Jamshedpur, ‎ Jharkhand, India. Bilqees &amp; Khan (2003) described T. fatimae for specimens collected from the small intestine of the same host, E. cyanophlyctis, in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, and distinguished it from T. ranarum by its longer body, suckers of slightly smaller size and its slightly larger eggs. In light of the wide range of intra-specific variability observed in T. ranarum (Bhardwaj 1962; Hafeezullah &amp; Dutta 1981; Pandey &amp; Agrawal 1981) and the common geographical distribution as well as records from common hosts, we interpret T. tigrinarum andersoni, T. jamshedpurensis and T. fatimae as synonyms of T. ranarum. Lal &amp; Prasad (1980) erected A. siddiqii for two specimens collected from the intestine of E. cyanophlyctis in Patna, Bihar, India. We found this species morphologically to be identical to A. ranarum except in having an indistinct esophagus and the anterior extent of the vitellarium is to the level of the intestinal bifurcation. We also note the poor sample size and the contracted status of their specimens (see Lal &amp; Prasad 1980, fig. 1). Specifically, it seems that the anterior portion of the body is deformed and more contracted, producing a shortened esophagus, the ventral sucker and intestinal bifurcation overlap, and both the ventral sucker and vitelline fields are positioned more anteriorly. In addition, this species shares the same host group (dicroglossid frogs) and locality (India) with A. ranarum. Thus, we consider A. siddiqii another synonym of A. ranarum.</p> <p>Astiotrema ranarum is morphologically similar to A. impletum, but the latter differs by having (i) an oral sucker much larger than the ventral sucker rather than vice versa, (ii) the anterior extent of the vitellarium reaching the level of the pharynx and not the level of the ventral sucker, (iii) a large seminal vesicle occupying almost the entire cirrus-pouch and not a small one occupying about 1/3 of it, (iv) ceca ending immediately posterior to or near the level of the posterior testis vs in the area anterior to the anterior testis, (v) a sigmoid esophagus vs a straight one, and (vi) A. impletum is known from fish (globe fish), reptiles (monitor lizards) and anurans (Asian common toad), whereas A. ranarum is restricted to amphibians only.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFD7A50F4D86FB895DE7FBD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFD5A5114D86FB3A5EDBFE21.text	5046879BFFD5A5114D86FB3A5EDBFE21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema emydis Ejsmont 1930	<div><p>Astiotrema emydis Ejsmont, 1930</p> <p>(Figs. 15 &amp; 16)</p> <p>(Syn.: Leptophallus emydis [Ejsmont, 1930] Yeh &amp; Fotedar, 1958)</p> <p>Records (see Table 1): 1. Ejsmont (1930); 2. Modrzejewska (1938).</p> <p>Remarks: Ejsmont (1930) proposed A. emydis for specimens from the stomach and duodenum of the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus) (Testudines: Emydidae), from Poland. Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958) proposed removal of A. emydis to Leptophallus Lühe, 1909; however, no reasons were given for this reassignment. Following comparison of A. emydis with two closely related species, Leptophallus nigrovenosus (Bellingham, 1844) Lühe, 1909 and Metaleptophallus gracillimus (Lühe, 1909) Yamaguti, 1958, Grabda-Kazubska (1961) concluded that the transfer of A. emydis to Leptophallus was mistaken based on the fact that A. emydis can be distinguished from species of Leptophallus by the former having a seminal receptacle and a large cirrus-pouch of a different structure without an external seminal vesicle. Grabda-Kazubska (1961) recommended that A. emydis should be retained within Astiotrema. Agrawal (1966a) concurred with Grabda-Kazubska (1961) and also noted that A. emydis could be easily distinguished from Leptophallus based on the nature of the vitellarium and the position of the cirrus-pouch.</p> <p>The most obvious intra-specific variation observed in this species concerns the position of the cirrus-pouch relative to the ventral sucker and ovary; it varies from either situated between ovary and ventral sucker (i.e., ventral sucker sinstral to both cirrus-pouch and ovary) (see dorsal mount of Ejsmont 1930, fig. 1) or sinistral to both ventral sucker and ovary (i.e., ventral sucker between ovary and cirrus-pouch) (see ventral mount of Modrzejewska 1938, fig. 1). Astiotrema emydis is characterized by the following diagnostic combination of morphological features: (i) oral sucker conspicuously larger than ventral sucker, (ii) vitelline fields short, extend from level midway between ventral sucker and intestinal bifurcation to level immediately posterior to posterior testis, and the anteriormost extent of vitelline fields confluent medially in pre-acetabular region, (iii) ceca long and terminate near posterior extremity or slightly anterior, (iv) ovary is either the size of testes or slightly larger and it is closer to the ventral sucker than anterior testis and (v) the esophagus of A. emydis is indistinct.