identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E187C7FF894C04FF1EFEE9902E2CD8.text	03E187C7FF894C04FF1EFEE9902E2CD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamproptera Gray 1832	<div><p>Lamproptera Gray, 1832</p> <p>Lamproptera Gray, 1832: pl 102, fig. 4 [no text]. Type species by monotypy: Papilio curius Fabricius, 1787.</p> <p>Leptocircus Swainson, 1833: pl. 106. Type species by monotypy: Papilio curius Fabricius, 1787. [Invalid: junior objective synonym of Lamproptera.]</p> <p>Lamprosura Boisduval, 1836: 380. Type species by monotypy: Papilio curius Fabricius, 1787. [Invalid: introduced in synonymy, and junior objective synonym of Lamproptera.]</p> <p>All dragontails have a very unusual adult phenotype for a swallowtail butterfly, with the hindwings some 20% longer than the short forewings, and the hindwing tails very long, equal to or even longer than the main hindwing itself. As a result, the hindwing, measured from wing base to the end of the intact tail (tip of extended vein M 3), is at least twice the length of the forewing as measured from the base to the end of vein R 2, and often considerably longer. No other swallowtail has such an extreme difference in total fore- and hind-wing length (not even swordtails, Graphium subgenus Pathysa), and this characteristic alone is sufficient to mark Lamproptera out as a natural group, to which all three species discussed below clearly belong.</p> <p>As a member of the Papilionidae, Lamproptera has, as expected, a larval osmeterium (confirmed by Howarth 1976, and Igarashi 1979, for L. curius; Igarashi &amp; Fukuda 2000, for L. meges), and vein 2A of the forewing runs free toward the posterior margin (Tsukada &amp; Nishiyama 1980b; as “3A” in Bascombe et al. 1999, fig. 6.12; characters 1 and 3 respectively, in Miller 1987). As members of the subfamily Papilioninae, among other characters, the dragontails have a basal spur to the cubito-vannal vein in the forewing, together with a single anal vein 1A+2A in the hindwing (characters 19 and 7 respectively, in Miller 1987; Bascombe et al. 1999, fig. 6.12). These features, other than the presence of an osmeterium in the unknown larva of the new species, are confirmed for all three species discussed below.</p> <p>As members of the Leptocircini, morphological characters of Lamproptera include: hindwing r-m cross-vein sinuate (difficult to appreciate in Lamproptera due to the extreme reduction of the hindwing discal cell: Miller 1987, character 46); aedeagus bell-shaped at base (Miller 1987, character 47); and articulated dorsolateral sclerite of male genital valve (Miller 1987, character 48). These features are confirmed here for all three species included below. Other autapomorphies of the Leptocircini noted by Miller (1987) mostly concern the early stages and the female sex, which are not available for the new species.</p> <p>According to Miller (1987, clade 8D), within the Leptocircini, Lamproptera forms a group with Iphiclides and Graphium s. l. marked by two synapomorphies: pointed aedeagus (Miller 1987, character 63) and dorsolaterally narrowed tegumen (Miller 1987, character 64). These features are confirmed for all three species here included in Lamproptera.</p> <p>Lamproptera can be grouped with Graphium to the exclusion of Iphiclides by possession of apparently unique larval and pupal characters, and sharply narrowed tentorial crests—a feature of the internal anatomy not studied here (Miller 1987, characters 69, 70, 72). Miller (1987, character 71) also noted that (Graphium + Lamproptera) can be supported by the middle discocellular vein (mdc) in the forewing being shorter than the upper discocellular (udc)—although this feature does recur in Battus (Papilioninae: Troidini). As also pointed out by Miller (1987), although the forewing udc in Lamproptera is longer than the mdc, the orientation of the discocellular veins in this genus is unique. This configuration of the forewing discocellular veins is confirmed for all three Lamproptera species included here.</p> <p>For genus Lamproptera Miller (1987, clade 8G) notes several autapomorphies, including: pseuduncus absent (Miller 1987, character 67), very small hindwing discal cell (Miller 1987, character 73), upper angle of forewing discal cell acute (Miller 1987, character 74), and forewing veins R 3 and R 4 “long stalked”, with R 5 arising from R 3+4 shortly beyond the end of the discal cell (Miller 1987, character 75). These characters are confirmed for all three species now included in the genus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C7FF894C04FF1EFEE9902E2CD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hu, Shao-Ji;Zhang, Xin;Cotton, Adam M.;Ye, Hui	Hu, Shao-Ji, Zhang, Xin, Cotton, Adam M., Ye, Hui (2014): Discovery of a third species of Lamproptera Gray, 1832 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa 3786 (4): 469-482, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3786.4.5
