identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F687C85935227C76D9A970FF38FA3D.text	03F687C85935227C76D9A970FF38FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichognatha O.Pickard-Cambridge 1869	<div><p>Dolichognatha O. P.- Cambridge, 1869</p> <p>TYPE SPECIES: Dolichognatha nietneri O. P.-</p> <p>Cambridge, 1869.</p> <p>Landana Simon, 1884, transferred from Archaeidae to Araneidae by Lehtinen, 1967: 289, here by Levi, 1981: 277.</p> <p>Paraebius Thorell, 1894, Prolochus Thorell, 1895, Nicholasia Bryant and Archer, 1940, type Araneus pentagonus (Hentz, 1850) and Afiamalu Marples, 1955, type Afiamalu richardi Marples, 1955, transferred here by Levi, 1981: 277.</p> <p>Homalopoltys Simon, 1895, transferred here by Smith, 2008: 10.</p> <p>(A), retrolateral (B), ventral (C), schematic (ventral) (D). Habitus: dorsal (E).</p> <p>Atimiosa Simon, 1895, new synonymy, type species Atimiosa quinquemucronata Simon, 1895.</p> <p>JUSTIFICATION FOR THE SYNONYMY: The holotype of Atimiosa quinquemucronata is a subadult female. Describing new taxa based on juvenile specimens was common before the early 20th century. The validity of taxa based on such specimens is often difficult to assess because genital morphology cannot be examined and they are subsequently neglected or treated as nomina dubia. Fortunately, A. quinquemucronata shares some easily recognizable somatic features with the genus Dolichognatha, such as the separated lateral eyes, PME smaller than the lateral eyes, and the absence of fourth femur trichobothria in females. The size and distribution of the eyes are particularly relevant, as those are among the most important diagnostic characters of Dolichognatha. The pointed tip of the abdomen and the shape of the labium and sternum are also as in Dolichognatha. Based on these observations and the results from our cladistic analyses (figs. 9; 10), we transfer all Atimiosa species to Dolichognatha, which renders the former genus into a junior synonym of Dolichognatha.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: The genus Dolichognatha can be most easily distinguished from close relatives (Meta and Metellina) by the very long male chelicerae and the characteristic shape and coloration of the prosoma. In Dolichognatha the cephalic region is rectangular in shape and elongated with dark sides (e.g., fig. 6A). In addition, the following combination of characters differentiates Dolichognatha from other tetragnathids: aggregate spigots not embracing the flagelliform spigot, PME and PLE without canoe tapetum, PME smaller than PLE, abdomen with anterior tubercles, and horizontal orb web with closed web hub close to the substrate.</p> <p>PHYLOGENETICS: The monophyly of Dolichognatha is supported by all analyses and it is placed in a Metainae lineage together with the genera Meta and Metellina (figs. 9; 10), which includes also Mollemeta, Chrysometa, and Allende when k 5 4–7 (fig. 11). All analyses, except when k # 3, found Dolichognatha sister to Metellina. Three unambiguous synapomorphies support the monophyly of Dolichognatha (fig. 12A): PLE larger than PME, lateral eyes separated, and anterior abdominal tubercles present. When A. quinquemucronata is excluded form the analyses the number of synapomorphies supporting Dolichognatha increases to 17 (fig. 12B) due to the reduction of data missing from the matrix. These synapomorphies include: aggregate spigots not embracing the flagelliform spigot; apically distended conductor path; short clypeus; PME close to each other (less than one PME diameter); PME without canoe tapetum; PLE without canoe tapetum; PME smaller than PLE; lateral eyes separated; male paturon with a basal tubercle; male chelicerae larger than in female; intermediate length of copulatory ducts; short fertilization ducts; abdomen with anterior tubercles; male palpal patella without macrosetae; horizontal orb web; and closed web hub.</p> <p>COMPOSITION: Dolichognatha comprises 29 described species (Platnick, 2010), including the two new combinations proposed here: D. aethiopica Tullgren, 1910; D. albida (Simon, 1895); D. baforti (Legendre, 1967); D. cygnea (Simon, 1893); D. deelemanae Smith, 2008; D. ducke Lise, 1993; D. erwini Brescovit and Cunha, 2001; D. incanescens; D. kampa Brescovit and Cunha, 2001; D. kratochvili (Lessert, 1938); D. lodiculafaciens (Hingston, 1932); D. longiceps; D. mandibularis (Thorell, 1894); D. mapia Brescovit and Cunha, 2001; D. maturaca Lise, 1993; D. minuscula (Mello- Leitão, 1940); D. nietneri; D. pentagona; D. petiti (Simon, 1884); D. pinheira l Brescovit and Cunha, 2001; D. proserpina (Mello-Leitão, 1943); D. quadrituberculata (Keyserling, 1883); D. raveni Smith, 2008; D. richardi (Marples, 1955); D. spinosa (Petrunkevitch, 1939); D. tigrina Simon, 1893; D. umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991; D. quinquemucronata (Simon, 1895), new combination; and D. comorensis (Schmidt and Krause, 1993), new combination.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Dolichognatha has a circumtropical distribution with the highest species diversity in South America and Southeast Asia.</p> <p>NATURAL HISTORY: The majority of Dolichognatha species live near the ground where they build nearly horizontal orb webs (Levi, 1981; Smith, 2008 and observations reported herein). However, there are at lest some species, such as D. albida, that were reported to build vertical orb webs (Simon, 1894). Smith (2008) confirms that Dolichognatha species may live in the canopy, as specimens for her study were collected using canopyfogging techniques. Unfortunately, she did not observe the webs of these specimens. Our observations of D. longiceps webs are consistent with the descriptions of Levi (1981) and represent the most common web architecture in Dolichognatha (horizontal orbs close to the substrate).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F687C85935227C76D9A970FF38FA3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dimitrov, Dimitar;Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Dimitrov, Dimitar, Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2010): On the Phylogenetic Placement of the Spider Genus Atimiosa Simon, 1895, and the Circumscription of Dolichognatha O. P. - Cambridge, 1869 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae). American Museum Novitates 3683: 1-19, DOI: 10.1206/669.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/669.1