</p> <p>Astiotrema reniferum is similar to A. emydis in its ceca extent but these species can be easily differentiated by (i) an oral sucker larger than ventral one in A. emydis vs suckers roughly equal in size in A. reniferum; (ii) A. emydis has an ovary slightly larger or equally-sized with the testes vs A. reniferum with an ovary distinctly smaller than both testis; (iii) the post-testicular area in A. emydis is larger and exceeds 2/5 of body length vs A. reniferum with a smaller area that does not exceed 1/4 of body length; (iv) A. reniferum has a distinctly long esophagus vs A. emydis with an indistinct esophagus; and (v) the vitelline field anterior to the ventral sucker is confluent in A. emydis vs not confluent in A. reniferum.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFD5A5114D86FB3A5EDBFE21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFCBA5124D86FE2E5C88FAA5.text	5046879BFFCBA5124D86FE2E5C88FAA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema odhneri Bhalerao 1936	<div><p>Astiotrema odhneri Bhalerao, 1936</p> <p>(Figs. 17–20)</p> <p>(Syns.: Astiotrema reniferum of Odhner, 1911 nec Looss, 1898; Astiotrema orientale Yamaguti, 1937; Astiotrema amydae Ogawa, 1938; Astiotrema fukuii Ogawa, 1938; Astiotrema foochowensis Tang, 1941; Astiotrema matthaii Gupta, 1954; Astiotrema nathi Gupta, 1954; Astiotrema srivastavai Gupta, 1954; Astiotrema geomydia Siddiqui, 1958 n. syn.; Astiotrema mehrai Tiwari, 1958; Astiotrema sudanensis Khalil, 1959 n. syn.; Astiotrema cirricurvatus Simha &amp; Chattopadhyaya, 1971 n. syn.; Astiotrema brevicaecum Wang, 1987 n. syn.; Astiotrema hanumantharai Dhanumkumari, 1999 n. syn.)</p> <p>Records (see Table 1): 1. Odhner (1911); 2. Bhalerao (1936); 3. Yamaguti (1937); 4. Ogawa (1938); 5. Tang (1941); 6. Gupta (1954); 7. Siddiqui (1958); 8. Tiwari (1958); 9. Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958); 10. Khalil (1959); 11. Ahluwalia (1960); 12. Dollfus &amp; Simha (1964); 13. Agrawal (1966a); 14. Fotedar (1971); 15. Simha &amp; Chattopadhyaya (1971); 16. Cho &amp; Seo (1977); 17. Wang (1987); 18. Dhanumkumari (1999); 19. Besprozvannykh et al. (2015).</p> <p>Remarks: Odhner (1911) identified specimens of Astiotrema collected from the intestine of the African or Nile softshell turtle, T. triunguis (Testudines: Trionychidae), as A. reniferum. Bhalerao (1936) discussed the specimens of Odhner (1911) and disputed their identity as A. reniferum. This was based on these specimens having (i) shorter ceca terminating at the posterior limit of the posterior testis level, (ii) lobed and differently-shaped testes, (iii) an ovary positioned more anteriorly in the anterior third of the body and (iv) vitellarium distributed differently when compared with the first description of A. reniferum (as Distomum reniferum) by Looss (1898) and its updates (Looss 1899, 1900). Therefore, A. odhneri was proposed by Bhalerao (1936) for the specimens of Odhner (1911). Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958) presented a major revision of 21 species of Astiotrema in which they recognized A. odhneri, synonymized 8 species with it and explained the importance of ceca length as a taxonomic character in Astiotrema. Khalil (1959) synonymized A. odhneri with A. reniferum based on (i) the variability in the length of ceca (i.e., terminations of ceca range from near the posterior extremity to the posterior margin of the posterior testis) in specimens collected from the Sudan from the type host of A. odhneri and (ii) the nonspecific importance of testis shape and lobulation as explained by Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958). Fotedar (1971) disagreed with the action by Khalil (1959); pointing out the consistent difference in cecal length between the two species as well as the possibility that Khalil (1959) had dealt with two different species of Astiotrema from the same host. At present, the taxonomic status of A. odhneri relative to A. reniferum remains disputed; some authors have accepted their conspecificity (see Khalil 1959; Dollfus &amp; Simha 1964; Siddiqi 1965; Agrawal 1966a; Simha &amp; Chattopadhyaya 1971; El-Naffer et al. 1984; Gupta &amp; Saxena 1987) and others have not (see Yeh &amp; Fotedar 1958; Cho &amp; Seo 1977; Dhar 1977; Besprozvannykh et al. 2015).