taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BF4B62FFBBE0321C43FE208181FD9E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Sphaerotherium neptunus Butler, 1872.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFBBE0321C43FE208181FD9E.taxon	description	Other species included 66 and 11 nomina dubia (including the species described below).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFBBE0321C43FE208181FD9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to Madagascar.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFBBE0321C43FE208181FD9E.taxon	discussion	Remarks The diverse genus Zoosphaerium has been divided into six species-groups (Wesener & Wägele 2008; Wesener 2009). Six additional species are currently not assignable to any group (Sagorny & Wesener 2017). Four species are only known from females and an additional 11 species are nomina dubia. A key to the species-groups has been published elsewhere (Wesener 2009).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB8E03C1C1BFDAA8716FDAC.taxon	discussion	Remarks Species can be identified as members of the Z. libidinosum species-group based on morphological characters of the posterior telopods, in which the third telopoditomere carries more than 15 large crenulated teeth as well as two large membranous lobes (Wesener & Wägele 2008). The species-group now contains 16 described species distributed in all types of forests all over Madagascar, including the arid spiny bush (Wesener 2009). Key to species of the Zoosphaerium libidinosum species-group	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB6E0391C66FDA586A5F862.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4 F 170 F 43 - C 7 A 9 - 44 A 4 - A 004 - 47 FD 58 FDBA 2 F Figs 2 A, 3 – 4, 5 A	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB6E0391C66FDA586A5F862.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Posterior telopods (Fig. 4 H – I) identify this species as a member of the Z. libidinosum species-group. Within this group, Zoosphaerium nigrum sp. nov. shares a number of characters with only Z. anomalum (de Saussure & Zehntner, 1902) and Z. pulchellum Wesener, 2009. These include the presence of two locking carinae, four apical cones on each antenna, and shiny, glossy tergites. Moreover, the second and third podomeres of the posterior telopods are covered with numerous minute hairs. Zoosphaerium nigrum sp. nov. differs from these two species in the black coloration (jade-like green in the others), the presence of only a single weak stridulation rib on the anterior telopod and differently shaped podomeres.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB6E0391C66FDA586A5F862.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Nigrum’, adjective, after the dark colour of the species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB6E0391C66FDA586A5F862.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype MADAGASCAR – Fianarantosa • ♂; Parc National Befotaka-Midongy, Papango, 28.5 km S of Midongy-Sud, Mount Papango; 23 ° 50 ′ 27 ″ S, 46 ° 57 ′ 27 ″ E; alt. 1250 m; montane rainforest; 17 Nov. 2006; B. L. Fisher et al. leg.; coll. no. BLF 14945; CASENT 9068289.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB6E0391C66FDA586A5F862.taxon	description	Description Male BODY LENGTH. Holotype male: length ca 28 mm, width of thoracic shield 13.1 mm, of tergite 7 13.5 mm (widest), height of thoracic shield 7.1 mm, of tergite 7 7.4 mm (highest). COLORATION. Some discoloration may have occurred because of preservation in ethanol. Tergites, head, anal shield and appendages dark green to black (Fig. 2 A). Posterior margin of tergites with a thin brown margin. HEAD. Wide and short. Eyes with> 120 ommatidia. Aberrant ocellus located in antennal groove. Antennae short, with cylindrical joints, reaching posteriorly to leg pair 3. Length of antennomeres 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 <6. A shallow groove present on antennomere 1. Male apical disc with four apical sensory cones. Organ of Tömösváry located in antennal groove. GNATHOCHILARIUM AND MANDIBLE. Not dissected. STIGMATIC PLATES. First stigmatic plate triangular, apex well rounded, nearly as wide as at base. Mesal margin straight, not curved towards coxa. Hair most abundant on apical margin, very few hairs on basal and lateral margins (Fig. 4 C). PLEURITES. First pleurite laterally modified and extending backwards with a broad, apically rounded process. Other pleurites well-rounded. COLLUM. Glabrous with very sparse setae around margins, mostly located at corners on either side of head. THORACIC SHIELD. Smooth and glabrous, without protuberances. TERGITES. Surface glabrous and shiny, lacking small pits. Tips of paratergites of midbody tergites projecting posteriorly. ENDOTERGUM. Inner section with numerous short triangular spines and very few longer setae. Middle area above spines with single row of sparse, circular cuticular impressions slightly varying in size. Apically a single row of short marginal bristles, protruding to ⅔ distance to tergite margin. Bristles with numerous small spines (Fig. 5 A). ANAL SHIELD. Large and slightly bell-shaped. Several tiny setae present in posterior part. Underside with two black locking carinae, posterior one 2 times as long as anterior one, both located close to anal shield margin. LEGS. Leg 1 with 5 ventral spines, leg 2 with 3, leg 3 with 3 – 5. First two leg pairs without an apical spine, spine present on leg 3. Leg pairs 4 – 21 with 5 – 7 ventral spines and an apical spine. On leg 9, femur 1.8 and tarsus 4.6 times as long as wide. All podomeres with setae (Fig. 4 A). Male sexual characters GONOPORE. Covered with a single undivided, rounded membranous plate (Fig. 4 B). ANTERIOR TELOPODS. Harp with a single weak stridulation rib (Fig. 4 E). First podomere with only a few setae, restricted to apical parts of lateral margins, 1.5 times wider than long. Process of second podomere as long as ⅔ of third podomere, not visible in anterior view, with apical mound of a few sclerotized spots juxtaposed to third podomere. Third podomere without sclerotized teeth, but with a conspicuous process carrying sclerotized spots (Fig. 4 F – G); base of process with four spines (Fig. 4 G). Second and third podomeres sparsely setose. POSTERIOR TELOPODS. Movable finger weakly curved; hollowed-out inner margin with two non-sclerotized lobes and ca three smaller sclerotized spines, posterior aspect with ca 29 crenulated teeth. Fixed finger thinner than movable finger, with slightly curved tip; basally with single membranous lobe, on inner margin covered with numerous sclerotized spots. Second and third podomeres without any long hair, but on both sides densely covered with very small pits, one very small seta standing in each pit. First podomere without those pits but with some isolated, standard longer hairs. Female Unknown.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB6E0391C66FDA586A5F862.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Zoosphaerium nigrum sp. nov. is currently known only from the montane rainforests of Midongy- Befotaka (Fig. 3) where it coexists with another species of the genus, Z. spinopiligerum sp. nov. (see below), as well as with a species of the genus Sphaeromimus (Moritz & Wesener 2017).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB0E0241C6DFEF38073F86F.