identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
795D87BAFFB66B1785B1FC8AABC6F995.text	795D87BAFFB66B1785B1FC8AABC6F995.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synapsis puluongensis Bui & Bonkowski 2018	<div><p>Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 1 A–F, 2A,C,E)</p> <p>Type locality. Vietnam, Thanh Hoa Province, Puluong Nature Reserve, 20º28′54″N 105º14′31″E, 950 m a.s.l.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♁ ‘ VIETNAM | THANH HOA Prov. | Pu Luong Nat. Reserve, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.24194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.481667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.24194/lat 20.481667)">Ban Ba</a> vill. | 20º28’54’’N 105º14’31’’E, 950 m | primary forest | 10.–25.iv.2016 | Van Bac Bui leg.’ (VNUF). PARATYPES (five specimens): ♁, ‘ VIETNAM | THANH HOA Prov. | Pu Luong Nat. Reserve, near Ban Ba vill. | 20º28’55’’N 105º14’29’’E, 958 m | primary forest | 10.–25.iv. 2016 | Van Bac Bui leg.’ (VNUF); ♀, ‘VIETNNAM | THANH HOA Prov. | Pu Luong Nat. Reserve, near Ban Ba vill. | 20º28’54’’N 105º14’29’’E, 954 m | primary forest | 10.–25.iv.2016 | Van Bien Nguyen leg.’ (VNUF); 3♀♀, ‘ VIETNAM | THANH HOA Prov. | Pu Luong Nat.Reserve, near Ban Ba vill. | 20º28’56’’N 105º14’28’’E, 956 m | primary forest | 10.–25.iv.2016 | Van Bac Bui leg.’ (2 PLNR, 1 NMPC).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body length 17.2–18.5 mm, body width 10.4– 11.5 mm; hypomeral cavities not covered by macrosetae; mesepisternal cavities absent; genae unexpanded; frons unarmed; anterolateral angles of pronotum not protruding; elytral striae strongly punctate; elytral intervals impunctate, convex and glossy, interval 2 near base not swollen; ventral sides of metafemora densely punctate.</p> <p>Description of holotype (male). Body length 18.38 mm, body width 11.32 mm. Whole surface black, very shiny and glabrous. Margins of legs and pronotum with reddish- brown macrosetae.</p> <p>Head broad (HeadL 3.67 mm, HeadW 7.44 mm), extremely rugose anteriorly; posterior part sparsely punctate; fine punctures surrounding eyes. Anterior margin of clypeus bidentate, V-shaped, flexed upwards, with few reddish setae. Distance between apices of clypeal denticles (DDC) 1.43 mm. Genae rectangular, quite distinctly separated from clypeus and frons by well-defined suture with sculptural punctures. Genae closely and evenly punctate, with scanty reddish macrosetae. Frons glabrous and very unevenly punctate. Area surrounding eyes bearing more closely spaced and coarser punctures than base. Frons unarmed, only slightly swollen. Antennae composed of 9 antennomeres. Antennomere I 1.34 mm in length, longer than antennomeres II–IV combined (1.25 mm in length). Antennomeres I and II darker, bearing more yellow macrosetae than remaining antennomeres.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum transverse (PronL 4.9 mm, PronW 10.08 mm), widest at anterior quarter, with two distinct lateral carinae at each side. Area between carinae black, matte, glabrous and not punctate. Outer margin of outer carina with dense reddish-brown macrosetae. Anterolateral angles short and not protruding. Punctures not evenly distributed, denser at sides. Only small area at anterior edge of pronotal collar microrugose. Hypomeral cavities present but shallow, sparsely punctate and not covered with macrosetae. Meso-metaventrum quite smooth, with a few scattered fine punctures at its anterior end, bearing posterior median groove and deep excavation near metacoxae.</p> <p>Pterothorax. Elytra (ElyL 11.4 mm, MWoI123: 2.51 mm) convex, very shiny, deeply striate; elytral striae strongly, densely punctate (DP10, 15: 1.03 mm); intervals smooth and impunctate. Interval 2 near base not swollen. Mesepimeron and metepisternum flat, granulose and without macrosetae.