</p> <p>Through a detailed review focusing on A. odhneri and A. reniferum, their synonyms and closely related congeners, we found (i) no report, record, comment, description or illustration documenting a noticeably wide variation in the posterior extent of the ceca for a species of Astiotrema; (ii) the original description of A. reniferum (see Looss 1899) and the revisions by Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958) and Kumari et al. (1972) clarified that the ceca of A. reniferum terminate either a little anterior to the posterior extremity or midway between the posterior testis and posterior extremity; (iii) based on the specimens of Odhner (1911), subsequent studies of A. odhneri (Cho &amp; Seo 1977; Besprozvannykh et al. 2015) and the corresponding synonyms for this species made by Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958), we clarify that in A. odhneri the ceca reliably terminate at the posterior border of the posterior testis; (iv) considering the total change in the posterior extent of the ceca from the level of the posterior extent of the posterior testis to the posterior extremity of the body as a predictable slight variation, this causes overlap among several species of Astiotrema, thus, complicating the taxonomic status of this digenean genus more than it is now. Accordingly, we concur with Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958) and Fotedar (1971) and consider A. odhneri a species separated from A. reniferum and we support the opinion of Fotedar (1971) that Khalil (1959) dealt with two species of Astiotrema from the same host; the same case observed later by Cho &amp; Seo (1977) who redescribed both A. reniferum and A. odhneri from the intestine of the same host (the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis Wiegmann [Syn. Amyda sinensis Stejneger] [Testudines: Trionychidae], from South Korea).</p> <p>Variation reported in some morphological features of A. odhneri is similar to that observed for A. reniferum: (i) size of oral sucker either slightly larger or smaller than ventral one or suckers equally-sized; (ii) seminal receptacle can vary in shape and size; (iii) posterior extent of cirrus-pouch ranges from a slight distance anterior to ovary to slightly posterior to it; (iv) testes shape and position vary from globular to oval to irregular and from oblique to obliquely tandem; (v) ceca terminate in range from anterior to posterior margins of posterior testis; (vi) spines on tegument extend from anterior extremity to either the anterior limit of last 1/3 of body or to posterior extremity; and (vii) vitelline field distribution, extending either from anterior to ovarian level or level of anterior margin of ventral sucker to either level of anterior margin of posterior testis or posterior margin of it. We think that these variations are neither diagnostic for differentiating species nor cast doubt on conspecificity with A. odhneri. Thus, we concur with Yeh &amp; Fotedar (1958) and consider A. amydae, A. foochowensis, A. fukuii, A. matthaii, A. nathi, A. orientale and A. srivastavai synonyms of A. odhneri.</p> <p>Siddiqui (1958) described A. geomydia from the intestine of the spiny turtle, Heosemys spinosa (Gray) (Syn. Geomyda spinosa Gray) (Testudines: Geoemydidae), from Aligarh, India, and noted the close resemblance of his specimens with those of A. rami (= A. reniferum —see above), yet recognized both species. Ahluwalia (1960) and Fotedar (1971) considered A. geomydia a synonym of A. impletum. In the current study, A. geomydia is differentiated from A. reniferum by its large post-testicular region and ceca that end near the level of the posterior testis; A. geomydia is differentiated from A. impletum by the shorter anterior extent of its vitellarium (i.e., entirely post-acetabular and extends to level of cirrus-pouch) and ovary being closer to the anterior testis than the ventral sucker. Consequently, we find that A. geomydia neither resembles A. reniferum nor A. impletum and we consider it another synonym of A. odhneri based on its identical morphology and consistent nature of the habits and habitats of the host species (i.e., Testudines).