03E187C7FF8B4C00FF1EFF4293932CBF.text	03E187C7FF8B4C00FF1EFF4293932CBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamproptera paracurius Hu, Zhang & Cotton 2014	<div><p>Lamproptera paracurius Hu, Zhang &amp; Cotton sp. n.</p> <p>Brief diagnosis. L. paracurius is similar in overall appearance to the type species of Lamproptera, L. curius, but can readily be separated by the following diagnostic characters (Figures 4–6): (a) forewing marginal band broad, on average 2.45 mm in width; (b) additional white stripe between black margin and hyaline patch on forewing; (c) hyaline patch with a smoky tinge, less transparent than in L. curius (or L. meges); (d) forewing discal band mostly white with only a fine hyaline stripe (at least half the width of this band is transparent in L. curius); (e) absence of hindwing anal fold and scent scales (as in L. meges; in L. curius the anal fold contains creamy white scent scales: character 49 of Miller, 1987); (f) in most specimens, black band on hindwing underside isolated from anal margin; (g) lateral, pleural areas of abdomen creamy-white with a single, fine, black line (ochraceous-white and marked by two rows of black spots in L. curius and L. meges). Several characters of the male genitalia also separate the new species from L. curius (Figures 2, 6): (h) valve 3.0– 3.4 mm in length, ventral margin smooth (concave and angled in L. curius); (i) hook-like process of the clasper reduced and blunt (in L. curius relatively large and sharp); (j) uncus very broad and triangular in lateral view (small and narrow in L. curius); (k) arms and posterior part of juxta shorter than in L. curius.</p> <p>Description. Male (Figure 1). Head, thorax, and abdomen black dorsally and creamy-white ventrally and laterally, a fine black line running along pleural area of abdomen except for valve. Legs black dorsally and white ventrally, with 6–10 tarsal spines on the ventral side of the first tarsus, tarsal claws paired with a large tooth on each of the inner margins. Antenna 11.5–13.5 mm (mean = 12.54 ± 0.41 mm, n = 42), club obviously enlarged and curved dorsally, uniformly black except for a whitish spot at base of the club on ventral side. Length of forewing 18.0–22.0 mm (mean = 20.60 ± 0.80 mm, n = 42). Forewing veins R 3 and R 4 long stalked, with vein R 5 arising from R 3+4 just beyond the end of the discal cell. Forewing upperside: costa black; a black humeral patch at basal third peppered with greyish white scales, a parallel black band running from middle of costa towards the anal angle; between the black humeral patch and band is a white band with its outer margin lined by a fine hyaline stripe, the white band abruptly narrows when crossing the upper discocellular vein; a large hyaline triangular patch in the outer half of forewing with clear black veins running through, and a narrow, white submarginal stripe just between the hyaline patch and the marginal band, making the spot in space R 3 whitish; a broad black marginal band with breadth of 1.6–2.8 mm in space M 2 (mean = 2.45 ± 0.19 mm, n = 42). Forewing underside: at least basal threequarters of humeral patch tinged with greyish-white, costa peppered with greyish white from the base to the subapical spot, the remaining characters similar to upperside but slightly paler. Hindwing upperside: ground colour black, anal portion dark brown with white cilia in the lower half of termen, a broad white discal band running from the middle of costa to vein M 3 (this feature is often hidden in the folded hindwing), with a breadth of 1.7–2.5 mm at its middle (mean = 2.06 ± 0.18 mm, n = 42); the area below the end of the discal band peppered with white scales; a faint “L”-shaped greyish-white marking in the anal zone, and a white spot formed by dense white scales below; tail uniformly black with a white tip and cilia; no anal fold or scent scales. Hindwing underside: black termen, tail, cilia, and discal band as upperside but paler; a broad greyish-white basal patch from costa ending at conjunction with apex of the discal band, forming an isolated pale black band in between, which is slightly turned towards but not reaching the anal margin; a short, triangular transverse band just distal to the large basal patch and a sharplydefined white crescent marking more distally near the anal angle accompanied by a faint, small, whitish spot (which may disappear in some specimens); a faint whitish spot near the end of space Sc+R 1.</p> <p>Male genitalia: A total of 10 male genitalia were dissected and characters were found to be consistent. Heavily sclerotized. Ring slender, saccus small, uncus rather broad with bifid end. Valve elongated, 3.0– 3.4 mm in length, 1.1–1.3 mm in width, margin covered by hairs, the median section of dorsal margin convex, the ventral margin smoothly curved into a round and blunt tip. Clasper well defined, with a broad and blunt hook at the apex. Lateral arms of juxta short, posterior part elongated, with a small emargination in middle of anterior base. Aedeagus curved ventrally, 2.3–2.8 mm in length, the basal half bell-shaped and pointed at the dorsal tip (Figure 2).