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 FA 555 CB-B 805 - 401 A- 8730 - 6 DFB 6525 C 585 Figs 2 B, 3, 5 B, 6	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB0E0241C6DFEF38073F86F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The posterior telopods (Fig. 6 H – I) identify Z. silens sp. nov. as a member of the Z. libidinosum speciesgroup. Zoosphaerium silens sp. nov. shares the absence of locking carinae with a number of spiny forest species. It differs from all other species except Z. libidinosum in the color of the tergites, the glabrous anal shield and the presence of at least two rows of very long endotergal bristles. Zoosphaerium silens sp. nov. differs from Z. libidinosum in the wider tarsus (3.5 versus 3.8 times as long as wide), the presence of only two rows of endotergal bristles (three rows in Z. libidinosum) and the absence of a lateral triangular projection on the third podomere of the anterior telopods (present in Z. libidinosum). Z. silens sp. nov. differs by more than 14 % uncorrected p-distance in the COI gene from Z. album and Z. libidinosum.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB0E0241C6DFEF38073F86F.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Silens’ (= ‘ quiet’), noun in apposition, after the reduced stridulation ribs in the male.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB0E0241C6DFEF38073F86F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype MADAGASCAR – Toliara • ♂; Parc National de Kirindy Mite, 25.6 km SW of Belo sur Mer; 20 ° 56.6 ′ S, 43 ° 52.3 ′ E; alt. 10 m; dry deciduous forest; 9 Mar. 2007; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 1348; FMNH-INS 3119887. Paratype MADAGASCAR – Toliara • ♀; same collection data as for holotype; FMNH-INS 3119887. Other material MADAGASCAR – Toliara • 4 ♂♂; Rèserve Spéciale dʼAndranomena; 20 ° 10 ′ 31 ″ S, 44 ° 28 ′ 25 ″ E; alt. 18 m; dry deciduous forest; 12 Mar. 2010; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 1815; FMNH-INS 3119875 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; ZFMK MYR 11137.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB0E0241C6DFEF38073F86F.taxon	description	Description BODY LENGTH. Largest female (paratype): length ca 27.2 mm, width of thoracic shield 14.3 mm, of tergite 8 14.8 mm (widest), height of thoracic shield 8.2 mm, of tergite 8 10.1 mm (highest). COLORATION. Some discoloration may have occurred because of preservation in ethanol. Tergites dorsally orange to brown, especially at posterior margin, laterally green except for paratergite depressions which are yellow. Anal shield light brown to yellowish dorsally as well as posteriorly, laterally green. Thoracic shield green, but grooves and margins yellow-brownish (Fig. 2 B). Head and antennae green, legs basally light brown, apically green. HEAD. Wide and short. Eyes with> 75 ommatidia. Aberrant ocellus located in antennal groove. Antennae short, with cylindrical joints, protruding posteriorly to leg pair 3. Length of antennomeres 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 <6. A shallow groove present on antennomere 1. Male apical disc with 11 or 12 apical sensory cones. Organ of Tömösváry located in antennal groove. GNATHOCHILARIUM AND MANDIBLE. Not dissected. STIGMATIC PLATES. First plate triangular, apex well rounded, nearly as wide as at base. Mesal margin slightly curved towards coxa. Hairs most abundant on apical margin, very few hairs on basal and lateral margins (Fig. 6 B). PLEURITES. First pleurite weakly modified, slightly extending posteriorly. Other pleurites well-rounded. COLLUM. Glabrous with very sparse setae around margins, mostly located at corners on either side of head. THORACIC SHIELD. Smooth and glabrous, without protuberances. TERGITES. Surface glabrous and matte, lacking small pits. Tips of paratergites of midbody tergites projecting posteriorly. ENDOTERGUM. Inner section with numerous short triangular spines and very few longer setae. Middle area above spines with a single row of sparse elliptical cuticular impressions slightly varying in size. Apically two rows of dense marginal bristles, every second bristle strongly protruding above tergite margin (Fig. 5 B). Bristles with numerous small spines. ANAL SHIELD. Large and well-rounded. In both sexes glabrous. Underside lacking locking carinae. LEGS. Leg 1 with 1 ventral spine, leg 2 with 1, leg 3 with 5 or 6. First two leg pairs without an apical spine, spine present on leg 3. Leg pairs 4 – 21 with 8 – 10 ventral spines and an apical spine. On leg 9, femur 1.7 and tarsus 3.5 times as long as wide. All podomeres with setae (Fig. 6 C). Male sexual characters GONOPORE. Covered with a single undivided, rounded membranous plate, very wide, located on basal half of coxa (Fig. 6 A). ANTERIOR TELOPODS. Harp with two weak stridulation ribs (Fig. 6 E). First podomere with numerous setae mainly at lateral margin, as wide as long. Process of second podomere as long as basal fifth of third podomere, not visible in anterior view, with apical mound of a few sclerotized spots juxtaposed to third podomere. Third podomere with an apical sclerotized spot and a lateral crenulated tooth, mesally with an elevated area carrying sclerotized spots (Fig. 6 D, F); lower area carrying 4 spines (Fig. 6 D, F). Second and third podomeres sparsely setose. POSTERIOR TELOPODS. Movable finger weakly curved; hollowed-out inner margin with two non-sclerotized lobes and ca five smaller sclerotized spines, posterior aspect with ca 15 large crenulated teeth. Fixed finger wider than movable finger, with slightly curved tip; basally with single membranous lobe, on inner margin covered with a few sclerotized spots. Second and third podomeres lacking long hair, almost completely glabrous. First podomere glabrous except for a few setae at mesal margin. Female sexual characters Washboard with two short interrupted stridulation ribs on each half (Fig. 6 G). Vulva covering more than ⅔ of coxa surface. Operculum large, ending before coxal margin. Apical margin of operculum wellrounded, reaching apicalmost point medially. Mesal plate reaching up to half of operculumʼs height (Fig. 6 J).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFB0E0241C6DFEF38073F86F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Zoosphaerium silens sp. nov. is currently known from the western dry forest of Kirindy-Mite as well as from the dry forest of Andranomena further north (Fig. 3). These populations differ by an uncorrected p-distance of 2.8 % (Table 2).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFAFE0271C0CFEF38716F81C.taxon	discussion	Remarks Species can be identified as members of the Zoosphaerium coquerelianum species-group based on morphological characters of the posterior telopods (Wesener & Wägele 2008; Wesener 2009). Telopoditomere 3 only carries small sclerotized teeth and is always slightly longer and> 1.5 times as wide as the immovable finger. Similar telopod characters occur in some members of the Z. platylabum species-group, but the locking carinae in this group are located close to the last pleurites, while they are positioned close to the anal shield margin in species of the Z. coquerelianum group. The speciesgroup now contains 23 described species distributed in humid to subhumid forests all over Madagascar. Species of this group are conspicuously absent from the spiny forest ecosystem and the western dry forest (Wesener 2009; Wesener et al. 2010 b; Sagorny & Wesener 2017; Wesener & Anilkumar 2020). Key to the species of the Zoosphaerium coquerelianum group	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFAAE0221C43FEF3806DF855.