identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7B1ABE13AB0BFFD4FEA6FBB1FC47C389.text	7B1ABE13AB0BFFD4FEA6FBB1FC47C389.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilioidea Bowman & Gruner 1973	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Superfamily  VIBILIOIDEA Bowman &amp; Gruner, 1973</p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Antennae straight and relatively short. Antennae 1 inserted on anterior surface of head; peduncle of three short articles; flagellum composed of enlarged first article (callynophore), with dense brush of aesthetascs medially, and one or two tiny terminal articles. Antennae 2 inserted on anterior or ventral surface of head, composed of a few slender articles, sometimes reduced in females. Pereopods 3­7 always simple. Developing eggs and young held in brood pouch underneath pereon, made up of oostegites on pereonites 2­5.</p>
            <p> Three families:  Vibiliidae ,  Paraphronimidae and  Cyllopodidae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB0BFFD4FEA6FBB1FC47C389	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB0BFFD5FEA6FA5CFE3FC2F9.text	7B1ABE13AB0BFFD5FEA6FA5CFE3FC2F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibiliidae Dana 1852	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  VIBILIIDAE Dana, 1852</p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p> Body length 5­20 mm, slightly flattened laterally, cuticle relatively thick, and smooth (except for minute cuticular markings). Head rather small, rarely longer than first two pereonites, subquadrangular, with weakly developed rostrum; anterior margin with small notch about three­quarters from dorsal margin, often obscured by first pereonite. Eyes small to moderate (absent in  V. caeca ) but never occupying most of head surface. Pereonites all separate. Coxae separate from pereonites. Antenna 1 longer than head; peduncle short, 3­segmented; first flagellar article (callynophore) enlarged, spatuliform with slightly concave medial surface, with dense brush (two fields) of aesthetascs; remaining flagellar articles rudimentary, reduced to one or two minute articles. Antenna 2 inserted on anterior surface of head in small, almost lateral pocket; composed of 5­9 (rarely 2­4) slender articles; slightly longer than A 1 in males, slightly shorter than A 1 in females. Mandibles with palp in both sexes, third article of palp longer (  Vibilia ), or shorter than second (  Vibilioides ), molar process well developed (  Vibilia ), or reduced to simple conical projection (  Vibilioides ). Maxillae 1 with palp and well­developed outer lobe, inner lobe present as small round process. Maxillae 2 consisting of two small lobes in  Vibilia , reduced to single lobe in  Vibilioides . Maxilliped with short rounded inner lobe, about half as long as outer lobes. Gnathopod 1 simple. Gnathopod 2 chelate. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6 the longest. Pereopod 7 reduced in size, with enlarged basis, with full compliment of articles, with dactylus modified, clavate or knife­shaped (  Vibilia ), or with only three small articles in addition to basis (  Vibilioides ). Uropods with articulated exopods and endopods. Telson shorter than peduncle of U3, triangular, or semicircular. Gills on pereonites 2­6. Oostegites on pereonites 2­5. </p>
            <p> Two genera:  Vibilia and  Vibilioides . </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Bowman and Gruner (1973) synonymised  Vibilioides with  Vibilia , believing that the difference in the morphology of pereopod 7 was insufficient to maintain generic status. However, as Vinogradov et al. (1982) point out, the morphology of the mouthparts of  Vibilioides differs considerably from those of  Vibilia . Generally they are reduced; the mandibular molar consists of a simple conical projection; the first maxillae have a muchreduced inner lobe and the second maxillae are rudimentary. Thus,  Vibilioides should be maintained. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB0BFFD5FEA6FA5CFE3FC2F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB0AFFD5FEA6FAECFA87C03E.text	7B1ABE13AB0AFFD5FEA6FAECFA87C03E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibiliidae Dana 1852	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the genera of the family  VIBILIIDAE</p>
            <p> 1 Pereopod 7 with full complement of articles, basis considerably shorter, or only slightly, longer than remaining articles combined ............  Vibilia Milne­Edwards, 1830</p>
            <p> ­ Pereopod 7 reduced, with only three small articles attached to basis, basis more than twice as long as remaining articles combined ......................  Vibilioides Chevreux, 1905</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB0AFFD5FEA6FAECFA87C03E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB0AFFD8FEA6F936FB1AC3E9.text	7B1ABE13AB0AFFD8FEA6F936FB1AC3E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia Milne-Edwards 1830	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Vibilia Milne­Edwards, 1830</p>
            <p> Vibilia Milne­Edwards, 1830: 386 . — Milne­Edwards 1838: 308. Milne­Edwards 1840: 72–73. Lucas 1840: 233. Dana 1852: 315. Dana 1853: 980. Bate 1862: 299­300. Bate &amp; Westwood 1868: 524. Carus 1885: 421. Gerstaecker 1886: 492. Bovallius 1887b: 554. Bovallius 1887c: 43. Stebbing 1888: 1278–1279. Vosseler 1901: 118–119. Behning 1913b: 212. Stephensen 1918: 33­34. Behning 1925: 379. Chevreux &amp; Fage 1925: 382. Schellenberg 1927: 615. Pirlot 1929: 91. Hurley 1955: 124–125. Bowman &amp; Gruner 1973: 24. Zeidler 1978: 5. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 199. Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 37. Vinogradov 1999: 1178. </p>
            <p> Thaumalea Templeton, 1836: 186 . </p>
            <p> Orattrina Natale, 1850: 11 . </p>
            <p> Elasmocerus Costa in Hope, 1851. </p>
            <p>Type species</p>
            <p> Vibilia peronii Milne­Edwards, 1830 , by monotypy. Type material could not be found at the MNHN, BMNH or ANSP and is considered lost. This is not an ideal situation since the true identity of  V. peronii is uncertain. However, although Milne­Edwards (1830) provided only a brief description of this species, his figures of  V. peronii , published a decade later (Milne­Edwards 1840) are clearly of a species of  Vibilia . </p>
            <p>Type species of synonyms</p>
            <p> The type species of  Thaumalea is  T. depilis Templeton, 1836 . Type material could not be found at the BMNH and is considered lost. The figures and description of Templeton (1836) are insufficient to determine this species. However, the illustration is clearly of a species of  Vibilia , possibly of a juvenile specimen.  Thaumalea Templeton, 1836 is a primary homonym of the dipteran genus  Thaumalea Ruthe, 1831 . </p>
            <p> The type species of  Orattrina is  O. pulchella Natale, 1850 . Type material could not be found in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is considered lost. The figures and description of Natale (1850) are insufficient to determine this species. However, the figures represent a rather bizarre­looking  Vibilia . </p>
            <p> The type species of  Elasmocerus is  E. speciosus Costa, 1851 . Type material could not be found in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is considered lost. This species is merely listed without description or figures, and is a nomen nudum. Previous authors have regarded it a species of  Vibilia , probably because it may have been an earlier name for  V. speciosa Costa, 1853 . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p> Body shape robust or globular. Head quadrate. Eyes occupying part of lateral head surface; grouped in one field on each side of head (absent in  V. caeca ). Antenna 1 inserted on anterior surface of head, but lacking groove. Antenna 1 with 3­articulate peduncle; flagellum with spatulate callynophore and 1–2 tiny articles, with aesthetascs arranged in twofield brush medially. Antenna 2 present in both sexes; inserted near anterior surface of head in small lateral pocket; consisting of 5–9 articles (only 2–4 in  V. australis and four in  V. caeca ), together slightly longer than A 1 in males and slightly shorter than A 1 in females (except  V. australis and  V. caeca ). Mandibular palp present in both sexes; 3­articulate. Mandibular molar well­developed. Mandibular incisor relatively broad, straight with several teeth, without medial lobe; in male orientated more or less parallel to palp. Maxilla 1 well­developed; bilobed; palp present. Maxilla 2 well­developed; bilobed, with numerous strong setae. Maxilliped with inner and outer lobes separate; inner lobes completely fused; outer lobes well­developed; medial margin of outer lobes without fringe of setae or membranous fringe. Pereonites all separate. Coxae all separate from pereonites. Gnathopod 1 simple. Gnathopod 2 chelate; carpal process knife­shaped, or spoon­shaped; carpal process armed with microscopic teeth or setae. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4 simple; distinctly shorter than pereopods 5 &amp; 6. Pereopod 5 simple; basis as wide or less than 5x as wide as following articles; articles 3–7 inserted terminally to basis. Pereopod 6 simple; basis as wide or less than 5x as wide as following articles; articles 3–7 inserted terminally to basis. Pereopod 7 reduced in size with large basis; all articles present; dactylus modified, rounded with microscopic scale­like structures. Uropods normal, with peduncle and articulated exopods and endopods. Telson articulated with double urosomite. Oostegites on pereonites 2–5. Gills on pereonites 2–6; all without folds. </p>
            <p>Seventeen species.</p>
            <p>Sexual dimorphism</p>
            <p>The sexes are very similar morphologically and very difficult to distinguish (Stephensen 1918, Brusca 1973). The oostegites of females are more difficult to discern than in other hyperiideans, being small and without setae, and ovigerous females are rarely captured, probably because the young are transferred to the salp host at a very early stage (Laval 1963).</p>
            <p> Some sexual differences have been observed, but they are not always consistent. Generally the head of males is slightly larger and more quadrate anteriorly, and the eyes are also larger. In some species the endopod of uropod 3 is broadened and longer than the exopod in males, but in females they are similar in size and shape. Sometimes the ornamentation of the rami of the uropods is also coarser in males. The most reliable character to differentiate the sexes seems to be the relative length of the second antennae. Generally, in males, antenna 2 is longer than antenna 1, consisting of 7–9 articles, while in females antenna 2 is shorter than antenna 1, consisting of 5–7 articles. Exceptions are  V. australis , which has antenna 2 much shorter than antenna 1, consisting of 2–4 articles and  V. caeca , in which antenna 2 extends only to the middle of antenna 1 and consists of four articles. </p>
            <p>As females use the modified seventh pereopods to transfer young to the salp host (Laval 1963) it seemed reasonable that there might be some sexual dimorphism of that appendage, particularly in the ultra­structure of the dactylus. This possibility was investigated but no distinct sexual differences could be determined, even when ovigerous females were available for examination.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Vibilia is a very distinctive genus and, apart from  Vibilioides , does not resemble any other hyperiidean. Species are very similar in gross morphology and, apart from a few distinctive species, most require expert knowledge for a correct identification. In addition, researchers should be aware of ontogenetic changes, such as documented for  V. robusta (Zeidler 1998) and  V. armata (Laval 1963, 1965). These are most likely paralleled in other species and add to the difficulty of determining juvenile specimens. A thorough taxonomic revision of the genus is long overdue. </p>
            <p> There are forty nominal species referable to  Vibilia . However, the types of many are lost, and original descriptions are so poor, that it is impossible to determine their status with certainty. At least ten of these are considered nomen dubia and are discussed at the end of this section. The genus has been reviewed by Bovallius (1887c) who recognised 15 species, and by Behning (1913b), who recognised 24 species. Since then, more information has been provided by Behning (1925, 1927), but only two new species have been described, one by Behning (1939) and another by Bulycheva (1955). More recently, Vinogradov et al. (1982) reviewed the genus and reduced the number of recognisable species to seventeen. The current review, based on an examination of most of the world’s collections, is in general agreement with Vinogradov et al. (1982), except for  V. affinis and  V. bovallii , which are regarded indeterminable species (see notes on species of indeterminable status) and the addition of two species, described here, as new to science. However, it is limited by the loss of the types of many nominal species. </p>
            <p> Species of  Vibilia live in surface waters, usually in association with salps, which they use for shelter and as a source of food (Madin &amp; Harbison 1977, Laval 1980). Developing larvae also reside on salps, and Laval (1963) describes the larval development of  V. armata and its association with salps. The genus is relatively common in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world’s oceans, but some species venture beyond the Subtropical Convergence. </p>
            <p> Morphologically,  Vibilia is readily divided into two species groups, one in which the posterior lateral corners of the last urosomite project slightly next to the peduncle of uropod 3, and the other in which there is no such projection. This appears to be a good character, which is readily discernible in all species of  Vibilia except perhaps for  V. chuni . In this species the lateral projection can sometimes be minor and it is thus included in both parts of the following key. Fortunately  V. chuni is one of the more easily recognisable species of  Vibilia . Similarly,  V. viatrix is included twice in the key because it can sometimes be difficult to determine if the distal margin of antennae 1 is rounded or pointed. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB0AFFD8FEA6F936FB1AC3E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB07FFD9FEA6F9FCFA87C141.text	7B1ABE13AB07FFD9FEA6F9FCFA87C141.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia Milne-Edwards 1830	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the species of the genus  Vibilia</p>
            <p>1. Posterior lateral corners of last urosomite more or less in line with distal margin ...... 2</p>
            <p>­ Posterior lateral corners of last urosomite project slightly next to peduncle of U3 .... 14</p>
            <p> 2. Eyes absent ............................................................................  V. caeca Bulycheva, 1955</p>
            <p>­ Eyes present................................................................................................................... 3</p>
            <p> 3. Eyes with ocelli in three rows .............................................  V. australis Stebbing, 1888</p>
            <p>­ Eyes with ocelli in oval, or round, cluster..................................................................... 4</p>
            <p> 4 Pereopod 7; basis as long as, or longer than, remaining articles combined.................... ..............................................................................  V. chuni Behning &amp; Woltereck, 1912</p>
            <p>­ Pereopod 7; basis considerably shorter than remaining articles combined................... 5</p>
            <p> 5. Uropod 2 reaching limit of U3, or marginally longer. Gnathopod 2; basis inflated (mature specimens), merus with fringe of robust setae on lateral and anterior margins. Antennae 1 bulbous ...............................................................  V. robusta Bovallius, 1887</p>
            <p>­ Uropod 2 distinctly shorter than U3. Gnathopod 2; basis with more or less parallel margins, merus with few setae. Antennae 1 often truncate.......................................... 6</p>
            <p>6. Antennae 1 with rounded distal margin ........................................................................ 7</p>
            <p>­ Antennae 1 with truncate or pointed distal margin ..................................................... 11</p>
            <p> 7. Gnathopod 1; posterodistal angle of propodus extended posteriorly to dactylus. Gnathopod 2; carpal process usually extends to dactylus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4 with thick articles, dactylus almost as long as propodus ..............................  V. viatrix Bovallius, 1887</p>
            <p>­ Gnathopod 1; posterior margin of propodus slopes gradually to base of dactylus. Gnathopod 2; carpal process extends to 0.5–0.8x length of propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4 with relatively thin articles, dactylus less than half­length of propodus....................... 8</p>
            <p> 8. Antennae 1; flagellum slightly narrower or equal in width to peduncle. Pereopod 7; basis with relatively narrow, posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium and half of merus. Telson pointed ....................................................................  V. propinqua Stebbing, 1888</p>
            <p>­ Antennae 1; flagellum slightly wider than peduncle. Pereopod 7; basis with relatively broad posterodistal lobe barely overlapping ischium. Telson rounded ....................... 9</p>
            <p> 9. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus longer than 0.3x length of propodus .................................... ..............................................................................................  V. gibbosa Bovallius, 1887</p>
            <p>­ Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus short, about 0.2x length or less of propodus .................... 10</p>
            <p> 10. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus relatively short and stubby, length less than 0.2x propodus. Head with anterior margin rounded, or oblique, not projected above A1....................... ..............................................................................................  V. jeangerardi Lucas, 1846</p>
            <p> ­ Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus more slender, length more than 0.2x propodus. Head with anterior margin forming vertical, or rounded projection above base of A1 (more prominent in males) ........................................................  V. borealis Bate &amp; Westwood, 1868</p>
