identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C087B55B64A84BFF75FA6AFDFCFD1B.text	03C087B55B64A84BFF75FA6AFDFCFD1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachycare Gould 1876	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pachycare and Oreoscopus </p>
            <p> New Guinean  Pachycare was formerly placed in the corvoid family  Pachycephalidae (Australasian whistlers), presumably because of bright yellow and grey plumage, form of bill, and “loud, melodious, whistled and explosive” vocalizations (e.g. Mayr 1941, 1967; Rand &amp; Gilliard 1967; Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990; Dickinson 2003; Boles 2007a). Coates (1990: 206) nevertheless expressed reservations about an exclusively whistler-like voice. Mack &amp; Opel (2006), corroborated by data in ANWC, also showed that  Pachycare builds a domed nest near the ground and lays white, reddish-spotted eggs, characteristic of many acanthizids (  Acanthizidae ) but unlike any pachycephalid. It has a dusky subterminal tail band in the outer rectrices as well, a trait that appears repeatedly in one form or another throughout the  Acanthizidae , but is otherwise absent in  Pachycephalidae . The position of  Pachycare in the meliphagoid  Acanthizidae has since been established by Norman et al. (2009a). Using 2644 base pairs of multi-locus nDNA and mtDNA sequence and osteological data, their study compared  Pachycare with a comprehensive range of acanthizid genera including  Oreoscopus , two genera of  Pachycephalidae , and genera of three and five further meliphagoid and corvoid families respectively.  Pachycare was recovered as sister to the northeast Australian Fernwren  Oreoscopus in  Acanthizidae , in a clade sister in turn to all other acanthizids. Support for pairing  Pachycare and  Oreoscopus was strong, and the node placing them sister to the rest of  Acanthizidae was fully resolved. Similarly, Gardner et al. (2010) recovered  Oreoscopus as sister to all other primary acanthizid lineages at some depth, although they did not examine  Pachycare . </p>
            <p> Distinctive osteological features of  Oreoscopus ―narrowly-winged ectethmoids, clavoid maxillo-palatines and completely perforate anterior synsacral foramina (Schodde &amp; Mason 1999: 134)―also identify that genus as a deeply-diverged lineage in the  Acanthizidae . Concerning the sister relationship between  Oreoscopus and  Pachycare , moreover, DNA divergence between them is almost as deep as between them and the rest of  Acanthizidae (Norman et al. 2009a) . This divergence is matched by marked differences in form, behaviour and niche.  Oreoscopus is a quiet, dun-colored, troglodyte-like litter-forager of the forest floor; and it has completely operculate nostrils adapted to its mode of foraging. In contrast,  Pachycare is a noisy, active, and brilliantly yellow and grey gleaner of foliage in the forest canopy; and its skull structure, especially the temporal region, is markedly different (see subfamily diagnoses), indicating that  Pachycare uses its bill in a different manner. </p>
            <p> The combined DNA sequence and morphological data thus lead us to separate  Pachycare and  Oreoscopus in two monogeneric subfamilies of  Acanthizidae . All other genera of  Acanthizidae are circumscribed within the subfamily  Acanthizinae Bonaparte, 1854 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B64A84BFF75FA6AFDFCFD1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B67A84BFF75FD51FD2BF926.text	03C087B55B67A84BFF75FD51FD2BF926.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachycareinae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subfamily  Pachycareinae , subfamilia nova ―goldenfaces </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Pachycare Gould, 1876</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Small, short-tailed, slender-bodied and brightly-colored songbirds with rich grey dorsum and goldenyellow face and ventrum; sexes similar except for grey cheek patch in females; head rather narrow, the bill  Gerygone -like, uncompressed, tomia smooth except for terminal maxillary notch, and narial depression roundelliptic, with semi-operculate, holorhinal and internally fully pervious nostrils opening externally in distal elliptic apertures under operculum, rictal bristles fine and sparse; skull with fully perforate interorbital septum, narrowlywinged ectethmoids slightly flattened with club-like tips against the jugal bar, broadly linguate maxillo-palatines rather expanded towards the tips, linguate vomer with vestigial horns, rather narrow palatine shelf with acute transpalatine processes, and upright-oblong, well-defined temporal fossae with terete, ventrally-projecting postorbital processes that are longer than the short, acute anteriorly-projecting zygomatic processes; sternum with lateral trabeculae short, broadly-flattened and expanded moderately at tips, c. ⅓ x length of sternum, no other data; wings short and rounded, primaries 10 with p10 short, p7 and p6 longest, and p8=p5; humeral fossae pseudodouble, the outer fossa an untrabeculated cup, the incisura capitis deep, extending into a shallow inner tricipital fossa, ventral tubercle protuberant, and pectoral crest short, hardly decurrent below fossae; tail short and roundtipped with dull, narrow black subterminal bar through outer rectrices, tail/wing ratio (0.58–)0.60–0.63(–0.65), the rectrices 12, straight-sided without terminal flaring, shallowly acute at tips; feet short but stout, with booted tarsi, basal toe pads slightly enlarged. Nest a bulky dome with hooded side-entrance, of twigs (base) and grass fibers (body), lined with finer grass fiber and fern rootlets, and placed on the ground in the shelter of rocks or small tree buttresses; eggs 2–3 per clutch, broadly ovoid, matt- to satin-white with a sparse sprinkling of fine red-brown speckles concentrated in a zone or cap at the larger end. Arboreal, forest-living insectivores, gleaning actively among foliage and branchlets; posture horizontal (Coates 1990: 206); apparently monogamous. </p>
            <p> Range and composition. Lower montane rainforests of New Guinea; one genus:  Pachycare Gould, 1876 , of one species:  P. flavogriseum (A.B. Meyer, 1874) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B67A84BFF75FD51FD2BF926	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B67A84AFF75F945FD12FCA6.text	03C087B55B67A84AFF75F945FD12FCA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oreoscopinae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subfamily  Oreoscopinae , subfamilia nova ―fernwrens </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Oreoscopus North, 1905</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small, short-tailed, long-legged songbirds densely-plumaged in olive-brown with white brow and throat, and black upper chest patch; sexes monomorphic; head slender, the bill slender and straight, tomia smooth except for slight terminal maxillary notch, and narial depression attenuately elliptic and completely operculate, with internally fully pervious nostrils opening externally as attenuately elliptic slits under the operculum, rictal bristles vestigial; skull with interorbital septum fully perforate with fine medial bar, small, weakly-winged ectethmoids not reaching jugal bar, long, terete maxillo-palatines clubbed at tips, linguate vomer with vestigial horns, narrow palatine shelf with truncated trans-palatine processes, and very small, rounded and ill-defined temporal fossae, flanked by reduced, pimple-like postorbital processes and short, acute anteriorly-projecting zygomatic processes; sternum rather narrow and narrowed distally, with shallow keel c. ⅓–½ x sternum width, lateral trabeculae slender, c. ⅓–½ x length of sternum, abruptly flared at tips, sternal rostrum moderately developed; wings short and broadly rounded, primaries 10 with p10 moderately developed, p5 and p6 longest, p7=p4&gt; p3=p8; humeral fossae pseudo-double, the outer fossa an untrabeculated cup, the incisura capitis deep, extending into a shallow inner tricipital fossa, ventral tubercle very protuberant, and pectoral crest moderately lengthened and decurrent below fossae; tail plain, rather short and round-tipped, tail/wing ratio (0.69–)0.70–0.72(–0.74), the rectrices 12, straight-sided without terminal flaring, shallowly acute at tips; feet moderately long and slender, with booted tarsi. Nest a bulky dome with side entrance, of loosely interwoven fern rootlets, fiber, bryophytes and leaves, lined with dry moss, plant down and fur, and placed on the ground hidden among ferns on banks and under logs; eggs 2 per clutch, broadly ellipsoid, satin-white, sometimes faintly, sparsely and finely speckled with red-brown at the larger end. Terrestrial, forest-living insectivores, hop-searching in and under leaf-litter on rainforest floor; apparently monogamous.</p>
            <p> Range and composition. Montane rainforests of northeast Queensland; one genus:  Oreoscopus North, 1905 , of one species:  O. gutturalis (De Vis, 1889) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B67A84AFF75F945FD12FCA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B66A84DFF75FC03FDEDFB13.text	03C087B55B66A84DFF75FC03FDEDFB13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Toxorhamphus Stresemann 1914	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Toxorhamphus and Oedistoma </p>