</p> <p>Tiwari (1958) described A. mehrai from the intestine of the three-striped or dhond roofed turtle, B. dhongoka (Testudines: Geoemydidae), from Raipur, India. Astiotrema mehrai exhibited a close relation with A. reniferum (Syns. A. dassia, A. indica and A. thapari) based on having equally sized suckers but differed by its possession of rounded testes, shorter ceca and in the distribution of vitelline follicles. Dollfus &amp; Simha (1964) identified specimens of A. reniferum from the intestine of the red-crowned or painted roofed turtle, Batagur kachuga (Gray) (Syn. Kachuga kachuga Smith) (Testudines: Geoemydidae), from Hyderabad, India; this identification was found to be unjustified and the true species should be A. odhneri based on the ceca terminating at the anterior limit of the posterior testis level as well as the presence of a large post-cecal area. Agrawal (1966a) and Simha &amp; Chattopadhyaya (1971) indicated the high spectrum apparent in regard to shape of testes, length of ceca and vitellarium extent, thereby they synonymized A. mehrai with A. reniferum and Gupta &amp; Singh (1985) followed this synonymy; however, A. mehrai differs from A. reniferum by the former possessing ceca that end at the level of the posterior testis and a longer post-cecal area, features typically characteristic of A. odhneri. Due to additional similarities between A. mehrai and A. odhneri (i.e., known geographical distribution [India] for A. odhneri, main host group [Testudines] and morphological variation), we support the view of Fotedar (1971) that A. mehrai is a synonym of A. odhneri.</p> <p>Khalil (1959) added A. sudanensis from the intestine of the African or Nile softshell turtle, T. triunguis (Testudines: Trionychidae), from Sudan and pointed out its resemblance to A. reniferum, but noted that it differed in the relative sizes of the two suckers, the extent of the vitellarium and the smaller size of the eggs. Agrawal (1966a) considered A. sudanensis a synonym of A. reniferum, while Fotedar (1971) cast doubt on the validity of A. sudanensis, clarified its close relationship with A. impletum, and pointed out the necessity of re-examining the specimens of Khalil (1959) to determine the validity of A. sudanensis. Focusing on the type description of A. sudanensis, we did not find any differences between A. sudanensis and A. odhneri. Both species have the same morphology, reported host group (Trionychidae) and type host, T. triunguis. Accordingly, we consider A. sudanensis a synonym of A. odhneri.</p> <p>Astiotrema cirricurvatus was recorded from the intestine of the Nagpur soft-shelled turtle, Nilssonia leithii (Gray) (Syn. Trionyx leithi Alderton) (Testudines: Trionychidae), found in the Manjara (= Manjira) River, Karnataka (previously Mysore) State, India (Simha &amp; Chattopadhyaya 1971). They differentiated A. cirricurvatus from all other congeneric species by its larger cirrus-pouch, the terminal portion of which curves around the posterior and right lateral border of the ventral sucker. We have observed that several species of Astiotrema have a large cirrus-pouch (see Siddiqui 1958; Wang 1987; Dhanumkumari 1999) while others have a cirrus-pouch of varying sizes. It is also possible that the size of the cirrus-pouch may be influenced by the volume of spermatozoa within it. Concerning the curvature of the terminal portion of the cirrus-pouch (ejaculatory duct) around the posterior and right lateral border of the ventral sucker, this character is present in several species of Astiotrema (see Fischthal &amp; Kuntz 1965; Dhanumkumari 1999; A. impletum from present study). Consequently, we do not think that the size and course of the cirrus-pouch, as the purported characters used by Simha &amp; Chattopadhyaya (1971) for differentiating A. cirricurvatus, are valid, and we consider A. cirricurvatus a synonym of A. odhneri based on their morphological and ecological similarity (i.e., hosts belong to the Trionychidae Fitzinger).</p> <p>Wang (1987) described A. brevicaecum from two specimens obtained from the intestine of the Chinese softshelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis (Syn. Trionyx sinensis Strauch) (Testudines: Trionychidae), collected in Taining County, Fujian Province, China, and clarified its close relation with A. monticellii. The present study revealed that A. brevicaecum has the same morphological characteristics of A. odhneri as well as the same host family (Trionychidae) and is from a previously well-known geographical locality (Asia) for A. odhneri (Syn. A. foochowensis) (see Tang 1941; Wang 1987). Accordingly, we synonymize A. brevicaecum with A. odhneri.