            <p> 11 Pereopod 7; basis with small, sharp anterodistal lobe overlapping most of ischium...... .........................................................................  V. stebbingi Behning &amp; Woltereck, 1912</p>
            <p>­ Pereopod 7; basis with anterodistal corner not produced distally to overlap ischium 12</p>
            <p> 12. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4 with relatively thin articles, dactylus distinctly shorter than half of propodus ............................................................................  V. antarctica Stebbing, 1888</p>
            <p>­ Pereopods 3 &amp; 4 with thick articles, dactylus distinctly longer than half of propodus... ..................................................................................................................................... 13</p>
            <p> 13. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4 with very thick articles, especially merus and carpus. Gnathopod 1; posterodistal angle of propodus extended posteriorly to dactylus. Gnathopod 2; carpal process almost as long as propodus .......................................  V. viatrix Bovallius, 1887</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB07FFD9FEA6F9FCFA87C141	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB01FFDDFEA6FB34FEF9C141.text	7B1ABE13AB01FFDDFEA6FB34FEF9C141.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia jeangerardi Lucas 1845	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia jeangerardi Lucas (Figs 1 &amp; 2) </p>
            <p> Vibilia jeangerardi Lucas, 1846: 56 , pl. 5, fig. 4. — Bate 1862: 303, pl. 49, fig. 9. Marion 1874: 5– 11, pl. 1, 2, figs 1i. Carus 1885: 421–422. Bovallius 1887c: 47­49, pl. 7, figs 1–11. Chevreux 1900: 125–126, pl. 15, fig. 3. Vosseler 1901: 119. Behning 1913a: 533. Behning 1913b: 212, 214. Stewart 1913: 247–248. Stephensen 1918: 34­36, chart 4. Pesta 1920: 33, fig. 6a–c. Spandl 1924b: 263. Behning 1925. 480, figs 1–2. Chevreux &amp; Fage 1925: 383–384, fig. 388. Chevreux 1927: 138. Pirlot 1929: 98­99. Chevreux 1935: 173–174. Evans 1961: 203. Madin &amp; Harbison 1977: 453 (table), 455. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 202–203, fig. 101. Vinogradov 1999: 1179–1180, fig. 4.85. </p>
            <p> ?  Vibilia speciosa Costa, 1853: 178 . — Bate 1862: 304. Carus 1885: 422 (as synonym of V. jeangerardi). </p>
            <p> ?  Vibilia mediterranea Claus, 1872: 467 . — Claus 1880: 586. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> The type of  V. jeangerardi could not be found at the MNHN and is considered lost. Although the description and figures by Lucas (1846) are inadequate, the status of this, relatively common, Mediterranean species has been established by Marion (1874), Bovallius (1887c) and Chevreux (1900). The type locality is the Mediterranean Sea, harbour at Bône, Algeria. </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> The type of  V. speciosa could not be found in any major Italian Museum (see acknowledgments) and is considered lost. This species is most likely a synonym of  V. jeangerardi based on Costa’s description, and the fact that it is a common Mediterranean species. </p>
            <p> The type of  V. mediterranea could not be found in any major European museum (see acknowledgments) and is considered lost. Claus merely lists this species as occurring in salps; there is no description or figures. Thus, it is a nomen nudum. It seems a synonym of  V. jeangerardi , based solely on geographical grounds, and has been regarded as such, by subsequent authors. It has not been recognised as a valid species since Claus (1880). </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 350 specimens)</p>
            <p>  Several lots from the  Mediterranean and North Atlantic in the ZMUC (especially CRU 2855 ­2860; over 350 specimens) and ZMB (2 lots)  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 14 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, distal margin rounded. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about half­length propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus relatively short, length about 0.2x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length slightly more than 0.1x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.8x length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with slight rounded posterodistal lobe barely overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson semi­circular, length almost half peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species most closely resembles  V. propinqua , and perhaps also  V. gibbosa , but is readily distinguished by the relatively short dactylus of the pereopods, particularly pereopods 5 and 6, and by the rounded telson. </p>
            <p> Vibilia jeangerardi is a well­known associate of  Salpa maxima (Marion 1874, Madin &amp; Harbison 1977, Laval 1980). </p>
            <p> The publication date for this species is not clear from the literature with some authors referring it to 1849, which is the date of the title page of the work, while others quote 1845 (e.g. Bovallius 1887c, Vinogradov et al. 1982). According to Sherborn and Woodward (1901) and Woodward (1904), that part of the work by Lucas describing  V. jeangerardi was actually published in 1846. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This species is most common in the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean but, has also been recorded from the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar (Stephensen 1918).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB01FFDDFEA6FB34FEF9C141	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB1DFFC1FEA6FEA4FBB3C221.text	7B1ABE13AB1DFFC1FEA6FEA4FBB3C221.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia borealis Bate & Westwood	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia borealis Bate &amp; Westwood (Figs 3 &amp; 4) </p>
            <p> Vibilia borealis Bate and Westwood, 1868: 524–526 , text fig. — Bovallius 1887c: 57–58, text fig. Norman 1900: 137. Behning 1913b: 215–216. Stephensen 1923: 11–12. Schellenberg 1927: 615–616, fig. 24. Pirlot 1929: 94–95. Stephensen 1929: 42, fig. 13.2. Pirlot 1930: 10. Stephensen 1932a: 375. Grice &amp; Hart 1962: 300. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 219–221, fig. 108. Barkhatov &amp; Vinogradov 1988: 167, 168 (Table). Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1990a: 56. </p>
            <p> Vibilia kroeyeri Bovallius, 1887a: 8 . — Bovallius 1887b: 555. Bovallius 1887c: 58–60, pl. 8, figs 18–25. Behning 1913b: 216. </p>
            <p> Vibilia kroyeri — Stephensen 1918: 38–40, fig. 10 (part), 11, chart 5. Chevreux 1935: 174. Madin &amp; Harbison 1977: 453 (table), 455. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  The only likely type material of  V. borealis in the BMNH is a specimen from the Norman collection (11,719–20) labelled “cotypes”. The designation of “ type ” by Norman is suspect as there are many instances in the Norman Collection of material labelled as “types’ which was collected after the species name was published (see also Thurston &amp; Allen 1969). The type locality is the  North Sea , off Banff, Scotland  . </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> The types of  V. kroeyeri could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and are considered lost. However, Stephensen (1923) mentions two specimens in the ZMUC which he believes might be types, marked “  V. borealis B&amp;B?”, but these could not be located. The synonymy of  V. kroeyeri has been confirmed by the examination of specimens in museum collections labelled either  V. borealis or  V. kroeyeri . </p>
            <p>Material examined (65 specimens)</p>
            <p> North Atlantic: 25 lots (ZMUC),   several lots (USNM), 40 specimens.  South Atlantic : 1 lot (ZMUC), 3 specimens. Mediterranean: 1 lot (ZMH)  ,   1 lot (ZMUC), 11 specimens.  Central Indo­Pacific : 1 lot (USNM), 11 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 13 mm, but usually 6–7 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first two pereonites in males, slightly less in females; flagellum oval, distal margin rounded. Head with anterior margin forming a vertical or rounded projection above the base of A1; more prominent in males. Gnathopod 2; carpal process slightly longer than half of propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about 0.3–0.4x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.2x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.8x length, slightly shorter than ischium to carpus combined, with slight rounded posterodistal lobe barely overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson roundish­triangular, length about half peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species is very similar to  V. jeangerardi , but differs in the head shape, the relatively longer first antennae, the relatively longer dactylus of pereopods 3–6, the relatively narrower articles of pereopods 5 and 6, and the slightly more triangular telson. </p>
            <p> The figures and description of Bate and Westwood (1868) are insufficient to characterise the species, but Norman (1900), who apparently had some specimens from Bate and Westwood, concluded that it was the same as  V. kroeyeri , which had been adequately described and figured by Bovallius (1887c). </p>
            <p> Vibilia borealis , like the preceding species, has been recorded in association with  Salpa maxima (Madin &amp; Harbison 1977) . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> This species has a similar distribution pattern to  V. jeangerardi , but is more common in the North Atlantic Ocean (up to 60°N), whereas  V. jeangerardi is more common in the Mediterranean Sea. It has also been recorded from the southeastern Pacific Ocean, off the northwest coast of South America (Vinogradov 1990a), and near New Zealand (Vinogradov et al. 1982). The record of Pirlot (1930) from the Sulu and Molucca Sea, near the Philippines, and the specimens examined from the USNM may represent a misidentification, as  V. borealis seems to prefer colder waters, although the  Galathea collected three specimens from the tropical southeastern Atlantic (4º00’S, 8º25’E). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB1DFFC1FEA6FEA4FBB3C221	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB1EFFC4FEA6FB39FC8DC399.text	7B1ABE13AB1EFFC4FEA6FB39FC8DC399.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia gibbosa Bovallius 1887	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia gibbosa Bovallius (Figs 5 &amp; 6) </p>
            <p> Vibilia gibbosa Bovallius 1887a: 7 . — Bovallius 1887c: 53–54, pl. 8, figs 9–17. Vosseler 1901: 119–120, pl. 10, figs 16–19, pl. 11, figs 1–5. Behning 1913a: 529, 533, fig. 1. Behning 1913b: 215. Stephensen 1918: 36–37, fig. 8. Chevreux &amp; Fage 1925: 384–385, fig. 389. Behning 1927: 115–116, 121 (Table), fig. 1. Pirlot 1929: 93–94. Chevreux 1935: 173. Reid 1955: 14. Hurley 1956: 12. Irie 1959: table 4. Evans 1961: 203. Grice &amp; Hart 1962: 300. Yoo 1971: 50­51, fig. 7: Semenova 1973: 171, fig. 2. Brusca 1981: 18 (key), 39, fig. 4h. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 216– 218, fig. 107. Vinogradov 1990a: 56, 93 (Table). Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 39–40, fig. 18. Zeidler 1998: 34, figs 23–24. Vinogradov 1999: 1179, fig. 4.84. Gasca &amp; Shih 2001: 496 (Table). </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>No type material was found at the ZMUC, SMNH or in Uppsala and it thus appears to be lost. However, the description and figures of Bovallius (1887c) are sufficient to distinguish this species. Bovallius (1887a) gives the type locality as “tropical parts of Atlantic”, but later (1887c) is more specific, “ 17°30’S, 2°20’W ” (near St. Helena).</p>
            <p>Material examined (33 specimens)</p>
            <p> North Atlantic: 1 lot (CMN), 7 lots (USNM), 2 lots (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMH),   3 lots (ZMUC), 27 specimens. North Pacific: 2 lots (CAS), 2 specimens. Tasman  Sea : 2 lots (SAMA), 4 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 8 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, slightly more inflated medially, distal margin rounded. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about 0.7x length of propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.3x (or slightly more) propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, slightly longer than wide, as long as ischium to carpus combined, with slight rounded posterodistal lobe barely overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson; rounded, almost semi­circular, length about half peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the bulbous nature of the flagellum of the first antennae, in combination with other minor characters. It is most similar to  V. propinqua Stebbing, 1888 , but in that species the flagellum of antennae 1 is no wider than the peduncular articles, and the structure of pereopod 7 is slightly different. It is also similar to  V. jeangerardi Lucas, 1846 , but in that species the dactylus of pereopods 3–6 is relatively shorter, especially those of pereopods 5 and 6 (only about 0.7x length propodus). In the shape of antennae 1,  V. gibbosa also resembles  V. longicarpus Behning, 1913 , but that species differs in many respects particularly in the shape of the urosome and gnathopod 2, in which the carpal process is slightly longer than the propodus. </p>
            <p> Prior to this study the salp associate for this species was unknown. However, Moira Galbraith (pers. comm.) has recorded it from  Salpa fusiformis and  S. aspera in the northeastern Pacific. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is an uncommon, widely distributed species in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is also found in tropical and warm­temperate waters of other oceans, but has not been recorded from the Indian Ocean.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB1EFFC4FEA6FB39FC8DC399	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB1BFFC9FEA6FA4CFE4CC4EC.text	7B1ABE13AB1BFFC9FEA6FA4CFE4CC4EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia robusta Bovallius 1887	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia robusta Bovallius (Figs 7­9) </p>
            <p> Vibilia robusta Bovallius, 1887a: 7­8 . — Bovallius 1887c: 54–57, pl. 7, figs 12–34. Vosseler 1901: 123. Walker 1909: 50, 53. Behning 1913a: 529. Behning 1913b: 215. Stephensen 1918: 37–38, fig. 9. Behning 1927: 116–117, 121 (Table), fig. 2. Chevreux 1935: 175. Hurley 1960a: 110. Semenova 1973: 170: Semenova 1976: 136­138. Brusca 1981: 18 (key), 39, fig. 4i. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 214–216, fig. 106. De Broyer &amp; Jazdzewski 1993: 112. Zeidler 1998: 37, figs 25–27. Vinogradov 1999: 1180, fig. 4.88. </p>
            <p> Vibilia hirsuta Behning &amp; Woltereck, 1912: 6–8 , figs 4–6. — Behning 1913b: 220. Behning 1925: 489–491, figs 42–51. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> Type material of  V. robusta could not be found at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. However, in the SMNH are several lots from the Atlantic that may have been part of Bovallius’s original material. Fortunately the descriptions and figures of Bovallius (1887c) readily characterise this species. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “Atlantic, Indian Ocean” (1887a), and “North Atlantic, tropical Atlantic” (1887c). </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> Type material of  V. hirsuta could not be found in the ZMB, or ZMH and is considered lost. However, this species is clearly the same as  V. robusta , judging by the figures and description of Behning and Woltereck (1912). </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 100 specimens)</p>
            <p> Tasman Sea:   9 lots (SAMA), 14 specimens.  Great Australian Bight : 4 lots (SAMA), 13 specimens. North Atlantic: 1 lot (ZMB)  , 2 lots (ZMH), 5 lots (ZMUC),   numerous specimens.  South Atlantic : 2 lots (ZMUC), 7 specimens. North Pacific: 1 lot (CAS)  , 2 lots (LACM),   1 lot (USNM), 11 specimens.  South Pacific : 2 lots (BMNH), 20 specimens. Philippines: 1 lot (USNM), 4 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 20 mm. Antennae 1; as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, evenly rounded terminally, slightly truncate ventrally in mature specimens. Gnathopod 2; basis inflated in mature specimens, width about 0.7x length; carpal process about 0.7x length of propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.2x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, a little longer than wide, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, without prominent posterodistal lobe in juvenile specimens. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 2 reaching to tip of U3, or slightly beyond. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami, subequal in juvenile specimens; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular, with rounded point, length about half peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This is one of the largest species of  Vibilia . The relatively long uropod 2 and the relatively wide basis of the gnathopods, especially gnathopod 2, are distinctive features not found in any other species of  Vibilia . Juvenile specimens differ slightly from mature ones and may present taxonomic difficulties. Thus, an immature female is illustrated (Figs 7­9) for comparison. In particular mature specimens have slightly larger eyes; the main flagellar article of antennae 1 is slightly truncate ventrally; the basis of the gnathopods is considerably wider; the merus of gnathopod 2 has more spines; the basis of pereopod 7 has a distinct posterodistal lobe overlapping the ischium; the ridges on coxae 5­7 and the pleon are more prominent, and the peduncle of uropod 3 is distinctly longer than the rami. Specimens less than about 5 mm in length also have a much shorter telson, and pereopod 7 is often considerably reduced in size. However, despite these differences, juvenile specimens of  V. robusta can be readily distinguished by the relatively long uropod 2. </p>
            <p> This species is often recorded in association with salps but the host species is rarely recorded. Behning (1927) records it with  Salpa tilesii (=  Thetys vagina ). In Californian waters it is found with  Thetys vagina (specimens in LACM). </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This species is widely distributed in all the world’s oceans, ranging from tropical to temperate regions.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB1BFFC9FEA6FA4CFE4CC4EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB16FFCDFEA6FCF9FDCAC311.text	7B1ABE13AB16FFCDFEA6FCF9FDCAC311.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia viatrix Bovallius 1887	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia viatrix Bovallius (Figs 10 &amp; 11) </p>