            <p> Historically, New Guinean  Toxorhamphus has been linked with the paleotropic sunbirds (  Nectariniidae ) because of superficial similarities to the spiderhunters,  Arachnothera (Gadow 1884; Dorst 1952), and to the Australasian honeyeaters (  Meliphagidae ) with which it shares a quadrifid, brush-tipped tongue, slit-like nostrils and long bill (Stresemann 1914; Scharnke 1931, 1932; Salomonsen 1967; Wolters 1979; Bock 1985). Similarly, for most of the 20 th century, New Guinean  Oedistoma was placed among the Australasian honeyeaters and, following Salomonsen (l.c.), treated as a sister genus of  Toxorhamphus , which it resembles in form and plumage (Rand &amp; Gilliard 1967; Beehler et al. 1986; Coates 1990). </p>
            <p> DNA-DNA hybridization studies (Sibley &amp; Ahlquist 1985, 1990) associated both genera with the New Guinean berrypeckers (  Melanocharitidae ) instead, in a cluster placed sister to the sunbirds and flowerpeckers (  Dicaeidae ). Since then, DNA sequencing studies (Barker et al. 2002, 2004; Driskell et al. 2007; Jønsson et al. 2011; Aggerbeck et al. 2014) have confirmed a close link between  Toxorhamphus ,  Oedistoma and the  Melanocharitidae , but nevertheless have found the complex to form a monophyletic group that is basal among corvoid and passeridan birds. Sibley &amp; Monroe (1990) placed  Toxorhamphus and  Oedistoma in the tribe  Toxorhamphini , and  Melanocharis and  Rhamphocharis in the tribe  Melanocharitini . In contrast, Christidis et al. (1993) recovered  Oedistoma sister to Melanocharis-Rhamphocharis from allozyme variation at 18 presumptive protein loci, with  Toxorhamphus basal to both lineages. Furthermore, the branches between  Oedistoma and  Toxorhamphus in DNA sequence phylogenies (e.g. Barker et al. 2004; Jønsson et al. l.c.) are almost as deep as those between them and  Melanocharis . </p>
            <p> Morphological and behavioural features reinforce the distinctness of  Toxorhamphus and  Oedistoma and their links with  Melanocharitidae . Although both genera have long, decurved bills and quadrifid, brush-tipped tongues for harvesting nectar, the fine structure of these organs differs markedly, indicative of different mechanisms for nectar uptake. Uniquely modified for capillary action, the tongue in  Toxorhamphus is a slender tube, with a bowl at the base (presumably for holding nectar) and has a shallowly quadrifid tip in which the medial furcation is shallower than the two lateral. The four lobes of the tip, moreover, are terminally truncate and serrately toothed on the outer margins only (see subfamily diagnosis). In contrast, the tongue of  Oedistoma is deeply brush-tipped and honeyeater-like and fitted for nectar-mopping instead. It differs from the basic form of the honeyeater tongue only in its more in-rolled sides and reduced laciniations on the medial lobes of a deeply quadrifid tip. The tongues of  Melanocharis and  Rhamphocharis are short and open in comparison, and barely fibriate at the tip. The shorter bills of  Melanocharis and  Rhamphocharis also bear a unique series of broad, evenly-spaced notches along the maxillary tomia; mandibular tomia are almost smooth.  Oedistoma instead has the same pattern of fine tomial toothing on both maxilla and mandible as do sunbirds, except that the tubercles are aculeate, coarser and more widely spaced.  Toxorhamphus differs in having both maxillary and mandibular tomia set with the same fine, close-packed tuberculate teeth as in sunbirds, but on the maxilla the teeth are laid out on stepped notches. The notches are more spaced out and shallower than those in short-billed  Melanocharis , but their intermediate state on longer-billed  Rhamphocharis suggests that all may be homologous. Such geometrically exact integumentary structures are missing from the coarsely and irregularly serrate bills of honeyeaters. </p>
            <p> Although in  Toxorhamphus the configuration of the fossa at the head of the humerus is essentially single, the decurrent incisura capitis is developed into an incipient inner fossa, trending toward the double condition. In  Oedistoma (n = 1), the inner fossa is even deeper and the outer shallower, still closer to the double condition.  Melanocharis and  Rhamphocharis all have fully double humeral fossae.  Toxorhamphus ,  Oedistoma and  Melanocharis also build distinctive nests of similar form (Mayr &amp; Gilliard 1954; Parker 1963; Coates 1990; data in ANWC). Their nests are neat, smoothly-bound cups thickly lined with a felt of plant down and structurally different from the rough twig nests of honeyeaters or coarse, pendant, variably hooded nests of sunbirds. Yet whereas those of  Toxorhamphus and  Melanocharis are perched on branchlets and decorated with spider egg sacs, the only reliably recorded and preserved nest of  Oedistoma was hung from the rim and decorated with small leaves (Rothschild &amp; Hartert 1896). There are also basic differences in egg pigmentation between  Toxorhamphus and  Oedistoma (see subfamily diagnoses). The “unmarked white” eggs of  Toxorhamphus poliopterus recorded in Mayr &amp; Gilliard (1954) and Coates (1990: 312) appear to be misdescribed; their description is here emended from material in ANWC. </p>
            <p> Differences in structural morphology and nest-building described above, considered collectively with DNA sequence data, indicate that  Toxorhamphus and  Oedistoma are sister to the berrypeckers yet still deeply divergent from them and one another. Accordingly, we place them here in separate subfamilies within the  Melanocharitidae , noting that their depths of DNA, morphological and behavioural divergence may be found to qualify them for family ranking in the future. Although Sibley &amp; Ahlquist (1990: 669) and Sibley &amp; Monroe (1990: 669) earlier used the name  Toxorhamphini , they provided no description, publishing it as a nomen nudum (Articles 13.1 and 13.2.1 of the Code). The berrypecker genera  Melanocharis and  Rhamphocharis are here placed in the nominate subfamily, Melanocharitinae Coates, 1990. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B66A84DFF75FC03FDEDFB13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B61A84CFF75FB59FD65FCA6.text	03C087B55B61A84CFF75FB59FD65FCA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Toxorhamphinae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subfamily  Toxorhamphinae , subfamilia nova ―tube-tongued longbills </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Toxorhamphus Stresemann, 1914</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small, plain citrine-yellow and grey songbirds with extremely long curved bills, broad wings, short white-tipped tails and indistinct, finely-feathered periorbital rings; sexes monomorphic except for smaller, shortertailed females; head slender with tight neck skin, the bill attenuated and decurved but straight-sided and narrowing only towards tip, uniformly black, tomia microscopically dentate distally with fine, even tuberculate teeth that, on the maxilla, are formed compoundly on broader shallow serrations, narial depression elongate elliptic, with inoperculate, holorhinal and internally fully pervious nostrils opening externally in a long, meliphagid-like slit along ventral margin of narial depression, rictal bristles undeveloped; corneous tongue a long slender tube, with a lipped bowl at the base and a shallowly and serrately quadrifid tip in which the medial furcation is much shallower than the two lateral furcations and their four lobes are terminally truncate and serrately toothed on the outer margins only―the teeth overlap one another and interlock immediately behind the tips of the lobes to form the distal section of the tongue tube which can then open and close progressively at the tip under controlled pressure from behind; skull with fully perforate interorbital septum except for vestigial medial bar, thickened, well-winged ectethmoids that reach the jugal bar, an aperturate palate with truncated, multi-tipped vomer, filamentous, spathuloid-tipped maxillo-palatines, slender palatines with shelf expanded distally through extension of transpalatine processes, and small, shallow and moderately-defined temporal fossae flanked by short, ellipsoid postorbital processes projecting ventrally and long, spine-like zygomatic processes projecting anteriorly; sternum rectangular and moderately narrow, with deep keel c. 1 x sternum width, lateral trabeculae slender, c. ⅓–½ x length of sternum, hardly flared at tips, sternal rostrum short and deeply bilaterally compressed; wings broad and moderately rounded, primaries 10 with p10 well-developed and rather broad, p7–p6 longest, and p8=p5; humeral fossae near single, with deep, trabeculated outer fossa and distinct, if shallow, tricipital fossa, the incisura capitis rather deep, ventral tubercle much protuberant, and pectoral crest long and decurrent below fossae; tail short and square-tipped, tail/wing ratio c. (0.47–)0.50–0.54(–0.58), the rectrices 12, straight-sided with rounded tips; feet short, with rather slender toes and scutellate-laminiplantar tarsi, the scutes angled obliquely across the acrotarsus. Nest a neat, closely and smoothly woven perched cup of fine plant fiber, lined with a dense felt of white plant down, finely and smoothly walled over the outside with camouflaging green bryophytes, algae, cobweb and sometimes white spider egg sacs, and bound at the base to the top of a narrow horizontal twig or fork in shrubbery c. 2–3 m above ground; eggs 1 per clutch, ovoid, matt pale greyish blue sprinkled sparsely with fine pale red to purplish-red spots concentrated at the larger end. Versatile, forest-living nectarivores and insectivores of forest lower stages, probing and gleaning actively, nervously and acrobatically up to forest mid-stages, flying swiftly and directly between sites and calling with repeated tweeting in flight; apparently monogamous.</p>