03F687C8593B227874A8A9E6FCA2FB57.text	03F687C8593B227874A8A9E6FCA2FB57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichognatha quinquemucronata (Simon 1895) Dimitrov & Álvarez-Padilla & Hormiga 2010	<div><p>Dolichognatha quinquemucronata (Simon, 1895), new combination</p> <p>Figures 1A–E</p> <p>Atimiosa quinquemucronata Simon, 1894: 742 (nomen nudum).</p> <p>Atimiosa quinquemucronata Simon, 1895a: 154.</p> <p>TYPE: Subadult female holotype from Sri</p> <p>Lanka. The only information on the label, other than the collection number and the species name, is ‘‘Nuw. El.’’ (MNHN 16140, examined).</p> <p>JUSTIFICATION OF THE TRANSFER: The type specimen, which is also the only known specimen of this species, is a subadult female (fig. 1A, E), thus it is impossible to study its genital morphology. However, it has all somatic characters diagnostic of Dolichognatha, such as: PME smaller than the PLE, PLE, and ALE separated, chelicerae slender and elongated, and femur IV without trichobothria. Even with 92.5% missing data in the data matrix, the cladistic analyses unambiguously placed this species in a group together with the Dolichognatha species included in our analyses and with A. comorensis. Based on this cladistic hypothesis (fig. 9), we transfer A. quinquemucronata to the genus Dolichognatha.</p> <p>Fig. 11.</p> <p>COMMENTS: There are three other species of Dolichognatha besides D. quinquemucronata described from Sri Lanka: D. incanescens, D. nietneri, and D. albida. This makes a reconciliation of the subadult specimen of D. quinquemucronata a very difficult task. However, the presence of characteristic abdominal tubercles in D. quinquemucronata, which differ from those of the other three Sri Lankan species, and its eye pattern, may prove useful if adults with these traits are collected. At present, as the holotype of D. quinquemucronata is a subadult specimen that cannot be identified, we suggest that it should be treated as nomen nudum.</p> <p>Dolichognatha comorensis (Schmidt and Krause, 1993), new combination</p> <p>Figures 2A–E; 3A–C</p> <p>Atimiosa comorensis Schmidt and Krause, 1993: 6; Schmidt and Krause, 1994: 5.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype male from Comoros Islands, Grande Comoro, Boboni, 27.xi.1983, elevation 600m, R. Jocqué leg. (RMCA 160.649, examined).</p> <p>Continued.</p> <p>JUSTIFICATION FOR THE TRANSFER: Morphology of the male palp of this species (presence of CBEP and metine embolic apophysis; shape of conductor and embolus) as well as eye size and arrangement are consistent with placement in the genus Dolichognatha. Transfer is further supported by the results from our cladistic analyses: parsimony analyses under equal and implied weights always, except when k # 3, found A. comorensis nested within Dolichognatha (figs. 9, 10).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F687C8593B227874A8A9E6FCA2FB57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dimitrov, Dimitar;Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Dimitrov, Dimitar, Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2010): On the Phylogenetic Placement of the Spider Genus Atimiosa Simon, 1895, and the Circumscription of Dolichognatha O. P. - Cambridge, 1869 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae). American Museum Novitates 3683: 1-19, DOI: 10.1206/669.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/669.1
03F687C8593F227976D1A903FE28F9E9.text	03F687C8593F227976D1A903FE28F9E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dolichognatha longiceps (Thorell 1895)	<div><p>Dolichognatha longiceps (Thorell, 1895)</p> <p>Figures 4A–F; 5A–D; 6A–D; 7; 8</p> <p>Prolochus longiceps Thorell, 1895: 122; Simon, 1895b: 932, 1004.</p> <p>TYPES: Syntypes of Dolichognatha longiceps are deposited in NRM. We did not directly examine the type specimens ourselves. However, to ensure correct determination we have compared our specimens to a digital photograph of the male holotype that was kindly made available by Torbjörn Kronestedt and Gunvi Lindberg, and to the drawings available in the literature.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION OF THE WEB: Dolichognatha longiceps spins its orb web near the ground at the base of trees. The web that we observed was built between the buttresses of a tree. It is twodimensional with oval shape (fig. 8A) and with a major axis of 40 cm. The web orientation is horizontal with dense spiral turns and numerous radii, without split radii (fig. 8). The web frame is an irregular polygonal shape and has numerous attachment sites (fig. 8A). The hub is closed (fig. 8B) and seems somewhat displaced toward one of the edges.</p> <p>ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.16917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.16917/lat 6.7025)">One</a> male and two females from Thale Ban National Park, Satun Province, THAILAND. N6 ° 42 9 37.0 0, E100 ° 10 9 09.2 0, elev. 270m, 15–18.x. 2003, G. Hormiga leg. In AMNH.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F687C8593F227976D1A903FE28F9E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dimitrov, Dimitar;Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando;Hormiga, Gustavo	Dimitrov, Dimitar, Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Hormiga, Gustavo (2010): On the Phylogenetic Placement of the Spider Genus Atimiosa Simon, 1895, and the Circumscription of Dolichognatha O. P. - Cambridge, 1869 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae). American Museum Novitates 3683: 1-19, DOI: 10.1206/669.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/669.1