</p> <p>Dhanumkumari (1999, p. 204) proposed A. hanumantharai for specimens collected from the intestine of two distinctly separate hosts: a freshwater host, the stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) (Siluriformes: Heteropneustidae), and a turtle of either a suspicious habitat (i.e., “freshwater”) or a suspicious name (i.e., “ Chelone mydas ” Boulenger [Testudines: Cheloniidae]), the green sea turtle, both “from in and around” Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Astiotrema hanumantharai exhibits a close relationship morphologically with A. reniferum and its synonyms, A. manteri and A. kachugai, as well as a great resemblance to A. odhneri (see Simha &amp; Chattopadhyaya 1971; Syn. A. cirricurvatus) with just a minor difference that A. hanumantharai has a smaller cirrus-pouch; we thereby conclude A. hanumantharai as a synonym of A. odhneri. The finding by Dhanumkumari (1999) of A. odhneri is the first time this species has been recorded from a freshwater fish. Regarding the suspicious habitat of the reported turtle, Dhanumkumari (1999) stated that Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus) (Syn. Chelone mydas) (Testudines: Cheloniidae) was another host for his specimens despite the fact that C. mydas is distinctly a marine species commonly known as the green sea turtle, green turtle, black sea turtle or Pacific green turtle (Uetz et al. 2021). Although it does feed at times in freshwater habitats (see Cammarata &amp; Dronen 2020), we suspect that Dhanumkumari (1999) may have been mistaken in determining the exact habitat of C. mydas to be marine, not freshwater. Assuming that the habitat sampled was freshwater, we suspect that Dhanumkumari (1999) may have been mistaken in the identification of the turtle host based on the fact that Visakhapatnam is a city rich in tortoises and freshwater turtles as well as marine ones, and previously recorded hosts of Astiotrema have been limited to freshwater or terrestrial habitats. Accordingly, confirmation is needed for the turtle species sampled.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFCBA5124D86FE2E5C88FAA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFC8A5144D86FAAA5BE5FD95.text	5046879BFFC8A5144D86FAAA5BE5FD95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema cyclemysi Siddiqi 1965	<div><p>Astiotrema cyclemysi Siddiqi, 1965</p> <p>(Figs. 21 &amp; 22)</p> <p>(Syn.: Astiotrema lissemydis Agrawal, 1966 n. syn.)</p> <p>Records (see Table 1): 1. Siddiqi (1965); 2. Agrawal (1966a).</p> <p>Remarks: Siddiqi (1965) described A. cyclemysi for specimens gathered from the small intestine of the Asian leaf turtle, Cyclemys dentata (Gray) (Testudines: Geoemydidae), from Aligarh, India. Astiotrema emydis is most similar to A. cyclemysi except in the former having a maximum width at the level of the ventral sucker, possessing a larger cirrus-pouch and seminal receptacle, a submedian genital pore, oblique testes, a larger vitelline field extending from near the intestinal bifurcation and confluent medially anterior to the ventral sucker and A. emydis has much larger eggs (Ejsmont 1930; Siddiqi 1965). Agrawal (1966a) described A. lissemydis from the Indian flap-shelled turtle, Lissemys punctata (Bonnaterre) (Testudines: Trionychidae), in Lucknow, India, and distinguished it from A. emydis by the anterior extent of the vitelline fields (begins further posterior to the cecal bifurcation), ceca that extend to the posterior extremity and by having an ovary that is smaller than the testes. Astiotrema lissemydis closely resembles A. cyclemysi except that the former has vitelline follicles confluent medially in the posttesticular space, a much greater density of uterine coils, a pre-equatorial ovary and the presence of numerous glands at the base of the pharynx (Agrawal 1966a). The confluent nature of the vitelline follicles and the density of the uterine coils can both be influenced by worm maturity. Siddiqi (1965) pointed out that A. cyclemysi has an equatorial ovary in the middle third of the body but mostly situated in the anterior half of this middle third (see Siddiqi 1965, figs. 1 &amp; 2). Astiotrema lissemydis has an ovary located in a similar position to that stated for A. cyclemysi. Given that A. cyclemysi and A. lissemydis are similar in almost all morphology (including what we believe to be slight intra-specific variation) as well as in host group (Testudines) and locality (India), A. lissemydis is herein synonymized with A. cyclemysi.</p> <p>We consider the following morphological features as diagnostic of A. cyclemysi: (i) oral sucker larger than ventral one, (ii) ventral sucker well-separated from the intestinal bifurcation, (iii) vitelline fields long, extend from midway between ventral sucker and intestinal bifurcation to terminate immediately posterior to level of posterior testis, (iv) ceca long, terminate near posterior extremity, (v) ovary closer to ventral sucker than anterior testis, (vi) esophagus indistinct, (vii) cirrus-pouch dorsal to ventral sucker and (viii) genital pore anterior to ventral sucker by a moderate distance, almost midway between intestinal bifurcation and the ventral sucker.