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 42 C 1 A 931 - D 533 - 4 FF 6 - B 76 A-CAB 8 F 7 E 1461 D Figs 2 C, 3, 5 C, 7	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFAAE0221C43FEF3806DF855.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The presence of only 7 or 8 ventral spines on the walking legs in Z. ambatovaky sp. nov., especially in combination with a glossy green color, two stridulation ribs on the male harp and more than 10 apical cones on the antenna, is only shared with Z. muscorum Wesener & Bespalova, 2010. The new species differs from Z. muscorum in the presence of an apical spine on the third leg pair (absent in Z. muscorum), the movable finger of the posterior telopod being 2.5 times as long as wide (2 times as long as wide in Z. muscorum) and the second locking carina of the anal shield being 2 – 3 times as long as the first (4 – 5 times as long as the first in Z. muscorum).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFAAE0221C43FEF3806DF855.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Ambatovaky’, noun in apposition, after the forest of Ambatovaky, the only known locality for this species (Fig. 3).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFAAE0221C43FEF3806DF855.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype MADAGASCAR – Toamasina • ♂; Rés. Speciale Ambatovaky, Sandrangato River; 16 ° 46 ′ 22 ″ S, 49 ° 15 ′ 56 ″ E; alt. 450 m; rainforest; 20 Feb. 2010; B. L. Fisher et al. leg.; coll. no. BLF 24311; CASENT 9068294 / 1.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFAAE0221C43FEF3806DF855.taxon	description	Description Male BODY LENGTH. Holotype male: length ca 44 mm, width of thoracic shield 23.1 mm, of tergite 5 24.4 mm (widest), height of thoracic shield 14.1 mm (highest). COLORATION. Some discoloration may have occurred because of preservation in ethanol. Head, collum, thoracic shield and tergites shiny green with a conspicuous narrow light posterior margin (Fig. 2 C). Anal shield of a different color, jade-like green. Antennae green, legs basally dark green, apically brownish. HEAD. Eyes with> 95 ommatidia. Antennae long, with cylindrical joints, protruding posteriorly to leg pair 4. Length of antennomeres 1> 2> 3 = 4 = 5 <6. A shallow groove present on antennomere 1. Male apical disc with 45 / 35 apical sensory cones. Organ of Tömösváry located in antennal groove. GNATHOCHILARIUM AND MANDIBLE. Not dissected. STIGMATIC PLATES. First stigmatic plate triangular, apex well rounded, nearly as wide as at base, slightly turned towards coxa. Hair most abundant on apical margin, very few hairs on basal and lateral margins (Fig. 7 C). PLEURITES. First pleurite well-rounded, not projecting. COLLUM. Glabrous. THORACIC SHIELD. Smooth and glabrous, without protuberances. TERGITES. Surface glabrous and shiny, lacking small pits. Tips of paratergites of midbody tergites projecting posteriorly. ENDOTERGUM. Inner section with numerous short triangular spines and longer setae. Middle area above spines with a single row of sparse circular cuticular impressions slightly varying in size. Apically with 1 – 2 rows of short marginal bristles, protruding to ⅔ of distance of tergite margin (Fig. 5 C). Bristles with numerous small spines. ANAL SHIELD. Male anal shield bell-shaped, without hairs, glabrous. Underside with two black locking carinae, posterior one 2 – 3 times as long as anterior one, both located close to anal shield margin. LEGS. Leg 1 with 4 ventral spines, leg 2 with 6 or 7, leg 3 with 6. First two leg pairs without an apical spine, spine present on leg 3. Leg pairs 4 – 21 with 7 or 8 ventral spines and an apical spine. On leg 9, femur 2 and tarsus 4.5 times as long as wide. All podomeres with setae (Fig.). Male sexual characters GONOPORE. Covered with a single undivided, rounded membranous plate, covering ¼ of surface of coxa. Gonopore located on basal half of joint (Fig. 7 B). ANTERIOR TELOPODS. Harp with two stridulation ribs, one long and well pronounced rib located laterally of a less pronounced and shorter mesal rib (Fig. 7 D). First podomere with only a few setae, restricted to apical parts of lateral margins, 1.5 times as wide as long. Process of second podomere nearly as long as basal ⅔ of third podomere, not visible in anterior view, and with an apical mound of a few sclerotized spots juxtaposed to third podomere (Fig. 7 E – F). Third podomere with an apical brown sclerotized spot and a field of elevated sclerotized spots at inner margin below brown spot; two small spines located below sclerotized spot (Fig. 7 F); depression lateral to field of spots with one small sclerotized spine, lateral margin with up to 6 crenulated teeth (Fig. 7 E – F). Second podomere densely setose, third podomere with setae mainly apically and laterally. POSTERIOR TELOPODS. Movable finger (podomere 3) 2.5 times as long as wide, weakly curved towards immovable finger (process of podomere 2). Shallowly hollowed-out inner margin with five sclerotized spines, three positioned apically and two in middle of cavity next to small membranous lobe. Additional sclerotized spine at base of movable finger. Posterior aspect with ca 12 small crenulated teeth (Fig. 7 H). Immovable finger thinner and shorter than movable finger, curved towards the latter. Sclerotized spine located on anterior side near base of immovable finger. Inner part of immovable finger apically covered with a few sclerotized spots (Fig. 7 I). Movable finger glabrous on both sides except for a few hairs basolaterally. Second podomere in posterior view setose, in anterior view with a few setae on finger. Female Unknown.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFAAE0221C43FEF3806DF855.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Zoosphaerium ambatovaky sp. nov. is currently known only from the type locality, a lowland rainforest close to the Ille Sainte Marie (Fig. 3). This species seems to be closely related to Z. muscorum from the montane forest of Anjanaharibe-Sud, the only species with which it shares the presence of only 7 or 8 ventral spines on the walking legs, as well as a glossy green color, two stridulation ribs on the male harp and more than 10 apical cones on the antenna. A female Zoosphaerium from the same forest (CASENT 9068291 B) belongs to a different species. The forest of Ambatovaky is isolated and shrinking rapidly (Rakotondrasoa et al. 2017).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA9E02C1C27FEF38716FD70.taxon	discussion	Remarks Species can be identified as members of the Zoosphaerium platylabum species-group based on the number of locking carinae (always 2) of the anal shield that are located close to the last pleurite, as well as on morphological characters of the female vulva, whose apical processes are usually sharpedged (with the exception of those in Z. tsingy Wesener, 2009). The posterior telopods (Wesener & Wägele 2008) show two vastly different modifications: the movable finger is either very thick, or quite elongated and slender. The species-group now contains 6 + 3 described species distributed in humid as well as western dry forests all over Madagascar. Species of this group are conspicuously absent from the southern spiny forest ecosystem (Wesener 2009). Key to species of the Zoosphaerium platylabum species-group	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA6E02E1C67FCF18669F852.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 F 9589 AA-AD 5 D- 473 F-A 7 C 1 - FB 94 F 30 FF 8 AD Figs 2 D, 3, 5 D, 8	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA6E02E1C67FCF18669F852.