taxonID	type	description	language	source
7B1ABE13AB0BFFD4FEA6FBB1FC47C389.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Antennae straight and relatively short. Antennae 1 inserted on anterior surface of head; peduncle of three short articles; flagellum composed of enlarged first article (callynophore), with dense brush of aesthetascs medially, and one or two tiny terminal articles. Antennae 2 inserted on anterior or ventral surface of head, composed of a few slender articles, sometimes reduced in females. Pereopods 3 ­ 7 always simple. Developing eggs and young held in brood pouch underneath pereon, made up of oostegites on pereonites 2 ­ 5. Three families: Vibiliidae, Paraphronimidae and Cyllopodidae.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB0BFFD5FEA6FA5CFE3FC2F9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Body length 5 ­ 20 mm, slightly flattened laterally, cuticle relatively thick, and smooth (except for minute cuticular markings). Head rather small, rarely longer than first two pereonites, subquadrangular, with weakly developed rostrum; anterior margin with small notch about three­quarters from dorsal margin, often obscured by first pereonite. Eyes small to moderate (absent in V. caeca) but never occupying most of head surface. Pereonites all separate. Coxae separate from pereonites. Antenna 1 longer than head; peduncle short, 3 ­ segmented; first flagellar article (callynophore) enlarged, spatuliform with slightly concave medial surface, with dense brush (two fields) of aesthetascs; remaining flagellar articles rudimentary, reduced to one or two minute articles. Antenna 2 inserted on anterior surface of head in small, almost lateral pocket; composed of 5 ­ 9 (rarely 2 ­ 4) slender articles; slightly longer than A 1 in males, slightly shorter than A 1 in females. Mandibles with palp in both sexes, third article of palp longer (Vibilia), or shorter than second (Vibilioides), molar process well developed (Vibilia), or reduced to simple conical projection (Vibilioides). Maxillae 1 with palp and well­developed outer lobe, inner lobe present as small round process. Maxillae 2 consisting of two small lobes in Vibilia, reduced to single lobe in Vibilioides. Maxilliped with short rounded inner lobe, about half as long as outer lobes. Gnathopod 1 simple. Gnathopod 2 chelate. Pereopods 5 & 6 the longest. Pereopod 7 reduced in size, with enlarged basis, with full compliment of articles, with dactylus modified, clavate or knife­shaped (Vibilia), or with only three small articles in addition to basis (Vibilioides). Uropods with articulated exopods and endopods. Telson shorter than peduncle of U 3, triangular, or semicircular. Gills on pereonites 2 ­ 6. Oostegites on pereonites 2 ­ 5. Two genera: Vibilia and Vibilioides. Remarks Bowman and Gruner (1973) synonymised Vibilioides with Vibilia, believing that the difference in the morphology of pereopod 7 was insufficient to maintain generic status. However, as Vinogradov et al. (1982) point out, the morphology of the mouthparts of Vibilioides differs considerably from those of Vibilia. Generally they are reduced; the mandibular molar consists of a simple conical projection; the first maxillae have a muchreduced inner lobe and the second maxillae are rudimentary. Thus, Vibilioides should be maintained.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB0AFFD8FEA6F936FB1AC3E9.taxon	materials_examined	Type species	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB0AFFD8FEA6F936FB1AC3E9.taxon	materials_examined	Type species of synonyms The type species of Thaumalea is T. depilis Templeton, 1836. Type material could not be found at the BMNH and is considered lost. The figures and description of Templeton (1836) are insufficient to determine this species. However, the illustration is clearly of a species of Vibilia, possibly of a juvenile specimen. Thaumalea Templeton, 1836 is a primary homonym of the dipteran genus Thaumalea Ruthe, 1831. The type species of Orattrina is O. pulchella Natale, 1850. Type material could not be found in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is considered lost. The figures and description of Natale (1850) are insufficient to determine this species. However, the figures represent a rather bizarre­looking Vibilia. The type species of Elasmocerus is E. speciosus Costa, 1851. Type material could not be found in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is considered lost. This species is merely listed without description or figures, and is a nomen nudum. Previous authors have regarded it a species of Vibilia, probably because it may have been an earlier name for V. speciosa Costa, 1853. Diagnosis Body shape robust or globular. Head quadrate. Eyes occupying part of lateral head surface; grouped in one field on each side of head (absent in V. caeca). Antenna 1 inserted on anterior surface of head, but lacking groove. Antenna 1 with 3 ­ articulate peduncle; flagellum with spatulate callynophore and 1 – 2 tiny articles, with aesthetascs arranged in twofield brush medially. Antenna 2 present in both sexes; inserted near anterior surface of head in small lateral pocket; consisting of 5 – 9 articles (only 2 – 4 in V. australis and four in V. caeca), together slightly longer than A 1 in males and slightly shorter than A 1 in females (except V. australis and V. caeca). Mandibular palp present in both sexes; 3 ­ articulate. Mandibular molar well­developed. Mandibular incisor relatively broad, straight with several teeth, without medial lobe; in male orientated more or less parallel to palp. Maxilla 1 well­developed; bilobed; palp present. Maxilla 2 well­developed; bilobed, with numerous strong setae. Maxilliped with inner and outer lobes separate; inner lobes completely fused; outer lobes well­developed; medial margin of outer lobes without fringe of setae or membranous fringe. Pereonites all separate. Coxae all separate from pereonites. Gnathopod 1 simple. Gnathopod 2 chelate; carpal process knife­shaped, or spoon­shaped; carpal process armed with microscopic teeth or setae. Pereopods 3 & 4 simple; distinctly shorter than pereopods 5 & 6. Pereopod 5 simple; basis as wide or less than 5 x as wide as following articles; articles 3 – 7 inserted terminally to basis. Pereopod 6 simple; basis as wide or less than 5 x as wide as following articles; articles 3 – 7 inserted terminally to basis. Pereopod 7 reduced in size with large basis; all articles present; dactylus modified, rounded with microscopic scale­like structures. Uropods normal, with peduncle and articulated exopods and endopods. Telson articulated with double urosomite. Oostegites on pereonites 2 – 5. Gills on pereonites 2 – 6; all without folds. Seventeen species. Sexual dimorphism The sexes are very similar morphologically and very difficult to distinguish (Stephensen 1918, Brusca 1973). The oostegites of females are more difficult to discern than in other hyperiideans, being small and without setae, and ovigerous females are rarely captured, probably because the young are transferred to the salp host at a very early stage (Laval 1963). Some sexual differences have been observed, but they are not always consistent. Generally the head of males is slightly larger and more quadrate anteriorly, and the eyes are also larger. In some species the endopod of uropod 3 is broadened and longer than the exopod in males, but in females they are similar in size and shape. Sometimes the ornamentation of the rami of the uropods is also coarser in males. The most reliable character to differentiate the sexes seems to be the relative length of the second antennae. Generally, in males, antenna 2 is longer than antenna 1, consisting of 7 – 9 articles, while in females antenna 2 is shorter than antenna 1, consisting of 5 – 7 articles. Exceptions are V. australis, which has antenna 2 much shorter than antenna 1, consisting of 2 – 4 articles and V. caeca, in which antenna 2 extends only to the middle of antenna 1 and consists of four articles. As females use the modified seventh pereopods to transfer young to the salp host (Laval 1963) it seemed reasonable that there might be some sexual dimorphism of that appendage, particularly in the ultra­structure of the dactylus. This possibility was investigated but no distinct sexual differences could be determined, even when ovigerous females were available for examination. Remarks	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB0AFFD8FEA6F936FB1AC3E9.taxon	description	Species of Vibilia live in surface waters, usually in association with salps, which they use for shelter and as a source of food (Madin & Harbison 1977, Laval 1980). Developing larvae also reside on salps, and Laval (1963) describes the larval development of V. armata and its association with salps. The genus is relatively common in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world’s oceans, but some species venture beyond the Subtropical Convergence. Morphologically, Vibilia is readily divided into two species groups, one in which the posterior lateral corners of the last urosomite project slightly next to the peduncle of uropod 3, and the other in which there is no such projection. This appears to be a good character, which is readily discernible in all species of Vibilia except perhaps for V. chuni. In this species the lateral projection can sometimes be minor and it is thus included in both parts of the following key. Fortunately V. chuni is one of the more easily recognisable species of Vibilia. Similarly, V. viatrix is included twice in the key because it can sometimes be difficult to determine if the distal margin of antennae 1 is rounded or pointed.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB01FFDDFEA6FB34FEF9C141.taxon	discussion	Type material The type of V. jeangerardi could not be found at the MNHN and is considered lost. Although the description and figures by Lucas (1846) are inadequate, the status of this, relatively common, Mediterranean species has been established by Marion (1874), Bovallius (1887 c) and Chevreux (1900). The type locality is the Mediterranean Sea, harbour at Bône, Algeria.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB01FFDDFEA6FB34FEF9C141.taxon	discussion	Type material of synonyms The type of V. speciosa could not be found in any major Italian Museum (see acknowledgments) and is considered lost. This species is most likely a synonym of V. jeangerardi based on Costa’s description, and the fact that it is a common Mediterranean species. The type of V. mediterranea could not be found in any major European museum (see acknowledgments) and is considered lost. Claus merely lists this species as occurring in salps; there is no description or figures. Thus, it is a nomen nudum. It seems a synonym of V. jeangerardi, based solely on geographical grounds, and has been regarded as such, by subsequent authors. It has not been recognised as a valid species since Claus (1880).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB01FFDDFEA6FB34FEF9C141.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (> 350 specimens) Several lots from the Mediterranean and North Atlantic in the ZMUC (especially CRU 2855 ­ 2860; over 350 specimens) and ZMB (2 lots).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB01FFDDFEA6FB34FEF9C141.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Body length up to 14 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, distal margin rounded. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about half­length propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus relatively short, length about 0.2 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length slightly more than 0.1 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.8 x length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with slight rounded posterodistal lobe barely overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson semi­circular, length almost half peduncle of U 3.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB01FFDDFEA6FB34FEF9C141.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species most closely resembles V. propinqua, and perhaps also V. gibbosa, but is readily distinguished by the relatively short dactylus of the pereopods, particularly pereopods 5 and 6, and by the rounded telson. Vibilia jeangerardi is a well­known associate of Salpa maxima (Marion 1874, Madin & Harbison 1977, Laval 1980). The publication date for this species is not clear from the literature with some authors referring it to 1849, which is the date of the title page of the work, while others quote 1845 (e. g. Bovallius 1887 c, Vinogradov et al. 1982). According to Sherborn and Woodward (1901) and Woodward (1904), that part of the work by Lucas describing V. jeangerardi was actually published in 1846.