            <p> Range and composition. Lowland to montane rainforests of New Guinea; one genus:  Toxorhamphus Stresemann, 1914 , of two species:  T. novaeguineae (Lesson, 1827) , lowland New Guinea, and  T. poliopterus (Sharpe, 1882) , montane New Guinea. </p>
            <p>Group name. The term “tube-tongued longbill” expresses an obvious and easily identified family-group difference from the plumed longbills, Oedisomatinae.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B61A84CFF75FB59FD65FCA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B60A84FFF75FCC5FD58FC8B.text	03C087B55B60A84FFF75FCC5FD58FC8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oedistomatinae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subfamily  Oedistomatinae , subfamilia nova ―plumed longbills </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Oedistoma Salvadori, 1876</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Small to very small plain creamy olive songbirds with long decurved bills, rounded wings, short plain tails, bare and lemon-colored periorbital rings, plumed flanks and discolorous yellowish-white pectoral tufts at the sides of the breast under the wings; sexes monomorphic except for smaller, shorter-tailed females; head slender with tight neck skin, the bill attenuated and decurved, evenly tapered throughout length, dark grey with whitish mandibular unguis, tomia microscopically dentate distally with fine, evenly spaced tuberculate teeth on both maxilla and mandible, narial depression elongate elliptic, with inoperculate, holorhinal and internally fully pervious nostrils opening externally in a long, meliphagid-like slit along ventral margin of narial depression, rictal bristles present, fine and sparse; corneous tongue a semi-closed canal extensively open at each end, with an extensively laciniate, meliphagid-like quadrifid tip in which the medial furcation is much deeper than the two lateral furcations, and their four lobes are laciniate only at the tips; skull with fully perforate interorbital septum except for narrow medial bar, swollen, broadly winged ectethmoids that reach the jugal bar, a fully aperturate palate with atrophied vomer and maxillo-palatines and slender palatines with narrow, raked shelf, and large, shallow and ill-defined temporal fossae flanked by short, ellipsoid postorbital processes projecting ventrally and long, spine-like zygomatic processes projecting anteriorly; sternum rectangular and moderately narrow, proportionally larger than in  Toxorhamphus , with deep keel as deep as width of sternum, lateral trabeculae slender, c. ⅓–½ x length of sternum, hardly flared at tips, sternal rostrum short and deeply bilaterally compressed; wings moderately rounded, primaries 10 with p10 short and narrow, p7–p6 longest, and p8=p5; humeral fossae semidouble, with deep, trabeculated outer fossa and distinct, moderately deep tricipital fossa, the incisura capitis deep, ventral tubercle much protuberant, and pectoral crest short, not decurrent below fossae; tail short and squaretipped, tail/wing ratio c. (0.46–)0.47–0.52(–0.56), the rectrices 12, straight-sided with rounded tips; feet short, with stout toes and scutellate-laminiplantar tarsi, the scutes angled obliquely across the acrotarsus. Nest a small, deep closely woven hanging cup of plant fiber, lined with a loose felt of white plant down, camouflaged with a neat covering of small leaves bound in with cobweb, and slung from the rim in a horizontal fork; eggs c. 1 per clutch, ovoid, matt creamy white, sparsely sprinkled with fine specks of pale rust-red concentrated in a zone at the larger end around which are also scrawled several transverse lines of blackish-brown. Versatile, forest-living nectarivores and insectivores of forest midstages, probing and gleaning actively, nervously and acrobatically from forest lower to upper stages, flying swiftly and directly between sites and calling with repeated tweeting in flight; apparently monogamous. </p>
            <p> Range and composition. Lowland to lower montane rainforests of New Guinea; one genus:  Oedistoma Salvadori, 1876 , of two species:  Oedistoma pygmaeum Salvadori, 1876 and  O. iliolophum (Salvadori, 1876) . </p>
            <p> Comment. We use the name  Oedistomatinae for this subfamily on the presumption that  O. iliolophum (Salvadori, 1876) is the sister species of  O. pygmaeum Salvadori, 1876 , type species of  Oedistoma . All molecular analyses comparing “  Oedistoma ” with  Toxorhamphus and other groups of songbirds to date [?] have employed  O. iliolophum solely as its representative. That species was previously included in the honeyeater genus  Melilestes or tube-tongued longbill genus  Toxorhamphus until Salomonsen (1967) moved it to  Oedistoma without explanation. No substantive justification for this move has yet been published. DNA sequence data (Christidis et al., unpublished) confirm that  O. pygmaeum and  O. iliolophum are indeed sister species relative to other members of the  Melanocharitidae ; and morphology is consistent with this hypothesis. With respect to  Toxorhamphus ,  Oedistoma iliolophum (n = 40) and  O. pygmaeum (n = 4) share exclusively: olive-grey dorsa and pale grey ventra yellowing on bellies and crissa; yellowish white pectoral tufts at the side of the breast; plain-tipped tails; bare, yellowish periorbital rings (although those of  O. pygmaeum have vestigial white feathering as in  Toxorhamphus novaeguineae ); evenly tapered bills with whitish unguinal stripe on the mandible; and, significantly, fine even toothing on distal sectors of both maxillary and mandibular tomia, without microscopic tuberculate teeth or compound toothing on the maxilla as found in  Toxorhamphus . In sum,  O. iliolophum and  O. pygmaeum differ in little else than size and more plumose flanks in  O. iliolophum . Accordingly we treat them as congeneric. </p>
            <p> Group name. The term “plumed longbill” expresses an obvious and easily identified family-group difference from the tube-tongued longbills,  Toxorhamphinae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B60A84FFF75FCC5FD58FC8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B63A84FFF75FC7FFBA9F8F9.text	03C087B55B63A84FFF75FC7FFBA9F8F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aleadryas Iredale 1956	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Aleadryas , Ornorectes and Oreoica </p>
            <p> Based on morphology, New Guinean  Aleadryas and  Ornorectes and Australian  Oreoica have been placed separately or together in three different families―  Pachycephalidae (Australasian whistlers),  Falcunculidae (Australian shrike-tits) and  Colluricinclidae (Australo-Papuan shrike-thrushes)―at one time or another over the last half century (Mayr 1967; Wolters 1980a,b; Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990; Dickinson 2003; Boles 2007a). Recent multi-locus DNA sequence studies screening two or all three genera together consistently recovered them as a strongly supported monophyletic lineage (Jønsson &amp; Fjeldså 2006; Driskell et al. 2007; Jønsson et al. 2007, 2010, 2011; Norman et al. 2009b). Shared morphological and behavioural traits are less obvious but do exist: rather stout bodies, crests of variable form, ventriloquial territorial songs in at least two genera (  Oreoica ,  Ornorectes ) and remarkably long, terete postorbital processes directed ventrally over the temporal fossae in the only two genera available for study (  Oreoica ,  Aleadryas ). </p>
            <p> DNA sequence evidence for the relationships of this group (Australo-Papuan bellbirds) is less conclusive. In those studies sampling a broad range of corvoid families that include diverse members of  Pachycephalidae ,  Falcunculidae and  Colluricinclidae , the bellbirds have been linked to: (1) Old World orioles (  Oriolidae ) and New Guinean crested berrypeckers (  Paramythiidae ) (Barker et al. 2004; Jønsson &amp; Fjeldså 2006; Driskell et al. 2007); (2) Old World cuckoo-shrikes (  Campephagidae ) and New Guinean false whistlers (  Rhagologidae ) (Jønsson et al. 2007); and (3)  Campephagidae and the artamid-malanocotid (Australasian butcherbirds and woodswallows and African bush shrikes) cluster of families (Norman et al. 2009b). Jønsson et al. (2011) placed the group sister to all primary core corvoid lineages. Only Aggerbeck et al. (2014) recovered the bellbirds among the pachycephaloids, but at a depth deeper than that between the  Cinclosomatidae (Australo-Papuan quail-thrushes) and  Falcunculidae (Australian shrike-tits). In sum, the Australo-Papuan bellbirds clearly form a family-rank lineage among corvoid birds, as concluded by Norman et al. (2009b). Norman et al. (l.c.), like Sibley &amp; Ahlquist (1985) earlier, used the name  Oreoicidae for them but provided no description, leaving it a nomen nudum (Articles 13.1 and 13.2.1 of the Code). Consequently, we make the name available by diagnosing the family below. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B63A84FFF75FC7FFBA9F8F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B63A84EFF75F83EFC9AFA73.text	03C087B55B63A84EFF75F83EFC9AFA73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oreoicidae Schoddei & Christidis 2014	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Oreoicidae ,  familia nova ―Australo-Papuan bellbirds </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Oreoica Gould, 1838</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Small-medium to medium-sized, stout-bodied songbirds with short, rounded to slender, semi-erectile crests that are discolorous or concolorous with the head, and grey to red-brown plumage that lacks spotting or streaking; iris contrastingly erythristic in two of three genera; sexes slightly dimorphic or similar; head rather broad, the bill shrike-like with strong bilateral compression, tomia smooth except for terminal maxillary notch, and narial depression elliptic, with internally semi-perforate to impervious nostrils opening externally in small, round apertures distally in narial depression, rictal bristles coarse but sparse to vestigial; skull with near-imperforate interorbital septum, broadly winged ectethmoids that reach the jugal bar in a broadened foot, a palate with truncated vomerine horns, broad, square-tipped maxillo-palatine processes and broad palatine plate shallowly notched on distal margin, and small, shallow and ill-defined temporal fossae flanked by short simple zygomatic processes projecting anteriorly and distinctively long terete postorbital processes that project ventrally over the zygomatic; sternum short and broad (  Aleadryas ) to rather long and narrow (  Oreoica ), with shallow (  Aleadryas ) to deep (  Oreoica ) keel c. ½–1 x sternum width, lateral trabeculae rather long, c. ⅓–½ x length of sternum, abruptly and moderately flared at tips, sternal rostrum short (  Aleadryas ) to rather long (  Oreoica ); wings rounded to moderately pointed, primaries 10, with p10 short and p7–5 subequal&gt; p4&gt; p 8 in  Aleadryas and  Ornorectes , and p10 longer and p7&gt; p8=p6&gt; p 5 in  Oreoica ; humeral fossae single with deep trabeculated outer fossa and rather shallow incisura capitis in  Aleadryas and semi-double with deep incisura capitis in  Oreoica , ventral tubercle moderately protuberant, pectoral crest short, hardly decurrent below fossae; tail medium-long, narrow and rounded with 12 acute-tipped rectrices and tail/wing ratio (0.73–)0.75–0.79(–0.81) in  Aleadryas and  Ornorectes , shorter and squarer with 12 flared, round-tipped rectrices and tail/wing ratio (0.70–)0.72–0.75(–0.77) in  Oreoica ; feet stout, with scutellate tarsi. Nest a deep, roughly but compactly interwoven cup of dry fiber, bark strips and rootlets, lined with finer fiber and rootlets, in  Aleadryas camouflaged on the outside by draped and interwoven green moss and leafy liverworts (Coates 1990), and inserted or suspended in upright forks and crotches in small trees c. 1–3 m above the ground. Eggs 2–3 per clutch, broadly ovoid, satin-white, in  Aleadryas thinly sprinkled with fine black and some grey spots (Mayr &amp; Gilliard 1954), in  Oreoica thinly sprinkled with coarse spots and small blotches of black and sepia. Forest- and woodland-living insectivores, foraging by hop-searching in litter and bushes; apparently monogamous. All three living species have piping or whistled territorial songs which are distinctively ventriloquial in at least two. </p>
            <p> Range and composition. Foothill to mid-montane rainforests of New Guinea, and arid-zone scrubs of Australia; three genera:  Aleadryas Iredale, 1956 , of one species:  A. rufinucha (Sclater, 1874) , mid montane New Guinea;  Ornorectes Iredale, 1956 , of one species:  O. cristatus (Salvadori, 1876) , foothill to lower montane New Guinea;  Oreoica Gould, 1838 , of one species:  O. gutturalis (Vigors &amp; Horsfield, 1827) , arid Australia. </p>
            <p> Group name. Despite the use of “bellbird” as a species name for the New Zealand Bellbird  Anthornis melanura , a meliphagid, and for birds outside the Australo-Papuan region (e.g. tropical American  Procnias ), we suggest it as a simple and appropriate group name for the members of  Oreoicidae . It will maintain the name Crested Bellbird for the most widely known of them,  Oreoica gutturalis in Australia. The two New Guinean species could then become Piping, Russet or Brown Bellbird (  Ornorectes cristatus ), after plumage or territorial song, and Rufous-naped Bellbird (  Aleadryas rufinucha ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B63A84EFF75F83EFC9AFA73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B62A841FF75F9B9FB70FE63.text	03C087B55B62A841FF75F9B9FB70FE63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eulacestoma De Vis 1894	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Eulacestoma</p>
            <p> Because of its remarkable bilaterally compressed bill, New Guinean  Eulacestoma was grouped traditionally with the Australasian shrike-tits (  Falcunculidae ) and whistlers (  Pachycephalidae ) (Mayr 1941, 1967; Rand &amp; Gilliard 1967; Beehler &amp; Finch 1985; Beehler et al. 1986; Coates 1990; Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990; Dickinson 2003; Boles 2007a). Multi-locus DNA sequence studies since have corroborated a sister relationship between the shrike-tits and whistlers (Barker et al. 2004; Jønsson &amp; Fjeldså 2006; Driskell et al. 2007; Norman et al. 2009b; Jønsson et al. 2011; Aggerbeck et al. 2014), but not with  Eulacestoma . Norman et al. (l.c.) did recover exclusive links between them, but support was weak. Other studies (Jønsson et al. 2007, 2011) found  Eulacestoma sister instead to a large cluster of corvoid families that includes the crows (  Corvidae ), shrikes (  Laniidae ), birds-of-paradise (  Paradisaeidae ), fantails (  Rhipiduridae ), monarchs (  Monarchidae ) and, in the first study, whistlers. Since then, Aggerbeck et al. (2014), using sequences from 22 loci and with robust support, recovered  Eulacestoma as sister to the Australo-Papuan sittellas (  Neosittidae ). These, in turn, were sister to a group of corvoid families that included the Old World orioles (  Oriolidae ), vireos (  Vireonidae ) and Australo-Papuan whipbirds (  Psophodidae ). Whatever the inter-familial relationships of  Eulacestoma , they are clearly distant from other corvoid families. </p>
            <p> Morphological traits support these findings. Although the bills of  Eulacestoma and  Falcunculus are similar in appearance, the structure of the temporal area of the skull, where jaw muscles attach, differs markedly. Unlike its form in  Eulacestoma (see diagnosis), the temporal fossa is smaller, deeper and clearly defined in  Falcunculus , with both postorbital and zygomatic processes short but clearly developed; the latter is distinctively thickened at the base. Thus the bills of the two genera are evidently used in different ways, and convergent in gross form. Moreover, the ectethmoids are short and narrow in  Falcunculus , and its lachrymals appear to be free. Based on the combined molecular and morphological data now available,  Eulacestoma is separated here in its own family. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B62A841FF75F9B9FB70FE63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B6DA841FF75FD89FDAFFAC1.text	03C087B55B6DA841FF75FD89FDAFFAC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eulacestomatidae Schoddei & Christidis 2014	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Eulacestomatidae ,  familia nova ―ploughbills </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Eulacestoma De Vis, 1894</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small, short-tailed, bull-headed songbirds with olive-citrine plumage; sexes dimorphic, males blackbreasted and -winged with large, flat, circular gape wattles, females plain-plumaged, intrinsically dimorphic in rufous- and olive-winged plumages (possibly age-related) and unwattled; juveniles flushed rufous on wings and sides of breast; head broad, the bill much compressed bilaterally and as deep as long, tomia smooth except for terminal maxillary notch, and narial depression rounded, with inoperculate, holorhinal and internally pervious nostrils opening externally in large rounded apertures, rictal bristles short and inconspicuous; skull with nearimperforate interorbital septum, moderately-winged and -flared ectethmoids that are fused with the lachrymals and flattened with club-like tips against the jugal bar, a narrowed and vertically twisted palatine shelf to conform with bill compression, and broad, shallow and ill-defined temporal fossae that extend over the occiput and are flanked by short, fine postorbital and vestigial zygomatic processes; sternum broad with shallow keel c. ¼–⅓ x sternum width, lateral trabeculae short, c. ⅓ x length of sternum, hardly flared at tips, sternal rostrum reduced; wings short and rounded, primaries 10, with p10 moderately developed, p7–p5 longest, and p8=p4 or p3; humeral fossae single, very deep and trabeculated, the incisura capitis shallow, hardly developed into a tricipital groove, ventral tubercle short and rounded, and pectoral crest lengthened and decurrent below fossae; tail rather short and squaretipped, tail/wing ratio (0.62–)0.65–0.70(–0.72), the rectrices 12, straight-sided without terminal flaring, shallowly acute at tips; feet short but stout, with booted tarsi. Nest and eggs unrecorded. Arboreal, forest-living, weak-flying insectivores, gleaning by prying, digging and pounding actively with bill along tops and undersides of moss- and liverwort-draped branches and limbs; apparently monogamous.</p>