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The shape and position of the locking carinae place Z. beanka sp. nov. in the Z. platylabum speciesgroup, but the telopods of Z. beanka sp. nov. have almost no similarities to those of any other described giant pill-millipede species except Z. tsingy. Both species share characters of the posterior telopods, namely the presence of spines and at least one large membranous lobe on the movable finger, and an uncurved, wide immovable finger (2.7 times as long as wide) that is parallel to the movable finger. Zoosphaerium beanka sp. nov. differs from the latter in the light brown color (olive in Z. tsingy), the presence of only four apical cones on the antenna (> 15 in Z. tsingy) and the differently shaped anterior telopods, in which telopoditomere 3 lacks crenulated teeth (present in Z. tsingy).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA6E02E1C67FCF18669F852.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Beanka’, noun in apposition, after the type and only known locality for this species, the dry forest of Beanka (Fig. 3).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA6E02E1C67FCF18669F852.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype MADAGASCAR – Mahajanga • ♂; Forêt de Beanka; 18 ° 01 ′ 25 ″ S, 44 ° 30 ′ 08 ″ E; alt. 220 m; slightly disturbed dry deciduous forest; 14 Jan. 2010; Z. H. Harimpitia leg.; coll. no. Z. H. H- 031; FMNH-INS 3119897.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA6E02E1C67FCF18669F852.taxon	description	Description BODY LENGTH. Male (holotype): length 36.7 mm, width of thoracic shield up 22.1 mm (widest), height of thoracic shield 11.8 mm (highest). COLORATION. Head, collum, thoracic shield, tergites and anal shield light brown (Fig. 2 D). Antennae green, legs light brown. HEAD. Eyes with more than 75 ommatidia. Antennae short, protruding back to leg 3. Length of antennomeres 1> 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 <6. A shallow groove present on antennomere 1, disc with 4 apical cones. GNATHOCHILARIUM AND MANDIBLE. Not dissected. STIGMATIC PLATES. First stigmatic plate triangular, apex well rounded, nearly as wide as at base, slightly turned towards coxa. Hairs most abundant on apical margin, very few hairs on basal and lateral margins (Fig. 8 C). PLEURITES. First pleurite slightly extending posteriorly in a well-rounded process. COLLUM. Margins covered with a few short hairs, central part glabrous. THORACIC SHIELD. Surface like those of tergites, glabrous. TERGITES. Smooth and glabrous, no small pits present. Paratergites projecting slightly posteriorly. ENDOTERGUM. Inner section with numerous short spines and isolated bristles. Between marginal ridge and inner area, a single row of sparse large, circular cuticular impressions. Externally one or two rows of marginal bristles, standing irregularly to each other. Bristles scaly, of medium length, longest reaching slightly above tergite margin (Fig. 5 D). ANAL SHIELD. Rounded, neither bell-shaped nor tapered, glabrous. Ventral side of anal shield with two black locking carinae, located close to laterotergites. Anterior carina small, posterior carina 2 – 3 times as long as anterior carina. LEGS. Leg 1 with 6 or 7 ventral spines, leg 2 with 8, leg 3 with 10. First two leg pairs without an apical spine, spine present on leg 3. Leg pairs 4 – 21 with 9 or 10 ventral spines and an apical spine. On leg 9, femur 2 and tarsus 4.9 times as long as wide. All podomeres with setae (Fig. 8 A). Male sexual characters GONOPORE. Covered with a single undivided, rounded membranous plate, covering ¼ of surface of coxa. Gonopore located centrally on joint (Fig. 8 B). ANTERIOR TELOPODS. Harp with two stridulation ribs, mesal rib smaller than lateral one, both ribs well developed (Fig. 8 F). First podomere 1.2 times as wide as long. Second podomere process lobe-like and slightly curved, with rounded edges, protruding up to half of third podomere height, apically with sclerotized spots. Third podomere long, as long as first; cavity mesally with numerous sclerotized spots and three thin, sclerotized spines; one sclerotized spot located close to tip. Podomeres 1 – 3 covered on both sides with numerous long, isolated hairs. POSTERIOR TELOPODS. Movable finger with a well-rounded tip, not tapering towards tip; hollowed-out inner margin with one non-sclerotized lobe and 3 or 4 sclerotized spines, posterior aspect with ca 14 small sclerotized teeth. Movable finger slightly longer than fixed finger, the latter straight, as wide as third podomere. Fixed finger at margin with numerous sclerotized spots. All podomeres covered on both sides with numerous, long isolated hairs, only tips of chela glabrous (Fig. 8 G – H). Female Unknown.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA6E02E1C67FCF18669F852.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Zoosphaerium beanka sp. nov. is currently known only from the dry forest of Beanka (Fig. 3). With most known dry forest giant pill-millipede species being widespread (Wesener & Wägele 2008; Wesener 2009), this species can be expected in surrounding dry forest fragments.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA5E0291C55FEF3875CF9F0.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 11 B 9 C 806 - A 111 - 48 FC-AC 36 - 035385125232 Figs 2 E, 3, 5 E, 9	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA5E0291C55FEF3875CF9F0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The position of the locking carinae close to the last pleurite identifies Z. voahangy sp. nov. as a member of the Z. platylabum species-group. The uniquely slender and elongated posterior telopods in combination with the presence of a single stridulation rib on the male harp and more than 35 apical cones on the antennae, are characters only shared with Z. broelemanni Wesener, 2009. Zoosphaerium voahangy sp. nov. differs from Z. broelemanni in the differently shaped anterior telopods, spination and teeth number of the movable finger of the posterior telopod (see key), as well as in characters of the endotergum, which has two dense rows of long marginal bristles in the former, but a single row of short bristles in the latter.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA5E0291C55FEF3875CF9F0.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Voahangy’, noun in apposition, to honor the great collector and Malagasy scientist Voahangy Soarimalala.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA5E0291C55FEF3875CF9F0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype MADAGASCAR – Mahajanga • ♂; Analalava, 5.5 km NNE of Ambinda Village; 14 ° 18.6 ′ S, 47 ° 54.9 ′ E; alt. 120 m; dry deciduous forest; 8 Dec. 2004; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 508; FMNH- INS 3119921. Paratype MADAGASCAR – Mahajanga • ♂; same collection data as for holotype; FMNH-INS 3119919.