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB01FFDDFEA6FB34FEF9C141.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is most common in the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean but, has also been recorded from the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar (Stephensen 1918).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB1DFFC1FEA6FEA4FBB3C221.taxon	materials_examined	Type material The only likely type material of V. borealis in the BMNH is a specimen from the Norman collection (11,719 – 20) labelled “ cotypes ”. The designation of “ type ” by Norman is suspect as there are many instances in the Norman Collection of material labelled as “ types’ which was collected after the species name was published (see also Thurston & Allen 1969). The type locality is the North Sea, off Banff, Scotland. Type material of synonyms The types of V. kroeyeri could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and are considered lost. However, Stephensen (1923) mentions two specimens in the ZMUC which he believes might be types, marked “ V. borealis B & B? ”, but these could not be located. The synonymy of V. kroeyeri has been confirmed by the examination of specimens in museum collections labelled either V. borealis or V. kroeyeri. Material examined (65 specimens) North Atlantic: 25 lots (ZMUC), several lots (USNM), 40 specimens. South Atlantic: 1 lot (ZMUC), 3 specimens. Mediterranean: 1 lot (ZMH), 1 lot (ZMUC), 11 specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 1 lot (USNM), 11 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 13 mm, but usually 6 – 7 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first two pereonites in males, slightly less in females; flagellum oval, distal margin rounded. Head with anterior margin forming a vertical or rounded projection above the base of A 1; more prominent in males. Gnathopod 2; carpal process slightly longer than half of propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.3 – 0.4 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.2 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.8 x length, slightly shorter than ischium to carpus combined, with slight rounded posterodistal lobe barely overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson roundish­triangular, length about half peduncle of U 3. Remarks This species is very similar to V. jeangerardi, but differs in the head shape, the relatively longer first antennae, the relatively longer dactylus of pereopods 3 – 6, the relatively narrower articles of pereopods 5 and 6, and the slightly more triangular telson. The figures and description of Bate and Westwood (1868) are insufficient to characterise the species, but Norman (1900), who apparently had some specimens from Bate and Westwood, concluded that it was the same as V. kroeyeri, which had been adequately described and figured by Bovallius (1887 c).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB1DFFC1FEA6FEA4FBB3C221.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species has a similar distribution pattern to V. jeangerardi, but is more common in the North Atlantic Ocean (up to 60 ° N), whereas V. jeangerardi is more common in the Mediterranean Sea. It has also been recorded from the southeastern Pacific Ocean, off the northwest coast of South America (Vinogradov 1990 a), and near New Zealand (Vinogradov et al. 1982). The record of Pirlot (1930) from the Sulu and Molucca Sea, near the Philippines, and the specimens examined from the USNM may represent a misidentification, as V. borealis seems to prefer colder waters, although the Galathea collected three specimens from the tropical southeastern Atlantic (4 º 00 ’ S, 8 º 25 ’ E).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB1EFFC4FEA6FB39FC8DC399.taxon	materials_examined	Type material No type material was found at the ZMUC, SMNH or in Uppsala and it thus appears to be lost. However, the description and figures of Bovallius (1887 c) are sufficient to distinguish this species. Bovallius (1887 a) gives the type locality as “ tropical parts of Atlantic ”, but later (1887 c) is more specific, “ 17 ° 30 ’ S, 2 ° 20 ’ W ” (near St. Helena). Material examined (33 specimens) North Atlantic: 1 lot (CMN), 7 lots (USNM), 2 lots (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMH), 3 lots (ZMUC), 27 specimens. North Pacific: 2 lots (CAS), 2 specimens. Tasman Sea: 2 lots (SAMA), 4 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 8 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, slightly more inflated medially, distal margin rounded. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about 0.7 x length of propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.3 x (or slightly more) propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, slightly longer than wide, as long as ischium to carpus combined, with slight rounded posterodistal lobe barely overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson; rounded, almost semi­circular, length about half peduncle of U 3. Remarks This species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the bulbous nature of the flagellum of the first antennae, in combination with other minor characters. It is most similar to V. propinqua Stebbing, 1888, but in that species the flagellum of antennae 1 is no wider than the peduncular articles, and the structure of pereopod 7 is slightly different. It is also similar to V. jeangerardi Lucas, 1846, but in that species the dactylus of pereopods 3 – 6 is relatively shorter, especially those of pereopods 5 and 6 (only about 0.7 x length propodus). In the shape of antennae 1, V. gibbosa also resembles V. longicarpus Behning, 1913, but that species differs in many respects particularly in the shape of the urosome and gnathopod 2, in which the carpal process is slightly longer than the propodus. Prior to this study the salp associate for this species was unknown. However, Moira Galbraith (pers. comm.) has recorded it from Salpa fusiformis and S. aspera in the northeastern Pacific. Distribution This is an uncommon, widely distributed species in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is also found in tropical and warm­temperate waters of other oceans, but has not been recorded from the Indian Ocean.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB1BFFC9FEA6FA4CFE4CC4EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material of V. robusta could not be found at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. However, in the SMNH are several lots from the Atlantic that may have been part of Bovallius’s original material. Fortunately the descriptions and figures of Bovallius (1887 c) readily characterise this species. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887 a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “ Atlantic, Indian Ocean ” (1887 a), and “ North Atlantic, tropical Atlantic ” (1887 c). Type material of synonyms Type material of V. hirsuta could not be found in the ZMB, or ZMH and is considered lost. However, this species is clearly the same as V. robusta, judging by the figures and description of Behning and Woltereck (1912). Material examined (> 100 specimens) Tasman Sea: 9 lots (SAMA), 14 specimens. Great Australian Bight: 4 lots (SAMA), 13 specimens. North Atlantic: 1 lot (ZMB), 2 lots (ZMH), 5 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 2 lots (ZMUC), 7 specimens. North Pacific: 1 lot (CAS), 2 lots (LACM), 1 lot (USNM), 11 specimens. South Pacific: 2 lots (BMNH), 20 specimens. Philippines: 1 lot (USNM), 4 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 20 mm. Antennae 1; as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, evenly rounded terminally, slightly truncate ventrally in mature specimens. Gnathopod 2; basis inflated in mature specimens, width about 0.7 x length; carpal process about 0.7 x length of propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.2 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, a little longer than wide, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, without prominent posterodistal lobe in juvenile specimens. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 2 reaching to tip of U 3, or slightly beyond. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami, subequal in juvenile specimens; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular, with rounded point, length about half peduncle of U 3. Remarks This is one of the largest species of Vibilia. The relatively long uropod 2 and the relatively wide basis of the gnathopods, especially gnathopod 2, are distinctive features not found in any other species of Vibilia. Juvenile specimens differ slightly from mature ones and may present taxonomic difficulties. Thus, an immature female is illustrated (Figs 7 ­ 9) for comparison. In particular mature specimens have slightly larger eyes; the main flagellar article of antennae 1 is slightly truncate ventrally; the basis of the gnathopods is considerably wider; the merus of gnathopod 2 has more spines; the basis of pereopod 7 has a distinct posterodistal lobe overlapping the ischium; the ridges on coxae 5 ­ 7 and the pleon are more prominent, and the peduncle of uropod 3 is distinctly longer than the rami. Specimens less than about 5 mm in length also have a much shorter telson, and pereopod 7 is often considerably reduced in size. However, despite these differences, juvenile specimens of V. robusta can be readily distinguished by the relatively long uropod 2. This species is often recorded in association with salps but the host species is rarely recorded. Behning (1927) records it with Salpa tilesii (= Thetys vagina). In Californian waters it is found with Thetys vagina (specimens in LACM). Distribution This species is widely distributed in all the world’s oceans, ranging from tropical to temperate regions.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB16FFCDFEA6FCF9FDCAC311.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material of V. viatrix could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. However in the SMNH are several lots, which may represent type material, in particular one lot (No. 123), labelled “ 23 º­ 27 ºN, 36 º W Det. C. Bov. ” The description and figures of Bovallius (1887 c) readily distinguish this species. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887 a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “ Atlantic ” (1887 a) and “ the North and South Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian Ocean ” (1887 c). Type material of synonyms The unique type of V. viator is in the BMNH (89.5.15.180). It is readily identified as a synonym of V. viatrix. Stebbing (1888) acknowledges that his species is in close agreement with V. viatrix, but for the fusion of urosomites 2 & 3. Bovallius believed, incorrectly, that the urosomites were separate. Two syntypes of V. hirondellei are in the MNHN (AM 1882), but the remainder (100 + specimens) could not be found in the MNHN or MOM and are considered lost. The description and figures of Chevreux (1900) are consistent with that of V. viatrix. Also five specimens from the Norman Collection (11,726 ­ 4), in the BMNH, labelled “ Types, Azores ”, are clearly V. viatrix. One Syntype (the type?) of V. dentata is in the MNHN (AM 1857), the other 12 syntypes are in the MOM. The description and figures of Chevreux (1900) are consistent with that of V. viatrix. The scalloped distal margin of the inner lobe of the maxilliped, illustrated by Chevreux, is probably an artefact of collection, or preservation, as similar ‘ damage’ has been observed in specimens of other species. The two syntypes (one labelled “ type ”) of V. californica are in the USNM (Cat. No. 38533). Both of these specimens are clearly V. viatrix. Holmes (1908) illustrated the first antennae with an even convex margin, but in the larger specimen, the one illustrated by Holmes, the antennae are actually truncate ventrally, as is characteristic of V. viatrix. Material examined (> 200 specimens) Types. The unique type of V. viator from Cape York, Challenger, September, 1874: 2 microscope slides of head, G 1 & 2, P 3 – 7 and urosome; remainder in spirit. Two syntypes of V. californica from the North Pacific off point Loa, USA (Albatross Stn. 4305), 67 – 116 fathoms: in spirit. Other material examined. Coral Sea: 2 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens. Tasman Sea: 9 lots (SAMA), 28 specimens. Great Australian Bight: 3 lots (SAMA), 19 specimens. North Atlantic: 4 lots (BMNH), 19 lots (CMN), 18 lots (USNM), 9 lots (ZMB), 4 lots (ZMH), 15 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 6 lots (BMNH), 3 lots (ZMUC), 16 specimens. North Pacific: 8 lots (LACM), 7 lots (USNM), 3 lots (ZMUC), 61 specimens. South Pacific: 8 lots (BMNH), 1 lot (ZMUC), numerous specimens. North Indian: 1 lot (ZMUC), 1 specimen. South Indian: 20 lots (SAM), 1 lot (SAMA), 33 specimens. Mediterranean: 8 lots (ZMUC), 9 specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 5 lots (USNM), 7 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 12 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum more or less oval, distal margin rounded, slightly truncate ventrally. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about as long as propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus almost as long as propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.4 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.7 x length, about as long as ischium to carpus combined, with rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular with rounded point, length about half (or slightly more) peduncle of U 3. Remarks Distinctive features of this species are the long carpal process of gnathopod 2, the relatively long dactylus of pereopods 3 – 6, and the relatively thick articles of pereopods 3 and 4. It most closely resembles V. antarctica, but the anterodistal corner of the basis of pereopod 7 is not extended anteriorly, and there is no sexual dimorphism of uropod 3. Other minor characters which help to distinguish this species are as follows: the posterodistal corner of the propodus of gnathopod 1 is slightly produced instead of tapering gradually towards the dactylus, a feature not found in any other congener except perhaps V. caeca; pereopod 6 has a row of robust setae on the anterior margin of the carpus and the distal half of the merus, whereas related species such as V. antarctica and V. propinqua tend to have them restricted to the carpus; the anterodistal corner of the carpus of pereopod 7 is sharp and slightly projected anteriorly, whereas in allied species such as V. antarctica and V. stebbingi this anterodistal corner is rounded and not projected. This species has been recorded as an associate of the salps Pegea socia, P. confoederata, Salpa maxima, S. cylindrica (Madin & Harbison 1977) and P. confoederata var. bicaudata (Laval 1980). Distribution This is a relatively common species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the world’s oceans.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB12FFF1FEA6FAC4FE13C399.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material of V. armata could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. However the description and figures of V. armata by Bovallius (1887 c) readily distinguish this species. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887 a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “ South Atlantic ” (1887 a), and “ tropical parts of the Atlantic, and the South Atlantic ” (1887 c). Type material of synonyms Type material of V. gracilis and V. gracilenta could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. The specific differences attributed to these two species by Bovallius (1887 a, c) are considered minor, and within the range of the specific limits of V. armata. Type material of V. erratica could not be located in the MNHN or MOM and is considered lost. However, the descriptions and figures of Chevreux (1892, 1935) readily confirm the synonymy. Also, eight specimens from the Norman Collection (11,726 ­ 9), in the BMNH, labelled “ Types, Antibes S. France ”, are clearly V. armata. Material examined (> 400 specimens) Coral Sea: 2 lots (BMNH), 2 specimens. Tasman Sea: 1 lot (AM), 34 lots (SAMA), 3 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. North Atlantic: 3 lots (BMNH), 5 lots (USNM), 2 lots (ZMH), 19 lots (ZMB), 28 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 8 lots (BMNH), 14 lots (USNM), 20 lots (SAM), 28 lots (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMUC), numerous specimens. Mediterranean: numerous lots (ZMUC). North Pacific: several lots (LACM), 10 lots (USNM), numerous specimens. South Pacific: 1 lot (USNM), numerous specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 3 lots (BMNH), 1 lot (CAS), 2 lots (USNM), numerous specimens. South Indian: 1 lot (BMNH), 33 lots (SAM), 3 lots (SAMA), numerous specimens. Arabian Sea: 5 lots (BMNH), 57 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 13 mm but usually 5 – 8 mm. Antennae 1 slightly shorter than head and first two pereonites; flagellum elongated, lanceolate, almost diamond­shaped, ending in sharp point terminally. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about as long as propodus; anterodistal corner of propodus slightly produced over dactylus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length slightly more than half propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, slightly dilated posteriorly, width about 0.7 x length, about as long as ischium to carpus combined, with almost negligible posterodistal lobe. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U 3. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; endopod slightly longer than, or subequal in length to, exopod in females, in males the endopod is slightly broader, and up to one­third longer than the exopod. Telson triangular, pointed terminally, length about half (or slightly more) peduncle of U 3. Remarks The combination of characters given in the diagnosis, particularly the shape of antennae 1 and the urosome, readily distinguish V. armata from all its congeners. Two synonyms of this species, V. gracilis and V. gracilenta, have page priority but neither name has been in use for over 50 years whereas V. armata is a well established species in the literature. Thus, consistent with nomenclatural stability, V. armata should continue to be used for this species (ICZN, article 79 c amended). Laval (1963, 1965, 1980) has described the larval biology of V. armata, and its association with salps. It has been recorded as a associate of the salps Salpa fusiformis, Thalia democratica, Ihlea punctata (Laval 1963) and Pegea confoederata var. bicaudata (Laval 1980). Distribution This is a relatively abundant species in the tropical and temperate regions of the world’s oceans.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB2EFFF5FEA6FA4CFC1BC7D9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material of V. pyripes could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. However, the description and figures of Bovallius (1887 c) readily distinguish this species. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887 a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “ Tropical parts of Atlantic ”. Type material of synonyms The syntypes of V. grandicornis (one male and one female) are in the MOM. The descriptions and figures of Chevreux (1900, 1935) readily confirm the synonymy. Material examined (56 specimens) Tasman Sea: 3 lots (SAMA), 4 specimens. North Atlantic: 1 lot (BMNH), 3 lots (USNM), 5 lots (ZMB), 4 lots (ZMUC), 26 specimens. South Atlantic: 1 lot (BMNH), 3 lots (ZMB), 10 specimens. North Pacific: 6 lots (LACM), 8 specimens. South Pacific: 1 lot (BMNH), 2 specimens. South Indian: 2 lots (SAM), 1 lot (ZMUC), 3 specimens. Red Sea (Gulf of Elat): 1 lot (USNM), 3 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 11 mm but usually less than 5 ­ 7 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first two pereonites; flagellum with dorsal margin relatively straight, ventral margin convex, rounded terminally. Gnathopod 2; carpal process less than half­length propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.7 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.2 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.7 x length, about as long as ischium to carpus combined, with rounded posterodistal lobe extending to about mid­merus. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U 3. Uropod 3; peduncle slightly shorter than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson relatively large, circular, reaching a little beyond the middle of peduncle of U 3. Remarks A characteristic feature of this species is the very short carpal process of gnathopod 2 and the shape of the urosome. In the shape of the urosome, V. pyripes resembles V. longicarpus, but differs in most other respects. The shape of antennae 1 is similar to V. bovalli Bonnier, 1896, but that species is insufficiently known for a comparison.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB2EFFF5FEA6FA4CFC1BC7D9.taxon	distribution	Distribution This is a relatively rare species, found in both tropical and temperate waters of the world’s Oceans. Prior to this study records from the Indian Ocean were only from tropical waters but the above three records are from off South Africa, two near Durban and one from as far south as 35 º 12 ’ S, 27 º 35 ’ E (Galathea stn. 176).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB2AFFF8FEA6FD8CFA86C141.taxon	materials_examined	Type material The four syntypes of V. propinqua are in the BMNH (89.5.15.177). The type locality is the Pacific Ocean, off Volcano Island, 25 º 30 ’ N, 138 º 0 ’ E, surface. Type material of synonyms The unique type of V. milnei is in the BMNH (89.5.15.178). Although the remains of the specimen, on three microscope slides, are in poor condition, it appears to be the same as V. propinqua. Stebbing (1888) himself says that “ this species does not differ greatly in general appearance and structure from Vibilia propinqua ”. Material examined (> 250 specimens) Types. Four syntypes of V. propinqua, Challenger, 4 th April, 1875: 3 specimens in spirit and 3 microscope slides of head, G 1 & 2, P 3 – 7 and pleon. The unique type of V. milnei from the South Atlantic, surface, Challenger, 5 th October, 1873: 3 microscope slides of head, G 1 & 2, P 3 – 7 and pleon. Other material examined. Tasman Sea: 3 lots (SAMA), 1 lot (ZMUC), 23 specimens. North Atlantic: 8 lots (BMNH), 2 lots (CMN), 15 lots (USNM), 10 lots (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMH), 30 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 3 lots (BMNH), 17 lots (USNM), 3 lots (ZMUC), 32 specimens. Mediterranean: 24 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. North Pacific: 16 lots (LACM), 7 lots (USNM), 1 lot (MNHN), 3 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Pacific: 6 lots (BMNH), 1 lot (USNM), 32 specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 3 lots (USNM), 1 lot (MNHN), 5 specimens. South Indian: 1 lot (BMNH), 8 lots (SAM), 2 lots (ZMUC), 14 specimens. Arabian Sea: 1 lot (BMNH), 5 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 12 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval with slightly straighter dorsal margin, slightly pointed distally (especially in males). Gnathopod 2; carpal process up to 0.8 x length of propodus. Pereopods 3 – 6; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.8 x length, marginally longer than ischium to carpus combined, with rounded posterodistal lobe extending to first­third of merus. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami (relatively longer in males); endopod slightly longer, or subequal in length to exopod in females, in males the endopod is slightly broader, and up to one­third longer than the exopod. Telson triangular, length about 0.7 x peduncle of U 3. Remarks This species most closely resembles V. antarctica but is distinguished by the shorter carpal process of gnathopod 2, the less truncate first antennae, and in preferring warmer waters. It has been confused with V. stebbingi because the carpal process of gnathopod 2 can be relatively short in some specimens, particularly in females, but V. stebbingi is a much smaller species and is distinguished by the narrow anterodistal lobe of the basis of pereopod 7. Also, sexual dimorphism of uropod 3 is not evident in V. stebbingi. Vibilia propinqua also resembles V. jeangerardi, and V. gibbosa, but is distinguished by the relatively narrower and more pointed flagellum of antennae 1, the relatively longer and more pointed telson, and by the relatively larger posterodistal lobe of the basis of pereopod 7. Laval (1963, 1965) has described the larval biology of V. propinqua, and its association with salps. It has been recorded as an associate of the salps Salpa fusiformis, Thalia democratica, Ihlea punctata (Laval 1963); Salpa maxima, S. cylindrica (Madin & Harbison 1977) and Pegea confoederata var. bicaudata (Laval 1980). Distribution This is a relatively common species, widely distributed in the tropical and temperate regions of the world’s oceans. It is recorded here from Australian waters for the first time.