            <p> Vibilia viatrix Bovallius, 1887a: 9 . — Bovallius 1887c: 63–64, pl. 9, figs 1–13. Vosseler 1901: 124. Walker 1909: 50 (list), 53. Behning &amp; Woltereck 1912: 5. Behning 1913a: 529, 533. Behning 1913b: 217. Stewart 1913: 247. Stephensen 1918: 41­43, fig. 13. Spandl 1924a: 22. Behning 1925: 482, fig. 12. Chevreux &amp; Fage 1925: 385­386, fig. 390. Shoemaker 1925: 41. Behning 1927: 117–118. Chevreux 1927: 138. Pirlot 1929: 95. Barnard 1930: 403. Pirlot 1930: 10–11. Barnard 1931: 126. Barnard 1932: 262­263. Chevreux 1935: 175–176. Shoemaker 1945: 234, fig. 34. Reid 1955: 13–14. Hurley 1956: 11. Irie 1959: table 4. Hurley 1960b: 279. Evans 1961: 204, Siegfried 1963: 8. Pillai 1966: 207, fig. 2. Brusca 1967a: 389, 390 (Table). Brusca 1967b: 453–454. Hurley 1969: 33, pl. 18 (maps). Dick 1970: 34 (key), 53, fig. 4 (part). Yoo 1971: 49 (key), 49­50. Yoo 1972: 167­169, fig. 2. Brusca 1973: 9 (Table), 13. Semenova 1973: 173. Semenova 1976: 139. Thurston 1976: 405. Madin &amp; Harbison 1977: 453 (Table). Shulenberger 1977: 378 (Table). Tranter 1977: 647, 648 (Table). Brusca 1981. 18 (key), 39, fig. 4n. Watson &amp; Chaloupka 1982: 29, fig. 6–4, 54 (key). Vinogradov et al. 1982: 203–206, fig. 102. Young &amp; Anderson 1987: 716 (Table). Barkhatov &amp; Vinogradov 1998: 167, 168 (Table), 173, 177. Vinogradov 1990a: 55, 93 (Table). De Broyer &amp; Jazdzewski 1993: 112. Vinogradov 1993: 43 (Table). Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 40–42, fig. 19. Zeidler 1998: 41. Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1180–1181, fig. 4.90. Gasca &amp; Shih 2001: 496 (Table). </p>
            <p> Vibilia viator Stebbing, 1888: 1286–1287 , pl. 148B, fig. E — Stebbing 1910: 654. </p>
            <p> Vibilia hirondellei Chevreux, 1900: 126–129 , pl. 15, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> Vibilia dentata Chevreux, 1900: 129–131 , pl. 16, fig. 1. — Behning 1913b: 218. </p>
            <p> Vibilia californica Holmes, 1908: 490–492 , figs 1–2. — Shoemaker 1925: 41 (part). </p>
            <p> Vibilia stebbingi [misidentification — in part]. — Zeidler 1998: 37 (SAMA C4434–38). </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> Type material of  V. viatrix could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. However in the SMNH are several lots, which may represent type material, in particular one lot (No. 123), labelled “23º­27ºN, 36º W Det. C. Bov.” The description and figures of Bovallius (1887c) readily distinguish this species. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “Atlantic” (1887a) and “the North and South Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian Ocean” (1887c). </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> The unique type of  V. viator is in the BMNH (89.5.15.180). It is readily identified as a synonym of  V. viatrix . Stebbing (1888) acknowledges that his species is in close agreement with  V. viatrix , but for the fusion of urosomites 2 &amp; 3. Bovallius believed, incorrectly, that the urosomites were separate. </p>
            <p> Two syntypes of  V. hirondellei are in the MNHN (AM 1882), but the remainder (100+ specimens) could not be found in the MNHN or MOM and are considered lost. The description and figures of Chevreux (1900) are consistent with that of  V. viatrix . Also five specimens from the Norman Collection (11,726­4), in the BMNH, labelled “Types, Azores”, are clearly  V. viatrix . </p>
            <p> One Syntype (the type?) of  V. dentata is in the MNHN (AM 1857), the other 12 syntypes are in the MOM. The description and figures of Chevreux (1900) are consistent with that of  V. viatrix . The scalloped distal margin of the inner lobe of the maxilliped, illustrated by Chevreux, is probably an artefact of collection, or preservation, as similar ‘damage’ has been observed in specimens of other species. </p>
            <p> The two syntypes (one labelled “type”) of  V. californica are in the USNM (Cat. No. 38533). Both of these specimens are clearly  V. viatrix . Holmes (1908) illustrated the first antennae with an even convex margin, but in the larger specimen, the one illustrated by Holmes, the antennae are actually truncate ventrally, as is characteristic of  V. viatrix . </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 200 specimens)</p>
            <p> Types. The unique type of  V. viator from Cape York, Challenger, September, 1874: 2 microscope slides of head, G1 &amp; 2, P3–7 and urosome; remainder in spirit. Two syntypes of  V. californica from the North Pacific off point Loa, USA (Albatross Stn. 4305), 67–116 fathoms: in spirit. </p>
            <p> Other material examined. Coral Sea:   2 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens. Tasman Sea: 9 lots (SAMA), 28 specimens. Great Australian Bight: 3 lots (SAMA), 19 specimens.  North Atlantic : 4 lots (BMNH)  , 19 lots (CMN), 18 lots (USNM), 9 lots (ZMB), 4 lots (ZMH), 15 lots (ZMUC),   numerous specimens.  South Atlantic : 6 lots (BMNH)  ,   3 lots (ZMUC), 16 specimens.  North Pacific : 8 lots (LACM)  , 7 lots (USNM),   3 lots (ZMUC), 61 specimens.  South Pacific : 8 lots (BMNH)  , 1 lot (ZMUC),   numerous specimens. North Indian: 1 lot (ZMUC), 1 specimen.  South Indian : 20 lots (SAM)  ,   1 lot (SAMA), 33 specimens. Mediterranean: 8 lots (ZMUC), 9 specimens.  Central Indo­Pacific : 5 lots (USNM), 7 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 12 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum more or less oval, distal margin rounded, slightly truncate ventrally. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about as long as propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus almost as long as propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.4x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.7x length, about as long as ischium to carpus combined, with rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular with rounded point, length about half (or slightly more) peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>Distinctive features of this species are the long carpal process of gnathopod 2, the relatively long dactylus of pereopods 3–6, and the relatively thick articles of pereopods 3 and 4.</p>
            <p> It most closely resembles  V. antarctica , but the anterodistal corner of the basis of pereopod 7 is not extended anteriorly, and there is no sexual dimorphism of uropod 3. Other minor characters which help to distinguish this species are as follows: the posterodistal corner of the propodus of gnathopod 1 is slightly produced instead of tapering gradually towards the dactylus, a feature not found in any other congener except perhaps  V. caeca ; pereopod 6 has a row of robust setae on the anterior margin of the carpus and the distal half of the merus, whereas related species such as  V. antarctica and  V. propinqua tend to have them restricted to the carpus; the anterodistal corner of the carpus of pereopod 7 is sharp and slightly projected anteriorly, whereas in allied species such as  V. antarctica and  V. stebbingi this anterodistal corner is rounded and not projected. </p>
            <p> This species has been recorded as an associate of the salps  Pegea socia ,  P. confoederata ,  Salpa maxima ,  S. cylindrica (Madin &amp; Harbison 1977) and  P. confoederata var. bicaudata (Laval 1980) . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is a relatively common species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the world’s oceans.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB16FFCDFEA6FCF9FDCAC311	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB12FFF1FEA6FAC4FE13C399.text	7B1ABE13AB12FFF1FEA6FAC4FE13C399.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia armata Bovallius 1887	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia armata Bovallius (Figs 12 &amp; 13) </p>
            <p> Vibilia armata Bovallius, 1887a: 10 . — Bovallius 1887c: 69–70, pl. 10, figs 15–22. Vosseler 1901: 125. Lo Bianco 1901: 446. Walker 1903: 232. Lo Bianco 1904: 42, pl. 21, fig. 62. Stebbing 1904: 31. Tattersall 1906: 15. Sexton 1911: 222. Behning &amp; Woltereck 1912: 5. Behning 1913a: 529, 533. Behning 1913b: 220. Stewart 1913: 250. Stephensen 1918: 46–52, figs 15– 16, chart 6. Behning 1925: 491–494, figs 52–61. Barnard 1925: 376. Chevreux &amp; Fage 1925: 387–388, fig. 391. Behning 1927: 119, 121 (Table). Schellenberg 1927: 618, fig. 27. Pirlot 1929: 100–101. Barnard 1930: 404. Pirlot 1930: 11. Barnard 1931: 126. Barnard 1932: 264– 265. Stephensen 1933: 64. Chevreux 1935: 169­170. Barnard 1937: 182. Reid 1955: 13. Guiler 1952: 31. Hurley 1956: 10–11. Irie 1959: Table 4. Hurley 1960b: 279. Evans 1961: 203. Kane 1962: 299. Vinogradov 1962: 16. Laval 1963: 1389–1392, figs 1B, 2. Siegfried 1963: 8. Pillai 1966 b: 203–207, fig. 1. Brusca 1967a: 388–389. Brusca 1967b: 453. Hurley 1969: 33, pl. 18 (map 3).’ Dick 1970: 51–52. Yoo 1971: 50, fig. 6 (distn. map). Brusca 1973: 12–13. Semenova 1973: 173–174. Laval 1974: 57–87. Lorz &amp; Pearcy 1975: 1444. Semenova 1976: 139. Thurston 1976: 402–404, fig. 5 (graphs). Shulenberger 1977: 378 (Table). Tranter 1977: 646, 648 (Table), 659. Zeidler 1978: 5–6, fig. 2. Brusca 1981: 17 (key), 39, fig. 4c, 4e. Watson &amp; Chaloupka 1982: 29, fig. 6–3. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 226–228, fig. 112. Young &amp; Anderson 1987: 716 (Table). Barkhatov &amp; Vinogradov 1988: 168 (Table), 170, 171, 173. Vinogradov 1990a: 56. Zeidler 1992: 92. De Broyer &amp; Jazdzewski 1993: 111. Vinogradov 1993: 43 (Table). Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 42–44, figs 20, 21. Zeidler 1998: 33­34. Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1179, fig. 4.80. </p>
            <p> Vibilia gracilis Bovallius 1887a: 9 . – Bovallius 1887c: 65–66, pl. 9, figs 14–28. </p>
            <p> Vibilia gracilenta Bovallius 1887a: 9–10 . — Bovallius 1887c: 67–68, pl. 10, figs 1–14. Vosseler 1901: 125. Walker 1909: 50, 53. Stewart 1913: 250–251. Barnard 1925: 376–377. Chevreux 1935: 173. </p>
            <p> Vibilia erratica Chevreux 1892: 32–35 , figs 1–3. — Chevreux 1935: 170–172, pl. 16, figs 14, 25, 31. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> Type material of  V. armata could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. However the description and figures of  V. armata by Bovallius (1887c) readily distinguish this species. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “South Atlantic” (1887a), and “tropical parts of the Atlantic, and the South Atlantic” (1887c). </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> Type material of  V. gracilis and  V. gracilenta could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. The specific differences attributed to these two species by Bovallius (1887a, c) are considered minor, and within the range of the specific limits of  V. armata . </p>
            <p> Type material of  V. erratica could not be located in the MNHN or MOM and is considered lost. However, the descriptions and figures of Chevreux (1892, 1935) readily confirm the synonymy. Also, eight specimens from the Norman Collection (11,726­9), in the BMNH, labelled “ Types, Antibes S. France ”, are clearly  V. armata . </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 400 specimens)</p>
            <p> Coral Sea:   2 lots (BMNH), 2 specimens. Tasman  Sea : 1 lot (AM)  , 34 lots (SAMA), 3 lots (ZMUC),   numerous specimens.  North Atlantic : 3 lots (BMNH)  , 5 lots (USNM), 2 lots (ZMH), 19 lots (ZMB), 28 lots (ZMUC),   numerous specimens.  South Atlantic : 8 lots (BMNH)  , 14 lots (USNM), 20 lots (SAM), 28 lots (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMUC),   numerous specimens.  Mediterranean : numerous lots (ZMUC)  .   North Pacific : several lots (LACM)  , 10 lots (USNM),   numerous specimens.  South Pacific : 1 lot (USNM)  ,   numerous specimens.  Central Indo­Pacific : 3 lots (BMNH)  , 1 lot (CAS), 2 lots (USNM),   numerous specimens.  South Indian : 1 lot (BMNH)  , 33 lots (SAM), 3 lots (SAMA),   numerous specimens.  Arabian Sea : 5 lots (BMNH), 57 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 13 mm but usually 5–8 mm. Antennae 1 slightly shorter than head and first two pereonites; flagellum elongated, lanceolate, almost diamond­shaped, ending in sharp point terminally. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about as long as propodus; anterodistal corner of propodus slightly produced over dactylus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length slightly more than half propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, slightly dilated posteriorly, width about 0.7x length, about as long as ischium to carpus combined, with almost negligible posterodistal lobe. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U3. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; endopod slightly longer than, or subequal in length to, exopod in females, in males the endopod is slightly broader, and up to one­third longer than the exopod. Telson triangular, pointed terminally, length about half (or slightly more) peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The combination of characters given in the diagnosis, particularly the shape of antennae 1 and the urosome, readily distinguish  V. armata from all its congeners. </p>
            <p> Two synonyms of this species,  V. gracilis and  V. gracilenta , have page priority but neither name has been in use for over 50 years whereas  V. armata is a well established species in the literature. Thus, consistent with nomenclatural stability,  V. armata should continue to be used for this species (ICZN, article 79c amended). </p>
            <p> Laval (1963, 1965, 1980) has described the larval biology of  V. armata , and its association with salps. It has been recorded as a associate of the salps  Salpa fusiformis, Thalia democratica, Ihlea punctata (Laval 1963) and  Pegea confoederata var. bicaudata (Laval 1980) . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is a relatively abundant species in the tropical and temperate regions of the world’s oceans.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB12FFF1FEA6FAC4FE13C399	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB2EFFF5FEA6FA4CFC1BC7D9.text	7B1ABE13AB2EFFF5FEA6FA4CFC1BC7D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia pyripes Bovallius 1887	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia pyripes Bovallius (Figs 14 &amp; 15) </p>
            <p> Vibilia pyripes Bovallius 1887a: 10 . — Bovallius 1887c: 71–72, pl. 10, figs 23­30. Vosseler 1901: 125. Behning &amp; Woltereck 1912: 5. Behning 1913a: 533. Behning 1913b: 221. Stephensen 1918: 52­53, fig. 17, chart 5 (part). Behning 1925: 494–495, fig. 62. Schellenberg 1927: 617­ 618, fig. 26. Barnard 1930: 405. Barnard 1932: 267. Chevreux 1935: 175. Barnard 1937: 182. Reid 1955: 14. Irie 1959: Table 4. Vinogradov 1962: 16. Hurley 1969: 33, pl. 18 (map 3). Semenova 1973: 175. Semenova 1976: 139–140. Madin &amp; Harbison 1977: 453 (table). Tranter 1977: 647, 648 (Table). Brusca 1981: 18 (key), 39, fig. 4g, 4l. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 232– 234, fig. 115. Young &amp; Anderson 1987: 712, 716 (Table). Barkhatov &amp; Vinogradov 1988: 168 (Table), 170, 173, 177. De Broyer &amp; Jazdzewski 1993: 111. Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 45–47, figs 22, 23. Zeidler 1998 (part): 34, 37. Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1180, fig. 4.87. </p>
            <p> Vibilia grandicornis Chevreux, 1900: 131–134 , pl. 16, fig. 2. — Behning 1913b: 221. Stephensen 1918: 53. Pirlot 1929: 102. Chevreux 1935: 173. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> Type material of  V. pyripes could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. However, the description and figures of Bovallius (1887c) readily distinguish this species. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “Tropical parts of Atlantic”. </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> The syntypes of  V. grandicornis (one male and one female) are in the MOM. The descriptions and figures of Chevreux (1900, 1935) readily confirm the synonymy. </p>
            <p>Material examined (56 specimens)</p>
            <p>  Tasman Sea: 3 lots (SAMA), 4 specimens.  North Atlantic : 1 lot (BMNH)  , 3 lots (USNM), 5 lots (ZMB),   4 lots (ZMUC), 26 specimens.  South Atlantic : 1 lot (BMNH)  ,   3 lots (ZMB), 10 specimens. North Pacific: 6 lots (LACM), 8 specimens. South Pacific: 1 lot (BMNH), 2 specimens.  South Indian : 2 lots (SAM)  ,   1 lot (ZMUC), 3 specimens. Red Sea (  Gulf of Elat ): 1 lot (USNM), 3 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 11 mm but usually less than 5­7 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first two pereonites; flagellum with dorsal margin relatively straight, ventral margin convex, rounded terminally. Gnathopod 2; carpal process less than half­length propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about 0.7x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.2x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.7x length, about as long as ischium to carpus combined, with rounded posterodistal lobe extending to about mid­merus. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U3. Uropod 3; peduncle slightly shorter than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson relatively large, circular, reaching a little beyond the middle of peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> A characteristic feature of this species is the very short carpal process of gnathopod 2 and the shape of the urosome. In the shape of the urosome,  V. pyripes resembles  V. longicarpus , but differs in most other respects. The shape of antennae 1 is similar to  V. bovalli Bonnier, 1896 , but that species is insufficiently known for a comparison. </p>
            <p> Vibilia pyripes has been recorded as an associate of the salp  Iasis zonaria (Madin &amp; Harbison 1977) . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>
                  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.583334/lat -35.2)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.583334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.2">This</a>
                 is a relatively rare species, found in both tropical and temperate waters of the world’s Oceans. Prior to this study records from the Indian Ocean were only from tropical waters but the above three records are from off South Africa, two near Durban and one from as far south as 35º12’S, 27º35’E (  Galathea stn. 176)  . 