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFC8A5144D86FAAA5BE5FD95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFCEA5144D86FD7A5BDFF9AB.text	5046879BFFCEA5144D86FD7A5BDFF9AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema fotedari Dhar 1977	<div><p>Astiotrema fotedari Dhar, 1977</p> <p>(Figs. 23–25)</p> <p>(Syns.: Astiotrema fusiformis [Wang, 1981] n. comb.; Gauhatiana fusiformis Wang, 1981 n. syn.)</p> <p>Records (see Table 1): 1. Dhar (1977); 2. Wang (1981).</p> <p>Remarks: Dhar (1977) described A. fotedari for specimens obtained from the large intestine of the kalabans, Bangana dero (Hamilton) (Syn. Labeo dero [Hamilton]) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), from Poonch in the state of Jammu and Kashmir (currently divided between India and Pakistan). Astiotrema reniferum represents the most closely related species morphologically to A. fotedari except that the former has a more restricted distribution of the vitellarium (from the level of the ventral sucker to the posterior limit of the posterior testis) and a longer esophagus while A. fotedari parasitizes a different host group (Cyprinidae) (see Dhar 1977). Wang (1981) described G. fusiformis from the intestine of the yellowfin, Xenocypris macrolepis Bleeker (Syn. Xenocypris argentea Günther) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), from Fujian Province, China. We found the morphological characters of G. fusiformis to be identical to those of species of Astiotrema, while G. fusiformis differs from species of Gauhatiana particularly in lacking vitellarium in two clusters within the lateral fields and an equatorial ovary (see Gupta 1953; Wang 1981; Font &amp; Lotz 2008); thereby, we reassign it within Astiotrema as A. fusiformis n. comb. Within a comparison with representative species of Astiotrema, we recognized that A. fusiformis has the same overall morphology and host group (Cyprinidae) as A. fotedari, though we note the slightly longer posterior extent of the cirrus-pouch relative to the posterior margin of the ovary in A. fusiformis. Consequently, A. fusiformis is herein considered a synonym of A. fotedari.</p> <p>Astiotrema fotedari has the following uniquely-combined features: (i) oral sucker larger than ventral one, (ii) vitelline fields long, extending anteriorly either to the level of the intestinal bifurcation or to pharyngeal level and posteriorly either to the blind ends of the ceca or slightly further posterior, (iii) ceca long, terminating a little anterior to the posterior extremity, and (iv) ovary closer to the ventral sucker than it is to anterior testis.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFCEA5144D86FD7A5BDFF9AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFCEA5174D86F9A05B4BFE5D.text	5046879BFFCEA5174D86F9A05B4BFE5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema karachiensis (Karar & Blend & Dronen & Adel 2021) Bilqees, Khatoon & Khan 2002	<div><p>Astiotrema karachiensis Bilqees, Khatoon &amp; Khan, 2002 n. comb.</p> <p>(Figs. 26 &amp; 27)</p> <p>(Syn.: Astioglossimetra karachiensis Bilqees, Khatoon &amp; Khan, 2002 n. syn.)</p> <p>Record (see Table 1): 1. Bilqees et al. (2002).</p> <p>Remarks: Astiotrema karachiensis, described by Bilqees et al. (2002) from off the Karachi coast of Pakistan as Astioglossimetra karachiensis, is easily distinguished from other species of Astiotrema as it represents the only recognized species reported from a marine host, the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas. While we noted earlier that the green sea turtle, C. mydas, was a “suspicious habitat/name” as a host for A. hanumantharai (= A. odhneri) and in need of confirmation, herein it is considered a valid host species for A. karachiensis. Regardless of the marine environment of A. karachiensis, it is very closely related to A. odhneri in almost every morphological feature; however, some morphological differentiation should be taken into consideration to avoid overlap with A. odhneri since these particular features undergo a wide range of variation in A. odhneri. These differences include: (i) an oral sucker distinctly larger than the ventral one in A. karachiensis vs suckers roughly equal in size in A. odhneri; (ii) A. karachiensis has a conspicuous muscular esophagus vs A. odhneri which possesses a straight, longer and thinner one; and (iii) in A. karachiensis, the anterior limit of the vitelline field is at the level of the intestinal bifurcation and is thus anterior to the level of the ventral sucker, whereas in A. odhneri it is either anterior to the level of the ovary or extends further to reach the level of the anterior margin of the ventral sucker, but it does not reach the level of the intestinal bifurcation.