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB26FFFCFEA6FEA4FDA4C2F9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material The three syntypes of V. australis are in the BMNH (89.5.15.181). The type locality is south of Australia, 48 º 18 ’ S, 130 º 04 ’ E, surface. Type material of synonyms Type material of V. australis var. pelagica and V. wolterecki could not be found at the ZMB or ZMH and is considered lost. Judging by the description and figures of Behning and Woltereck (1912) and Behning (1925) there is no good reason to maintain the variety. Similarly, Behning’s (1939) description and figures of V. wolterecki readily characterise V. australis. Vinogradov et al. (1982) do not mention V. wolterecki! The syntypes of V. seriocellatus are in the ZMUC (CRU 2830). All of the specimens are clearly identifiable with V. australis. Stephensen (1932 b) was apparently unaware of Stebbing’s species for he makes no mention of it. Material examined (111 specimens) Types. Three syntypes of V. australis, Challenger, 9 th & 10 th March, 1874: 2 specimens in spirit; 3 microscope slides of head, G 1 & 2, P 3 – 7 and pleon. Seven syntypes of V. seriocellatus from Matsu Bay, northern Honshu, Japan, December, 1931, in “ body cavity of a Salpa ”: in spirit. Other material examined. East China Sea: 3 lots (SAMA), 3 specimens. North Atlantic: 1 lot (USNM), 10 lots (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMUC), 19 specimens. South Atlantic: 1 lot (off Rio de Janeiro), 1 lot (BMNH), 1 lots (ZMB), 11 specimens. North Pacific: 3 lots (CAS), 9 lots (USNM), 60 specimens. South Indian: 8 lots (SAM), 9 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 6 mm. Eyes with ocelli in three, almost vertical, rows. Antennae 1 as long as head and first two pereonites; flagellum with parallel margins, tapering gradually toward apex, with relatively straight ventral margin. Antennae 2 very short, consisting of 2 – 4 articles. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about as long as propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.7 x length, as long as ischium to middle of propodus combined, with rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular, length 0.5 – 0.7 x peduncle of U 3. Remarks In general appearance this species is similar to V. caeca but is readily distinguished by the eyes. Vibilia australis is also unusual in having very short second antennae of only 2 – 4 articles, a character, which it shares only with V. caeca. This is the smallest species of Vibilia. The salp associate has not been recorded for this species but specimens found off British Columbia, Canada have been found associated with Cyclosalpa bakeri (Moira Galbraith pers. comm.). Stephensen (1932 b) records his specimens from the body cavity of Salpa. Distribution This is an uncommon species, widely distributed in the tropical and temperate regions of the world’s oceans.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB23FFE3FEA6FAECFAA2C10E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material The unique type of V. antarctica is in the BMNH (89.5.15.182), recorded from the Antarctic, 52 º 4 ’ S, 71 º 22 ’ E, surface. Material examined (> 150 specimens) Types. The unique holotype of V. antarctica, Challenger, 2 nd February, 1874: juvenile specimen on two microscope slides, head, G 1 & 2, P 3 – 7 and pleon. Other material examined. Antarctic: 1 lot (BMNH), 12 lots (SAMA), 2 lots (USNM), 1 lot (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMH), 69 specimens. South Atlantic: 23 lots (BMNH), 1 lot (USNM), 1 lot (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMH), 1 lot (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Pacific: 1 lot (BMNH), 6 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 17 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first two pereonites; flagellum with more or less parallel margins, obliquely truncate ventrally for distal third (slightly more acute in males). Gnathopod 2; carpal process reaches to dactylus, or slightly beyond. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.3 – 0.5 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis with almost straight anterior margin, with slight anterodistal projection with spinule, posterior margin convex with rounded posterodistal lobe extending to mid­merus, width about 0.8 x length, a little longer than ischium to carpus combined. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; endopod slightly longer, or subequal in length to exopod in females, in males the endopod is up to one­third longer than the exopod. Telson triangular, length slightly more than half peduncle of U 3. Remarks The similarity of this species to V. propinqua has already been discussed under that species. It also resembles V. stebbingi, but is much larger, and the body more plump, the carpal process of gnathopod 2 is almost as long as the propodus, the dactylus of pereopods 3 – 6 is relatively shorter, and the endopod of uropod 3 exhibits sexual dimorphism. The basis of pereopod 7 is also similar, but in V. stebbingi the anterodistal corner forms a narrow, pointed lobe partly overlapping the ischium. The salp associate has not been recorded for this species. Information on the biology and distribution of V. antarctica in Antarctic waters is given by Weigmann­Haass (1990). Distribution This is a cold­water species, relatively common south of the Subtropical Convergence. Incursions further north are most likely as the result of the influx of cold water currents.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB3FFFE7FEA6FEA4FBBFC4C9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material The type of V. cultripes could not be found at the ZMB or ZMH and is considered lost. Fortunately this is a very distinctive species adequately characterised by Vosseler’s (1901) figures and description. The type locality is the Atlantic Ocean, southern equatorial current, 0 – 400 m (J. N. 213), 5.3 ºS, 37.6 ºW. Material examined (> 150 specimens) Tasman Sea: 1 lot (AM), 1 specimen. North Atlantic: 4 lots (BMNH), 6 lots (USNM), 7 lots (ZMB), 13 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 2 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens. North Pacific: 12 lots (LACM), 5 lots (USNM), 44 specimens. Indian: 10 lots (ZMB), several specimens. Mediterranean: 38 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 2 lots (USNM), 2 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 19 mm, but usually 12 – 15 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, distal margin rounded. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about 0.7 x length of propodus. Pereopods 3 – 6; dactylus length about 0.2 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.7 x length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with slight posterodistal lobe barely overlapping ischium; carpus and propodus with distinct, rounded anterodistal process; dactylus pointed with knife­like anterior margin. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U 3. Uropod 3; peduncle about as long as endopod; endopod slightly longer than exopod in females, in males the endopod is up to one­third longer than the exopod, having almost parallel margins and two widely spaced teeth on the terminal margin. Telson rounded, almost circular, length about 0.7 x as long as, but only extending to middle, of peduncle of U 3. Remarks This is one of the larger species of Vibilia only exceeded in size by V. robusta. It most closely resembles V. longicarpus, but is distinguished from it by the relatively shorter carpal process of gnathopod 2, the distinctive anterodistal process of the carpus and propodus of pereopod 7, and by the presence of two terminal teeth on the endopod of uropod 3 (absent in V. longicarpus); particularly evident in males. The salp associate has not been recorded for this species. Distribution This is a relatively uncommon species widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB38FFEAFEA6FC9CFBE9C384.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Four syntypes of V. stebbingi are in the ZMB (unregistered). Behning and Woltereck (1912) do not specify a holotype. They record six specimens from the mid­Atlantic, from Valdivia Stns 48 b (0 º 9 ’ S, 8 º 30 ’ W), 49 (0 º 20 ’ N, 6 º 45 ’ W), 54 (1 º 51 ’ N, 0 º 31 ’ E) and 55 (2 º 37 ’ N, 3 º 38 ’ E). The figured female is from Stn. 54. Material examined (> 300 specimens) Types. Four syntypes of V. stebbingi from Valdivia Stns 48 b, 54 and 55: all in spirit, the one from Stn. 54 with head missing. Other material examined. Tasman Sea: 7 lots (SAMA), 11 specimens. North Atlantic: 5 lots (BMNH), 13 lots (CMN), 3 lots (USNM), 7 lots (ZMB), 3 lots (ZMUC), 48 specimens. South Atlantic: 1 lot (BMNH), 28 lots (SAM), numerous specimens. North Pacific: 1 lot (LACM), 3 lots (USNM), 10 specimens. South Pacific: 2 lots (BMNH), 23 specimens. South Indian: 1 lot (BMNH), 63 lots (SAM), 10 lots (SAMA), 174 specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 1 lot (USNM), 1 specimen. Gulf of Eilat: 1 lot (ZMB), 1 specimen. Diagnosis Body length up to 5 – 6 mm. Antennae 1 length slightly shorter than head and first three pereonites; flagellum with more or less parallel margins, obliquely truncate ventrally for distal third (broader and longer in males). Gnathopod 2; carpal process about halflength propodus (or marginally more). Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about half length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with small, sharp anterodistal lobe and narrow, rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium and about half of merus. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular, pointed, length about half peduncle of U 3. Remarks This is a very small species of Vibilia. Its similarity to V. antarctica and V. propinqua has already been discussed under those species. It is also similar to V. viatrix, but in that species the carpal process of gnathopod is as long as the propodus, pereopods 3 and 4 have relatively thicker articles and a longer dactylus, and the basis of pereopod 7 is without an anterodistal lobe. Apart from its small size and short carpal process of gnathopod 2, the most readily distinguishing character for V. stebbingi seems to be the shape of the basis of pereopod 7. In no other congener, except perhaps for V. australis, is the anterodistal corner as well developed, overlapping the ischium.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB38FFEAFEA6FC9CFBE9C384.taxon	distribution	Distribution This is a relatively uncommon, but widely distributed species in tropical and subtropical waters including the Mediterranean Sea. However, it was relatively common and abundant in collections from off the east coast of South Africa (SAM).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB35FFE8FEA6FA66FDC9C151.taxon	materials_examined	Type material The five syntypes of V. chuni are in the ZMB (209190). Behning and Woltereck (1912) do not specify a holotype. They record four specimens from the mid­Atlantic, from Valdivia Stns 46 (1 º 27.8 ’ N, 10 º 16.5 ’ W) and 49 (0 º 20 ’ N, 6 º 45 ’ W). The figured female is from Stn. 46. Type material of synonyms The type of V. hodgsoni is in the BMNH (1914.2.25.117). It is clearly the same as V. chuni. Stewart (1913) had most likely written her paper before the publication of Behning and Woltereck (1912) became available and thus was unaware that her species had already been described. Material examined (137 specimens) Types. Five syntypes of V. chuni from Valdivia Stns. 46 and 49: all in spirit; one intact female and three other specimens, one with A 1 missing and one with the Us missing, from Stn. 49 and one female, dissected on the left with Us missing, from Stn. 46. Holotype of V. hodgsoni, male (?), approximately 6 mm, from near Cape of Good Hope, 36 º 03 ’ S, 12 º 50 ’ E, Discovery, 1 st October, 1901: microscope slide of G 1 & 2 and P 7, remainder in spirit. Other material examined. Tasman Sea: 1 lot (AM), 1 specimen. North Atlantic: 1 lot (USNM), 7 lots (ZMB), 8 specimens. North Pacific: 2 lots (LACM), 3 lots (USNM), 6 specimens. South Pacific: 2 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens. South Indian: 45 lots (SAM), 7 lots (SAMA), 103 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 7.5 mm. Antennae 1 slightly longer than head and first two pereonites; flagellum oval, ventral margin somewhat oblique for distal third. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about half­length of propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.2 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, almost twice as long as wide, half as long again as ischium to dactylus combined, with rounded margins and rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium. Lateral corner of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U 3. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; endopod subequal in length to exopod in females, in males the endopod is slightly broader and longer and apically rounded. Telson triangular, rounded terminally, length about half peduncle of U 3. Remarks This is one of the most readily recognisable species of Vibilia. The combination of characters given in the diagnosis, particularly the shape of antennae 1, the urosome, and pereopod 7, readily distinguish V. chuni from all its congeners.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB35FFE8FEA6FA66FDC9C151.taxon	distribution	Distribution This is a relatively rare species known mainly from the tropical waters of the world’s oceans. However, it was relatively common and abundant in collections from off the east coast of South Africa (SAM).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB36FFECFEA6FEA4FC58C4E1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Six syntypes of V. longicarpus are in the ZMB (20922). The type locality is the eastern mid­Pacific Ocean. Behning (1913 a) does not specify a holotype, or the number of specimens examined. He illustrates a female from Albatross Stn. 4709 (10 º 15 ’ 12 ” S, 95 º 40 ’ 48 ” W), and a male from “ Alb. 4. ix. 1899 ”, which is presumably near the preceding locality but is not Stn. 4710 judging by the data. Material examined (41 specimens) Types. Six syntypes of V. longicarpus from Albatross Stn. 4709 30 th December 1904 and Stn. 4710: all in spirit; the female from Stn. 4709 is dissected on the left and has the Us missing. The specimens from Stn. 4710 are juveniles that could not be determined as this species with confidence. Other material examined. North Atlantic: 1 lot (ZMH), 1 specimen. North Pacific: 2 lots (USNM), 2 specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 1 lot (USNM), 1 specimen. Tasman Sea: 3 lots (SAMA), 3 juv. specimens. Arabian Sea: 2 lots (BMNH), 28 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 12 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum elongate, oval, ventral margin the more convex. Gnathopod 2; carpal process as long as, or slightly longer than, propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis narrowed proximally, maximum width about 0.7 x length, about as long as ischium to carpus combined, with relatively large rounded posterodistal lobe extending well past the ischium; carpus and propodus with small anterodistal process. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U 3. Uropod 3; peduncle subequal in length to rami; endopod subequal in length to exopod in females, in males the endopod is slightly broader and longer. Telson almost circular, length about 0.7 x peduncle of U 3. Remarks This species most closely resembles V. cultripes, but is distinguished by the longer carpal process of gnathopod 2, and the much smaller anterodistal processes on pereopod 7. Also the dactylus of pereopod 7 is rounded and not knife­shaped. In the shape of the urosome it is similar to V. pyripes. There are three specimens from the Tasman Sea (SAMA C 4420, 4422, 4423), which had been identified as V. pyripes (Zeidler 1998), which are now considered to be this species. They all appear to be juveniles measuring 4 mm or less. In the shape of the first antennae, pereopods 3 and 4, and the telson they resemble V. longicarpus, but in the shape of pereopod 7 and the peduncle of uropod 3 they resemble V. armata (Figs 12 & 13). The dactylus of pereopods 3 – 6 is also slightly longer than is usual for V. longicarpus, but this is probably a juvenile character. The salp associate has not been recorded for this species. Distribution This is a rare species, found only in the tropical parts of the eastern Pacific Ocean, South China Sea and the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB33FF92FEA6FCF4FD84C7D9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material The syntypes of V. caeca are in the Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. The type locality is the northwestern Pacific Ocean, near the Kuril Islands. Material examined (13 specimens) Tasman Sea: 1 lot (AM), 1 specimen. North Pacific: 2 lots (SAMA), 4 lots (USNM), 12 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 6 mm. Eyes absent. Pleon distinctly broader than pereon. Antennae 1 inserted mid­laterally on head, as long as head and first three pereonites combined; flagellum elongate, lanceolate, excised on ventral margin for distal half. Antennae 2 very short, consisting of four articles. Gnathopod 2; carpal process almost as long as propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.5 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.4 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, almost twice as long as wide, as long as ischium to carpus combined, with small, sharp, anterodistal projection and rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular, pointed terminally, length about half peduncle of U 3. Remarks This species most closely resembles V. australis, but the absence of eyes is a unique feature amongst species of Vibilia. The salp associate has not been recorded for this species. Distribution This species is only known from a few records from the northern Pacific Ocean, the northern Indian Ocean, the southwestern part of the Bering Sea and Kuril Islands (Bussol Strait), and the Tasman Sea. I have also collected it recently from the San Pedro Basin, off Los Angeles, California.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB4DFF96FEA6FD8CFE48C7F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype: female, 5.1 mm (SAM A 42379). South Indian Ocean, off South Africa, SSE of Kosi Bay [27 º 23.0 ’ S, 33 º 02.9 ’ E]; collected by Meiring Naude (stn. SM 70 D), bongo 200 m, 20 May 1976. Sea surface temperature 25 ºC. Paratype: ovigerous female, 4.8 mm (SAM A 42380). South Indian Ocean, off South Africa, S of Kosi Bay [27 º 37.7 ’ S, 32 º 47.8 ’ E]; collected by Meiring Naude (stn. SM 76 D), bongo 200 m, 21 May 1976. Sea surface temperature 25 ºC. Diagnosis Body length about 5 mm. Antenna 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum with parallel margins, obliquely truncate ventrally for distal half. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about 0.6 x length propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.6 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopod 7; basis maximum width about two­thirds length, as long as ischium to mid­propodus combined, with small rounded posterodistal lobe partly overlapping ischium and proximal half of merus. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle about one­third longer than rami; endopod marginally longer than exopod; sexual dimorphism of endopod unknown. Telson triangular, as wide as long, length almost 0.7 x peduncle of U 3. Description of holotype Female 5.1 mm. Antenna 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum with parallel margins, obliquely truncate ventrally for distal half, width slightly more than 0.5 x length. Antenna 2 length about 0.8 x A 1; 6 ­ articulate. Head as long as deep, about as long as first 2.5 pereonites. Eyes oval. Gnathopod 1; basis almost as long as ishium to propodus combined; basis, merus and carpus with one strong seta on posterodistal corner, ischium with two strong setae; carpus slightly shorter than propodus; propodus with posterior margin toothed for distal two­thirds; dactylus slightly shorter than half of propodus. Gnathopod 2; basis slightly shorter than remaining articles combined; merus with four strong setae on distal margin; carpal process about 0.6 x length propodus; propodus slightly shorter than anterior margin of carpus, with posterior margin toothed for most of its length; dactylus length 0.4 x propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; basis about as long as merus and carpus combined; carpus subequal in length to propodus; merus length about 0.75 x propodus; dactylus length about 0.6 x propodus for P 3, slightly longer for P 4. Pereopod 3 slightly shorter than P 4. Pereopod 5; basis as long as merus and half of carpus combined; carpus slightly shorter than merus; propodus as long as basis, with toothed anterior margin; dactylus length 0.4 x propodus. Pereopod 6 like P 5 but marginally longer, with basis only slightly shorter than merus and carpus combined; carpus with three strong setae on anterior margin and toothed for distal half; propodus length only three­quarters basis and dactylus length 0.5 x propodus. Pereopod 7 length about 0.6 x P 6; basis maximum width almost 0.7 x length, as long as ischium to mid­propodus combined, with small rounded posterodistal lobe partly overlapping ischium and proximal half of merus; merus with one strong seta near anterodistal and posterodistal corner; propodus length 1.3 x carpus; dactylus length two­thirds propodus, with rounded distal margin. Uropod 1; peduncle with outer margin toothed for distal half; rami subequal in length, about 0.7 x peduncle; exopod deeply toothed on both margins; endopod deeply toothed on outer margin and for distal half of inner margin. Uropod 2; peduncle slightly longer than rami; exopod marginally shorter than endopod, inner margin deeply toothed, outer margin toothed for distal half; endopod deeply toothed on inner margin and only distally on outer margin. Uropod 3; rami with small teeth on both margins; endopod marginally longer than exopod, about three­quarters as long as peduncle. Telson triangular, about as wide as long, length almost 0.7 x peduncle of U 3 but only reaching it midway. Variation The paratype is like the holotype. The male of this species is unknown. Etymology This new species is named for Dr M. H. Thurston, formerly of the Southampton Oceanography Centre, in recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of hyperiideans and for his generosity in assisting me with my studies. Remarks This new species is most similar to V. viatrix but also resembles V. antarctica. It resembles both species in the shape of A 1, P 7 and the telson but is more like V. viatrix in having long dactyls on P 3 – 6 and in having U 1 & 2 with deeply toothed rami. Vibilia thurstoni differs from both V. antarctica and V. viatrix as follows; G 1 & 2 are not as heavily armed with strong setae; the carpal process of G 2 is much shorter, only 0.6 x length of propodus; the dactyls of P 5 & 6 are relatively longer; the anterior margin of the carpus of P 6 is not as heavily armed with robust setae; the basis of P 7 is not as broad and the carpus is slightly longer than the merus, and the peduncle of U 3 is relatively wider. In addition, V. thurstoni differs from V. viatrix in that the posterodistal corner of the propodus of G 2 is not produced and the articles of P 3 & 4 are relatively more slender and the dactlys relatively shorter, and from V. antarctica in that the dactyls of P 3 & 4 are considerably longer and the rami of U 1 & 2 are more deeply toothed. It is likely that this species has been confused with V. viatrix in the past but is readily distinguished by the form of G 1 & 2 and the relative lengths of the dactyls of P 3 – 6 as detailed above. Vibilia thurstoni also seems to be a smaller species than V. viatrix or V. antarctica because the paratype is ovigerous at 4.8 mm. Distribution Only known from two localities, from the South Indian Ocean, off South Africa, SSE and S of Kosi Bay.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB49FF9AFEA6FDE4FED1C4C9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype: female 4.8 mm (SAM A 42377). South Indian Ocean, off South Africa, SSE of Kosi Bay [27 º 16.0 ’ S, 32 º 59.6 ’ E]; collected by Meiring Naude (stn. SM 11), bongo 150 m, 24 May 1975. Sea surface temperature 23.9 ºC. Paratype: female 5.0 mm (SAM A 42378). Collected with holotype. Diagnosis Body length about 5 mm. Antenna 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, distal margin rounded. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about as long as propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopods 5 & 6; dactylus length about 0.2 x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis maximum width almost 0.7 x length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with relatively small, rounded posterodistal lobe not overlapping ischium; carpus and propodus with small anterodistal process. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U 3. Uropod 3; peduncle subequal in length to rami; endopod marginally longer than exopod; sexual dimorphism of endopod unknown. Telson oval, twice as wide as long, length about 0.7 x peduncle of U 3. Description of holotype Female 4.8 mm. Antenna 1 marginally longer than head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, width about 0.6 x length, with rounded anterior margin and two small, elongate terminal articles. Antenna 2 length about 0.7 x A 1; 5 ­ articulate. Head two­thirds as long as deep, about as long as first two pereonites. Eyes oval. Gnathopod 1; basis as long as ischium to propodus combined; basis, merus and carpus each with one strong seta on posterodistal corner; carpus and propodus subequal in length; propodus with posterior margin toothed for distal two­thirds; dactylus slightly longer than half of propodus. Gnathopod 2; basis as long as remaining articles combined; merus with only two strong setae on distal margin; carpal process as long as propodus; propodus slightly shorter than anterior margin of carpus, with posterior margin toothed for distal half; dactylus half­length propodus. Pereopods 3 & 4; basis about as long as merus and carpus combined; carpus marginally longer than merus; propodus marginally longer than carpus; dactylus length about 0.3 x propodus. Pereopod 3 slightly shorter than P 4. Pereopods 5 & 6; basis slightly shorter than merus and carpus combined; carpus slightly longer than merus; propodus about onethird longer than carpus, without small teeth on anterior margin; dactylus length 0.2 x propodus. Pereopod 5 slightly shorter than P 6. Pereopod 7 half­length P 6; basis maximum width almost 0.7 x length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with relatively small, rounded posterodistal lobe, not overlapping ischium; carpus and propodus with anterodistal corner produced into small process; propodus slightly longer than carpus; dactylus marginally longer than propodus with rounded distal margin. Last urosomite with lateral corners produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U 3. Uropod 1; rami with margins toothed for distal one­third; exopod slightly longer than endopod, length about 0.8 x peduncle. Uropod 2; rami with few teeth distally on both margins; exopod marginally longer than endopod, only slightly shorter than peduncle. Uropod 3; exopod with small teeth on inner margin for distal half, outer margin not toothed; endopod with smooth margins; endopod marginally longer than exopod, subequal in length to peduncle. Telson oval, twice as wide as long; length about 0.7 x peduncle of U 3 but only reaching it midway. Variation The paratype is like the holotype. The male of this species is unknown. Etymology The species name is derived from the Latin “ lati ” and “ cauda ” meaning broad or widetailed. Remarks The most unusual feature of this new species is the extremely wide telson, a character not found in any other congener. Vibilia laticaudata belongs to the group of species in which the lateral corners of the last urosomite are produced, partly overlapping the peduncle of uropod 3; viz. V. armata, V. chuni, V. cultripes, V. longipes and V. pyripes. Apart from the telson, it is distinguished from all of the above as follows. From V. armata and V. chuni by the shape antenna 1 and the shorter peduncle of uropod 3 relative to the exopodite, and additionally from V. chuni by the longer carpal process of gnathopod 2 and the form of pereopod 7. From V. pyripes by the general habitus, the longer carpal process of gnathopod 2, the form of pereopod 7 and in not having the peduncle of uropod 3 constricted at the base. From V. cultripes by the more evenly rounded flagellum of antenna 1, the longer carpal process of gnathopod 2, the lack of strong setae on the anterior margin of the carpus of pereopod 6 and the anterodistal process of the carpus and propodus of pereopod 7 is not as pronounced and the dactylus is not knife­shaped. From V. longicarpus by the more evenly rounded flagellum of antenna 1, the relatively shorter dactylus of pereopods 3 ­ 6, the rami of uropods 1 ­ 3 are not as deeply toothed and the anterodistal process of the carpus and propodus of pereopod 7 is relatively more pronounced. Vibilia laticaudata resembles V. pyripes in the shape of the flagellum of antenna 1; V. cultripes in the length of the dactylus of pereopods 3 ­ 6 and the ornamentation of uropods 1 & 2 and V. longicarpus in the carpal length of gnathopod 2 and the general form of pereopod 7. Despite the extraordinary width of the telson, it is as long as for V. cultripes, slightly less than for V. pyripes and slightly longer than for V. longicarpus, relative to the peduncle of uropod 3. The presence of elongate terminal articles on antenna 1 and the slightly thickened articles of antenna 2, and pereopod 7, indicate that the holotype and paratype may not be fully mature. However, the species is readily distinguished from all of its congeners by the telson and other characters as detailed above. Distribution Only known from the type locality, the South Indian Ocean, off South Africa, SSE of Kosi Bay.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB45FF9AFEA6FCD6FB0CC13C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located at the MNHN or ANSP and is presumed lost. No type locality is given by Milne­Edwards (1830) but Milne­Edwards (1840) gives “ Seas of Asia ” as the locality for his species. Remarks The descriptions of Milne­Edwards (1830, 1840) and figures (1840) are insufficient to characterise this species. The specimen figured by Milne­Edwards (1840) appears to be a male, judging by the length of the second antennae. The posterior lateral corners of the last urosomite are not projected thus, it is not V. armata, V. pyripes, V. cultripes, V. chuni, V. longicarpus or V. laticaudata. Of the remainder, it is obviously not V. australis or V. caeca, and probably not V. antarctica, which does not occur in the Asian region. If one can trust the figures of Milne­Edwards (1840) then, apart from other minor characters, it does not seem to be V. stebbingi or V. thurstoni as it is too large (4 lignes = 9.2 mm), or V. robusta as uropod 2 is too short, or V. viatrix because pereopods 3 and 4 are too long and have a short dactylus, or V. propinqua or V. gibbosa which have a much shorter carpal process on gnathopod 2. That leaves only V. jeangerardi and V. borealis neither of which have gnathopod 2 with a carpal process as long as that illustrated by Milne­Edwards and, perhaps apart from V. borealis, have not been recorded from ‘ Asian Seas’. It is therefore impossible to assign Milne­Edwards’s species to any known species of Vibilia.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FA24FC57C156.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is presumed lost. The type locality is given as the Mediterranean Sea, presumably the Gulf of Naples. Remarks This species is merely listed without description or figures and is a nomen nudum. It may have been an earlier name for Vibilia speciosa Costa, 1853.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FCE1FEF0C331.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is presumed lost. The type locality is the Mediterranean Sea, Port of Messina, Gulf of Naples. Remarks Stebbing (1888: 1624) suspects that this may be V. jeangerardi, but the description of Natale is insufficient to verify this, and the figures represent a rather bizarre­looking Vibilia.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FEA4FEE7C50E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located at the BMNH and is presumed lost. The type locality is given as “ off Port Natal, in the summer of 1835, in lat. 37 ° S and 21 ° East ”. Remarks The figures and description given by Templeton are insufficient to determine this species. However, the illustration is clearly of a species of Vibilia, possibly of a juvenile specimen.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB47FF98FEA6FCA1FD9BC379.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located at the BMNH or MNHN and is presumed lost. The type locality is given as the South Atlantic Ocean, “ Near Iles de Powel ” (South Orkney Islands). Remarks This is most likely V. antarctica as suggested by Barnard (1932) and Vinogradov et al. (1982). However, Bate figures and describes pereopods 5 and 6 as being twice as long as pereopods 3 and 4, which is unlike any species of Vibilia. Also, the carpal process of gnathopod 2 is too short for typical V. antarctica. Thus, Vibilia edwardsi is at best, a doubtful synonym of V. antarctica.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB47FF98FEA6FEA4FB28C4B4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is presumed lost. The type locality is the Mediterranean Sea, coast of Naples. Remarks Costa’s description is too brief and insufficient to characterise the species. Carus (1885) lists it as a synonym of V. jeangerardi as do Vinogradov et al. (1982)	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB47FF99FEA6FA6CFD10C4E1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located at the BMNH or MNHN and is presumed lost. The type locality is given as “ Java ”. Remarks The figures and description given by Bate are insufficient to determine this species. No known species of Vibilia have the first antennae as long as those illustrated for this species. Dried specimens sometimes have the edges of the antennae curled inward thus, giving them a more elongate appearance, and perhaps the specimen Bate saw had become dry at some stage thus, giving the appearance of having elongate antennae. Vinogradov et al. (1982) include this species with those in which the lateral corners of the last urosomite are produced, as short third uropods are characteristic of this group. This is based on the statement by Bate, “ ultimate pair of pleopoda not reaching beyond the two preceding pairs ”, presumably an error actually referring to the uropoda. However, all species of Vibilia have uropod 3 extending beyond uropod 1 or 2. Bate’s observation is most likely erroneous because he probably observed the specimen in a curled state, possibly because it was dry, and could not be straightened. Never­the­less it would seem that the third uropoda are relatively short.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB46FF9EFEA6FAC9FE91C751.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located at the SMNH or ZMUC and is presumed lost. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887 a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “ Pacific, South Atlantic ”. Remarks This species is very similar to V. antarctica and, but for the shape of antennae 1, would have been included in the synonymy of that species. Bovallius’s (1887 c) illustration may be inaccurate in this regard, but without being able to examine the type one cannot be certain.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB46FF99FEA6FCF4FDA0C31C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located in any major German museum or at the NMW and is presumed lost. The type locality is the Mediterranean Sea. Remarks Claus (1872) merely lists this species without any description or figures. Thus, it is a nomen nudum. It is regarded a questionable synonym of V. jeangerardi based solely on geographical grounds.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB41FF9EFEA6FE04FDB8C29E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material could not be located at the MNHN and is presumed lost. The type locality is the Bay of Biscay, 44 ° 17 ’ N, 4 ° 38 ’ E. Remarks According to Bonnier this species differs from all it congeners by gnathopod 2 which has an elongated merus and no carpal process. However, he illustrates gnathopod 2 with eight articles, so that it seems he mistook the carpal process for the merus and then added on another propodus. If this assumption is correct, then the carpal process would be almost as long as the propodus. Vinogradov et al. (1982) infer that the lateral corners of the last urosomite are slightly produced, but Bonnier makes no mention of this, nor does he illustrate this character. The shape of antennae 1, the urosome, and the telson, makes this species most similar to V. viatrix, if the assumption regarding the carpal process of gnathopod 2 is correct.