            </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB2EFFF5FEA6FA4CFC1BC7D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB2AFFF8FEA6FD8CFA86C141.text	7B1ABE13AB2AFFF8FEA6FD8CFA86C141.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia propinqua Stebbing, 1888: 1279 - 1283	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia propinqua Stebbing (Figs 16 &amp; 17) </p>
            <p> Vibilia propinqua Stebbing, 1888: 1279­1283 , pl. 157. — Vosseler 1901: 124­125. Stebbing 1904: 31–32. Tattersall 1906: 14–15. Walker 1907: 6. Behning &amp; Woltereck 1912: 5. Behning 1913a: 533, 549. Behning 1913b: 218. Stewart 1913: 246–247. Stephensen 1918: 43–46, fig. 14. Behning 1925: 484–486, figs 23–25. Behning 1927: 118, 121 (Table). Schellenberg 1927: 616–617, fig. 25. Pirlot 1929: 97–98. Barnard 1930: 404. Barnard 1932: 263. Chevreux 1935: 174–175. Barnard 1937: 182. Waterman et al. 1939: 268, fig. 5B (graph). Bulycheva 1955: 1048 (Table). Hurley 1960b: 279. Evans 1961: 203. Laval 1963: 1389–1392, fig. 1A. Siegfried 1963: 8. Hurley 1969: 33, pl. 18 (map 3). Lewis &amp; Fish 1969: 8­9. Dick 1970: 34 (key), 52–53: Semenova 1973: 173. Lorz &amp; Pearcy 1975: 1444 (Table). Semenova 1976: 138, fig. 2 (map). Shulenberger 1977: 378 (Table). Thurston 1976: 404. Madin &amp; Harbison 1977: 453 (Table), 454. Tranter 1977: 647, 648 (Table). Brusca 1981: 17 (key), 39, fig. 4d, 4q. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 211–213, fig. 105. Barkhatov &amp; Vinogradov 1988: 168 (Table), 170, 172. Vinogradov 1990a: 55–56, 93 (Table). Zeidler 1991: 128–130, figs 2, 3. De Broyer &amp; Jazdzewski 1993: 111. Vinogradov 1993: 43 (Table). Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 47­49, figs 24, 25. Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1180, fig. 4.86. Gasca &amp; Shih 2001: 496 (Table). Lima &amp; Valentin 2001: 471 (list), 476 (Table). </p>
            <p> Vibilia milnei Stebbing, 1888: 1284–1285 , pl. 148A. </p>
            <p> Vibilia sp. Stebbing, 1888: 1285­1286 , pl. 148B, figs C, D. </p>
            <p> Vibilia stebbingi [misidentification]. — Young &amp; Anderson 1987: 712, 716 (table), fig. 2. Zeidler 1992: 96 (part). Zeidler 1998: 37 (part). </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>
                  The four syntypes of  V. propinqua are in the BMNH (89.5.15.177).  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.0/lat 25.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.5">The</a>
                 type locality is the Pacific Ocean, off Volcano Island, 25º30’N, 138º0’E, surface  . 
            </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> The unique type of  V. milnei is in the BMNH (89.5.15.178). Although the remains of the specimen, on three microscope slides, are in poor condition, it appears to be the same as  V. propinqua . Stebbing (1888) himself says that “this species does not differ greatly in general appearance and structure from  Vibilia propinqua ”. </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 250 specimens)</p>
            <p> Types. Four syntypes of  V. propinqua, Challenger , 4 th April, 1875: 3 specimens in spirit and 3 microscope slides of head, G1 &amp; 2, P3–7 and pleon. The unique type of  V. milnei from the South Atlantic, surface, Challenger, 5 th October, 1873: 3 microscope slides of head, G1 &amp; 2, P3–7 and pleon. </p>
            <p> Other material examined.   Tasman  Sea : 3 lots (SAMA), 1 lot (ZMUC), 23 specimens  .   North Atlantic: 8 lots (BMNH), 2 lots (CMN), 15 lots (USNM), 10 lots (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMH), 30 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens.  South Atlantic : 3 lots (BMNH), 17 lots (USNM), 3 lots (ZMUC), 32 specimens  .   Mediterranean: 24 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. North Pacific: 16 lots (LACM), 7 lots (USNM), 1 lot (MNHN), 3 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens.  South Pacific : 6 lots (BMNH), 1 lot (USNM), 32 specimens  .   Central Indo­Pacific : 3 lots (USNM), 1 lot (MNHN), 5 specimens  .   South Indian : 1 lot (BMNH), 8 lots (SAM), 2 lots (ZMUC), 14 specimens  .   Arabian Sea : 1 lot (BMNH), 5 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 12 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval with slightly straighter dorsal margin, slightly pointed distally (especially in males). Gnathopod 2; carpal process up to 0.8x length of propodus. Pereopods 3–6; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.8x length, marginally longer than ischium to carpus combined, with rounded posterodistal lobe extending to first­third of merus. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami (relatively longer in males); endopod slightly longer, or subequal in length to exopod in females, in males the endopod is slightly broader, and up to one­third longer than the exopod. Telson triangular, length about 0.7x peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species most closely resembles  V. antarctica but is distinguished by the shorter carpal process of gnathopod 2, the less truncate first antennae, and in preferring warmer waters. It has been confused with  V. stebbingi because the carpal process of gnathopod 2 can be relatively short in some specimens, particularly in females, but  V. stebbingi is a much smaller species and is distinguished by the narrow anterodistal lobe of the basis of pereopod 7. Also, sexual dimorphism of uropod 3 is not evident in  V. stebbingi . </p>
            <p> Vibilia propinqua also resembles  V. jeangerardi , and  V. gibbosa , but is distinguished by the relatively narrower and more pointed flagellum of antennae 1, the relatively longer and more pointed telson, and by the relatively larger posterodistal lobe of the basis of pereopod 7. </p>
            <p> Laval (1963, 1965) has described the larval biology of  V. propinqua , and its association with salps. It has been recorded as an associate of the salps  Salpa fusiformis, Thalia democratica, Ihlea punctata (Laval 1963);  Salpa maxima ,  S. cylindrica (Madin &amp; Harbison 1977) and  Pegea confoederata var. bicaudata (Laval 1980) . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is a relatively common species, widely distributed in the tropical and temperate regions of the world’s oceans. It is recorded here from Australian waters for the first time.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB2AFFF8FEA6FD8CFA86C141	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB26FFFCFEA6FEA4FDA4C2F9.text	7B1ABE13AB26FFFCFEA6FEA4FDA4C2F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia australis Stebbing, 1888: 1287 - 1290	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia australis Stebbing (Figs 18 &amp; 19) </p>
            <p> Vibilia australis Stebbing, 1888: 1287–1290 , pl. 149. — Vosseler 1901: 124. Stebbing 1910: 654. Behning &amp; Woltereck 1912: 5. Behning 1913a: 529, 533. Behning 1913b: 219. Spandl 1924a: 21. Behning 1925: 488, figs 32–34. Behning 1927: 119, 121 (Table). Barnard 1932: 264. Guiler 1952: 31. Bulycheva 1955: 1048 (Table). Reid 1955: 14. Hurley 1956: 11–12. Sheard 1965: 244 (list). Pillai 1966: 208–209, fig. 3. Sheard 1967: 979 (Table), 982 (Table), 983 (Table). Stuck et al. 1980: 361. Thurston 1976: 404. Tranter 1977: 646, 648 (Table). Brusca 1981: 17 (key), 39, fig. 4b. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 223–224, fig. 110. De Broyer &amp; Jazdzewski 1993: 111. Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 49–51, fig. 26. Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1179, fig. 4.81. Lima &amp; Valentin 2001: 471 (list), 476 (Table). </p>
            <p> Vibilia australis var. pelagica Behning &amp; Woltereck 1912: 9 , figs 9­10. — Behning 1913b: 219. Behning 1925: 488–489, figs 35–41. </p>
            <p> Vibilia seriocellatus Stephensen, 1932b: 498­501 , fig. 5. </p>
            <p> Vibilia wolterecki Behning, 1939: 358–361 , pl. 6. — Bulycheva 1955: 1048 (Table). Lorz &amp; Pearcy 1975: 1444 (Table). Shulenberger 1977: 378 (Table). Brusca 1981: 18 (key), 39, figs 4j, 4m. New synonymy. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>
                  The three syntypes of  V. australis are in the BMNH (89.5.15.181).  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.06667/lat -48.3)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.06667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-48.3">The</a>
                 type locality is south of Australia, 48º18’S, 130º04’E, surface  . 
            </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> Type material of  V. australis var. pelagica and  V. wolterecki could not be found at the ZMB or ZMH and is considered lost. Judging by the description and figures of Behning and Woltereck (1912) and Behning (1925) there is no good reason to maintain the variety. Similarly, Behning’s (1939) description and figures of  V. wolterecki readily characterise  V. australis . Vinogradov et al. (1982) do not mention  V. wolterecki ! </p>
            <p> The syntypes of  V. seriocellatus are in the ZMUC (CRU 2830). All of the specimens are clearly identifiable with  V. australis . Stephensen (1932b) was apparently unaware of Stebbing’s species for he makes no mention of it. </p>
            <p>Material examined (111 specimens)</p>
            <p> Types. Three syntypes of  V. australis, Challenger , 9 th &amp; 10 th March, 1874: 2 specimens in spirit; 3 microscope slides of head, G1 &amp; 2, P3–7 and pleon. Seven syntypes of  V. seriocellatus from Matsu Bay, northern Honshu, Japan, December, 1931, in “body cavity of a  Salpa ”: in spirit. </p>
            <p> Other material examined. East  China Sea: 3 lots (SAMA), 3 specimens .  North Atlantic: 1 lot (USNM) , 10 lots (ZMB),  1 lot (ZMUC), 19 specimens .   South Atlantic: 1 lot (off  Rio de Janeiro ), 1 lot (BMNH)  ,  1 lots (ZMB), 11 specimens .  North Pacific: 3 lots (CAS) ,  9 lots (USNM), 60 specimens .  South Indian: 8 lots (SAM), 9 specimens . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 6 mm. Eyes with ocelli in three, almost vertical, rows. Antennae 1 as long as head and first two pereonites; flagellum with parallel margins, tapering gradually toward apex, with relatively straight ventral margin. Antennae 2 very short, consisting of 2–4 articles. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about as long as propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.7x length, as long as ischium to middle of propodus combined, with rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular, length 0.5–0.7x peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> In general appearance this species is similar to  V. caeca but is readily distinguished by the eyes.  Vibilia australis is also unusual in having very short second antennae of only 2– 4 articles, a character, which it shares only with  V. caeca . </p>
            <p> This is the smallest species of  Vibilia . </p>
            <p> The salp associate has not been recorded for this species but specimens found off British Columbia, Canada have been found associated with  Cyclosalpa bakeri (Moira Galbraith pers. comm.). Stephensen (1932b) records his specimens from the body cavity of  Salpa . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is an uncommon species, widely distributed in the tropical and temperate regions of the world’s oceans.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB26FFFCFEA6FEA4FDA4C2F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB23FFE3FEA6FAECFAA2C10E.text	7B1ABE13AB23FFE3FEA6FAECFAA2C10E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia antarctica Stebbing, 1888: 1290 - 1293	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia antarctica Stebbing (Figs 20 &amp; 21) </p>
            <p> Vibilia antarctica Stebbing, 1888: 1290–1293 , pl. 150. — Behning &amp; Woltereck 1912: 9–11, fig. 11. Chilton 1912: 514. Behning 1913a: 529­530, 533. Behning 1913b: 219. Behning 1925: 486­ 488, figs 26–31. Behning 1927: 118–119, 121 (Table). Barnard 1930: 404. Barnard 1932: 263– 264. Hurley 1960a: 110. Hurley 1960b: 278. Vinogradov 1962: 16. Hurley 1969: 33, pl. 18 (map 3). Dick 1970: 51. Semenova 1973: 171. Semenova 1976: 138. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 208–211, fig. 104. Barkhatov &amp; Vinogradov 1988: 168 (Table), 170, 172, 176, 177. Jazdzewski &amp; Presler 1988: 63, 66–70, figs 3, 4. Andres 1990: 141, fig. 281. Vinogradov 1990: 55. Weigmann­Haass 1990: 419–426, figs 1–23. De Broyer &amp; Jazdzewski 1993: 111. Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1178–1179, fig. 4.79. </p>
            <p> ?  Vibilia sp. Stebbing, 1888: 1293 . </p>
            <p> Vibilia stebbingi [misidentification]. — Hurley 1955: 125–129, fig. 1. Hurley 1960a: 111. Vinogradov 1962: 15–16. Nagata 1986: 268–270, figs 8–9. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> The unique type of  V. antarctica is in the BMNH (89.5.15.182), recorded from the Antarctic, 52º4’S, 71º22’E, surface. </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 150 specimens)</p>
            <p> Types. The unique holotype of  V. antarctica, Challenger , 2 nd February, 1874: juvenile specimen on two microscope slides, head, G1 &amp; 2, P3–7 and pleon. </p>
            <p> Other material examined. Antarctic: 1 lot (BMNH), 12 lots (SAMA), 2 lots (USNM), 1 lot (ZMB),   1 lot (ZMH), 69 specimens.  South Atlantic : 23 lots (BMNH)  , 1 lot (USNM), 1 lot (ZMB), 1 lot (ZMH), 1 lot (ZMUC),   numerous specimens.  South Pacific : 1 lot (BMNH), 6 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 17 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first two pereonites; flagellum with more or less parallel margins, obliquely truncate ventrally for distal third (slightly more acute in males). Gnathopod 2; carpal process reaches to dactylus, or slightly beyond. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about 0.3–0.5x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis with almost straight anterior margin, with slight anterodistal projection with spinule, posterior margin convex with rounded posterodistal lobe extending to mid­merus, width about 0.8x length, a little longer than ischium to carpus combined. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; endopod slightly longer, or subequal in length to exopod in females, in males the endopod is up to one­third longer than the exopod. Telson triangular, length slightly more than half peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The similarity of this species to  V. propinqua has already been discussed under that species. It also resembles  V. stebbingi , but is much larger, and the body more plump, the carpal process of gnathopod 2 is almost as long as the propodus, the dactylus of pereopods 3–6 is relatively shorter, and the endopod of uropod 3 exhibits sexual dimorphism. The basis of pereopod 7 is also similar, but in  V. stebbingi the anterodistal corner forms a narrow, pointed lobe partly overlapping the ischium. </p>
            <p> The salp associate has not been recorded for this species. Information on the biology and distribution of  V. antarctica in Antarctic waters is given by Weigmann­Haass (1990). </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is a cold­water species, relatively common south of the Subtropical Convergence. Incursions further north are most likely as the result of the influx of cold water currents.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB23FFE3FEA6FAECFAA2C10E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB3FFFE7FEA6FEA4FBBFC4C9.text	7B1ABE13AB3FFFE7FEA6FEA4FBBFC4C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia cultripes Vosseler 1901	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia cultripes Vosseler (Figs 22 &amp; 23) </p>
            <p> Vibilia cultripes Vosseler, 1901: 121–123 , pl. 11, figs 6–18. — Behning &amp; Woltereck 1912: 5. Behning 1913a: 529, 533. Behning 1913b: 222. Chevreux 1913: 16. Stephensen 1918: 53–55, fig. 18, chart 7. Behning 1925: 495–496, figs 63–67. Chevreux &amp; Fage 1925: 388–389, fig. 392. Behning 1927: 119–120, 121 (Table). Pirlot 1929: 99–100. Barnard 1932: 265. Chevreux 1935: 172–173. Shoemaker 1945: 234, fig. 33. Siegfried 1963: 8. Dick 1970: 52. Yoo 1971: 50. Semenova 1973: 174. Brusca 1981a: 17 (key), 39, fig. 4f, 4k. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 228–230, fig. 113. Young &amp; Anderson 1987: 716 (Table). Barkhatov &amp; Vinogradov 1988: 168 (Table), 173. Vinogradov 1990a: 56, 93 (Table). Zeidler 1992: 95–96, fig. 8. Vinogradov 1993: 43 (Table). Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 51–52, fig. 27. Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1179, fig. 4.83. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> The type of  V. cultripes could not be found at the ZMB or ZMH and is considered lost. Fortunately this is a very distinctive species adequately characterised by Vosseler’s (1901) figures and description. The type locality is the Atlantic Ocean, southern equatorial current, 0–400 m (J. N. 213), 5.3ºS, 37.6ºW. </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 150 specimens)</p>