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA5E0291C55FEF3875CF9F0.taxon	description	Description BODY LENGTH. Male (holotype): length 26.3 mm, width of thoracic shield 16.1 mm, of tergite 7 16.7 mm (widest), height of thoracic shield 8.9 mm, of tergite 7 9.3 mm (highest). COLORATION. Head, collum, thoracic shield and tergites light brown with dark posterior margins. Anal shield entirely light brown (Fig. 2 E). Antennae dark green, legs basally light brown, apically green. HEAD. Eyes with more than 65 ommatidia. Antennae short, protruding back to leg 5. Length of antennomeres 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 <6. A shallow groove present on antennomere 1, disc with 48 / 49 apical cones. GNATHOCHILARIUM AND MANDIBLE. Not dissected. STIGMATIC PLATES. First stigmatic plate triangular, apex sharply edged, pointed, turned towards coxa. Hairs most abundant on apical margin (Fig. 9 C). PLEURITES. First pleurite extending posteriorly in a well-rounded process. Second pleurite also with a well-rounded process, but not projecting. Remaining pleurites broadly rounded. COLLUM. Margins with a few short hairs, central part glabrous. THORACIC SHIELD. Surface like those of tergites, glabrous. TERGITES. Smooth and glabrous, no small pits present. Paratergites projecting slightly posteriorly. ENDOTERGUM. Inner section with numerous short spines and isolated bristles. Between marginal ridge and inner area a single row of sparse, circular cuticular impressions. Externally two dense rows of marginal bristles. Bristles scaly, the longest reaching above tergite margin (Fig. 5 E). ANAL SHIELD. Rounded, neither bell-shaped nor tapered, glabrous. Ventral side with two black locking carinae, located closely to laterotergites. Anterior carina small and posterior carina 2 – 3 times as long as anterior carina. LEGS. Leg 1 with 4 ventral spines, leg 2 with 5 or 6, leg 3 with 7. First two leg pairs without an apical spine, spine present on leg 3. Leg pairs 4 – 21 with 9 or 10 ventral spines and an apical spine. On leg 9, femur 2.1 and tarsus 5.1 times as long as wide. All podomeres with setae (Fig. 9 A). Male sexual characters GONOPORE. Covered with a single undivided, apically rounded, membranous, basally sclerotized plate covering ¼ of surface of coxa. Gonopore located basally on joint (Fig. 9 B). ANTERIOR TELOPODS. Harp with single stridulation rib located mesally, long and well developed (Fig. 9 D). First podomere 1.1 times as wide as long. Second podomere process lobe-like and slightly curved with rounded edges, protruding up to half of third podomere height, apically with sclerotized spots (Fig. 9 F). Third podomere long, almost as long as first; cavity mesally with numerous sclerotized spots and three thin, sclerotized spines located apically (Fig. 9 E – F); one sclerotized spot located close to tip, laterally with a row of ca 11 crenulated teeth (Fig. 9 E). Podomeres 1 – 3 covered on both sides with numerous long, isolated hairs. POSTERIOR TELOPODS. Movable finger slender and long, with a well-rounded tip, not tapering towards tip; hollowed-out inner margin with 3 or 4 sclerotized spines located apically, posterior aspect with ca 25 small sclerotized teeth (Fig. 9 G). Movable finger 4 times as long as wide, slightly longer than fixed finger. Fixed finger straight, only apically curved towards movable finger, not tapering, more slender than third podomere. Fixed finger at margin with numerous sclerotized spots (Fig. 9 H). First podomere in posterior view almost glabrous, podomeres 2 and 3 covered on both sides with numerous long, isolated hairs. Female Unknown.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA5E0291C55FEF3875CF9F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology The only known habitat of Z. voahangy sp. nov., the forest of Analalava (Fig. 3), is a small (2 km south to north, 750 m east to west) fragment of disturbed and partly degraded lowland rainforest, isolated by 30 km from Betampona, the only other remaining lowland rainforest fragment in a 100 km radius.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA3E0141C5DF97880BEF852.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 62 E 0 E 9 E- 172 D- 4076 - BD 01 - 509 AD 42 BAE 89 Figs 2 F, 3, 10 A, 11	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA3E0141C5DF97880BEF852.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The shape and position of the locking carinae, as well as the slender posterior telopods place Z. masoala sp. nov. in the Z. platylabum species-group. Zoosphaerium masoala sp. nov. differs from all other species of the group in the combination of the presence of two stridulation ribs on the male harp, slender posterior telopods in which both fingers reach almost the same length and> 10 apical cones on the antenna.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA3E0141C5DF97880BEF852.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Masoala’, noun in apposition, after the forest and peninsula of Masoala, the largest remaining area of lowland rainforest on Madagascar, for which the species described here is the first recorded giant pillmillipede species (Fig. 3).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA3E0141C5DF97880BEF852.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype MADAGASCAR – Toamasina • ♂; Région Sava, Parc National de Masoala, Forêt de Tampolo, 1.2 km S of Ambodiforaha village; 15 ° 43 ′ 45.6 ″ S, 49 ° 57 ′ 49.4 ″ E; alt. 15 m; pitfall buckets, littoral forest; 11 Dec. 2015; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 2582; FMNH-INS 3195651.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA3E0141C5DF97880BEF852.taxon	description	Description Male BODY LENGTH. Length 23.9 mm, width of thoracic shield 14.2 mm (widest), height of thoracic shield 7.2 mm (highest). COLORATION. Head, collum, thoracic shield and tergites dark brown to black. Grooves of thoracic shield greenish, anal shield lighter brown (Fig. 2 F). Antennae and legs green. HEAD. Eyes with more than 50 ommatidia. Antennae short, protruding back to leg 4. Length of antennomeres 1> 2> 3 = 4 = 5 <6. A shallow groove present on antennomere 1, disc with 33 / 12 apical cones. GNATHOCHILARIUM AND MANDIBLE. Not dissected. STIGMATIC PLATES. First stigmatic plate triangular, apex well-rounded, slender, curved towards coxa. Hair most abundant on apical margin (Fig. 11 C). PLEURITES. First pleurite extending slightly posteriorly in a long, thin process. COLLUM. Margins covered with a few short hairs, central part glabrous. THORACIC SHIELD. Surface like those of tergites, glabrous. TERGITES. Smooth and glabrous, no small pits. Paratergites projecting slightly posteriorly. ENDOTERGUM. Inner section with numerous short spines and isolated bristles. Between marginal ridge and inner area a single row of sparse large, circular cuticular impressions, distance between impressions larger than their diameter. Marginal brim wavy towards inner area. Externally 1 or 2 rows of marginal bristles. Bristles scaly, of medium length, longest reaching slightly above tergite margin (Fig. 10 A). ANAL SHIELD. Rounded, neither bell-shaped nor tapered, covered with numerous short setae. Ventral side of anal shield with two black locking carinae, located close to laterotergites. Anterior carina small and posterior carina 3 times as long as anterior carina. LEGS. Leg 1 with 1 ventral spine, leg 2 with 2 – 4, leg 3 with 3 or 4. First two leg pairs without an apical spine, spine present on leg 3. Leg pairs 4 – 21 with 7 or 8 ventral spines and an apical spine. On leg 9, femur 2.4 and tarsus 4.2 times as long as wide. All podomeres with setae (Fig. 11 A). Male sexual characters GONOPORE. Covered with a single undivided, rounded, apically membranous, basally sclerotized plate, covering ¼ of surface of coxa. Gonopore located basally on joint (Fig. 11 B). ANTERIOR TELOPODS. Harp with two stridulation ribs, mesal rib smaller than lateral one, both ribs well developed, located in mesal corner (Fig. 11 D). First podomere 1.1 times as wide as long. Second podomere process lobe-like and slightly curved, with rounded edges, protruding up to half of third podomere height, apically with sclerotized spots. Third podomere long, as long as first; cavity mesally with numerous sclerotized spots and three thin, sclerotized spines; one sclerotized spot located close to tip; laterally with up to 12 crenulated teeth. Podomeres 1 – 3 covered on both sides with numerous long, isolated hairs. POSTERIOR TELOPODS. Movable finger with a well-rounded tip, tapering towards tip; hollowed-out inner margin without lobes but with 5 sclerotized spines, 2 located apically, 2 at midpoint and 1 basally (Fig. 11 H). Posterior aspect of movable finger with ca 14 small sclerotized teeth (Fig. 11 G). Movable finger slightly longer than fixed finger, the latter slender (4 times as long as wide), apically curved towards former. Fixed finger basally with a single spine, at margin with numerous sclerotized spots. First podomeres almost glabrous, movable and immovable finger covered on both sides with numerous long, isolated hairs, only tips of chela glabrous. Female Unknown.