</p> <p>Legs. Protibia (ProTiL 3.30 mm, ProTiW 2.35 mm, ProTiSL 1.21 mm) tridentate, terminal tooth as long as protibial spur and nearly as long as protibial tarsus. Mesotibia (MesoTiL 3.34 mm, MesoTiW 1.33 mm, 1 stMesoTiSL 2.09 mm, 2 ndMesoTiSL 0.9 mm) and metatibia (MetaTiL 4.95 mm, MetaTiW 1.27 mm, MetaTiSL 1.55 mm) with red scanty macrosetae and slender spurs. Metatarsomeres nearly similar in size (MetaTaL 3.72 mm, MetaTa1L 1.08 mm, MetaTa1W 0.68 mm, MetaTa5W 0.32 mm).</p> <p>Abdomen and pygidium. Abdominal ventrites opaque, sparsely punctate, and narrower at midline. Pygidium (PyL 2.46 mm, PyW 4.5 mm) feebly convex, densely and transversely punctate and scabrous.</p> <p>Aedeagus (Figs 1E, F). Phallobase length 3.57 mm in lateral view, with strong swelling in middle of basal suture. Parameres length 2.19 mm (in lateral view), triangle-shaped. Phallobase and parameres forming angle&gt; 130º.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. Females differ from males in their weaker elytral striae, and meso- and metatrochanters with sparser reddish-brown macrosetae (absent in some specimens). Sexes also differ in the shape and strength of the metafemoral tooth, which is stronger in males. Compound eyes black in females but reddish brown in males.</p> <p>Morphometrics. See Table 1.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov. belongs to the S. birmanica group, as indicated by a combination of the following characters: hypomeral cavities present, genae unexpanded, frons unarmed, mesepisternal cavities absent, and upper longitudinal carina of male metatibia without brush of rusty setae. Species of the S. birmanica group may be clearly distinguished from those of S. ovalis, S. brahmina and S. tmolus groups by the presence of hypomeral cavities. The S. ritsemae group has expanded genae, in which it differs from the species of the S. birmanica group whose genae are unexpanded.</p> <p>Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from other known species of the group by the following characters: in S. puluongensis the elytral interval 2 is not swollen near the base (swollen in S. yama from northern and central Vietnam and Laos, S. horaki from northern Vietnam, S. dickinsoni from northern Thailand: Phukieo, S. ochii from northern Thailand: Chiang Mai and in S. masumotoi from Taiwan). Characters on the metafemora and elytral striae clearly differentiate S. puluongensis sp. nov. from the other species of the S. birmanica group recorded in Vietnam: both S. puluongensis sp. nov. and S. horaki have densely punctured metafemora on the ventral side, while S. yama has no punctures on the metafemur. In addition, S. puluongensis sp. nov. has coarse and closely spaced punctures on the elytral striae, which are absent or extremely weak in S. horaki (Figs 2 A–D).</p> <p>Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov. has hypomeral cavities without macrosetae, which distinguishes it from S. birmanica (hypomeral cavities are covered by a brush of rusty macrosetae). The new species has deep striae, whereas in S. birmanica the striae are feeble (Figs 2 E–F).</p> <p>Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov. is morphologically similar to S. naxiorum in its black and shiny dorsal side. However, the new species can be distinguished from S. naxiorum in having more punctures on the ventral side of the metafemora; elytral striae more densely punctate, intervals not punctate, and hypomeral cavities devoid of rusty setae (Figs 2A,G).</p> <p>The entire surface of S. puluongensis sp. nov. is black and shiny, in contrast to the opaque surface of S. punctata from Myanmar and S. roslihashimi from Malaysia. In addition, S. puluongensis sp. nov. has convex intervals, whereas S. roslihashimi and S. punctata have flat or only weakly convex intervals. In S. punctata and S. roslihashimi all margins of intervals are punctate, whereas they are impunctate in the new species. The new species can also be distinguished from S. punctata and S. roslihashimi by the absence of hypomeral rusty macrosetae.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet puluongensis refers to the name of the type locality, Nature Reserve Puluong, Thanh Hoa Province, central Vietnam; adjective.