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB41FF9FFEA6FB56FB93C429.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Vibilioides alberti Chevreux, 1905, by monotypy. Diagnosis Pereonites, pleonites and urosomite 1 with lateral transverse folds. Antennae 2 of six articles. Mandibles with molar reduced to conical projection; third article of palp shorter than second. Maxillae 1 with much reduced inner lobe. Maxillae 2 reduced to small, single lobe. Pereopod 7 reduced to basis and three small additional articles; basis more than twice as long as remaining articles combined. Telson extends just beyond middle of peduncle of U 3. Monotypic. S exual dimorphism Insufficient material of this genus is available to determine any sexual dimorphism and none is mentioned in the literature. If any sexual dimorphism exists it is most likely similar to that found in Vibilia. Remarks The similarity of Vibilioides to Vibilia has already been discussed.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB40FF82FEA6FD3CFC52C271.taxon	materials_examined	Type material There are five syntypes. Two from Princesse­Alice Stn 1851 (36 ° 17 ’ N, 28 ° 53 ’ W) are in the MNHN (unregistered) and the remainder, including the figured female, are in the MOM. No precise type locality is designated by Chevreux (1905), but he had specimens from near the Canary Islands (26 ° 16 ’ N, 16 ° 11 ’ W) and from near the Azores (37 ° 08 ’ N, 8 ° 28 ’ 30 ” W; 36 ° 17 ’ N, 28 ° 53 ’ W; 36 ° 46 ’ N, 26 ° 41 ’ W). Material examined (6 specimens) Only six female specimens of this species are available for study. Three from the southern side of the Bay of Biscay (Thor Stn 74, ZMUC CRU 2831: Dana Stn. 1104, ZMUC), one from off Rio de Janeiro (ZMUC CRU 2832) (see Stephensen 1918), one from just north of the Cape Verde Islands (Dana Stn. 1159, ZMUC) and one from the South China Sea (Dana Stn. 3689). Diagnosis Body length up to 22 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum elongate, oval, with anterior margin rounded, almost flat, with dorsal margin projected above peduncular articles. Gnathopod 1; posterior margin of merus, posterior and anterior margin of carpus, and anterior margin of propodus, with fringe of long setae. Gnathopod 2; posterior margin of ischium and merus, and anterior margin of carpus and propodus, with fringe of long setae; carpal process about 0.7 x length of propodus. Pereopods 3 ­ 6; dactylus about 0.4 x length of propodus. Pereopod 7; basis oval, width about 0.6 x length. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle slightly longer than rami; endopod slightly longer than exopod. Remarks This is a relatively rare species easily recognised by its general shape and the morphology of pereopod 7. Chevreux (1905) presumed that its rarity was due to its deep­water habitat, because most of the catches were at a depth of 1000 m or more. However, some subsequent records are from near the surface. It has only been figured twice in the literature, the figures of Chevreux (1935) and Vinogradov et al. (1982) being copies of the original (Chevreux 1905). More detailed figures, especially of the mouthparts and pereopods 3 ­ 6, are thus provided here (Figs 34 & 35). Fortunately the specimen from off Rio de Janeiro (ZMUC CRU 2832) is very large (21.5 mm) enabling an easy examination of the mouthparts. The maxilliped and mandible are as illustrated by Chevreux (1905) and Vinogradov (1990 a), but the first maxillae have a reduced inner lobe similar to that found in Vibilia, and the second maxillae, although reduced, are present as small rounded lobes; the inner and outer lobes being completely fused. The generic diagnosis has been amended accordingly, to include these characters which were previously thought to be absent. Distribution This species is only known from a few localities. It seems to be most common in the Atlantic Ocean having been recorded from the Bay of Biscay, Canary Islands, Azores, Cape Verde Islands and near Rio de Janeiro. Vinogradov (1990 a, b) recorded it once in the Indian Ocean (33 ° S, 45 ° E) and the Pacific Ocean (22 ° S, 83 ° W) and it is recorded here from the South China Sea (7 º 13.5 ’ S, 111 º 49 ’ E) for the first time.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5DFF83FEA6FB64FB9BC531.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Body length up to 26 mm, slightly compressed laterally, cuticle relatively thick and smooth. Head moderately large, as long as first 3 – 4 pereonites, almost globular. Eyes large, occupying most of head surface, adjoining dorsally. Pereonites all separate. Coxae separate from pereonites. Antennae 1 subequal in length to head, or slightly longer in males; peduncle short, 3 ­ articulate; first flagellar article (callynophore) slender, conical, medial surface with two­field brush of aesthetascs, with, or without, two minute terminal articles. Antennae 2 inserted on ventral surface of head, just anterior to buccal mass; composed of 6 – 7 slender articles; longer than A 1 in males, subequal in length to A 1 in females. Mandibles with palp in both sexes, second article of palp broader and longer than third; molar process well­developed. Maxillae 1 with palp and well­developed outer lobe, inner lobe present as small oval process. Maxillae 2 with two small lobes, relatively small. Maxilliped with short, rounded inner lobe, about one­third as long as outer lobes. Gnathopod 1 simple, or weakly chelate. Gnathopod 2 chelate. Pereopods 5 & 6 the longest. Pereopod 7 reduced in size, with enlarged basis, longer than following articles combined; with only 3 – 5 articles in addition to basis. Uropods with articulated endopods and exopods. Telson very small, triangular. Gills on pereonites 2 ­ 6. Oostegites on pereonites 2 ­ 5. One genus: Cyllopus. Remarks Prior to this review, Cyllopus was included in the family Vibiliidae. It is here placed in its own family on the basis of the positioning of the antennae, the presence of an anterior groove on the head to accommodate the mandibular palps, the large eyes, and the laterally compressed body. In body proportions it is most similar to Themisto (Hyperiidae). Pereopods 3 ­ 6 are also somewhat prehensile, as in Themisto, but pereopod 7 bears some similarity to Vibilia. Bovallius (1887 a) proposed the family name Cyllopodidae for Cyllopus and Cyllias (= a genus of Platyscelidae), but this name has not been in use for the last century (except for Spandl 1927 and Pirlot 1929), thus it is resurrected here for Cyllopus.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5CFF80FEA6FC24FCF3C519.taxon	materials_examined	Type species	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5CFF80FEA6FC24FCF3C519.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The characters of the family are also those of the genus. Two species. Sexual dimorphism As in Vibilia, the sexes of Cyllopus are very similar morphologically. The most reliable character to differentiate them is the relative length of the second antennae. In males antennae 2 are longer than antennae 1 because of the elongation of articles, while in females the antennae are subequal in length. The shape of the callynophore of antennae 1 also differs slightly, tapering gradually in females but in males with a slight proximal bulge. Generally the head of males is slightly larger, and less rounded, with darker, almost black eyes. In females the rami of uropod 2 are narrower and more distinctly denticulate and in males the endopod is distinctly broader than the exopod. Remarks Cyllopus is a very distinctive genus somewhat resembling Themisto. Two species are currently recognised (Weigmann­Haass 1983), both of which are restricted to the colder waters of the southern Hemisphere. Virtually nothing is known about the biology of either species. The large eyes indicate an active pelagic life­style, but the rounded dactyls of pereopod 7 are like those of Vibilia and, as in Vibilia, may be used to transfer larvae to a gelatinous host (Laval 1963, 1980). This view is supported by Weigmann­Haass (1983) who first described the larvae of Cyllopus and concluded “ due to special morphological similarities … the larvae of both species display a parasitic way of life like Vibilia ”. To what extent adults are parasitic or commensal is not known. As the genus has been reviewed by Weigmann­Haass (1983) only essential information and synonymies are provided for each species.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5FFF86FEA6FB6EFDF9C0D9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material The type of C. magellanicus could not be found at the USNM or in any other major North American museum and is considered lost. Although the description and figures by Dana (1853) are poor, they are sufficient to determine this species. The type locality is Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego, on Fucus (a brown alga). Type material of synonyms The type of C. danae could not be found at the BMNH or MNHN and is considered lost. However, the description and figures by Bate (1862) readily identify it with C. magellanicus. Type material of V. macropis, C. batei, C. armatus and C. levis could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. Although Bovallius (1887 a) provided only brief descriptions of these species, he provided more information and figures in his monographs (Bovallius 1887 c, 1889) enabling one to determine them as synonyms of C. magellanicus. Hurley (1955) gave a detailed rational for maintaining C. macropus as a separate species, but he only had juvenile specimens (about 5 mm), and the characters he used to distinguish C. macropus from C. magellanicus are mainly as a result of ontogenetic changes (Weimann­Haass 1983). The unique type of C. hookeri is in the BMNH (89.5.15.184). Although the specimen, on two microscope slides, is in poor condition, it appears to be the same as C. magellanicus. Stebbing (1888) relied on the inadequate description, and inaccurate drawings of Dana (1853) to distinguish his species. Type material of V. serrata could not be located at the BMNH and is considered lost. However, it is clearly a synonym of C. magellanicus, judging by the description and figures of Stewart (1913), particularly of the gnathopods and pereopod 7. Material examined (> 250 specimens) Types. The unique type of C. hookeri from the South Atlantic (37 º 47 ’ S, 30 º 20 ’ W), surface, Challenger, 9 th March 1876: on 2 microscope slides. Other material examined. South Atlantic (mainly near Sth. Georgia): 25 lots (BMNH), 2 lots (USNM), 5 lots (ZMB), several lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Pacific (near Tasman Sea): 9 lots (BMNH), 8 lots (SAMA), 1 lot (USNM), numerous specimens. Tasman Sea: 4 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 19 mm. Antennae 1 with slender, conical flagellum, with two, very small, terminal articles. Gnathopod 1 simple. Gnathopod 2; carpal process reaching to about middle of propodus. Pereopod 7 with oval basis. Uropod 1; endopod slightly longer than peduncle, sometimes reaching beyond U 3. Distribution This is a relatively common species restricted to the cool­temperate and polar regions of the southern Hemisphere.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB58FF87FEA6FEA4FAA5C3C6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material of C. lucasii could not be found at the BMNH or MNHN and is considered lost. Fortunately the description and figures of Bate (1862) are sufficient to define this species. The type locality is “ the Powel Islands ” (South Orkney Islands). Type material of synonyms Type material of C. antarcticus is in the ZMB (20773). These specimens are all clearly conspecific with C. lucasii. Material examined (> 150 specimens) Types. Several syntypes of C. antarcticus from a penguin’s stomach (Pigoscelis papua) caught off South America (65 º 18 ’ S, 80 º 27 ’ E), Deutschen Südpolar­Expedition, 27 th March 1903: in spirit. Other material examined. South Atlantic (Sth. Georgia / Weddell Sea): 13 lots (BMNH), 1 lot (ZMB), 2 lots (ZMH), several specimens. Antarctic: 1 lot (BMNH), 1 specimen; Prydz Bay: 32 lots (SAMA), numerous specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 26 mm. Antennae 1 with very slender, conical flagellum, without additional terminal articles. Gnathopod 1 weakly chelate, with slightly inflated carpus. Gnathopod 2; carpal process reaching to about limit of propodus. Pereopod 7 with basis narrowed distally, with concave posterior margin. Uropod 1; endopod subequal in length to peduncle, barely reaching limit of U 3. Distribution This is a circum­Antarctic species restricted to south of the Antarctic Convergence.