            <p> Range and composition. Montane rainforests of New Guinea; one genus:  Eulacestoma De Vis, 1894 , of one species:  E. nigropectus De Vis, 1894 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B6DA841FF75FD89FDAFFAC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B6DA840FF75FA68FCD6FE63.text	03C087B55B6DA840FF75FA68FCD6FE63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhagologus Stresemann & Paludan 1934	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Rhagologus</p>
            <p> Despite its streak-plumaged females, New Guinean  Rhagologus has traditionally been included in the family  Pachycephalidae (Australasian whistlers) because of its whistler-like appearance (e.g. Salvadori 1876; Mayr 1941, 1967; Rand &amp; Gilliard 1967; Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990; Dickinson 2003; Boles 2007a). Early DNA-DNA hybridization work (Sibley &amp; Ahlquist 1982, 1985, 1990) lent support to that presumption. Nevertheless, all five multi-locus DNA sequence studies that have screened  Rhagologus (Jønsson et al. 2007, 2010, 2011; Norman et al. 2009b; Aggerbeck et al. 2014) place it firmly elsewhere, among a complex of corvoid songbirds that includes the Australasian butcherbirds and woodswallows (  Artamidae ), African bush-shrikes, wattle-eyes and vangids (  Malaconotidae ,  Platysteiridae ,  Vangidae ), southeast Asian ioras (  Aegithinidae ) and Old World cuckoo-shrikes (  Campephagidae ). Nearest relatives within that complex are still unclear. The ioras (Jønsson et al. 2011) or the cracticid-artamid group (Aggerbeck et al. 2014) have been indicated, but support values are weak, and depth of divergence considerable. </p>
            <p> As diagnosed, frugivorous  Rhagologus has little in common with the insectivorous ioras, which are predominantly yellow-, green- and black-plumaged with silken-plumed flanks, display aerobatically and build perched cup-shaped nests bound smoothly with cobweb. Nor do its rather broad palate, open nares and unstructured temporal region of the skull resemble the narrowed palate, heavily ossified nasal cavity and compound zygomatic processes found in the Australasian butcherbirds and woodswallows (Schodde &amp; Mason 1999: 533) and, in part, vangas. The insectivorous pachycephalids have a broad palate and internally perforate nasal cavity similar in form to those of  Rhagologus , but the temporal region of the skull differs markedly: its fossa is much narrower, deeper and more clearly defined in pachycephalids, and both postorbital and simple zygomatic processes are well-developed and directed ventrally at an angle of c. 45º. Combined morphological, behavioural and DNA sequence evidence reveal  Rhagologus as a deeply divergent corvoid lineage that cannot be placed in any other family. Accordingly, it is described at family rank here. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B6DA840FF75FA68FCD6FE63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B6CA840FF75FD89FE79F891.text	03C087B55B6CA840FF75FD89FE79F891.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhagologidae Schoddei & Christidis 2014	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Rhagologidae ,  familia nova ―false whistlers </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Rhagologus Stresemann &amp; Paludan, 1934</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Medium-small, slim, nondescript grey-brown songbirds of pachycephalid form but with discolorous rufous crissa; sexes dimorphic: males dull grey or brownish with muted ventral mottling, and females and juveniles cinnamon-faced and brightly streaked and spotted white on dorsum and ventrum respectively; head and bill  Pachycephala -like, the former more slender, the latter with smooth tomia except for terminal maxillary notch, and narial depression elliptic, with semi-operculate, holorhinal and internally pervious nostrils opening externally in an elliptic aperture distal in narial depression, rictal bristles coarse but sparse; skull with fully perforate interorbital septum except for narrow medial bar, short-winged ectethmoids that do not reach the jugal bar, small free lachrymals, a palate with bi-horned vomer with truncated tips, slender, round-tipped maxillo-palatine processes, and broad, shallow and ill-defined temporal fossae flanked by vestigial postorbital and zygomatic processes; sternum moderately narrow, with well-developed keel c. ⅔–¾ x sternum width, lateral trabeculae short, c. ⅓ x length of sternum, much flared at tips, sternal rostrum well-developed and deeply compressed bilaterally; wings narrowly rounded, primaries 10, with p10 moderately developed, p7 longest and p8=p6&gt; p5; humeral fossae semidouble with deep, trabeculated outer fossa and distinct, if shallow, tricipital fossa, the incisura capitis deep, ventral tubercle protuberant, and pectoral crest not decurrent below fossae; tail rather long and square-tipped, tail/wing ratio (0.70–)0.71–0.74(–0.76), the rectrices 12, slightly flared and broadly rounded at the tips; feet rather slender, with booted tarsi and distinctly broadened toe pads. Nest a thick, coarse cup of interwoven rootlets and tendrils, lined with finer rootlets and tendrils, camouflaged on the outside by loosely but thickly interwoven moss and leafy liverworts, and inserted in the upright fork of a small tree c. 2–3 m above the ground; eggs 1 per clutch, ellipsoid, matt pale to mid buff-cream, rather densely and coarsely freckled and flecked with purple-brown to red-brown, the markings often concentrated in a cap at the larger end. Sluggish, quiet, arboreal, forest-living frugivores (with some insectivory) of lower forest stages (Coates 1990: 204); apparently monogamous. </p>
            <p> Range and composition. Mid montane rainforests of New Guinea; one genus:  Rhagologus Stresemann &amp; Paludan, 1934 , of one species:  R. leucostigma (Salvadori, 1876) . </p>
            <p> Comment.   The description herein of the nest and eggs of  Rhagologus leucostigma (n = 10 clutches in ANWC) appears to be the first published. The nests and eggs were collected by indigenous hunters under the direction and supervision of R. Schodde and I.J. Mason in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, in 1973 at Wagau in the Herzog Range, 12–18 October (clutches E02248, E02302, E02303, E02304, E02348, E02349 and E02375), and at Mindik in the Rawlinson Range, 30 October–1 November 1973 (clutches E02407, E02423 and E02447). Nests for five of the clutches were kept as well  . </p>
            <p> Group name. Although unrelated to members of  Pachycephalidae , the single species of  Rhagologus bears remarkable similarity to them in appearance. Accordingly we suggest False Whistler as the simplest and least disruptive English name for it. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B6CA840FF75FD89FE79F891	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B6CA843FF75F8D8FB43FCA6.text	03C087B55B6CA843FF75F8D8FB43FCA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ifrita Rothschild 1898	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Ifrita</p>
            <p> The relationships of New Guinean  Ifrita have long been perplexing. Mathews (1930) referred the genus to family  Bowdleriidae in the Old World warbler complex, Mayr (1941) and Rand &amp; Gilliard (1967) to the Old World babblers (  Timaliidae ), Deignan (1964), Beehler &amp; Finch (1985) and Beehler et al. (1986) to an enlarged Australo- Papuan  Orthonychidae (logrunners), and Boles (2007b) to  Eupetidae , which included a mix of Afro-Asian railbabblers and Australo-Papuan whipbirds and quail-thrushes. Cracraft et al. in Dickinson (2003) treated  Ifrita as incertae sedis. Since then four multi-locus DNA sequence studies have clarified its position (Jønsson et al. 2007, 2011; Norman et al. 2009b; Aggerbeck et al. 2014). All found it embedded, without close relatives, among a cluster of Australasian and Old World corvoid families that includes the monarchs (  Monarchidae ), shrikes (  Laniidae ), crows (  Corvidae ), birds-of-paradise (  Paradisaeidae ) and Australian mudnesters (  Corcoracidae ). The two most comprehensive of these studies, moreover, recovered  Ifrita respectively sister to the first three and last two of these families, with strong support (Jønsson et al. 2011; Aggerbeck et al. l.c.). </p>