            <p>  Tasman Sea: 1 lot (AM), 1 specimen.  North Atlantic : 4 lots (BMNH)  , 6 lots (USNM), 7 lots (ZMB), 13 lots (ZMUC),   numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 2 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens.  North Pacific : 12 lots (LACM)  ,   5 lots (USNM), 44 specimens.  Indian : 10 lots (ZMB)  ,   several specimens.  Mediterranean : 38 lots (ZMUC)  ,   numerous specimens.  Central Indo­Pacific : 2 lots (USNM), 2 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 19 mm, but usually 12–15 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, distal margin rounded. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about 0.7x length of propodus. Pereopods 3–6; dactylus length about 0.2x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about 0.7x length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with slight posterodistal lobe barely overlapping ischium; carpus and propodus with distinct, rounded anterodistal process; dactylus pointed with knife­like anterior margin. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U3. Uropod 3; peduncle about as long as endopod; endopod slightly longer than exopod in females, in males the endopod is up to one­third longer than the exopod, having almost parallel margins and two widely spaced teeth on the terminal margin. Telson rounded, almost circular, length about 0.7x as long as, but only extending to middle, of peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This is one of the larger species of  Vibilia only exceeded in size by  V. robusta . It most closely resembles  V. longicarpus , but is distinguished from it by the relatively shorter carpal process of gnathopod 2, the distinctive anterodistal process of the carpus and propodus of pereopod 7, and by the presence of two terminal teeth on the endopod of uropod 3 (absent in  V. longicarpus ); particularly evident in males. </p>
            <p>The salp associate has not been recorded for this species.</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is a relatively uncommon species widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB3FFFE7FEA6FEA4FBBFC4C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB38FFEAFEA6FC9CFBE9C384.text	7B1ABE13AB38FFEAFEA6FC9CFBE9C384.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia stebbingi Behning & Woltereck 1912	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia stebbingi Behning &amp; Woltereck (Figs 24 &amp; 25) </p>
            <p> Vibilia stebbingi Behning &amp; Woltereck, 1912: 5–6 , figs 1­3. — Behning 1913a: 529, 533. Behning 1913b: 217–218. Stephensen 1918: 40–41, fig. 12. Behning 1925: 482–484, figs 13–22. Behning 1927: 118, 121 (Table). Pirlot 1929: 96–97. Barnard 1930: 403­404. Chevreux 1935: 175. Hurley 1960b: 279. Grice &amp; Hart 1962: 300. Kane 1962: 298–299. Hurley 1969: 33, pl. 18 (map­part). Dick 1970: 34 (key), 53. Semenova 1973: 172. Semenova 1976: 138, 139 (Table). Thurston 1976: 404–405. Madin &amp; Harbison 1977. 453 (Table 2), 454. Shulenberger 1977: 378 (Table). Tranter 1977: 647, 648 (Table). Brusca 1981: 18 (key), 39. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 206–208, fig. 103. Barkhatov &amp; Vinogradov 1988: 168 (Table), 172, 176. Vinogradov 1990a: 55, 93 (Table). Zeidler 1992: 96. De Broyer &amp; Jazdzewski 1993: 112. Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 52­ 53, figs 28–29. Zeidler 1998: 37, 41. Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1180, fig. 4.89. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> Four syntypes of  V. stebbingi are in the ZMB (unregistered). Behning and Woltereck (1912) do not specify a holotype. They record six specimens from the mid­Atlantic, from  Valdivia Stns 48b (0º9’S, 8º30’W), 49 (0º20’N, 6º45’W), 54 (1º51’N, 0º31’E) and 55 (2º37’N, 3º38’E). The figured female is from Stn. 54. </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 300 specimens)</p>
            <p> Types. Four syntypes of  V. stebbingi from  Valdivia Stns 48b, 54 and 55: all in spirit, the one from Stn. 54 with head missing. </p>
            <p> Other material examined.   Tasman Sea: 7 lots (SAMA), 11 specimens.  North Atlantic : 5 lots (BMNH)  , 13 lots (CMN), 3 lots (USNM), 7 lots (ZMB),   3 lots (ZMUC), 48 specimens.  South Atlantic : 1 lot (BMNH)  , 28 lots (SAM),   numerous specimens.  North Pacific : 1 lot (LACM)  ,   3 lots (USNM), 10 specimens. South Pacific: 2 lots (BMNH), 23 specimens.  South Indian : 1 lot (BMNH)  , 63 lots (SAM),   10 lots (SAMA), 174 specimens. Central Indo­Pacific: 1 lot (USNM), 1 specimen.  Gulf of Eilat : 1 lot (ZMB), 1 specimen  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 5–6 mm. Antennae 1 length slightly shorter than head and first three pereonites; flagellum with more or less parallel margins, obliquely truncate ventrally for distal third (broader and longer in males). Gnathopod 2; carpal process about halflength propodus (or marginally more). Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, width about half length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with small, sharp anterodistal lobe and narrow, rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium and about half of merus. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular, pointed, length about half peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This is a very small species of  Vibilia . Its similarity to  V. antarctica and  V. propinqua has already been discussed under those species. It is also similar to  V. viatrix , but in that species the carpal process of gnathopod is as long as the propodus, pereopods 3 and 4 have relatively thicker articles and a longer dactylus, and the basis of pereopod 7 is without an anterodistal lobe. </p>
            <p> Apart from its small size and short carpal process of gnathopod 2, the most readily distinguishing character for  V. stebbingi seems to be the shape of the basis of pereopod 7. In no other congener, except perhaps for  V. australis , is the anterodistal corner as well developed, overlapping the ischium. </p>
            <p> Vibilia stebbingi has been recorded as an associate of the salps  Salpa fusiformis ,  S. maxima and  Cyclosalpa polae (Madin &amp; Harbison 1977) . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is a relatively uncommon, but widely distributed species in tropical and subtropical waters including the Mediterranean Sea. However, it was relatively common and abundant in collections from off the east coast of South Africa (SAM).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB38FFEAFEA6FC9CFBE9C384	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB35FFE8FEA6FA66FDC9C151.text	7B1ABE13AB35FFE8FEA6FA66FDC9C151.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia chuni Behning & Woltereck 1912	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia chuni Behning &amp; Woltereck (Fig 26) </p>
            <p> Vibilia chuni Behning &amp; Woltereck, 1912: 8–9 , figs 7–8. — Behning 1913a: 529, 533. Behning 1913b: 222–223. Behning 1925: 496–498, figs 68–78. Behning 1927: 120, 121 (Table). Pirlot 1929: 99. Barnard 1930: 405, fig. 53. Barnard 1940: 483–484. Hurley 1960b: 279. Siegfried 1963: 8. Dick 1970: 52. Semenova 1973: 176. Madin &amp; Harbison 1977: 453 (Table), 454. Shulenberger 1977: 378 (Table). Tranter 1977: 646–647, 648 (Table). Brusca 1981: 17 (key), 39, fig. 4r. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 221–222, fig. 109. Barkhatov &amp; Vinogradov 1988: 168 (Table), 170. Vinogradov 1990a: 56, 93 (Table). Zeidler 1992: 95, fig. 7. Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 55–57, figs 30, 31. Barkhatov et al. 1999: 808 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1179, fig. 4.82. Gasca &amp; Shih 2001: 496 (Table). </p>
            <p> Vibilia hodgsoni Stewart, 1913: 251–253 , pl. 6, figs 1–6. — Barnard 1925: 376. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> The five syntypes of  V. chuni are in the ZMB (209190). Behning and Woltereck (1912) do not specify a holotype. They record four specimens from the mid­Atlantic, from  Valdivia Stns 46 (1º27.8’N, 10º16.5’W) and 49 (0º20’N, 6º45’W). The figured female is from Stn. 46. </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> The type of  V. hodgsoni is in the BMNH (1914.2.25.117). It is clearly the same as  V. chuni . Stewart (1913) had most likely written her paper before the publication of Behning and Woltereck (1912) became available and thus was unaware that her species had already been described. </p>
            <p>Material examined (137 specimens)</p>
            <p> Types. Five syntypes of  V. chuni from  Valdivia Stns. 46 and 49: all in spirit; one intact female and three other specimens, one with A1 missing and one with the Us missing, from Stn. 49 and one female, dissected on the left with Us missing, from Stn. 46. Holotype of  V. hodgsoni , male(?), approximately 6 mm, from near Cape of Good Hope, 36º03’S, 12º50’E, Discovery, 1 st October, 1901: microscope slide of G1 &amp; 2 and P7, remainder in spirit. </p>
            <p> Other material examined.   Tasman Sea: 1 lot (AM), 1 specimen.  North Atlantic : 1 lot (USNM)  ,   7 lots (ZMB), 8 specimens.  North Pacific : 2 lots (LACM)  ,   3 lots (USNM), 6 specimens. South Pacific: 2 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens.  South Indian : 45 lots (SAM)  ,  7 lots (SAMA), 103 specimens . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 7.5 mm. Antennae 1 slightly longer than head and first two pereonites; flagellum oval, ventral margin somewhat oblique for distal third. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about half­length of propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.2x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, almost twice as long as wide, half as long again as ischium to dactylus combined, with rounded margins and rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium. Lateral corner of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U3. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; endopod subequal in length to exopod in females, in males the endopod is slightly broader and longer and apically rounded. Telson triangular, rounded terminally, length about half peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This is one of the most readily recognisable species of  Vibilia . The combination of characters given in the diagnosis, particularly the shape of antennae 1, the urosome, and pereopod 7, readily distinguish  V. chuni from all its congeners. </p>
            <p> Vibilia chuni has been recorded as an associate of the salps  Cyclosalpa polae and  Salpa maxima (Madin &amp; Harbison 1977) . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is a relatively rare species known mainly from the tropical waters of the world’s oceans. However, it was relatively common and abundant in collections from off the east coast of South Africa (SAM).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB35FFE8FEA6FA66FDC9C151	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB36FFECFEA6FEA4FC58C4E1.text	7B1ABE13AB36FFECFEA6FEA4FC58C4E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia longicarpus Behning 1913	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia longicarpus Behning (Figs 27 &amp; 28) </p>
            <p> Vibilia longicarpus Behning, 1913a: 530–533 , figs 2­6. — Behning 1913b: 222. Semenova 1973. </p>
            <p> 174–175, fig. 3. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 230–232, fig. 114. Shih &amp; Chen 1995: 57–58, fig. 32.  Vibilia pyripes [misidentification — in part]. — Zeidler 1998: 34 (SAMA C4420, 4422, 4423). </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> Six syntypes of  V. longicarpus are in the ZMB (20922). The type locality is the eastern mid­Pacific Ocean. Behning (1913a) does not specify a holotype, or the number of specimens examined. He illustrates a female from Albatross Stn. 4709 (10º15’12”S, 95º40’48”W), and a male from “Alb. 4.ix.1899 ”, which is presumably near the preceding locality but is not Stn. 4710 judging by the data. </p>
            <p>Material examined (41 specimens)</p>
            <p> Types. Six syntypes of  V. longicarpus from Albatross Stn. 4709 30 th December 1904 and Stn. 4710: all in spirit; the female from Stn. 4709 is dissected on the left and has the Us missing. The specimens from Stn. 4710 are juveniles that could not be determined as this species with confidence. </p>
            <p> Other material examined. North Atlantic:  1 lot (ZMH), 1 specimen .   North Pacific : 2 lots (USNM), 2 specimens  .   Central Indo­Pacific : 1 lot (USNM), 1 specimen  .   Tasman  Sea : 3 lots (SAMA), 3 juv.   specimens.  Arabian Sea : 2 lots (BMNH), 28 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 12 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum elongate, oval, ventral margin the more convex. Gnathopod 2; carpal process as long as, or slightly longer than, propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis narrowed proximally, maximum width about 0.7x length, about as long as ischium to carpus combined, with relatively large rounded posterodistal lobe extending well past the ischium; carpus and propodus with small anterodistal process. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U3. Uropod 3; peduncle subequal in length to rami; endopod subequal in length to exopod in females, in males the endopod is slightly broader and longer. Telson almost circular, length about 0.7x peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species most closely resembles  V. cultripes , but is distinguished by the longer carpal process of gnathopod 2, and the much smaller anterodistal processes on pereopod 7. Also the dactylus of pereopod 7 is rounded and not knife­shaped. In the shape of the urosome it is similar to  V. pyripes . </p>
            <p> There are three specimens from the Tasman Sea (SAMA C4420, 4422, 4423), which had been identified as  V. pyripes (Zeidler 1998) , which are now considered to be this species. They all appear to be juveniles measuring 4 mm or less. In the shape of the first antennae, pereopods 3 and 4, and the telson they resemble  V. longicarpus , but in the shape of pereopod 7 and the peduncle of uropod 3 they resemble  V. armata (Figs 12 &amp; 13). The dactylus of pereopods 3–6 is also slightly longer than is usual for  V. longicarpus , but this is probably a juvenile character. </p>
            <p>The salp associate has not been recorded for this species.</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is a rare species, found only in the tropical parts of the eastern Pacific Ocean, South China Sea and the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB36FFECFEA6FEA4FC58C4E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB33FF92FEA6FCF4FD84C7D9.text	7B1ABE13AB33FF92FEA6FCF4FD84C7D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia caeca Bulycheva, 1955: 1050	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia caeca Bulycheva (Fig 29) </p>
            <p> Vibilia caeca Bulycheva, 1955: 1050 . — Vinogradov 1956: 208–209, fig. 7. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 224–226, fig. 111. Vinogradov 1992: 325. Vinogradov 1990b: 106, fig. 1. Zeidler 1992: 93–94, fig. 6. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  The syntypes of  V. caeca are in the  Zoological Institute , St. Petersburg, Russia.  The type locality is the northwestern Pacific Ocean, near the Kuril Islands  . </p>
            <p>Material examined (13 specimens)</p>
            <p>  Tasman Sea: 1 lot (AM), 1 specimen.  North Pacific : 2 lots (SAMA)  ,  4 lots (USNM), 12 specimens . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 6 mm. Eyes absent. Pleon distinctly broader than pereon. Antennae 1 inserted mid­laterally on head, as long as head and first three pereonites combined; flagellum elongate, lanceolate, excised on ventral margin for distal half. Antennae 2 very short, consisting of four articles. Gnathopod 2; carpal process almost as long as propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about 0.5x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.4x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis rectangular, almost twice as long as wide, as long as ischium to carpus combined, with small, sharp, anterodistal projection and rounded posterodistal lobe overlapping ischium. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle distinctly longer than rami; sexual dimorphism of endopod not evident. Telson triangular, pointed terminally, length about half peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species most closely resembles  V. australis , but the absence of eyes is a unique feature amongst species of  Vibilia . </p>
            <p>The salp associate has not been recorded for this species.</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This species is only known from a few records from the northern Pacific Ocean, the northern Indian Ocean, the southwestern part of the Bering Sea and Kuril Islands (Bussol Strait), and the Tasman Sea. I have also collected it recently from the San Pedro Basin, off Los Angeles, California.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB33FF92FEA6FCF4FD84C7D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB4DFF96FEA6FD8CFE48C7F1.text	7B1ABE13AB4DFF96FEA6FD8CFE48C7F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia thurstoni Zeidler 2003	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia thurstoni sp. nov. (Figs 30 &amp; 31) </p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: female, 5.1 mm (SAM A42379).  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.048332/lat -27.383333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.048332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.383333">South Indian Ocean</a>
                 , off South Africa, SSE of Kosi Bay [27º23.0’S, 33º02.9’E]; collected by Meiring Naude (stn. SM 70D), bongo 200 m, 20 May 1976. Sea surface temperature 25ºC. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratype: ovigerous female, 4.8 mm (SAM A42380).  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.796665/lat -27.628334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.796665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.628334">South Indian Ocean</a>
                 , off South Africa, S of Kosi Bay [27º37.7’S, 32º47.8’E]; collected by Meiring Naude (stn. SM 76D), bongo 200 m, 21 May 1976. Sea surface temperature 25ºC  . 