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA3E0141C5DF97880BEF852.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology This species is currently known only from the vast lowland rainforests of the Masoala Peninsula on the east coast (Fig. 3).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FFA3E0141C5DF97880BEF852.taxon	discussion	Remarks Despite several attempts, no DNA could be extracted from the male holotype. Therefore, its degree of similarity to the two much larger females known and sequenced from the Masoala area (KY 399024 and KY 399025) could not be assessed (see Fig. 1).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9FE0151C2CFEF38716FB69.taxon	discussion	Remarks Species can be identified as members of the Z. piligerum species-group based on morphological characters of the posterior telopods (Wesener & Wägele 2008), which are slender and greatly elongated. The species-group now contains four described species distributed in the eastern rainforests at higher elevations (Wesener 2009). Key to species of the Zoosphaerium piligerum species-group	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9FE0101C34FAE281B3FAF9.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 5 E 6 A 6 B 0 - F 750 - 4227 - 8 F 0 B- 4 F 6417 FDF 88 D Figs 2 G, 3, 10 B, 12	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9FE0101C34FAE281B3FAF9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The greatly elongated posterior telopods identify Zoosphaerium spinopiligerum sp. nov. as a member of the Z. piligerum species-group. Zoosphaerium spinopiligerum sp. nov. shares the shape of the vulva and the anal shield, as well as a similar posterior telopod with Z. pseudopiligerum. Zoosphaerium spinopiligerum sp. nov. differs from the latter in the non-glossy tergites, differences in the shape of the anterior telopods, as well as the higher number of ventral spines on the legs (see key above).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9FE0101C34FAE281B3FAF9.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Spinopiligerum’, noun in apposition, as a reference to the higher number of ventral spines on the legs compared to related species.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9FE0101C34FAE281B3FAF9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype MADAGASCAR – Fianarantsoa • ♂; Parc National de Midongy-Befotaka, 6 km N of Befotaka village; 23 ° 46.7 ′ S, 47 ° 06.4 ′ E; alt. 815 m; dense humid transitional lowland and montane forest; 8 Feb. 2008; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 1442; FMNH-INS 3119885. Other material MADAGASCAR – Fianarantsoa • 1 ♀; Parc National de Midongy-Befotaka, 11.5 km SW of Befotaka village; 23 ° 53.3 ′ S, 46 ° 53.3 ′ E; alt. 1053 m; dense humid transitional lowland and montane forest; 27 Feb. 2008; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 1536; FMNH-INS 3119888.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9FE0101C34FAE281B3FAF9.taxon	description	Description BODY LENGTH. Male: length 37.1 mm, width of thoracic shield 22.3 mm (widest), height of thoracic shield 11.1 mm (highest). Female (paratype): length 28.8 mm, width of thoracic shield 16.8 mm, height of thoracic shield up to 8.7 mm. COLORATION. Tergites brown with dark brown posterior margin (Fig. 2 G). Collum dark brown to green. Head dark green with yellow-brown markings. Anal shield brown. Antennae dark green, legs basally light brown, apically dark green. HEAD. Eyes with more than 80 ommatidia. Antennae long and slender, protruding back to leg 3. Length of antennomeres 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 <6. A shallow groove present on antennomere 1, disc with 22 / 18 apical cones. GNATHOCHILARIUM AND MANDIBLE. Not dissected. STIGMATIC PLATES. First stigmatic plate lobular, apex well rounded, very slightly curved towards coxa. Hairs most abundant on apical margin (Fig. 12 C). PLEURITES. First pleurite slightly extending posteriorly in a long, thin process. COLLUM. Median part of collum glabrous. THORACIC SHIELD. Surface similar to that of tergites. TERGITES. Paratergites slightly projecting posteriorly. Tergites covered with small pits and hairs. ENDOTERGUM. Inner section with numerous short spines and isolated bristles. Between marginal ridge and inner area a single row of sparse large, elliptical cuticular impressions, distance between impressions 2 – 3 times as large as their diameter. Marginal brim wavy towards inner area. Externally with 1 row of sparse marginal bristles. Bristles scaly, short, the longest reaching ⅓ of distance towards tergite margin (Fig. 10 B). ANAL SHIELD. Rounded, slightly flattened in male, covered with numerous short setae. Ventral side of anal shield with two black locking carinae, located close to laterotergites. Anterior carina small, posterior carina 6 or 7 times as long as anterior carina. LEGS. Leg 1 with 5 ventral spines, leg 2 with 6, leg 3 with 8. First two leg pairs without an apical spine, spine present on leg 3. Leg pairs 4 – 21 with 10 – 12 ventral spines and an apical spine. On leg 9, femur 2.1 and tarsus 5.2 times as long as wide. All podomeres with setae (Fig. 12 A). Male sexual characters GONOPORE. Covered with a single undivided, rounded, apically membranous, basally sclerotized plate, covering ¼ of surface of coxa. Gonopore located basally on joint (Fig. 12 B). ANTERIOR TELOPODS. Harp with two stridulation ribs, both ribs of same size and well developed, located in mesal corner (Fig. 12 D). First podomere 1.3 times as wide as long. Second podomere process lobe- like and slightly curved, with rounded edges, protruding up to ⅔ of third podomere height, apically with sclerotized spots, visible in anterior view (Fig. 12 D – F). Third podomere narrow, half as long as first; cavity mesally with numerous sclerotized spots and three thin, sclerotized spines (Fig. 12 E – F); one sclerotized spot located close to tip; laterally with up to 4 crenulated teeth. Podomeres 1 – 3 on both sides with numerous long, isolated hairs. POSTERIOR TELOPODS (FIGS). Movable finger strongly curved, apically with invagination. Hollowed-out inner margin with one large triangular membranous lobe and 3 – 5 smaller sclerotized spines (Fig. 12 H). Posterior aspect of movable finger with ca 11 small, sclerotized teeth (Fig. 12 I). Immovable finger slender, with weakly curved tip, slightly shorter than movable finger. Anterior side of immovable finger basally with a membranous lobe and a sclerotized spine, at tip with numerous small sclerotized spots (Fig. 12 I). All three podomeres of posterior telopods on both sides glabrous. Inner horns of syncoxite apically curved posteriorly. Tips sharp, entire horns covered with numerous short hairs. Female sexual characters Subanal plate wide, slightly triangular. Washboard with well-developed stridulation ribs, with 3 ribs on each half (Fig. 12 G). Vulva large, covering more than ⅔ of coxa (Fig. 12 J). Operculum small and low, ending far before coxal margin. Apical margin of operculum medially notched, lateral tip twice as high as mesal one, well rounded. Mesal plate long, extending beyond operculum.