            <p> In morphology and behaviour,  Ifrita is altogether unlike the mostly black, rufous or pied, hawking monarchs, pied or brown perch-pouncing shrikes or large, varicolored, omnivorous corvids, let alone the mostly brilliantly plumaged, polygynous birds-of-paradise and ground-feeding mudnesters. It is a rather small brown scansorial creeper on the branches of forest trees, for which its stout, powerfully clawed feet are evidently adapted. It nevertheless lacks syndactyly of the toes that restricts lateral flexibility of movement as in the Australo-Papuan treecreepers (  Climacteridae ). Flight is weak, as indicated by rounded wings and short, broad sternum with reduced keel, and is apparently used for little more than movements from tree to tree. Neither nest nor eggs (see family diagnosis) resemble those of monarchs, shrikes or crows; and the nest is constructed of plant fiber, not mud. Because it is sister to other lineages recognized as families, we rank  Ifrita at family level as well. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B6CA843FF75F8D8FB43FCA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B6FA843FF75FCC5FD8FF891.text	03C087B55B6FA843FF75FCC5FD8FF891.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ifritidae Schoddei & Christidis 2014	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Ifritidae ,  familia nova ―ifrits </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Ifrita Rothschild, 1898</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small-medium, stocky, tawny-brown songbirds with powerful feet and a black cap wreathed in iridescent mid blue; sexes dimorphic: ear streak white in males, tawny in females; juveniles as adults but duller; head rather broad, the bill thrush-like, tomia smooth except for terminal maxillary notch, and narial depression elliptic, with inoperculate, holorhinal and internally pervious nostrils opening externally in small circular apertures distal in narial depression, rictal bristles short and sparse; skull with fully perforate interorbital septum except for narrow medial bar, short, blunt-winged ectethmoids that do not reach the jugal bar, apparently fused lachrymals, a palate with broad, bifid-tipped vomer and broad, square-tipped maxillo-palatine processes, and narrow, deep, welldefined temporal fossae flanked by short, thick, ventrally projecting postorbital processes and longer, finer, anteriorly projecting zygomatic processes; sternum broad with shallow keel c. ⅓–½ x sternum width, lateral trabeculae short, c. ¼–⅓ x length of sternum, hardly flared at tips, sternal rostrum reduced; wings rounded, primaries 10, with p10 well-developed, p7 longest and p8=p4; humeral fossae single, very deep and trabeculated, the incisura capitis moderately deep and developed into a shallow tricipital depression, ventral tubercle squared and protuberant, and pectoral crest lengthened and decurrent below fossa; tail rather short and square-tipped, tail/ wing ratio 0.62–0.70(–0.73), the rectrices 12, straight-sided without terminal flaring, shallowly acute at tips; feet stout with enlarged toes and claws, tarsi booted. Nest a bulky cup of fern tendrils and rootlets, lined with finer pieces of the same materials and occasional feathers and skeletonized leaves, camouflaged on the outside with thickly interwoven moss and leafy liverworts, and inserted in the upright fork of a small tree c. 1–3 m above the ground; eggs 1, rarely 2 per clutch, broadly ovoid, satin milk-white, sparsely sprinkled with discrete, round spots of purplish-black, concentrated towards the larger end and sometimes forming a sparse cap. Arboreal, scansorial, forest-living insectivores, gleaning by creeping and probing, nuthatch-like, up and down branches and limbs; breeding system unknown.</p>
            <p> Range and composition. Montane rainforests of New Guinea; one genus:  Ifrita Rothschild, 1898 , of one species:  I. kowaldi (De Vis, 1890) . </p>
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03C087B55B6FA842FF75F8D8FB38FBCC.text	03C087B55B6FA842FF75F8D8FB38FBCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melampitta Schlegel 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 5.  Melampitta</p>
            <p> After Mayr (1931) demonstrated that its syringeal morphology was oscine, the ground-living  Melampitta group of montane New Guinea has been included among the Old World babblers (  Timaliidae ) or Australo-Papuan logrunners, quail-thrushes and whipbirds (  Orthonychidae sensu lato) for much of the later 20 th century (Mayr 1941; Deignan 1964; Rand &amp; Gilliard 1967; Wolters 1980a; Beehler &amp; Finch 1985; Beehler et al. 1986). DNA-DNA hybridization (Sibley &amp; Ahlquist 1987; Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990) then placed it sister to the birds-of-paradise (  Paradisaeidae ), to which Dickinson (2003) responded by treating it as incertae sedis and Boles (2007b) by returning it to the Australo-Papuan quail-thrushes and whipbirds. Subsequent multi-locus DNA sequence studies (Jønsson &amp; Fjeldså 2006; Irestedt et al. 2008; Jønsson et al. 2011; Aggerbeck et al. 2014) have consistently recovered  Melampitta sister to members of a cluster of families that include not only the birds-of-paradise, but also Afro-Asian drongos (  Dicruridae ), Australasian fantails and monarchs (  Rhipiduridae ,  Monarchidae ), and Australian mudnesters (  Corcoracidae ). Relationships to the birds-of-paradise and Australian mudnesters have the strongest support (Jønsson et al. l.c.: 1 mtDNA region and 4 nuclear loci, 72 corvoid taxa across all families; Aggerbeck et al. l.c.: 22 loci, 43 corvoid genera across all families). </p>
            <p> Apart from the Australian mudnesters (  Corcoracidae ) and, subtly, the birds-of-paradise, the  Melampitta group bears negligible similarity to any of these tree-living families in form or niche. Its two species,  lugubris and  gigantea , are litter-foragers of the forest floor. They have large feet and toes, very short rounded wings with uniquely recurved and emarginated primaries, and (  lugubris ) shortened sternum with much reduced keel―all consistent with terrestriality. Unlike the respective Australian mudnesters or birds-of-paradise, moreover, they appear to be neither communal nor polygynous (Coates 1990). Both species share a tuft of short plush feathering over frons and forehead that could be homologous to such tufts found in many genera of birds-of-paradise (e.g.  Semioptera ,  Paradisaea ,  Parotia ,  Astrapia ,  Cicinnurus ). Yet, although sharing a shallowly configured temporal region with  Manucodia ,  Melampitta lugubris has a fully perforate nasal cavity, without any of the heavy ossification found in birds-of-paradise (Bock 1963). It also builds a bulky, bryophyte-draped domed nest near the ground (Frith &amp; Frith 1990), unlike the coarse arboreal cups of twigs and leaves of birds-of-paradise or dish-shaped mud nests of the  Corcoracidae . For  gigantea, Diamond (1983) nevertheless recorded the nest as a “large suspended basket of vines”; no mention was made of a dome or side-entrance. Neonatal young of  M. lugubris hatch downy, not naked as in birds-of-paradise, and are fed by direct feeding, not regurgitation (Frith &amp; Frith 1990; Frith &amp; Beehler 1998: 135, 138). Combined DNA sequence, morphological and behavioural evidence thus indicate that  Melampitta , although apparently sister to the birds-of-paradise (  Paradisaeidae ) and perhaps the Australian mudnesters (  Corcoracidae ), is deeply divergent. Accordingly it is ranked at family level here. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B6FA842FF75F8D8FB38FBCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B6EA845FF75FB7EFD06FB86.text	03C087B55B6EA845FF75FB7EFD06FB86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melampittidae Schoddei & Christidis 2014	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Melampittidae ,  familia nova ―melampittas </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Melampitta Schlegel, 1871</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Small-medium to medium-large, all-black songbirds with long, slender or stout legs, short or rather long tail, and a tuft of short, spike-like feathering with degenerated barbules across the frons; sexes apparently monomorphic except for iris color (  lugubris ), juveniles brown on lower body; head rather narrow, the bill thrush- or corvid-like, all black, maxilla moderately or well-hooked, tomia smooth except for terminal maxillary notch, narial depression elliptic, with inoperculate, holorhinal, internally fully pervious nostrils opening externally in rounded to elliptic apertures distal in narial depression, rictal bristles absent (  lugubris ) or sparse, fine and short (  gigantea ); skull (  lugubris ) with fully perforate interorbital septum except for narrow medial bar, narrow, shortwinged ectethmoids that do not reach the jugal bar, ellipsoid maxillo-palatines, round-tipped vomer, long and narrow palatine shelf with shallowly attenuate transpalatine processes, and small, shallow and ill-defined temporal fossae flanked by atrophied, pimple-like postorbital processes and short, spiny, anteriorly projecting zygomatic processes; sternum (  lugubris ) short and broad, almost square and much broadened distally, with shallow keel ¼ x sternum width, lateral trabeculae medium-long, c. ⅓–½ x length of sternum, abruptly and slightly flared at tips, sternal rostrum very short; wings short and broadly rounded, with distinctively recurved and emarginated primaries with broader trailing vane, primaries 10, with p10 well-developed, p6=p5&gt; p4&gt; p3&gt; p7; humeral fossae (  lugubris ) single, very deep but hardly trabeculated, the incisura capitis moderately deep and developed into a shallow tricipital depression, ventral tubercle squared and protuberant, and pectoral crest atrophied; tail plain, round-tipped, short or moderately long, tail/wing ratio 0.58–0.70 (  lugubris ), 0.80–0.90 (  gigantea ), the rectrices 12 (perhaps 10 in some populations of  M. gigantea ), straight-sided without terminal flaring, shallowly acute or spiny at tips; feet large, the tarsi booted, long and slender (  lugubris ) or stout (  gigantea ). Nest a ‘suspended basket of vines’ (  gigantea ) or bulky dome with a side-entrance, of densely interwoven rootlets, tendrils and fronds, lined with a thick cup of fern hairs and scales, camouflaged externally with interwoven green bryophytes, and inserted in the side of a tree-fern trunk or bound among upright fern stems c. 1.5–3 m above the ground (  lugubris ); eggs c. 1 per clutch, chalky white, sparsely marked all over with spots and small blotches of black, grey and purplish-grey, usually concentrated at the larger end, sometimes forming a zone (  lugubris ). Terrestrial, forest-living omnivores, foraging by hopping and running, probing, litter-tossing and digging (Coates 1990: 418); apparently monogamous. </p>