            </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length about 5 mm. Antenna 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum with parallel margins, obliquely truncate ventrally for distal half. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about 0.6x length propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about 0.6x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about half propodus. Pereopod 7; basis maximum width about two­thirds length, as long as ischium to mid­propodus combined, with small rounded posterodistal lobe partly overlapping ischium and proximal half of merus. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle about one­third longer than rami; endopod marginally longer than exopod; sexual dimorphism of endopod unknown. Telson triangular, as wide as long, length almost 0.7x peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Description of holotype</p>
            <p>Female 5.1 mm. Antenna 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum with parallel margins, obliquely truncate ventrally for distal half, width slightly more than 0.5x length. Antenna 2 length about 0.8x A1; 6­articulate. Head as long as deep, about as long as first 2.5 pereonites. Eyes oval. Gnathopod 1; basis almost as long as ishium to propodus combined; basis, merus and carpus with one strong seta on posterodistal corner, ischium with two strong setae; carpus slightly shorter than propodus; propodus with posterior margin toothed for distal two­thirds; dactylus slightly shorter than half of propodus. Gnathopod 2; basis slightly shorter than remaining articles combined; merus with four strong setae on distal margin; carpal process about 0.6x length propodus; propodus slightly shorter than anterior margin of carpus, with posterior margin toothed for most of its length; dactylus length 0.4x propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; basis about as long as merus and carpus combined; carpus subequal in length to propodus; merus length about 0.75x propodus; dactylus length about 0.6x propodus for P3, slightly longer for P4. Pereopod 3 slightly shorter than P4. Pereopod 5; basis as long as merus and half of carpus combined; carpus slightly shorter than merus; propodus as long as basis, with toothed anterior margin; dactylus length 0.4x propodus. Pereopod 6 like P5 but marginally longer, with basis only slightly shorter than merus and carpus combined; carpus with three strong setae on anterior margin and toothed for distal half; propodus length only three­quarters basis and dactylus length 0.5x propodus. Pereopod 7 length about 0.6x P6; basis maximum width almost 0.7x length, as long as ischium to mid­propodus combined, with small rounded posterodistal lobe partly overlapping ischium and proximal half of merus; merus with one strong seta near anterodistal and posterodistal corner; propodus length 1.3x carpus; dactylus length two­thirds propodus, with rounded distal margin. Uropod 1; peduncle with outer margin toothed for distal half; rami subequal in length, about 0.7x peduncle; exopod deeply toothed on both margins; endopod deeply toothed on outer margin and for distal half of inner margin. Uropod 2; peduncle slightly longer than rami; exopod marginally shorter than endopod, inner margin deeply toothed, outer margin toothed for distal half; endopod deeply toothed on inner margin and only distally on outer margin. Uropod 3; rami with small teeth on both margins; endopod marginally longer than exopod, about three­quarters as long as peduncle. Telson triangular, about as wide as long, length almost 0.7x peduncle of U3 but only reaching it midway.</p>
            <p>Variation The paratype is like the holotype. The male of this species is unknown.</p>
            <p>Etymology</p>
            <p> This new species is named for Dr M.H. Thurston, formerly of the Southampton Oceanography Centre, in recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of hyperiideans and for his generosity in assisting me with my studies . </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This new species is most similar to  V. viatrix but also resembles  V. antarctica . It resembles both species in the shape of A1, P7 and the telson but is more like  V. viatrix in having long dactyls on P3–6 and in having U1 &amp; 2 with deeply toothed rami.  Vibilia thurstoni differs from both  V. antarctica and  V. viatrix as follows; G1 &amp; 2 are not as heavily armed with strong setae; the carpal process of G2 is much shorter, only 0.6x length of propodus; the dactyls of P5 &amp; 6 are relatively longer; the anterior margin of the carpus of P6 is not as heavily armed with robust setae; the basis of P7 is not as broad and the carpus is slightly longer than the merus, and the peduncle of U3 is relatively wider. In addition,  V. thurstoni differs from  V. viatrix in that the posterodistal corner of the propodus of G2 is not produced and the articles of P3 &amp; 4 are relatively more slender and the dactlys relatively shorter, and from  V. antarctica in that the dactyls of P3 &amp; 4 are considerably longer and the rami of U1 &amp; 2 are more deeply toothed. </p>
            <p> It is likely that this species has been confused with  V. viatrix in the past but is readily distinguished by the form of G1 &amp; 2 and the relative lengths of the dactyls of P3–6 as detailed above.  Vibilia thurstoni also seems to be a smaller species than  V. viatrix or  V. antarctica because the paratype is ovigerous at 4.8 mm. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Only known from two localities, from the South Indian Ocean, off South Africa, SSE and S of Kosi Bay.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB4DFF96FEA6FD8CFE48C7F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB49FF9AFEA6FDE4FED1C4C9.text	7B1ABE13AB49FF9AFEA6FDE4FED1C4C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia laticaudata Zeidler 2003	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia laticaudata sp. nov. (Figs 32 &amp; 33) </p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: female 4.8 mm (SAM A42377).  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.993332/lat -27.266666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.993332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.266666">South Indian Ocean</a>
                 , off South Africa, SSE of Kosi Bay [27º16.0’S, 32º59.6’E]; collected by Meiring Naude (stn. SM 11), bongo 150 m, 24 May 1975. Sea surface temperature 23.9ºC. 
            </p>
            <p> Paratype: female 5.0 mm (SAM A42378). Collected with holotype . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length about 5 mm. Antenna 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, distal margin rounded. Gnathopod 2; carpal process about as long as propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; dactylus length about 0.2x propodus. Pereopod 7; basis maximum width almost 0.7x length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with relatively small, rounded posterodistal lobe not overlapping ischium; carpus and propodus with small anterodistal process. Lateral corners of last urosomite produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U3. Uropod 3; peduncle subequal in length to rami; endopod marginally longer than exopod; sexual dimorphism of endopod unknown. Telson oval, twice as wide as long, length about 0.7x peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Description of holotype</p>
            <p>Female 4.8 mm. Antenna 1 marginally longer than head and first pereonite; flagellum oval, width about 0.6x length, with rounded anterior margin and two small, elongate terminal articles. Antenna 2 length about 0.7x A1; 5­articulate. Head two­thirds as long as deep, about as long as first two pereonites. Eyes oval. Gnathopod 1; basis as long as ischium to propodus combined; basis, merus and carpus each with one strong seta on posterodistal corner; carpus and propodus subequal in length; propodus with posterior margin toothed for distal two­thirds; dactylus slightly longer than half of propodus. Gnathopod 2; basis as long as remaining articles combined; merus with only two strong setae on distal margin; carpal process as long as propodus; propodus slightly shorter than anterior margin of carpus, with posterior margin toothed for distal half; dactylus half­length propodus. Pereopods 3 &amp; 4; basis about as long as merus and carpus combined; carpus marginally longer than merus; propodus marginally longer than carpus; dactylus length about 0.3x propodus. Pereopod 3 slightly shorter than P4. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6; basis slightly shorter than merus and carpus combined; carpus slightly longer than merus; propodus about onethird longer than carpus, without small teeth on anterior margin; dactylus length 0.2x propodus. Pereopod 5 slightly shorter than P6. Pereopod 7 half­length P6; basis maximum width almost 0.7x length, slightly longer than ischium to carpus combined, with relatively small, rounded posterodistal lobe, not overlapping ischium; carpus and propodus with anterodistal corner produced into small process; propodus slightly longer than carpus; dactylus marginally longer than propodus with rounded distal margin. Last urosomite with lateral corners produced, partly overlapping peduncle of U3. Uropod 1; rami with margins toothed for distal one­third; exopod slightly longer than endopod, length about 0.8x peduncle. Uropod 2; rami with few teeth distally on both margins; exopod marginally longer than endopod, only slightly shorter than peduncle. Uropod 3; exopod with small teeth on inner margin for distal half, outer margin not toothed; endopod with smooth margins; endopod marginally longer than exopod, subequal in length to peduncle. Telson oval, twice as wide as long; length about 0.7x peduncle of U3 but only reaching it midway.</p>
            <p>Variation The paratype is like the holotype. The male of this species is unknown.</p>
            <p>Etymology</p>
            <p>The species name is derived from the Latin “lati” and “cauda” meaning broad or widetailed.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The most unusual feature of this new species is the extremely wide telson, a character not found in any other congener.  Vibilia laticaudata belongs to the group of species in which the lateral corners of the last urosomite are produced, partly overlapping the peduncle of uropod 3; viz.  V. armata ,  V. chuni ,  V. cultripes ,  V. longipes and  V. pyripes . Apart from the telson, it is distinguished from all of the above as follows. From  V. armata and  V. chuni by the shape antenna 1 and the shorter peduncle of uropod 3 relative to the exopodite, and additionally from  V. chuni by the longer carpal process of gnathopod 2 and the form of pereopod 7. From  V. pyripes by the general habitus, the longer carpal process of gnathopod 2, the form of pereopod 7 and in not having the peduncle of uropod 3 constricted at the base. From  V. cultripes by the more evenly rounded flagellum of antenna 1, the longer carpal process of gnathopod 2, the lack of strong setae on the anterior margin of the carpus of pereopod 6 and the anterodistal process of the carpus and propodus of pereopod 7 is not as pronounced and the dactylus is not knife­shaped. From  V. longicarpus by the more evenly rounded flagellum of antenna 1, the relatively shorter dactylus of pereopods 3­6, the rami of uropods 1­3 are not as deeply toothed and the anterodistal process of the carpus and propodus of pereopod 7 is relatively more pronounced. </p>
            <p> Vibilia laticaudata resembles  V. pyripes in the shape of the flagellum of antenna 1;  V. cultripes in the length of the dactylus of pereopods 3­6 and the ornamentation of uropods 1 &amp; 2 and  V. longicarpus in the carpal length of gnathopod 2 and the general form of pereopod 7. Despite the extraordinary width of the telson, it is as long as for  V. cultripes , slightly less than for  V. pyripes and slightly longer than for  V. longicarpus , relative to the peduncle of uropod 3. </p>
            <p>The presence of elongate terminal articles on antenna 1 and the slightly thickened articles of antenna 2, and pereopod 7, indicate that the holotype and paratype may not be fully mature. However, the species is readily distinguished from all of its congeners by the telson and other characters as detailed above.</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Only known from the type locality, the  South Indian Ocean , off South Africa, SSE of Kosi Bay. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB49FF9AFEA6FDE4FED1C4C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB45FF9AFEA6FCD6FB0CC13C.text	7B1ABE13AB45FF9AFEA6FCD6FB0CC13C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia peronii Milne-Edwards	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia peronii Milne­Edwards</p>
            <p> Vibilia peronii Milne­Edwards, 1830: 386­387 . — Lamarck 1838: 308. Milne­Edwards 1840: 73, pl. 30, fig. 1. Bate 1862: 303. Bovallius 1887c: 45–47, text fig.. Behning 1913b: 212. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Type material could not be located at the MNHN or ANSP and is presumed lost. No type locality is given by Milne­Edwards (1830) but Milne­Edwards (1840) gives “Seas of Asia” as the locality for his species.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The descriptions of Milne­Edwards (1830, 1840) and figures (1840) are insufficient to characterise this species. The specimen figured by Milne­Edwards (1840) appears to be a male, judging by the length of the second antennae. The posterior lateral corners of the last urosomite are not projected thus, it is not  V. armata ,  V. pyripes ,  V. cultripes ,  V. chuni ,  V. longicarpus or  V. laticaudata . Of the remainder, it is obviously not  V. australis or  V. caeca , and probably not  V. antarctica , which does not occur in the Asian region. If one can trust the figures of Milne­Edwards (1840) then, apart from other minor characters, it does not seem to be  V. stebbingi or  V. thurstoni as it is too large (4 lignes = 9.2 mm), or  V. robusta as uropod 2 is too short, or  V. viatrix because pereopods 3 and 4 are too long and have a short dactylus, or  V. propinqua or  V. gibbosa which have a much shorter carpal process on gnathopod 2. That leaves only  V. jeangerardi and  V. borealis neither of which have gnathopod 2 with a carpal process as long as that illustrated by Milne­Edwards and, perhaps apart from  V. borealis , have not been recorded from ‘Asian Seas’. It is therefore impossible to assign Milne­Edwards’s species to any known species of  Vibilia . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB45FF9AFEA6FCD6FB0CC13C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FA24FC57C156.text	7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FA24FC57C156.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elasmocerus speciosus Costa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Elasmocerus speciosus Costa</p>
            <p> Elasmocerus speciosus Costa in Hope, 1851: 21. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Type material could not be located in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is presumed lost. The type locality is given as the Mediterranean Sea, presumably the  Gulf of Naples . </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species is merely listed without description or figures and is a nomen nudum. It may have been an earlier name for  Vibilia speciosa Costa, 1853 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FA24FC57C156	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FCE1FEF0C331.text	7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FCE1FEF0C331.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orattrina pulchella Natale	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Orattrina pulchella Natale</p>
            <p> Orattrina pulchella Natale, 1850: 11 , figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Type material could not be located in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is presumed lost. The type locality is the Mediterranean Sea,  Port of Messina , Gulf of Naples  . </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Stebbing (1888: 1624) suspects that this may be  V. jeangerardi , but the description of Natale is insufficient to verify this, and the figures represent a rather bizarre­looking  Vibilia . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FCE1FEF0C331	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FEA4FEE7C50E.text	7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FEA4FEE7C50E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thaumalea depilis Templeton	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Thaumalea depilis Templeton</p>
            <p> Thaumalea depilis Templeton, 1836: 186–187 , pl. 20. fig. 2. — Lamarck 1838: 308. Bate 1862: 304–305, pl. 49, fig. 10. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>
                  Type material could not be located at the BMNH and is presumed lost.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.0/lat -37.0)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.0">The</a>
                 type locality is given as “off Port Natal, in the summer of 1835, in lat. 37°S and 21° East ”  . 
            </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The figures and description given by Templeton are insufficient to determine this species. However, the illustration is clearly of a species of  Vibilia , possibly of a juvenile specimen. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB44FF9BFEA6FEA4FEE7C50E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB47FF98FEA6FCA1FD9BC379.text	7B1ABE13AB47FF98FEA6FCA1FD9BC379.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia edwardsi Bate	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia edwardsi Bate</p>
            <p> Vibilia edwardsi Bate, 1861: 2–4 , pl. 1, figs 1, 2. — Bate 1862: 300–302, pl. 49, figs 6, 7. Streets 1877: 128. Bovallius 1887c: 62­63, text fig. Behning 1913b: 216–217. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Type material could not be located at the BMNH or MNHN and is presumed lost. The type locality is given as the  South Atlantic Ocean , “Near Iles de Powel” (South Orkney Islands)  . </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This is most likely  V. antarctica as suggested by Barnard (1932) and Vinogradov et al. (1982). However, Bate figures and describes pereopods 5 and 6 as being twice as long as pereopods 3 and 4, which is unlike any species of  Vibilia . Also, the carpal process of gnathopod 2 is too short for typical  V. antarctica . Thus,  Vibilia edwardsi is at best, a doubtful synonym of  V. antarctica . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB47FF98FEA6FCA1FD9BC379	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB47FF98FEA6FEA4FB28C4B4.text	7B1ABE13AB47FF98FEA6FEA4FB28C4B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia speciosa Costa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia speciosa Costa</p>
            <p> Vibilia speciosa Costa, 1853: 178 . — Bate 1862: 304; Carus 1885: 422. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Type material could not be located in any major Italian museum (see acknowledgments) and is presumed lost. The type locality is the Mediterranean Sea, coast of Naples.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Costa’s description is too brief and insufficient to characterise the species. Carus (1885) lists it as a synonym of  V. jeangerardi as do Vinogradov et al. (1982) </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB47FF98FEA6FEA4FB28C4B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB47FF99FEA6FA6CFD10C4E1.text	7B1ABE13AB47FF99FEA6FA6CFD10C4E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia affinis Bate	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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        <div>
            <p> Vibilia affinis Bate</p>
            <p> Vibilia affinis Bate 1862: 302–303 , pl. 49, fig. 8. – Bovallius 1887c: 50, text fig. Behning 1913b: 214. Irie 1959: table 4. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 235–236, fig. 117. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Type material could not be located at the BMNH or MNHN and is presumed lost. The type locality is given as “ Java ”.</p>
            <p> Remarks The figures and description given by Bate are insufficient to determine this species. No known species of  Vibilia have the first antennae as long as those illustrated for this species. Dried specimens sometimes have the edges of the antennae curled inward thus, giving them a more elongate appearance, and perhaps the specimen Bate saw had become dry at some stage thus, giving the appearance of having elongate antennae. </p>
            <p> Vinogradov et al. (1982) include this species with those in which the lateral corners of the last urosomite are produced, as short third uropods are characteristic of this group. This is based on the statement by Bate, “ultimate pair of pleopoda not reaching beyond the two preceding pairs”, presumably an error actually referring to the uropoda. However, all species of  Vibilia have uropod 3 extending beyond uropod 1 or 2. Bate’s observation is most likely erroneous because he probably observed the specimen in a curled state, possibly because it was dry, and could not be straightened. Never­the­less it would seem that the third uropoda are relatively short. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB47FF99FEA6FA6CFD10C4E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB46FF9EFEA6FAC9FE91C751.text	7B1ABE13AB46FF9EFEA6FAC9FE91C751.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia longipes Bovallius	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia longipes Bovallius</p>
            <p> Vibilia longipes Bovallius, 1887a: 8 . — Bovallius 1887c: 60–61, pl. 8, figs 26–32. Vosseler 1901: 123. Walker 1909: 50 (list). Behning 1913b: 216. Stewart 1913: 250. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Type material could not be located at the SMNH or ZMUC and is presumed lost. No precise type locality is given by Bovallius (1887a, c). He merely lists the distribution as “Pacific,  South Atlantic ”  . </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species is very similar to  V. antarctica and, but for the shape of antennae 1, would have been included in the synonymy of that species. Bovallius’s (1887c) illustration may be inaccurate in this regard, but without being able to examine the type one cannot be certain. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB46FF9EFEA6FAC9FE91C751	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB46FF99FEA6FCF4FDA0C31C.text	7B1ABE13AB46FF99FEA6FCF4FDA0C31C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia mediterannea Claus	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia mediterannea Claus</p>
            <p> Vibilia mediterranea Claus, 1872: 467 . — Claus 1880: 586. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Type material could not be located in any major German museum or at the NMW and is presumed lost. The type locality is the Mediterranean Sea.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Claus (1872) merely lists this species without any description or figures. Thus, it is a nomen nudum. It is regarded a questionable synonym of  V. jeangerardi based solely on geographical grounds. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB46FF99FEA6FCF4FDA0C31C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB41FF9EFEA6FE04FDB8C29E.text	7B1ABE13AB41FF9EFEA6FE04FDB8C29E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilia bovallii Bonnier	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilia bovallii Bonnier</p>
            <p> Vibilia bovallii Bonnier, 1896: 612–614 , pl. 35, fig. 3. — Behning 1913b: 221. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 234–235, fig. 116. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>
                  Type material could not be located at the MNHN and is presumed lost. The type locality is the  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 4.633333/lat 44.283333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=4.633333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.283333">Bay of Biscay</a>
                 , 44°17’N, 4°38’E  . 