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9FE0101C34FAE281B3FAF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology Zoosphaerium spinopiligerum sp. nov. occurs in sympatry with Z. nigrum sp. nov. and Sphaeromimus midongy Moritz & Wesener, 2017 in the remote mountainous forests of Midongy in the southeast of Madagascar (Fig. 3).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9FE0101C34FAE281B3FAF9.taxon	discussion	Remarks The female specimen examined here is only tentatively placed in Z. spinopiligerum sp. nov. as its COI barcode shows quite a p-distance to the male holotype (Table 2). Such a distance is far higher than usually present in millipedes. New locality data for Zoosphaerium species in Madagascar	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9AE0111C36FA798627FBCB.taxon	description	See Wesener & Wägele (2008) for a revision and Wesener (2016) for a complete bibliography.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9AE0111C36FA798627FBCB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Antsiranana • 3 ♂♂; SAVA, Parc National de Marojejy, 6.5 km NW of Manantenina village; 14 ° 27 ′ 21.2 ″ S, 49 ° 46 ′ 29.8 ″ E; alt. 780 m; disturbed lowland humid forest, pitfalls; 31 May 2016; V. Soarimalala leg.; FMNH-INS 2858681 •> 30 juvs; Marojejy; 14 ° 26 ′ S, 49 ° 45 ′ E; alt. 700 m; 10 – 17 Nov. 1993; NHMD. – Toamasina • 1 ♀; Reserve Betampona, Camp Rendrirendry, 34.1 km 332 ° from Toamasina; 17 ° 55.26 ″ S, 049 ° 11.59 ″ E; alt. 390 m; general collecting in camp, rainforest; 28 Nov. 2005; Brian L. Fisher et al. leg.; coll. no. BLF 13126; CASENT 9032818 • 1 ♀; Reserve Nationale Integrale Betampona, Betampona, 35.1 km NW of Toamasina; 17 ° 55.05 ″ S, 49 ° 12.03 ″ E; alt. 500 m; rainforest, general collecting; 15 – 17 Dec. 2007; Brian L. Fisher et al. leg.; coll. no. BLF 19514; CASENT 9068298 • 1 ♀; Region Atsinanana, Reserve Naturelle Integrale, along Piste Principale (PP); 17 ° 54.8 ′ S, 49 ° 11.6 ′ E; alt. 400 – 500 m; in relatively intact lowland humid forest, pitfall 2, bucket 6; 10 Nov. 2015; Steven M. Goodman leg.; FMNH-INS SMG- 19237 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; by hand; coll. no. SMG- 19235; FMNH-INS 2858602 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; pitfall 3, bucket 5; 11 Nov. 2015; coll. no. SMG- 19246; FMNH-INS 2858597 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; coll. no. SMG- 19247; FMNH-INS 2858600 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; pitfall 1; 12 Nov. 2015; coll. no. SMG- 19255; FMNH-INS 2858599 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; pitfall 3; coll. no. SMG- 19256; FMNH-INS 2858604 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; pitfall 2; coll. no. SMG- 19254; FMNH-INS 2858593 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; pitfall 1; 13 Nov. 2015; coll. no. SMG- 19263; FMNH-INS 2858594 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; coll. no. SMG- 19264; FMNH-INS 2858591 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; pitfall 3; 15 Nov. 2015; coll. no. SMG- 19271; FMNH-INS 2858603 • 1 ♀; Region Atsinanana, Reserve Naturelle Integrale, along Piste Principale (PP) between 1650 and 2550 m; 17 ° 54.62 ′ S, 49 ° 11.70 ′ E; alt. 460 – 520 m; in undisturbed lowland humid forest, pitfall 4, bucket 8; 17 Nov. 2015; Steven M. Goodman leg.; coll. no. SMG- 19289; FMNH-INS 2858598 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; bucket 11; coll. no. SMG- 19291; FMNH-INS 2858590 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; pitfall 5, bucket 3; coll. no. SMG- 19290; FMNH-INS 2858596 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; pitfall 4, bucket 1; 21 Nov. 2015; coll. no. SMG- 19313; FMNH- INS 2858592.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9AE0111C36FA798627FBCB.taxon	discussion	Remarks We provide further locality information including the lowland forest of Betampona and lowland forests in Marojejy for this relatively widespread species of Zoosphaerium (Fig. 13 A). The gigantic females of Z. neptunus are currently the largest Sphaerotheriida known, reaching the size of a tennis ball or small orange when rolled up. The juveniles of this species show swarming behavior around Andasibe (Wesener & Schütte 2010), a so far unique behavior for giant pill-millipedes.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9BE0121FBAFB578699FE2D.taxon	description	See Wesener & Wägele (2008) for a revision and Wesener (2016) for a complete bibliography.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9BE0121FBAFB578699FE2D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Toamasina • 1 ♂; Forêt d’Analamay, 9 km NE of Ambohimanarivo village; 18 ° 47 ′ 55.4 ″ S, 48 ° 19 ′ 23.6 ″ E; alt. 1100 m; degraded montane forest, pitfall buckets; 14 Jan. 2009; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 1635; FMNH-INS 3195652 • 1 ♂; Foret d’Analamay, 10 km E of Ambohimanarivo village; 18 ° 48 ′ 29.4 ″ S, 48 ° 20 ′ 13.8 ″ E; alt. 1060 m; dense humid transitional lowland and montane forest; 31 Jan. 2009; V. Soarimalala leg.; FMNH-INS 3119883 • 1 ♂; Parc National de Zahamena, Onibe River; 17 ° 45 ′ 33 ″ S, 48 ° 51 ′ 17 ″ E; alt. 780 m; rainforest, general collecting in camp; 21 Feb. 2009; B. L. Fisher et al. leg.; coll. no. BLF 22169; CASENT 9068304 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Ambohibolakely; 18 ° 46 ′ 39 ″ S, 48 ° 21 ′ 45 ″ E; alt. 971 m; rainforest, general collection; 23 – 28 Nov. 2012; B. L. Fisher et al. leg.; coll. no. BLF 29952; CASENT 9068293 • 2 specs; Alaotra-Mangoro, about 4.7 km NE of Andasibe village; 18 ° 54 ′ 4.2 ″ S, 48 ° 27 ′ 00.0 ″ E; alt. 985 m; degraded lower montane forest, pitfalls; Jan. 2014; Toky Randriamora leg.; FMNH-INS 2858672 • 1 ♂; Alaotra-Mangoro, 1.5 km N of Sahavarina village, about 4.5 km NW of Antaniditra village and 7 km SE of Ambatovy mine site; 18 ° 51 ′ 48.3 ″ S, 48 ° 21 ′ 23.9 ″ E; alt. 925 m; open anthropogenic habitat and degraded lower montane forest, pitfalls; Mar. 2014; Toky Randriamora leg.; FMNH-INS 2858673 • 2 specs; same collection data as for preceding; coll. no. VS- 1676; FMNH-INS 2858674 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; FMNH-INS 3196509 • 1 spec.; Alaotra-Mangoro, about 1 km S of Ambodiriana village; 19 ° 02 ′ 00.4 ″ S, 48 ° 20 ′ 20.3 ″ E; alt. 980 m; degraded lower montane forest, pitfalls; Mar. 2014; Toky Randriamora leg.; FMNH-INS 2858675.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF9BE0121FBAFB578699FE2D.taxon	discussion	Remarks Zoosphaerium platylabum was previously known only from a few specimens collected near Andasibe (Wesener & Wägele 2008; Wesener et al. 2010 b). Now, the species has been found at several additional montane rainforest sites north of Andasibe, all at elevation levels of 780 – 1100 m (Fig. 13 B).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E0131FB1FB028085F963.taxon	description	See Wesener & Wägele (2008) for a revision and Wesener (2016) for a complete bibliography.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E0131FB1FB028085F963.