            <p> Range and composition. Hill to montane rainforests of New Guinea; two genera:  Melampitta Schlegel, 1871 , of one species:  M. lugubris Schlegel, 1871 ;  Megalampitta Schodde &amp; Christidis , this work, of one species:  M. gigantea (Rothschild, 1899) . </p>
            <p> Comment. Relationships between  Melampitta lugubris and  Megalampitta gigantea are unresolved.  M. gigantea is over twice the bulk of  M. lugubris , has a much longer tail, proportionally shorter and much stouter feet, and stiffened remiges and rectrices with spiny tips that are accentuated by abrasion; and on the alula is a small bony spur of unknown function (Diamond 1983). Likely immatures of  gigantea (AMNH 5907637 ♂, and Bishop Museum BBM 101808 ♀) are black-hooded and reddish-brown to fuscous ventrally and over the lower back in a pattern reminiscent of adult plumage in the oriolid genus  Pitohui . Material of  gigantea is nevertheless so limited (6 specimens from different regions of New Guinea) that sexual, age and geographic characteristics of plumage are not yet fully understood. Yet despite this, differences in size, proportions and plumage structure between ‘cinclid’- shaped  lugubris and ‘corvid’-like  gigantea are sufficient to indicate deep divergence and exploitation of different adaptive zones, a conclusion reinforced by the habit of  gigantea of roosting in sinkholes (Diamond l.c.). In syringeal musculature, moreover, the two species appear to differ as much from one another as they do from other corvoid families (Mayr 1931). Their territorial songs are dissimilar: a descending series of rapid, harsh ‘buzzy’ notes or single sharp chirped whistles repeated at intervals in  lugubris (Beehler et al. 1986; xeno-canto website), and a clear slurred double- or triple-note whistle, rising and falling in pitch and monotonously repeated, in  gigantea (Diamond l.c.; xeno-canto website). It leads us to place  gigantea in its own genus and suggest that, when better known, it could justify family-group ranking. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B6EA845FF75FB7EFD06FB86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B69A845FF75FB25FBF3F905.text	03C087B55B69A845FF75FB25FBF3F905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalampitta Schoddei & Christidis 2014	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Megalampitta ,  genus novum</p>
            <p> Type species:  Mellopitta gigantea Rothschild, 1899</p>
            <p> Mid-sized songbirds of crow-like appearance, all-black when adult and apparently with chestnut to fuscous-brown belly and lower back when immature, differing from their apparent sister genus  Melampitta in great bulk, long rounded tail with tail/wing ratio 0.80–0.90, thick corvid-like bill with rictal bristles, spiny tips to remiges and rectrices, a bony spur on the alula, proportionally short very stout feet with coarse reticulate scaling over the back of the tibio-tarsal joint, and syringeal musculature with the following features: thin tracheal rostral muscle and  Musculus laryngo-syringeus ventralis , vestigial cleft between left and right strands of the  M. laryngo-syringeus dorsalis , long as well as powerful  M. syringeus ventro-lateralis , and covering of the  M. syringeus ventralis by the  M. laryngo-syringeus ventralis . </p>
            <p> Nomenclature. The generic name  Mellopitta Stejneger, 1885 , is a synonym of  Melampitta Schlegel, 1871 , of which the type species is  Melampitta lugubris Schlegel. The name  Megalampitta , although drawing on  Melampitta and megas, Greek for large, is to be treated as an arbitrary combination of letters, not as a Latin or Greek word (Art. 30.1.4.1 of the Code); its gender is assigned here as feminine (Art. 30.2.2 of the Code). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B69A845FF75FB25FBF3F905	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B69A844FF75F8E8FE41FBCE.text	03C087B55B69A844FF75F8E8FE41FBCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peltops Wagler 1829	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Peltops</p>
            <p> The distinctively black, red and white species of New Guinean  Peltops have been placed variously with Old World muscicapid flycatchers (  Muscicapidae ), Australasian monarchs (  Monarchidae ) or Australasian robins (  Petroicidae ) (Mayr 1941; Rand &amp; Gilliard 1967; Wolters 1980b). Mayr (1986) treated the genus as incertae sedis. DNA-DNA hybridization (Sibley &amp; Ahlquist 1984, 1985, 1990), nevertheless, grouped  Peltops among the Australo-Papuan butcherbirds and woodswallows (  Artamidae ), a position widely accepted since (Beehler &amp; Finch 1985; Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990; Schodde &amp; Mason 1999; Dickinson 2003; Russell &amp; Rowley 2009). Its species are sallying insectivores with flycatcher habits, but both structural morphology and the consensus of multi-locus DNA sequencing (Norman et al. 2009b; Jønsson et al. 2010, 2011; Kearns et al. 2013; Aggerbeck et al. 2014) corroborate placement in the artamid complex. Like butcherbirds and woodswallows, they have spiny, doubled zygomatic processes, a heavily ossified nasal cavity and a narrow bony palate: nares are amphirhinal, the anterior palate pseudo-desmognathous and the palatine shelf constricted with elongated trans-palatine processes (Schodde &amp; Mason 1999: 533). Monarchs also have well-ossified nasal cavities, but the palate does not reach the pseudodesmognathous condition, and zygomatic processes are single. </p>
            <p> Less clear is the position of  Peltops within the artamid complex. The multi-locus phylogenies of Norman et al. (2009b), Jønsson et al. (2010) and Jønsson et al. (2011), each based on a wide range of corvoid genera, all recovered woodswallows, butcherbirds and  Peltops as three equidistant lineages in one monophyletic cluster. Divergence within the cluster is deep, dating to the late Oligocene according to Jønsson et al. (2011). Aggerbeck et al. ’s (2014) review of the corvoid radiation using markers from 22 genes corroborated the monophyly of the cluster, but found  Peltops to be sister to a woodswallow-butcherbird lineage, with comprehensive support. Kearns et al. ’s (2013) more focused phylogeny of the artamid cluster instead found  Peltops sister to the butcherbirds alone, and recovered the cluster as paraphyletic with respect to the Asian ioras (  Aegithinidae ) and African bush-shrikes, wattle-eyes, batises and vangas (  Malaconotidae ,  Platysteiridae ,  Vangidae ). Support for paraphyly and a sister relationship between the woodswallows (  Artamus ) and Asian ioras (  Aegithinidae ) was nevertheless weak and at variance with the more broadly based and better supported phylogeny of Aggerbeck et al. (l.c.). Irrespective of the relationships of  Artamus , it is clear from all molecular phylogenies that  Peltops is a deeply diverged lineage in the complex. That and the consensus of morphological, zoogeographic and DNA sequence data lead us to treat  Peltops as one of three subfamilies in one family for which the senior name is  Artamidae Vigors, 1825 . The two other subfamilies are Artaminae and  Cracticinae Chenu &amp; des Murs 1853 (1836) , the bracketed date indicating priority according to Article 40.2.1 and recommendation 40A of the Code. Because  Peltops has not been assigned formal family-group status, we do so here, noting that its depth of divergence and position may be found to qualify it for family ranking in the future. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B69A844FF75F8E8FE41FBCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B68A847FF75FB7DFBC5FED6.text	03C087B55B68A847FF75FB7DFBC5FED6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peltopsinae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subfamily  Peltopsinae , subfamilia nova ―peltopses </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Peltops Wagler, 1829</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small, slender songbirds with bulky flycatching bills and black plumage boldly patterned with red on lower back and crissum and white on cheeks and mantle; sexes monomorphic; bill broadened with bulbous culmen, all-black, tomia smooth except for terminal maxillary notch, no narial depression, the nostril amphirhinal, externally elliptic and internally semi-pervious, rictal bristles present but sparse, x ½ length of bill; skull with semiclosed interorbital septum, short-winged ectethmoids that do not reach the jugal bar, heavily ossified palate with expanded maxillo-palatines fusing with an extended bony shelf from the maxillary to almost meet across the roof of the palate in a pseudo-desmognathous configuration, narrow palatine shelf with attenuate transpalatine processes, slender pterygoids fused to the palatine shelf, and small well-defined temporal fossae flanked by short, ventrally projecting postorbital processes and short, doubled, ventrally projecting zygomatic processes; sternum short, little longer than broad and narrowed distally, with shallow keel ⅓ x sternum width, lateral trabeculae medium-long, c. ⅓–½ x length of sternum, abruptly and slightly flared at tips, sternal rostrum reduced and short; wings narrowly rounded, primaries 10 with p10 moderately developed, p7&gt; p8&gt; p6&gt; p5=p9; humeral fossae single with deep, trabeculated outer fossa and rather shallow incisura capitis, ventral tubercle not protuberant, pectoral crest short, not decurrent below fossa; tail rather long, narrow and shallowly emarginate at the tip, tail/ wing ratio (0.72–)0.74–0.78(–0.80), the 12 rectrices slightly flared and broadly acute at tips; feet short, with booted tarsi. Nest a small, compact cup of dry twigs, rootlets and vegetable fiber without green bryophyte camouflaging, inserted in a horizontal fork at the end of outer branches of trees at c. 6–35 m above the ground; eggs c. 1 per clutch, ovoid, pale satin-buff with sparse black-brown spots concentrated at the larger end. Arboreal, forest-living insectivores of mid and upper forest stages, sallying from exposed perches; apparently monogamous.</p>