            </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> According to Bonnier this species differs from all it congeners by gnathopod 2 which has an elongated merus and no carpal process. However, he illustrates gnathopod 2 with eight articles, so that it seems he mistook the carpal process for the merus and then added on another propodus. If this assumption is correct, then the carpal process would be almost as long as the propodus. Vinogradov et al. (1982) infer that the lateral corners of the last urosomite are slightly produced, but Bonnier makes no mention of this, nor does he illustrate this character. The shape of antennae 1, the urosome, and the telson, makes this species most similar to  V. viatrix , if the assumption regarding the carpal process of gnathopod 2 is correct. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB41FF9EFEA6FE04FDB8C29E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB41FF9FFEA6FB56FB93C429.text	7B1ABE13AB41FF9FFEA6FB56FB93C429.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilioides Chevreux 1905	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Vibilioides Chevreux, 1905</p>
            <p> Vibilioides Chevreux, 1905: 1 . — Behning 1913b: 223; Pirlot 1929: 102. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 236. Vinogradov 1999: 1181. </p>
            <p> Type species  Vibilioides alberti Chevreux, 1905 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Pereonites, pleonites and urosomite 1 with lateral transverse folds. Antennae 2 of six articles. Mandibles with molar reduced to conical projection; third article of palp shorter than second. Maxillae 1 with much reduced inner lobe. Maxillae 2 reduced to small, single lobe. Pereopod 7 reduced to basis and three small additional articles; basis more than twice as long as remaining articles combined. Telson extends just beyond middle of peduncle of U3.</p>
            <p>Monotypic.</p>
            <p>S exual dimorphism</p>
            <p> Insufficient material of this genus is available to determine any sexual dimorphism and none is mentioned in the literature. If any sexual dimorphism exists it is most likely similar to that found in  Vibilia . </p>
            <p> Remarks The similarity of  Vibilioides to  Vibilia has already been discussed. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB41FF9FFEA6FB56FB93C429	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB40FF82FEA6FD3CFC52C271.text	7B1ABE13AB40FF82FEA6FD3CFC52C271.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibilioides alberti Chevreux 1905	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibilioides alberti Chevreux (Figs 34 &amp; 35) </p>
            <p> Vibilioides alberti Chevreux, 1905: 1–5 , figs 1, 2. — Behning 1913a: 533–534. Behning 1913b: 223. Stephensen 1918: 56. Pirlot 1929: 103. Chevreux 1935: 176–178, pl. 15, figs 1, 2. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 237–239, fig. 118. Vinogradov 1990a: 57, 93 (Table), fig. 10. Vinogradov 1990b: 107, fig. 3 (map). Vinogradov 1993: 43 (Table). Vinogradov 1999: 1181, fig. 4.91. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>
                  There are five syntypes. Two from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -28.883333/lat 36.283333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-28.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.283333">Princesse­Alice Stn</a>
                 1851 (36°17’N, 28°53’W)  are in the MNHN (unregistered) and the remainder, including the figured female, are in the MOM.  No precise type locality is designated by Chevreux (1905), but he had specimens from near the  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -16.183332/lat 26.266666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-16.183332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.266666">Canary Islands</a>
                 (26°16’N, 16°11’W)   and from near the  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -26.683332/lat 36.766666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-26.683332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.766666">Azores</a>
                 (37°08’N, 8°28’30”W; 36°17’N, 28°53’W; 36°46’N, 26°41’W)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Material examined (6 specimens)</p>
            <p>  Only six female specimens of this species are available for study. Three from the southern side of the  Bay of Biscay (  Thor Stn 74, ZMUC CRU 2831: Dana Stn. 1104, ZMUC), one from off  Rio de Janeiro (ZMUC CRU 2832) (see Stephensen 1918), one from just north of the Cape Verde  Islands (Dana Stn. 1159, ZMUC) and one from the South China Sea (Dana Stn. 3689)  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 22 mm. Antennae 1 as long as head and first pereonite; flagellum elongate, oval, with anterior margin rounded, almost flat, with dorsal margin projected above peduncular articles. Gnathopod 1; posterior margin of merus, posterior and anterior margin of carpus, and anterior margin of propodus, with fringe of long setae. Gnathopod 2; posterior margin of ischium and merus, and anterior margin of carpus and propodus, with fringe of long setae; carpal process about 0.7x length of propodus. Pereopods 3­6; dactylus about 0.4x length of propodus. Pereopod 7; basis oval, width about 0.6x length. Lateral corners of last urosomite not produced. Uropod 3; peduncle slightly longer than rami; endopod slightly longer than exopod.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>This is a relatively rare species easily recognised by its general shape and the morphology of pereopod 7. Chevreux (1905) presumed that its rarity was due to its deep­water habitat, because most of the catches were at a depth of 1000 m or more. However, some subsequent records are from near the surface.</p>
            <p> It has only been figured twice in the literature, the figures of Chevreux (1935) and Vinogradov et al. (1982) being copies of the original (Chevreux 1905). More detailed figures, especially of the mouthparts and pereopods 3­6, are thus provided here (Figs 34 &amp; 35). Fortunately the specimen from off Rio de Janeiro (ZMUC CRU 2832) is very large (21.5 mm) enabling an easy examination of the mouthparts. The maxilliped and mandible are as illustrated by Chevreux (1905) and Vinogradov (1990a), but the first maxillae have a reduced inner lobe similar to that found in  Vibilia , and the second maxillae, although reduced, are present as small rounded lobes; the inner and outer lobes being completely fused. The generic diagnosis has been amended accordingly, to include these characters which were previously thought to be absent. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>
                  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.816666/lat -7.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.225">This</a>
                 species is only known from a few localities.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.816666/lat -7.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.225">It</a>
                 seems to be most common in the  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.816666/lat -7.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.225">Atlantic Ocean</a>
                 having been recorded from the  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.816666/lat -7.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.225">Bay of Biscay</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.816666/lat -7.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.225">Canary Islands</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.816666/lat -7.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.225">Azores</a>
                 , Cape Verde  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.816666/lat -7.225)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.225">Islands</a>
                 and near Rio de Janeiro. Vinogradov (1990a, b) recorded it once in the Indian Ocean (33°S, 45°E) and the Pacific Ocean (22°S, 83°W)  and it is recorded here from the South China Sea (7º13.5’S, 111º49’E) for the first time . 
            </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB40FF82FEA6FD3CFC52C271	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5DFF83FEA6FB64FB9BC531.text	7B1ABE13AB5DFF83FEA6FB64FB9BC531.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyllopodidae Bovallius 1887	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  CYLLOPODIDAE Bovallius, 1887</p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 26 mm, slightly compressed laterally, cuticle relatively thick and smooth. Head moderately large, as long as first 3–4 pereonites, almost globular. Eyes large, occupying most of head surface, adjoining dorsally. Pereonites all separate. Coxae separate from pereonites. Antennae 1 subequal in length to head, or slightly longer in males; peduncle short, 3­articulate; first flagellar article (callynophore) slender, conical, medial surface with two­field brush of aesthetascs, with, or without, two minute terminal articles. Antennae 2 inserted on ventral surface of head, just anterior to buccal mass; composed of 6–7 slender articles; longer than A 1 in males, subequal in length to A 1 in females. Mandibles with palp in both sexes, second article of palp broader and longer than third; molar process well­developed. Maxillae 1 with palp and well­developed outer lobe, inner lobe present as small oval process. Maxillae 2 with two small lobes, relatively small. Maxilliped with short, rounded inner lobe, about one­third as long as outer lobes. Gnathopod 1 simple, or weakly chelate. Gnathopod 2 chelate. Pereopods 5 &amp; 6 the longest. Pereopod 7 reduced in size, with enlarged basis, longer than following articles combined; with only 3–5 articles in addition to basis. Uropods with articulated endopods and exopods. Telson very small, triangular. Gills on pereonites 2­6. Oostegites on pereonites 2­5.</p>
            <p> One genus:  Cyllopus . </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Prior to this review,  Cyllopus was included in the family  Vibiliidae . It is here placed in its own family on the basis of the positioning of the antennae, the presence of an anterior groove on the head to accommodate the mandibular palps, the large eyes, and the laterally compressed body. In body proportions it is most similar to  Themisto (Hyperiidae) . Pereopods 3­6 are also somewhat prehensile, as in  Themisto , but pereopod 7 bears some similarity to  Vibilia . </p>
            <p> Bovallius (1887a) proposed the family name  Cyllopodidae for  Cyllopus and  Cyllias (= a genus of  Platyscelidae ), but this name has not been in use for the last century (except for Spandl 1927 and Pirlot 1929), thus it is resurrected here for  Cyllopus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB5DFF83FEA6FB64FB9BC531	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5CFF80FEA6FC24FCF3C519.text	7B1ABE13AB5CFF80FEA6FC24FCF3C519.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyllopus Dana 1853	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Cyllopus Dana, 1853</p>
            <p> Cyllopus Dana, 1853: 989 . — Bate 1862: 305. Gerstaecker 1886: 490. Bovallius 1887b: 555. Stebbing 1888: 1296. Bovallius 1889: 4. Spandl 1927: 174. Barnard 1930: 405–408. Hurley 1955: 129. Hurley 1960a: 111. Vinogradov 1962: 16–17. Bowman &amp; Gruner 1973: 25. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 239. Weigmann­Haass 1983: 2. Vinogradov 1999: 1177. </p>
            <p>Type species</p>
            <p> 
Cyllopus magellanicus 
Dana, 1853 , by monotypy. Type material could not be found at the USNM or in any other major  North American museum and is considered lost. However,  Cyllopus is a readily recognisable genus. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>The characters of the family are also those of the genus.</p>
            <p>Two species.</p>
            <p>Sexual dimorphism</p>
            <p> As in  Vibilia , the sexes of  Cyllopus are very similar morphologically. The most reliable character to differentiate them is the relative length of the second antennae. In males antennae 2 are longer than antennae 1 because of the elongation of articles, while in females the antennae are subequal in length. The shape of the callynophore of antennae 1 also differs slightly, tapering gradually in females but in males with a slight proximal bulge. Generally the head of males is slightly larger, and less rounded, with darker, almost black eyes. In females the rami of uropod 2 are narrower and more distinctly denticulate and in males the endopod is distinctly broader than the exopod. </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Cyllopus is a very distinctive genus somewhat resembling  Themisto . Two species are currently recognised (Weigmann­Haass 1983), both of which are restricted to the colder waters of the southern Hemisphere. </p>
            <p> Virtually nothing is known about the biology of either species. The large eyes indicate an active pelagic life­style, but the rounded dactyls of pereopod 7 are like those of  Vibilia and, as in  Vibilia , may be used to transfer larvae to a gelatinous host (Laval 1963, 1980). This view is supported by Weigmann­Haass (1983) who first described the larvae of  Cyllopus and concluded “due to special morphological similarities … the larvae of both species display a parasitic way of life like  Vibilia ”. To what extent adults are parasitic or commensal is not known. </p>
            <p>As the genus has been reviewed by Weigmann­Haass (1983) only essential information and synonymies are provided for each species.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB5CFF80FEA6FC24FCF3C519	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5FFF80FEA6FCCCFA87C276.text	7B1ABE13AB5FFF80FEA6FCCCFA87C276.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyllopus Dana 1853	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the species of the genus  Cyllopus</p>
            <p> 1 Gnathopod 1 simple. Gnathopod 2; carpal process extends to middle of propodus. Pereopod 7 with oval basis .................................................  C. magellanicus Dana, 1853</p>
            <p> ­ Gnathopod 1 weakly chelate. Gnathopod 2; carpal process extends to limit of propodus. Pereopod 7; basis triangular with concave posterior margin.................................. ......................................................................................................  C. lucasii Bate, 1862</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB5FFF80FEA6FCCCFA87C276	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5FFF86FEA6FB6EFDF9C0D9.text	7B1ABE13AB5FFF86FEA6FB6EFDF9C0D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyllopus magellanicus Dana 1853	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cyllopus magellanicus Dana (Fig 36) </p>
            <p> Cyllopus magellanicus Dana, 1853: 990–991 , pl. 68, fig. 1a–g. </p>
            <p> Cyllopus danae Bate, 1862: 308 , pl. 50, fig. 3. </p>
            <p> Vibilia macropis Bovallius, 1887a: 11 . </p>
            <p> Cyllopus batei Bovallius, 1887a: 11–12 . </p>
            <p> Cyllopus armatus Bovallius, 1887a: 11–12 . </p>
            <p> Cyllopus levis Bovallius, 1887a: 12 . </p>
            <p> Cyllopus hookeri Stebbing, 1888: 1296–1300 . </p>
            <p> Vibilia serrata Stewart, 1913: 248–250 , pl. 4; pl. 5, figs 1–6. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> The type of  C. magellanicus could not be found at the USNM or in any other major North American museum and is considered lost. Although the description and figures by Dana (1853) are poor, they are sufficient to determine this species. The type locality is Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego, on  Fucus (a brown alga). </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> The type of  C. danae could not be found at the BMNH or MNHN and is considered lost. However, the description and figures by Bate (1862) readily identify it with  C. magellanicus . </p>
            <p> Type material of  V. macropis ,  C. batei ,  C. armatus and  C. levis could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. Although Bovallius (1887a) provided only brief descriptions of these species, he provided more information and figures in his monographs (Bovallius 1887 c, 1889) enabling one to determine them as synonyms of  C. magellanicus . Hurley (1955) gave a detailed rational for maintaining  C. macropus as a separate species, but he only had juvenile specimens (about 5 mm), and the characters he used to distinguish  C. macropus from  C. magellanicus are mainly as a result of ontogenetic changes (Weimann­Haass 1983). </p>
            <p> The unique type of  C. hookeri is in the BMNH (89.5.15.184). Although the specimen, on two microscope slides, is in poor condition, it appears to be the same as  C. magellanicus . Stebbing (1888) relied on the inadequate description, and inaccurate drawings of Dana (1853) to distinguish his species. </p>
            <p> Type material of  V. serrata could not be located at the BMNH and is considered lost. However, it is clearly a synonym of  C. magellanicus , judging by the description and figures of Stewart (1913), particularly of the gnathopods and pereopod 7. </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 250 specimens)</p>
            <p>
                  Types.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -30.333334/lat -37.783333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-30.333334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.783333">The</a>
                 unique type of  C. hookeri from the South Atlantic (37º47’S, 30º20’W), surface, Challenger, 9th March 1876: on 2 microscope slides  . 