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Toliara • 1 ♂; Mahafaly Plateau, Atsimo-Anrefena, 4 km NE of Vohombe village; 24 ° 23.9 ′ S, 43 ° 50.8 ′ E; alt. 80 m; in spiny bush, pitfalls; 27 Feb. 2003; Voahangy Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 540; FMNH-INS 3196503 • 1 spec.; 10.0 km SSW of Tranomaro, along Vohondava River; 24 ° 41.2 ′ S, 46 ° 27.2 ′ E; alt. 225 m; spiny bush; 18 Mar. 2005; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 572; FMNH-INS 3177004.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E0131FB1FB028085F963.taxon	discussion	Remarks Additional locality data for this very widespread species, occurring almost everywhere in the southern spiny forest ecosystem, is provided (Fig. 13 C).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E0131FC3FEF386E8FCFA.taxon	description	See Wesener & Wägele (2008) for a revision and Wesener (2016) for a complete bibliography.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E0131FC3FEF386E8FCFA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Antananarivo • 1 spec.; Forêt d’Antsahabe, 6 km SE of Anjozorobe; 18 ° 25.3 ′ S, 47 ° 56.6 ′ E; alt. 1250 m; dense humid montane forest; 4 Dec. 2005; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 667; FMNH-INS 3119912. – Toamasina • 1 spec.; Forêt d’Analamay, 12.5 km E of Ambohimanarivo village; 18 ° 48 ′ 20.8 ″ S, 48 ° 21 ′ 38.1 ″ E; alt. 1060 m; dense humid transitional lowland and montane forest; 10 Feb. 2009; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 1706; FMNH-INS 3119891 • 1 ♂; Forêt d’Analamay, 10 km E of Ambohimanarivo village; 18 ° 49 ′ 25.9 ″ S, 48 ° 20 ′ 1.8 ″ E; alt. 1050 m; dense humid transitional lowland and montane forest; 20 Feb. 2009; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 1741; FMNH-INS 3119882.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E0131FC3FEF386E8FCFA.taxon	discussion	Remarks Currently listed as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List (Rudolf & Wesener 2017 a), Z. piligerum seems to be more widespread in the eastern montane forests (Fig. 13 C) than when the species was assessed as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List (Wesener & Wägele 2008).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E0131FEFFC8D8124FB66.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Toamasina • 1 ♂; Parc National de Zahamena, Tetezambatana forest, near jct of Nosivola and Manakambahiny Rivers; 17 ° 44 ′ 35 ″ S, 48 ° 43 ′ 46 ″ E; alt. 860 m; general collecting in camp, rainforest; 18 – 19 Feb. 2009; B. L. Fisher et al. leg.; coll. no. BLF 21973; CASENT 9068292.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E0131FEFFC8D8124FB66.taxon	discussion	Remarks Another locality for this species (Fig. 13 C), which appears to be common in northeastern Malagasy lowland rainforests, is added (cf Wesener et al. 2010 b).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E01C1C32F9068148FD95.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Mahajanga • 1 ♀; Forêt de Beanka, 4.9 km S of Ambinda; 18 ° 03.7 ′ S, 44 ° 31.5 ′ E; alt. 320 m; slightly disturbed dry deciduous tsingy forest; 27 Oct. 2009; V. Soarimalala leg.; coll. no. VS- 1783; FMNH-INS 3119880 • 1 ♀; Majunga, Reserve forestière Beanka, 50.7 km E of Maintirano; 17 ° 52 ′ 49 ″ S, 44 ° 28 ′ 08 ″ E; alt. 140 m; tropical dry forest on tsingy, general collecting; 28 – 31 Oct. 2009; B. L. Fisher et al. leg.; coll. no. BLF 23002; CASENT 9068288 • 1 ♂; Forêt de Beanka; 18 ° 01.25 ′ S, 44 ° 30.08 ′ E; alt. 220 m; slightly disturbed dry deciduous forest; 14 Jan. 2010; Z. H. Harimpiria leg.; FMNH-INS 3119897 B.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF99E01C1C32F9068148FD95.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species, previously known from the western dry forests of Bemaraha and Kirindy (Wesener 2009), has now also been recorded from Beanka (Fig. 13 C).	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF96E01C1C2FFAED8334F951.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Antsiranana • 1 ♀; Montagne dʼAmbre, 2 km away from park entrance; 12 ° 32 ′ S, 49 ° 10 ′ E; alt. 1000 m; 23 – 28 Nov. 1993; J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold and R. Andriamasimanana leg.; NHMD • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; alt. 1100 m; NHMD • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; NHMD • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; NHMD • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; NHMD • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; NHMD.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF96E01C1C2FFAED8334F951.taxon	discussion	Remarks We provide collection information for several more specimens of Z. ambrense that were sampled at the type locality.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF96E01C1C33FDBC8721FC32.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Antsiranana • 1 ♂; Montagne dʼAmbre; 12 ° 32 ′ S, 49 ° 10 ′ E; alt. 1100 m; 23 – 28 Nov. 1993; NHMD.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF96E01C1C33FDBC8721FC32.taxon	discussion	Remarks We provide collection information for one additional specimen from the type locality. Zoosphaerium aureum is currently classified as Least Concern (Rudolf & Wesener 2017 b) on the IUCN Red List.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF96E01C1C16FC5586BCFB5A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Antsiranana • 3 juvs; Marojejy; 14 ° 26 ′ S, 49 ° 45 ′ E; alt. 700 m; 10 – 17 Nov. 1993; NHMD.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF96E01C1C16FC5586BCFB5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks Three more specimens have been collected from the type locality. Zoosphaerium smaragdinum is currently classified as Near Threatened (Rudolf & Wesener 2017 c) on the IUCN Red List.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF96E01D1C27F8F08681FEC1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Antsiranana • 2 ♂♂, 2 specs; Montagne dʼAmbre; 12 ° 32 ′ S, 49 ° 10 ′ E; alt. 1100 m; 23 – 28 Nov. 1993; J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold and R. Andriamasimanana leg.; NHMD • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; NHMD.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF96E01D1C27F8F08681FEC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks Additional specimens were collected at the type locality, Montagne dʼAmbre. Zoosphaerium corystoides is currently classified as Least Concern (Rudolf & Wesener 2017 d) on the IUCN Red List.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF94E01F1FF3F927816DFE22.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined MADAGASCAR – Antananarivo • 1 ♀; Analamanga, 6.7 km SE of Anjozorobe village, Andasin’i Jaonera; 18 ° 25.3 ′ S, 47 ° 56.6 ′ E; alt. 1250 m; in disturbed montane forest, pitfalls 1 – 3; 19 – 23 Feb. 2016; Steven M. Goodman leg.; FMNH-INS 2858679.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
03BF4B62FF94E01F1FF3F927816DFE22.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is another record of this rare miniaturized species (Wesener 2009), previously known only from the type series collected near Andranomay. This species is currently classified as Critically Endangered (Rudolf & Wesener 2017 e) on the IUCN Red List.	en	Wesener, Thomas, Sagorny, Christina (2021): Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae). European Journal of Taxonomy 758 (1): 1-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.758.1423