            <p> Range and composition. Lowland and montane rainforests of New Guinea; one genus:  Peltops Wagler, 1829 , of two species:  P. blainvillii (Lesson &amp; Garnot, 1827) , lowland New Guinea, and  P. montanus Stresemann, 1921 , montane New Guinea. </p>
            <p> Group name. The Linnaean name  Peltops is so widely anglicized as the English group name for this genus (e.g. Beehler et al. 1986; Coates 1990; Dickinson 2003; Russell &amp; Rowley 2009) that we support it over the English name “shieldbill” as used by Gill &amp; Wright (2006) and Beehler et al. (2012). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B68A847FF75FB7DFBC5FED6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B6BA847FF75FE53FC92F90A.text	03C087B55B6BA847FF75FE53FC92F90A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamprolia Finsch 1874	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lamprolia and Chaetorhynchus </p>
            <p> Lower montane New Guinean  Chaetorhynchus (Papuan Silktail) has conventionally been placed in the Old World family  Dicruridae (drongos) and, with a square-tipped tail of 12, not 14 rectrices, considered “ancestral” in that family (Mayr 1941; Vaurie 1949, 1962; Rand &amp; Gilliard 1967; Wolters 1979; Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990; Dickinson 2003; Rocamora &amp; Yeatman-Berthelot 2009). The enigmatic Fijian  Lamprolia (Fiji Silktail) has usually been placed with Australasian monarchs (  Monarchidae ) in recent classifications (Pratt et al. 1987; Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990; Dickinson 2003; Coates et al. 2006), following Olson (1980) and DNA-DNA hybridization data in Sibley &amp; Ahlquist (1985). Beecher (1953) and Harrison &amp; Parker (1965) referred  Lamprolia to the Australo-Papuan malurid wrens (  Maluridae ) instead, whereas Cottrell (1967) and Heather (1977) even proposed affinities with the birds-ofparadise (  Paradisaeidae ). In response, Wolters (1977) placed it in its own family; and Mayr (1986) treated it as incertae sedis. In the two multilocus DNA sequence studies that have so far screened both,  Chaetorhynchus and  Lamprolia were recovered as sister genera with strong support (Irestedt et al. 2008; Jønsson et al. 2011). Moreover, both these studies and two more (Norman et al. 2009b; Nyǡri et al. 2009) found this lineage to be sister to the Indo- Australasian fantails (  Rhipiduridae ), also with strong support, distant from drongos, monarchs and birds-ofparadise. </p>
            <p> Morphological information is limited and non-committal. No specimen material of  Lamprolia was available to us other than as photographic images. Moreover, the nest and eggs of  Chaetorhynchus appear to be undescribed. Even so, indicative traits of  Chaetorhynchus are as much or more rhipidurid as dicrurid. Its unguinal ridge along a basally broadened mandible, dense long rictal bristling arising from below as well as above the commissure of the bill, broad palatine shelf, simple zygomatic processes, and 12 rectrices are all rhipidurid. The tarsi of  Chaetorhynchus , nevertheless, are short and thick as in drongos, not long and slender as in all fantails;  Lamprolia has similarly short, thick tarsi and 12 rectrices.  Chaetorhynchus also differs from both drongos and fantails in its narrowed sternum; the form of the sternum in  Lamprolia may thus be informative. Irestedt et al. (2008) record no shared derived morphological traits that would link  Lamprolia to  Chaetorhynchus or the fantails exclusive of the monarchs (cf. Olson 1980). Yet despite a dearth of indicative morphological information, the corroborated DNA phylogenies resolve the phylogenetic position of these genera with reasonable certainty: they are based on comprehensive taxon sampling of 23 to 72 corvoid genera, use markers from two mitochondrial regions and four nuclear genes, and have robust support. DNA distances from  Rhipidura are deep, Jønsson et al. (2011) dating the divergence at around the middle Oligocene. This may justify family ranking in the future, but we prefer a conservative approach at this stage and treat the  Chaetorhynchus -  Lamprolia group as a subfamily,  Lamproliinae , in the  Rhipiduridae (fantails) to indicate its phylogenetic affinities. Although Wolters (1977) used the name, he provided no description, leaving it a nomen nudum (Article 13.1 of the Code). The other subfamily, Rhipidurinae Sundevall, 1872, comprises the single genus  Rhipidura . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B6BA847FF75FE53FC92F90A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
03C087B55B6BA846FF75F8AEFE82FABE.text	03C087B55B6BA846FF75F8AEFE82FABE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamproliinae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subfamily  Lamproliinae , subfamilia nova ―silktails </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Lamprolia Finsch, 1874</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Medium-small, rather slender black songbirds with glossed or spangled plumage over the head, and patches of silky white exposed over rump and central tail feathers (  Lamprolia ) or hidden in base of inner wing coverts (  Chaetorhynchus ); sexes nearly monomorphic, females smaller and rather duller than males; head broad, the bill flycatcher-like, all black, maxilla well-hooked, mandible with unguinal ridge, tomia smooth except for terminal maxillary notch, narial depression elliptic, with inoperculate, holorhinal, internally pervious nostrils opening externally in round apertures distal in narial depression, rictal bristles coarse, extending to near tip of bill in  Chaetorhynchus ; skull (  Chaetorhynchus ) with near-imperforate interorbital septum, narrow, short-winged ectethmoids that reach the jugal bar, round-lobed maxillo-palatines, short-horned vomer, broad palatine shelf with shallowly attenuate transpalatine processes, slender pterygoids fused to the palatine shelf, and moderately large, oblate temporal fossae flanked by short, terete, ventrally projecting postorbital processes and short, simple, spiny, anteriorly projecting zygomatic processes; sternum (  Chaetorhynchus ) narrow, especially distally, with deep keel 1 x sternum width, lateral trabeculae medium-long, c. ⅓–½ x length of sternum, abruptly and slightly flared at tips, sternal rostrum moderately long and deeply bilaterally compressed; wings (  Chaetorhynchus ) broadly rounded, primaries 10 with p10 moderately developed, p6&gt; p5=p7&gt; p8&gt; p4; humeral fossae (  Chaetorhynchus ) single with deep trabeculated outer fossa, rather shallow incisura capitis, moderately protuberant ventral tubercle and short pectoral crest not decurrent below fossa; tail medium-long and slightly rounded in  Lamprolia , longer, narrower and square-tipped in  Chaetorhynchus , tail/wing ratio (0.83–)0.84–0.87(–0.91), the 12 rectrices slightly flared with broadly truncated outer to rounded inner tips (  Chaetorhynchus ); feet short, faintly scutellate to booted. Nest a bulky cup of closely interwoven tendrils, fiber, rootlets and shredded bark strips, lined with down and feathers, camouflaged loosely with green moss and leafy liverworts, and suspended at the rim from a horizontal fork in saplings c. 1–3 m above the ground, usually under a large protecting leaf (  Lamprolia ); eggs c. 1 per clutch, whitishpink, blotched sparsely lilac and dull red-brown (  Lamprolia ). Arboreal, forest-living insectivores of lower forest stages, sallying and hawking from set perches and gleaning along branches, with bowing and tail flicking (Coates 1990: 142; Pratt et al. 1987: 248); apparently monogamous. </p>
            <p> Range and composition. Lower montane rainforests of New Guinea, and rainforests of Fiji; two genera:  Chaetorhynchus Meyer, 1874 , of one species:  C. papuensis Meyer, 1874 , New Guinea;  Lamprolia Finsch, 1874 , of one species:  L. victoriae Finsch, 1874 , Fiji. </p>
            <p> Nomenclature. Although the generic names of the two silktails were published in the same year, choice of the type genus,  Lamprolia , for forming the subfamily name here was guided by Article 64 of the Code, not Article 24. Article 64 directs that any included nominal genus treated as valid in the new family-group is eligible; thus no first reviser action is required. </p>
            <p> Group name. With the finding that  Chaetorhynchus is not a drongo, it seems advisable to avoid its misleading English name, Pygmy Drongo. We suggest ‘Silktail’ as the least disturbing group name for the members of this subfamily, for which the distinguishing species names ‘Papuan’ (  C. papuensis ) and ‘Fiji’ (  L. victoriae ) would then be suitable. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B6BA846FF75F8AEFE82FABE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schoddei, Richard;Christidis, Les	Schoddei, Richard, Christidis, Les (2014): Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. Zootaxa 3786 (5): 501-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1