</p> <p>Given the comprehensive review and newly added morphological data provided herein, we present below a key to the 8 species of Astiotrema (sensu stricto) we now recognize within this genus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFCEA5174D86F9A05B4BFE5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
5046879BFFCCA5194D86F8F85AFFFD08.text	5046879BFFCCA5194D86F8F85AFFFD08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astiotrema Looss 1900	<div><p>Key to species of Astiotrema Looss, 1900 (sensu stricto)</p> <p>1a. Cecal ends either not reaching significantly into or do not exceed testicular zone.................................. 2.</p> <p>1b. Cecal ends extending deeply into post-testicular zone....................................................... 5.</p> <p>2a. Cecal ends and posterior vitellarium extent exceed level of anterior testis; parasitize non-amphibian hosts.............. 3.</p> <p>2b. Cecal ends and posterior vitellarium extent do not exceed level of anterior testis; parasitize amphibian hosts........................................................ Astiotrema ranarum (Mehra &amp; Negi, 1926) Fotedar, 1971 (Figs. 12–14).</p> <p>3a. Anterior extent of vitellarium does not exceed bifurcal level; ovary distant from ventral sucker and closer to anterior testis.................................................................................................... 4.</p> <p>3b. Anterior extent of vitellarium pre-bifurcal and can reach to pharyngeal level; ovary contiguous with or very close to ventral sucker and more distant from anterior testis............... Astiotrema impletum (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1900 (Figs. 6–11).</p> <p>4a. Anterior extent of vitellarium bifurcal; oral sucker distinctly larger than ventral sucker; parasitizes marine turtles........................................... Astiotrema karachiensis Bilqees, Khatoon &amp; Khan, 2002 n. comb. (Figs. 26 &amp; 27).</p> <p>4b. Anterior extent of vitellarium post-bifurcal; suckers roughly equal in size; parasitizes freshwater turtles and fish...................................................................... Astiotrema odhneri Bhalerao, 1936 (Figs. 17–20).</p> <p>5a. Anterior extent of vitellarium pre-ovarian but does not reach pre-bifurcal level, posterior extent terminates anterior to cecal ends.............................................................................................. 6.</p> <p>5b. Anterior extent of vitellarium pre-bifurcal, posterior extent terminates at cecal ends or slightly further posteriorly........................................................................ Astiotrema fotedari Dhar, 1977 (Figs. 23–25).</p> <p>6a. Genital pore immediately anterior to ventral sucker; ventral sucker relatively close to intestinal bifurcation............. 7.</p> <p>6b. Genital pore anterior to ventral sucker by a distinct distance; ventral sucker distant from intestinal bifurcation...................................................................... Astiotrema cyclemysi Siddiqi, 1965 (Figs. 21 &amp; 22).</p> <p>7a. Esophagus distinct, long; anterior extent of vitellarium does not reach anterior to ventral sucker; ovary smaller than testes.......................................... Astiotrema reniferum (Looss, 1898) Looss, 1900 [type species] (Figs. 1–5).</p> <p>7b. Esophagus indistinct or very short; anterior extent of vitellarium reaches anterior to ventral sucker and is confluent medially in pre-acetabular region; ovary and testes roughly equal in size........... Astiotrema emydis Ejsmont, 1930 (Figs. 15 &amp; 16).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5046879BFFCCA5194D86F8F85AFFFD08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Karar, Yasser F. M.;Blend, Charles K.;Dronen, Norman O.;Adel, Asmaa	Karar, Yasser F. M., Blend, Charles K., Dronen, Norman O., Adel, Asmaa (2021): Towards resolving the problematic status of the digenean genus Astiotrema Looss 1900: An updated concept and revision of species composition for Astiotrema (sensu stricto). Zootaxa 4991 (1): 36-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.2