</p> <p>Female: Unknown, likely to be similar to male in overall appearance.</p> <p>Type material: Holotype: ♂, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.2045&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.1031" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.2045/lat 26.1031)">Dongchuan</a> (26.1031 °N, 103.2045 °E), N.E. Yunnan, China, alt. 1,460 m asl., 2013–VIII–3, X. Zhang leg.</p> <p>Paratypes: 1♂, the same location, 2013–VI–16, S. J. Hu leg.; 22♂, the same location, 2013–VIII–3, S. J. Hu and X. Zhang leg.; 34♂, the same location, 2013–IX–14-15, S. J. Hu and X. Zhang leg.</p> <p>The holotype and four paratypes are deposited in the specimen deposition of the Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (registration numbers: holotype 0070950, paratypes 0070951–0070954). Nine paratypes have been transferred to the private collection of A. M. Cotton in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and the remaining paratypes are kept in the private collections of the first and second authors.</p> <p>Habitat. A small river valley which runs to the Xiaojiang River (Figure 3), a branch of the Jinsha River system in N.E. Yunnan. L. paracurius males were observed and collected at the water’s edge, perching on damp sand.</p> <p>Host Plant. No potential host plant has yet been observed near the type locality. Presumably Illigera species, family Hernandiaceae, like both other Lamproptera species; future bionomic studies are required.</p> <p>Voltinism. Probably multivoltine, adults have so far been recorded from June to September.</p> <p>Derivatio Nominis. The new species was named according to its superficial similarity to L. curius. The prefix “para-” was used in combination with “curius” to express the close resemblance. The species name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C7FF8B4C00FF1EFF4293932CBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hu, Shao-Ji;Zhang, Xin;Cotton, Adam M.;Ye, Hui	Hu, Shao-Ji, Zhang, Xin, Cotton, Adam M., Ye, Hui (2014): Discovery of a third species of Lamproptera Gray, 1832 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa 3786 (4): 469-482, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3786.4.5
03E187C7FF8E4C03FF1EFF3A97A9286E.text	03E187C7FF8E4C03FF1EFF3A97A9286E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamproptera Hu & Zhang & Cotton & Ye 2014	<div><p>Key to species of Lamproptera</p> <p>Based on external characters:</p> <p>1 Forewing inner discal band white; a hyaline band at least 1 mm wide between the black and white bands................ 2</p> <p>- Forewing inner discal band pale green (or with a blue hue, colour more vivid when alive); no obvious hyaline band between the black and pale green bands.................................................................... L. meges</p> <p>2 Forewing black marginal band edged proximally with white.......................................... L. paracurius</p> <p>- Forewing black marginal band not edged proximally with white.......................................... L. curius</p> <p>Based on male genitalia:</p> <p>1 Uncus small, narrow, valve elongated, 4.5–4.8 mm in length (length 3.0–3.1 times maximum depth), ventrally concave, apex angular, clasper with a long hook, aedeagus curved, juxta with long processes............................... L. curius</p> <p>- Uncus relatively broad, clasper not as above............................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Uncus triangular in lateral view; valve elongated, 3.0– 3.4 mm in length (length 2.5–2.9 times maximum depth), ventrally straight, apex sub-angular, clasper with short but well-developed hook, aedeagus curved, juxta with short processes................................................................................................. L. paracurius</p> <p>- Uncus beak-like in lateral view; valve relatively rounded, 3.2–4.2 mm in length (length 2.0–2.1 times maximum depth), ventrally slightly or not convex, apex rounded, clasper with hook short or strongly reduced, aedeagus almost straight, juxta wide.............................................................................................. L. meges</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C7FF8E4C03FF1EFF3A97A9286E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hu, Shao-Ji;Zhang, Xin;Cotton, Adam M.;Ye, Hui	Hu, Shao-Ji, Zhang, Xin, Cotton, Adam M., Ye, Hui (2014): Discovery of a third species of Lamproptera Gray, 1832 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa 3786 (4): 469-482, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3786.4.5