</p> <p>Biology. The new species was collected in primary forests on limestone bedrock. The primary forests are characterized by a complex structure with various storeys, comprising an upper storey with emergent trees more than 35 m tall, belonging to Dipterocarpaceae and Combretaceae, a dominant lower storey (various tree species from 15 to 30 m tall), and a brush layer on the forest floor containing various herbs (Urticaceae, Araceae, Begoniaceae), lianas and parasitic plants (Connaraceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae, Loranthaceae).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/795D87BAFFB66B1785B1FC8AABC6F995	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bui, Van Bac;Bonkowski, Michael	Bui, Van Bac, Bonkowski, Michael (2018): Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov. and redescription of S. horaki (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with a key to Vietnamese species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 58 (2): 407-418, DOI: 10.2478/aemnp-2018-0032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2018-0032
795D87BAFFB16B188697F9A7AB40F9AE.text	795D87BAFFB16B188697F9A7AB40F9AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synapsis horaki Zidek & Pokorny 2010	<div><p>Synapsis horaki Zídek &amp; Pokorný, 2010</p> <p>(Figs 2B,H,I, 4 A–G)</p> <p>Synapsis horaki Zídek &amp; Pokorný, 2010: 18, figs 12–15 (original description).</p> <p>Type locality. Vietnam, Vinh Phuc Province, Tam Dao, 900 m a.s.l.</p> <p>Type material examined. HOLOTYPE: ♁, ‘ 6–10.v.1990 | Tam Dao | Vinh Phu Distr. | Vietnam | 900 m | Jan Horák leg.’ (NMPC).</p> <p>Additional material examined. VIETNAM: CAO BANG PROVINCE: Pia Oac Nature Reserve, primary forest, baited pitfall trap, 5.–20.v.2016, 22°34′3.6″N, 105°53′3.3″E, 1223 m, 1 ♁, 22°34′1.4″N, 105°53′3.3″E, 1220 m, 1 ♁, 22°34′3.1″N, 105°53′4.7″E, 1220 m, 1 ♁, 22°34′3.1″N 105°53′4.4″E, 1213 m, 1 ♀, Bùi Văn Bắc leg. (all in VNUF).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Hypomeral cavities present; surface sparsely punctate, and not covered by macrosetae. Mesepisternal surface flat and rugose. Genae unexpanded. Frons unarmed. Pronotal anterolateral angles not protruding. Elytral striae weak and indistinctly punctate; elytral interval 2 swollen near base. Ventral surface of femora densely punctate.</p> <p>Description. Body length 17.5–20.1 mm, body width 10.8–12.6 mm. Colour: Dorsal surface black and glabrous. Ventral surface black on head and shiny black on thorax, abdomen and femora. Reddish brown macrosetae upon legs and pronotal margins. Mouthparts, maxillary palpi and tarsi reddish brown. Antennae brown; antennomeres IV–VI darker than other antennomeres.</p> <p>Head nearly semicircular, 4.4–5.3 mm long, and 7.5–8.5 mm wide. Clypeal surface extremely rugose; apex strongly and deeply emarginated, V-shaped; distance between apices of clypeal denticles (DDC) 1.4–1.6 mm; anterior margin flexed upwards with few reddish setae. Genae rectangular, quite distinctly separated from clypeus and frons by well-defined suture; surface strongly rugose and weakly punctate; margins of anterolateral angles with dense reddish macrosetae. Frons unarmed, only slightly swollen; surface weakly rugose and punctate. Antennae with 9 antennomeres; length of antennomere I approx. 1.4 mm, equal in length to antennomeres II–VI combined; antennal club approx. 1.4 mm.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum transverse, 4.8–5.1 mm long, and 9.3–10.6 mm wide, widest at anterior quarter; pronotal disc almost indistinctly punctate, except for small weakly punctured areas near base and sides (at 30× magnification); anterolateral angles sharp and not protruding. Two lateral carinae on each side of pronotum clearly distinct; margin of outer carina with dense reddish brown macrosetae; area between carinae smooth. Hypomeral cavities present; surface of cavities weakly and sparsely punctate, and without macrosetae. Meso-metaventrum plate almost smooth, with posterior median weak groove, and with distinct excavation near metacoxae; surface of sides and anterior part sparsely and weakly punctate.