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB58FF84FEA6F99EFE90C399.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Body length up to 30 mm, relatively transparent. Head large, cuboid in shape, as long as first 3 – 4 pereonites. Eyes large, occupying most of head surface, divided into dorsal and ventral (smaller) parts. Pereonites all separate. Coxae fused with pereonites in males, separate on pereonites 2 – 5 in females. Antennae 1 slightly shorter than head in males, less than half­length of head in females; peduncle short, 3 ­ articulate; flagellum of single, enlarged article (callynophore), medial surface with two­field brush of aesthetascs in males. Antennae 2 inserted on ventral surface of head, just anterior to buccal mass; composed of two small articles in females, four articles in males, with basal and terminal articles greatly elongated, together as long as, or slightly longer than, A 1. Mandibles without palp, or molar process, in both sexes. Maxillae 1 with palp and well­developed outer lobe; inner lobe absent. Maxillae 2 reduced to single broad lobe. Maxilliped with fused inner and outer lobes, forming single broad plate. Gnathopod 1 weakly double subchelate, with posterodistal process on merus and carpus. Gnathopod 2, simple with dactylus inserted in hollowed process. Pereopods 3 – 6 subequal in length, about twice as long as gnathopods. Pereopod 7 slightly shorter than P 6. Uropods with articulated endopods and exopods. Telson very small, quadrate. Gills on pereonites 2 – 6. Oostegites on pereonites 2 – 5. One genus: Paraphronima. Remarks This is a very distinctive family that is most similar to the family Cyllopodidae in the morphology and positioning of the antennae. It has a number of unusual characters rarely found in other hyperiidean families. The structure of the eyes resembles the Phronimidae; mandibles lacking a palp in both sexes is a character only shared with the Cystisomatidae, Phronimidae, Dairellidae and Iulopis; mandibles lacking a molar is a character shared with the Lycaeopsidae and the families of Platysceloidea, and a maxilliped with fused inner and outer lobes is a character only found in one other family, the Dairellidae. The mouthparts are reduced relative to Vibilia and Cyllopus. Although the mandibles lack a molar, the spine row is well developed with a number of tubercles that may substitute for the molar. The first maxillae are similar to those found in Vibilia and Cyllopus, but the second maxillae are reduced to a single, broad plate (Fig. 38). However, Bovallius (1889) illustrated the second maxillae of Paraphronima crassipes as consisting of two broad plates. This apparent error may have resulted from the maxillae lying on top of one another during dissection. This error does not seem to have been corrected in the literature.	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5BFF85FEA6FA4CFCD9C0D9.taxon	materials_examined	Type species	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5BFF85FEA6FA4CFCD9C0D9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The characters of the family are also those of the genus. Two species. Sexual dimorphism Paraphronima is unusual in that coxae 2 – 5 are separate in females, whereas in males all of the coxae are fused with the pereonites. As with most hyperiideans, the morphology of the antennae is a useful means to differentiate the sexes. The first antennae are slightly shorter than the head in males and less than half the length of the head in females, and the callynophore of males is slightly inflated, with a two­field brush of aesthetascs on the medial surface. The second antennae of females are reduced to two articles, and are only about half as long as the first antennae, whereas in males they are about as long as the first antennae, with the basal and terminal article greatly elongated. The head of males also seems to be slightly smaller and more rounded than in females. Remarks Paraphronima is a very distinctive genus that does not resemble any other hyperiidean. There are six nominal species referable to Paraphronima, but only two are recognised in this review. The large eyes indicate an active pelagic life­style, and in freshly caught plankton samples Paraphronima is usually the most active hyperiidean. Both species are often found in surface waters but rarely below 500 m (Vinogradov et al. 1982), and seem to undergo diurnal vertical migrations (Brusca 1967 a, Thurston 1976). The main reproductive period seems to be at the end of Summer and in Autumn (Brusca 1967 b, Vinogradov et al. 1982), although females with eggs are found throughout the year (Brusca 1967 b). Only one species, P. crassipes, has been found in association with siphonophores (Lo Bianco 1909, Harbison et al. 1977, Laval 1980). The two species are very similar morphologically, and many errors in identifications were found in the various collections examined. Often both species are present in the one sample! It is therefore pointless to provide a full reference list for each species, and only synonymies are given in the following text. It should be noted here that Claus (1878: 270) mentions Paraphronima in a general paper on hyperiideans but does not provide any characters to distinguish it from other genera. Obviously Claus intended this paper to follow his diagnosis of the genus in 1879. As Claus (1878) did not diagnose the genus, and for the sake of nomenclatural stability, Paraphronima should be credited with Claus (1879).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB55FF88FEA6FDC6FD73C531.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material of P. gracilis could not be found at the ZMB or ZMH and is considered lost. However, the description and figures provided by Claus (1879) are sufficient to characterise this species. The type locality is the “ Atlantic Ocean ”. No specific locality is given by Claus (1879). Type material of synonyms Type material of P. edwardsi could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. Bovallius (1889) regards it a synonym of P. gracilis, which is consistent with his original description. Material examined (> 100 specimens) Tasman Sea: 8 lots (SAMA), 8 specimens. North Atlantic: 1 lot (BMNH), 2 lots (CMN), 13 lots (USNM), 8 lots (ZMB), several lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 3 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens. North Pacific: 2 lots (CMN), several lots (LACM), 13 lots (USNM), numerous specimens. Indian: 1 lots (BMNH), 1 specimen. Arabian Sea: 1 lot (BMNH), 3 specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 3 lots (USNM), 5 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 17 mm, but usually 10 mm. Head slightly shorter than deep. Pereonites 1 – 2 much narrower than pereonite 3. Pereopods 5 – 7; anterior margin of ischium to propodus with several small robust setae. Pereopod 7 only as long as basis to carpus of P 6. Pleonite 1; ventral margin of epimeral plate forms acute angle with body axis anteriorly. Remarks This species closely resembles its only congener, P. crassipes, and Hurley (1956) even suggested (but rejected) the idea that P. crassipes may be a later moult stage, because it tends to be larger and more robust than P. gracilis. However, the characters given in the key and the above diagnosis readily distinguish P. gracilis. According to Brusca (1981), the spination of pereopods 5 – 7 and the shape of pleonite 1 are particularly reliable characters. This species has not been recorded with a gelatinous plankton associate but because of its similarity to P. crassipes, like that species, it is probably associated with siphonophores. Distribution This species is widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions, including the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. It does not occur beyond the limits of the Subtropical Convergences (Vinogradov et al. 1982).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB57FF8FFEA6FC24FDD0C7A1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Type material of P. crassipes could not be found at the ZMB or ZMH and is considered lost. However, the description and figures provided by Claus (1879) are sufficient to characterise this species. The type locality is the “ Mediterranean ”. No specific locality is given by Claus (1879). Type material of synonyms The holotype of Hyperia pedestris is in the ANSP (CA 2698, Guérin­Méneville Coll. No. 432) (see remarks). Four syntypes of P. clypeata are in the ZMUC (CRU 449 – 452). Although this material is only in fair condition it is clearly conspecific with P. crassipes. Two syntypes of P. pectinata are in the ZMUC (CRU 447 & 448). Both specimens are in good condition and readily identified as P. crassipes. Bovallius (1889) considers it a synonym of P. clypeata. Syntype material of P. cuivis is in the BMNH (89.5.15.200). These specimens represent both P. crassipes and P. gracilis. However, the material described and illustrated by Stebbing (1888) represent P. crassipes. Material examined (> 250 specimens) Types. Holotype of Hyperia pedestris from the coast off Chile: dried specimen in vial — almost destroyed. Four syntypes of P. clypeata from the North Atlantic; one male (CRU 449, 14 mm) captured 39 º 10 ’ N, 42 º 10 ’ W, Andrea, 1863; one female (CRU 450, 11.2 mm) captured 30 º 34 ’ N, 30 º 50 ’ W, Andrea, 1862; one female (CRU 451, 14 mm) captured 36 º 06 ’ N, 39 º 28 ’ W, “ Warming ”, 1866; one female (CRU 452, 10.4 mm) captured 26 ºN, 26 ºW, “ Iversen ”, 1871: all in spirit. Two syntypes of P. pectinata from the North Atlantic; one female (CRU 451, 14 mm) captured 36 º 06 ’ N, 39 º 28 ’ W, “ Warming ”, 1866; one female (CRU 452, 10.4 mm) captured 26 ºN, 26 ºW, “ Iversen ”, 1871: in spirit, the latter one with mouthparts and A 2 missing. Several syntypes of P. cuivis from between Japan and Honolulu, 35 ºN, surface, Challenger, July, 1875: several specimens in spirit and 8 microscope slides. Other material examined. Tasman Sea: 16 lots (SAMA), 19 specimens. North Atlantic: 7 lots (BMNH), 7 lots (CMN), 22 lots (USNM), 3 lots (ZMB), several lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 11 lots (BMNH), 24 specimens. North Pacific: 2 lots (CMN), several lots (LACM), 26 lots (USNM), numerous specimens. South Pacific: 1 lot (ZMB), 1 specimen. Indian: 1 lot (BMNH), 4 specimens. Mediterranean: 1 lot (BMNH), 2 specimens. Arabian Sea: 3 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 3 lots (USNM), 3 specimens. Diagnosis Body length up to 31 mm, but usually 20 – 24 mm. Head slightly longer than deep. Pereonites 1 – 4 about equal in width. Pereopods 5 – 7; anterior margin of ischium to propodus with few or no robust setae. Pereopod 7 only slightly shorter than P 6. Pleonite 1; ventral margin of epimeral plate evenly rounded, almost perpendicular to body axis anteriorly. Remarks The similarity of this species to the previous one has already been discussed under that species. The recent discovery of the type of Hyperia pedestris Guérin­Méneville, 1836, and that it is most likely P. crassipes (Zeidler 1997), posed the problem of whether or not Guérin­Méneville’s specific name should be used for the species now known as P. crassipes. However, its replacement would create nomenclatural instability (Zeidler 1995), because P. crassipes, as a scientific name, is well established in the scientific literature, and the type of H. pedestris is in very poor condition making specific identity uncertain, and it is a name that has not been used since Bovallius (1889). The proposal to conserve the specific name (Zeidler 1995) was subsequently upheld by the ICZN (1997).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB57FF8FFEA6FC24FDD0C7A1.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions including the Mediterranean Sea. In the southern Hemisphere it rarely penetrates up to the Antarctic Convergence (Vinogradov et al. 1982).	en	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