            </p>
            <p>Other material examined. South Atlantic (mainly near Sth. Georgia): 25 lots (BMNH), 2 lots (USNM), 5 lots (ZMB), several lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens. South Pacific (near Tasman Sea): 9 lots (BMNH), 8 lots (SAMA), 1 lot (USNM), numerous specimens. Tasman Sea: 4 lots (ZMUC), numerous specimens.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 19 mm. Antennae 1 with slender, conical flagellum, with two, very small, terminal articles. Gnathopod 1 simple. Gnathopod 2; carpal process reaching to about middle of propodus. Pereopod 7 with oval basis. Uropod 1; endopod slightly longer than peduncle, sometimes reaching beyond U3.</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This is a relatively common species restricted to the cool­temperate and polar regions of the southern Hemisphere.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB5FFF86FEA6FB6EFDF9C0D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB58FF87FEA6FEA4FAA5C3C6.text	7B1ABE13AB58FF87FEA6FEA4FAA5C3C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyllopus lucasii Bate	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cyllopus lucasii Bate (Fig 36) </p>
            <p> Cyllopus lucasii Bate, 1862: 306–307 , pl. 50, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> Cyllopus antarcticus Spandl, 1927: 175–176 , fig. 12a–h. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Type material of  C. lucasii could not be found at the BMNH or MNHN and is considered lost. Fortunately the description and figures of Bate (1862) are sufficient to define this species. The type locality is “the  Powel Islands ” (South Orkney Islands)  . </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> Type material of  C. antarcticus is in the ZMB (20773). These specimens are all clearly conspecific with  C. lucasii . </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 150 specimens)</p>
            <p>
                 Types.   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.45/lat -65.3)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-65.3">Several</a>
                 syntypes of  C. antarcticus from a penguin’s stomach (Pigoscelis papua) caught off South America (65º18’S, 80º27’E), Deutschen Südpolar­Expedition, 27th March 1903: in spirit  . 
            </p>
            <p> Other material examined. South Atlantic (Sth. Georgia /Weddell Sea):   13 lots (BMNH), 1 lot (ZMB), 2 lots (ZMH), several specimens. Antarctic: 1 lot (BMNH), 1 specimen;  Prydz Bay : 32 lots (SAMA), numerous specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 26 mm. Antennae 1 with very slender, conical flagellum, without additional terminal articles. Gnathopod 1 weakly chelate, with slightly inflated carpus. Gnathopod 2; carpal process reaching to about limit of propodus. Pereopod 7 with basis narrowed distally, with concave posterior margin. Uropod 1; endopod subequal in length to peduncle, barely reaching limit of U3.</p>
            <p>Distribution This is a circum­Antarctic species restricted to south of the Antarctic Convergence.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB58FF87FEA6FEA4FAA5C3C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB58FF84FEA6F99EFE90C399.text	7B1ABE13AB58FF84FEA6F99EFE90C399.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphronimidae Bovallius 1887	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  PARAPHRONIMIDAE Bovallius, 1887</p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 30 mm, relatively transparent. Head large, cuboid in shape, as long as first 3–4 pereonites. Eyes large, occupying most of head surface, divided into dorsal and ventral (smaller) parts. Pereonites all separate. Coxae fused with pereonites in males, separate on pereonites 2–5 in females. Antennae 1 slightly shorter than head in males, less than half­length of head in females; peduncle short, 3­articulate; flagellum of single, enlarged article (callynophore), medial surface with two­field brush of aesthetascs in males. Antennae 2 inserted on ventral surface of head, just anterior to buccal mass; composed of two small articles in females, four articles in males, with basal and terminal articles greatly elongated, together as long as, or slightly longer than, A1. Mandibles without palp, or molar process, in both sexes. Maxillae 1 with palp and well­developed outer lobe; inner lobe absent. Maxillae 2 reduced to single broad lobe. Maxilliped with fused inner and outer lobes, forming single broad plate. Gnathopod 1 weakly double subchelate, with posterodistal process on merus and carpus. Gnathopod 2, simple with dactylus inserted in hollowed process. Pereopods 3–6 subequal in length, about twice as long as gnathopods. Pereopod 7 slightly shorter than P6. Uropods with articulated endopods and exopods. Telson very small, quadrate. Gills on pereonites 2–6. Oostegites on pereonites 2–5.</p>
            <p> One genus:  Paraphronima . </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This is a very distinctive family that is most similar to the family  Cyllopodidae in the morphology and positioning of the antennae. It has a number of unusual characters rarely found in other hyperiidean families. The structure of the eyes resembles the  Phronimidae ; mandibles lacking a palp in both sexes is a character only shared with the  Cystisomatidae ,  Phronimidae ,  Dairellidae and  Iulopis ; mandibles lacking a molar is a character shared with the  Lycaeopsidae and the families of Platysceloidea, and a maxilliped with fused inner and outer lobes is a character only found in one other family, the  Dairellidae . </p>
            <p> The mouthparts are reduced relative to  Vibilia and  Cyllopus . Although the mandibles lack a molar, the spine row is well developed with a number of tubercles that may substitute for the molar. The first maxillae are similar to those found in  Vibilia and  Cyllopus , but the second maxillae are reduced to a single, broad plate (Fig. 38). However, Bovallius (1889) illustrated the second maxillae of  Paraphronima crassipes as consisting of two broad plates. This apparent error may have resulted from the maxillae lying on top of one another during dissection. This error does not seem to have been corrected in the literature. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB58FF84FEA6F99EFE90C399	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB5BFF85FEA6FA4CFCD9C0D9.text	7B1ABE13AB5BFF85FEA6FA4CFCD9C0D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphronima Claus 1879	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Paraphronima Claus, 1879</p>
            <p> Paraphronima Claus, 1879: 6–7 . — Bovallius 1885: 9–10. Carus 1885: 424. Gerstaecker 1886: 489. Stebbing 1888: 1335–1337. Bovallius 1889: 23–25. Chevreux &amp; Fage 1925: 389. Pirlot 1929: 104. Hurley 1955: 136. Vinogradov et al. 1982: 256. Vinogradov 1999: 1177. </p>
            <p> ?  Daira Milne­Edwards, 1830: 392­393 . — Milne­Edwards 1840:83. </p>
            <p>Dairinia — (part) Bate 1862: 309.</p>
            <p>Type species</p>
            <p> Paraphronima gracilis Claus, 1879 . Type material could not be found at the ZMB or ZMH and is considered lost. However,  Paraphronima is a readily recognisable genus. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>The characters of the family are also those of the genus.</p>
            <p>Two species.</p>
            <p>Sexual dimorphism</p>
            <p> Paraphronima is unusual in that coxae 2–5 are separate in females, whereas in males all of the coxae are fused with the pereonites. </p>
            <p>As with most hyperiideans, the morphology of the antennae is a useful means to differentiate the sexes. The first antennae are slightly shorter than the head in males and less than half the length of the head in females, and the callynophore of males is slightly inflated, with a two­field brush of aesthetascs on the medial surface. The second antennae of females are reduced to two articles, and are only about half as long as the first antennae, whereas in males they are about as long as the first antennae, with the basal and terminal article greatly elongated. The head of males also seems to be slightly smaller and more rounded than in females.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Paraphronima is a very distinctive genus that does not resemble any other hyperiidean. There are six nominal species referable to  Paraphronima , but only two are recognised in this review. </p>
            <p> The large eyes indicate an active pelagic life­style, and in freshly caught plankton samples  Paraphronima is usually the most active hyperiidean. Both species are often found in surface waters but rarely below 500 m (Vinogradov et al. 1982), and seem to undergo diurnal vertical migrations (Brusca 1967a, Thurston 1976). The main reproductive period seems to be at the end of Summer and in Autumn (Brusca 1967b, Vinogradov et al. 1982), although females with eggs are found throughout the year (Brusca 1967b). Only one species,  P. crassipes , has been found in association with siphonophores (Lo Bianco 1909, Harbison et al. 1977, Laval 1980). </p>
            <p>The two species are very similar morphologically, and many errors in identifications were found in the various collections examined. Often both species are present in the one sample! It is therefore pointless to provide a full reference list for each species, and only synonymies are given in the following text.</p>
            <p> It should be noted here that Claus (1878: 270) mentions  Paraphronima in a general paper on hyperiideans but does not provide any characters to distinguish it from other genera. Obviously Claus intended this paper to follow his diagnosis of the genus in 1879. As Claus (1878) did not diagnose the genus, and for the sake of nomenclatural stability,  Paraphronima should be credited with Claus (1879). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB5BFF85FEA6FA4CFCD9C0D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB55FF8AFEA6FEA3FA86C42E.text	7B1ABE13AB55FF8AFEA6FEA3FA86C42E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphronima Claus 1879	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the species of the genus  Paraphronima</p>
            <p> 1 Pleonite 1, ventral margin of epimeral plate forms acute angle with body axis anteriorly. Pereopod 7 much shorter than P6, only reaching limit of carpus of P6................. ....................................................................................................  P. gracilis Claus, 1879 . </p>
            <p> ­ Pleonite 1, ventral margin of epimeral plate evenly rounded, almost perpendicular to body axis. Pereopod 7 only slightly shorter than P6 ..............  P. crassipes Claus, 1879 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB55FF8AFEA6FEA3FA86C42E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB55FF88FEA6FDC6FD73C531.text	7B1ABE13AB55FF88FEA6FDC6FD73C531.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphronima gracilis Claus 1879	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paraphronima gracilis Claus (Fig. 37) </p>
            <p> Paraphronima gracilis Claus, 1879: 7 (65)–8(66), pl. 1, figs 4 &amp; 5. </p>
            <p> Paraphronima edwardsi Bovallius, 1885: 12 . </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> Type material of  P. gracilis could not be found at the ZMB or ZMH and is considered lost. However, the description and figures provided by Claus (1879) are sufficient to characterise this species. The type locality is the “Atlantic Ocean”. No specific locality is given by Claus (1879). </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> Type material of  P. edwardsi could not be located at the SMNH, ZMUC or in Uppsala and is considered lost. Bovallius (1889) regards it a synonym of  P. gracilis , which is consistent with his original description. </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 100 specimens)</p>
            <p>  Tasman Sea: 8 lots (SAMA), 8 specimens.  North Atlantic : 1 lot (BMNH)  , 2 lots (CMN), 13 lots (USNM), 8 lots (ZMB), several lots (ZMUC),   numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 3 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens.  North Pacific : 2 lots (CMN)  , several lots (LACM), 13 lots (USNM),   numerous specimens. Indian: 1 lots (BMNH), 1 specimen. Arabian Sea: 1 lot (BMNH), 3 specimens.  Central Indo­Pacific : 3 lots (USNM), 5 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 17 mm, but usually 10 mm. Head slightly shorter than deep. Pereonites 1–2 much narrower than pereonite 3. Pereopods 5–7; anterior margin of ischium to propodus with several small robust setae. Pereopod 7 only as long as basis to carpus of P6. Pleonite 1; ventral margin of epimeral plate forms acute angle with body axis anteriorly.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species closely resembles its only congener,  P. crassipes , and Hurley (1956) even suggested (but rejected) the idea that  P. crassipes may be a later moult stage, because it tends to be larger and more robust than  P. gracilis . However, the characters given in the key and the above diagnosis readily distinguish  P. gracilis . According to Brusca (1981), the spination of pereopods 5–7 and the shape of pleonite 1 are particularly reliable characters. </p>
            <p> This species has not been recorded with a gelatinous plankton associate but because of its similarity to  P. crassipes , like that species, it is probably associated with siphonophores. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This species is widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions, including the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. It does not occur beyond the limits of the Subtropical Convergences (Vinogradov et al. 1982).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB55FF88FEA6FDC6FD73C531	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
7B1ABE13AB57FF8FFEA6FC24FDD0C7A1.text	7B1ABE13AB57FF8FFEA6FC24FDD0C7A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphronima crassipes Claus 1879	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paraphronima crassipes Claus (Figs 37 &amp; 38) </p>
            <p> Hyperia pedestris Guérin­Méneville, 1836 : pl. 25, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> Paraphronima crassipes Claus, 1879: 7 (65)–8(66), pl. 1, figs 6–9; pl. 2, fig. 10. </p>
            <p> Paraphronima clypeata Bovallius, 1885: 11 , fig. 2. </p>
            <p> Paraphronima pectinata Bovallius, 1887a: 13–14 . </p>
            <p> Paraphronima cuivis Stebbing, 1888: 1337–1342 , pl. 157. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> Type material of  P. crassipes could not be found at the ZMB or ZMH and is considered lost. However, the description and figures provided by Claus (1879) are sufficient to characterise this species. The type locality is the “Mediterranean”. No specific locality is given by Claus (1879). </p>
            <p>Type material of synonyms</p>
            <p> The holotype of  Hyperia pedestris is in the ANSP (CA 2698, Guérin­Méneville Coll. No. 432) (see remarks). </p>
            <p> Four syntypes of  P. clypeata are in the ZMUC (CRU 449–452). Although this material is only in fair condition it is clearly conspecific with  P. crassipes . </p>
            <p> Two syntypes of  P. pectinata are in the ZMUC (CRU 447 &amp; 448). Both specimens are in good condition and readily identified as  P. crassipes . Bovallius (1889) considers it a synonym of  P. clypeata . </p>
            <p> Syntype material of  P. cuivis is in the BMNH (89.5.15.200). These specimens represent both  P. crassipes and  P. gracilis . However, the material described and illustrated by Stebbing (1888) represent  P. crassipes . </p>
            <p>Material examined (&gt; 250 specimens)</p>
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                 Types.   Holotype of  Hyperia pedestris from the coast off Chile: dried specimen in vial — almost destroyed.   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.466667/lat 36.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.1">Four</a>
                 syntypes of  P. clypeata from the North Atlantic; one male (CRU 449, 14 mm) captured 39º10’N, 42º10’W,  Andrea, 1863 ;   one female (CRU 450, 11.2 mm) captured 30º34’N, 30º50’W,  Andrea, 1862 ;  one female (CRU 451, 14 mm) captured 36º06’N, 39º 28’W, “Warming”, 1866; one female (CRU 452, 10.4 mm) captured 26ºN, 26ºW, “Iversen”, 1871: all in spirit.  Two syntypes of  P. pectinata from the North Atlantic; one female (CRU 451, 14 mm) captured 36º06’N, 39º28’W, “Warming”, 1866; one female (CRU 452, 10.4 mm) captured 26ºN, 26ºW, “Iversen”, 1871: in spirit, the latter one with mouthparts and A2 missing. Several syntypes of  P. cuivis from between Japan and Honolulu, 35ºN, surface, Challenger, July, 1875: several specimens in spirit and 8 microscope slides. 
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            <p> Other material examined.   Tasman Sea: 16 lots (SAMA), 19 specimens.  North Atlantic : 7 lots (BMNH)  , 7 lots (CMN), 22 lots (USNM), 3 lots (ZMB), several lots (ZMUC),   numerous specimens. South Atlantic: 11 lots (BMNH), 24 specimens.  North Pacific : 2 lots (CMN)  , several lots (LACM), 26 lots (USNM),   numerous specimens. South Pacific: 1 lot (ZMB), 1 specimen. Indian: 1 lot (BMNH), 4 specimens.  Mediterranean : 1 lot (BMNH), 2 specimens.  Arabian Sea : 3 lots (BMNH), 3 specimens.  Central Indo­Pacific : 3 lots (USNM), 3 specimens  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body length up to 31 mm, but usually 20–24 mm. Head slightly longer than deep. Pereonites 1–4 about equal in width. Pereopods 5–7; anterior margin of ischium to propodus with few or no robust setae. Pereopod 7 only slightly shorter than P6. Pleonite 1; ventral margin of epimeral plate evenly rounded, almost perpendicular to body axis anteriorly.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The similarity of this species to the previous one has already been discussed under that species.</p>
            <p> The recent discovery of the type of  Hyperia pedestris Guérin­Méneville, 1836 , and that it is most likely  P. crassipes (Zeidler 1997) , posed the problem of whether or not Guérin­Méneville’s specific name should be used for the species now known as  P. crassipes . However, its replacement would create nomenclatural instability (Zeidler 1995), because  P. crassipes , as a scientific name, is well established in the scientific literature, and the type of  H. pedestris is in very poor condition making specific identity uncertain, and it is a name that has not been used since Bovallius (1889). The proposal to conserve the specific name (Zeidler 1995) was subsequently upheld by the ICZN (1997). </p>
            <p> Paraphronima crassipes has been recorded as an associate of the siphonophores Dyphies and  Galeolaria (Lo Bianco 1909) and  Rosacea cymbiformis (Harbison et al. 1977, Laval 1980). </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>This species is widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions including the Mediterranean Sea. In the southern Hemisphere it rarely penetrates up to the Antarctic Convergence (Vinogradov et al. 1982).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B1ABE13AB57FF8FFEA6FC24FDD0C7A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zeidler, Wolfgang	Zeidler, Wolfgang (2003): A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Vibilioidea Bowman and Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa 280 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.280.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.280.1.1