</p> <p>Pterothorax. Elytra 10.4–12.1 mm long, 10.8–12.6 mm wide, with weak and indistinctly punctured striae. Elytral intervals convex, smooth and impunctate (at 30× magnification); interval 2 swollen near base. Mesepimeron and metepisternum flat, granulose and without macrosetae.</p> <p>Legs. Ventral surface of profemora strongly, coarsely and quite equally punctate; macrosetae upon profemoral margin reddish brown and long, denser in anterior margin. Protibia (ProTiL 3.2–3.6 mm, ProTiW 2.3–2.9 mm) with three broad and flat lateral teeth; protibial spurs (ProTiSL 1.4–1.6 mm) sharp, strongly curved outwards near apex, and equal in length to protibial tarsus. Ventral surface of mesofemora strongly and unequally punctate; punctures becoming denser on third posteior part. Mesotibia (MesoTiL 3.5–4 mm, MesoTiW 1.3–1.5 mm) with two sharp spurs (1 stMesoTiSL 2.0– 2.4 mm, 2 ndMesoTiSL 1.1–1.3 mm). Ventral surface of metafemora strongly and unequally punctate; punctures denser on posterior half of metafemora. Metatibia (MetaTiL 4.7–5.1 mm, MetaTiW 1.3–1.5 mm) elongate and slightly curved. Metatarsus length 3.9–4.1 mm, with 5 metatarsomeres nearly similar in size.</p> <p>Table 2 (on this and the opposite page). Morphological comparsions between the new species and its congeners compiled after GILLET (1911), ARROW (1931), BALTHASAR (1963), MASUMOTO (1973, 1996), HANBOONSONG &amp; MASUMOTO (1999), KRÁL &amp; REJSEK (2000), KRÁL (2002), OCHI &amp; KON (2007), OCHI et al. (2008), ZÍDEK &amp; POKORNÝ (2010).</p> <p>Abdomen and pygidium. Abdominal ventrites opaque, indistinctly punctate, and narrower at midline. Pygidium 2.2–2.5 mm long, 4.0– 4.8 mm wide; surface slightly convex, scabrous, and with mixture of punctures and rugosities.</p> <p>Aedeagus. Phallobase length 3.4–3.6 mm (in lateral view); basal suture with strong swelling at middle. Parameres length 2.0– 2.2 mm (in lateral view). Phallobase and parameres forming angle&gt; 130 o.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism. Based on an examination of the four specimens (3 males and 1 female), we did not find significant differences in morphological characters between both sexes, except for the colour of compound eyes, being black in the female but yellow in males (Figs 2H, I). This finding is consistent with the observed sexes of S. puluongensis sp. nov., raising the possibility of using this character to distinguish both sexes of these two species.</p> <p>Biology. All four specimens were collected in the Pia Oac Nature Reserve. The habitat is primary forests at an elevation of 1220 m a.s.l. characterized by a forest canopy cover ranging from 76 to 95%. The percentage of exposed soil was 0–5%, with 6–25% herbaceous plant layer and leaf litter cover of 96–100%. The forests has a complex structure with various storeys. Dominant trees range from 20 to 30 m tall and belong mainly to two dominant families: Fagaceae (Castanopsis spp., Lithocarpus spp., Castanea spp.) and Lauraceae (Litsea spp., Cinnamomum spp., Machilus spp.), the herbaceous and parasitic plants comprised Poaceae, Asteraceae, Orchidaceae and Loranthaceae.</p> <p>Remarks. So far, Synapsis horaki was known only from the holotype specimen collected in the Tam Dao National Park, Vinh Phuc Province, northern Vietnam. The herein presented specimens constitute a new record for the Cao Bang Province and the first known female. Morphometric measurements are summarized in the Table 1.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/795D87BAFFB16B188697F9A7AB40F9AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bui, Van Bac;Bonkowski, Michael	Bui, Van Bac, Bonkowski, Michael (2018): Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov. and redescription of S. horaki (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with a key to Vietnamese species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 58 (2): 407-418, DOI: 10.2478/aemnp-2018-0032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2018-0032
795D87BAFFBE6B188757F9CDA8F3F79F.text	795D87BAFFBE6B188757F9CDA8F3F79F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synapsis tridens Sharp 1881	<div><p>Synapsis tridens Sharp, 1881</p> <p>Synapsis tridens Sharp, 1881: xcii (original description).</p> <p>Type locality. India, Assam.</p> <p>Material examined. VIETNAM: CAO BANG PROVINCE: Pia Oac Nature Reserve, primary forest, baited pitfall trap, 30.iv–15.v.2016, 22°34′3.1″N 105°53′3.6″E, 1227 m, 1 ♁, 22°33′59.7″N 105°52′48.5″E, 1165 m, 1 ♀, 22°34′3.1″N, 105°53′4.7″E, 1220 m, 1 ♁, 22°34′3.1″N 105°53′4.4″E, 1213 m, 1♀, Van Bac Bui leg. (all in VNFU). THANH HOA PROVINCE: Pu Luong Nature Reserve, primary forest, baited pitfall trap, 5.–25.iv.2016, 20°28′55.1″N 105°14′29.3″E, 958 m, 1♁, 20°28′54.7″N 105°14′30.9″E, 950 m, 1 ♁ 1 ♀, Bùi Văn Bắc leg. (VNUF).</p> <p>Distribution. SW China, NE India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and N Vietnam (ZÍDEK &amp; POKORNÝ 2010).</p> <p>Remarks. The aforementioned specimens represent additional records from Vietnam.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/795D87BAFFBE6B188757F9CDA8F3F79F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bui, Van Bac;Bonkowski, Michael	Bui, Van Bac, Bonkowski, Michael (2018): Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov. and redescription of S. horaki (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with a key to Vietnamese species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 58 (2): 407-418, DOI: 10.2478/aemnp-2018-0032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2018-0032
795D87BAFFBE6B1B85F7F95DABC8F79B.text	795D87BAFFBE6B1B85F7F95DABC8F79B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synapsis Bates 1868	<div><p>Key to species of Synapsis recorded from Vietnam</p> <p>The key is based on the specimens examined by us in NMPC and VNUF as well as on literature data (ARROW 1931, BALTHASAR 1963, KRÁL &amp; REJSEK 2000, KRÁL 2002, HANBOONSONG &amp; MASUMOTO 1999, OCHI &amp; KON 2007, OCHI et al. 2008, ZÍDEK &amp; POKORNÝ 2010).</p> <p>1(6) Hypomeral cavities present (Figs 2 E–F).</p> <p>2(3) Elytral interval 2 near base not swollen (Fig. 2A)........................................... S. puluongensis sp. nov.</p> <p>3(2) Elytral interval 2 near base swollen (Fig. 2B).</p> <p>4(5) Metafemora in ventral view densely punctate, body length 17.5–24.0 mm................................................................... S. horaki Zídek &amp; Pokorný, 2010</p> <p>5(4) Metafemora in ventral view not punctate, body length 27.0–29.0 mm (Fig. 2D).................................................................................. S. yama Gillet, 1911</p> <p>6(7) Hypomeral cavities absent.</p> <p>7(10) Frons with minor horn or medial tubercle; mesepisternal cavities absent.</p> <p>8(9) Genae not expanded, anterolateral angle of pronotum not dentate (Fig. 5A)....................................................................................... S. simplex Sharp, 1875</p> <p>9(8) Genae expanded; anterolateral angle of pronotum tridentate (Fig. 5B)............. S. tridens Sharp, 1881</p> <p>10(11) Frons without minor horn or only with medial tubercle; mesepisternal cavities present and covered with red setae (Figs 6 A–C, F).</p> <p>11(12) Anterolateral angles of pronotum nearly rectangular (90°). Lateral angles of genae obtuse, rounded. Metafemora in ventral view sparsely punctate (Figs 6A, D)................. S. ovalis Boucomont, 1920</p> <p>12(11) Anterolateral angles of pronotum about 135°. Lateral angles of genae rather sharp, metafemora in ventral view densely punctate (Figs 6B, E).............................................................. S. strnadi Král, 2002</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/795D87BAFFBE6B1B85F7F95DABC8F79B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bui, Van Bac;Bonkowski, Michael	Bui, Van Bac, Bonkowski, Michael (2018): Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov. and redescription of S. horaki (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with a key to Vietnamese species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 58 (2): 407-418, DOI: 10.2478/aemnp-2018-0032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2018-0032
