identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
22508794FF8FC965FF142066FC95F385.text	22508794FF8FC965FF142066FC95F385.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus STING	<div><p>THYREUS STING MORPHOLOGY</p> <p>Thyreus ramosus (Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau) figures 1–3, 9</p> <p>COMMENTS: Tergites VII and VIII are dissociated into lateral, sclerotized hemitergites, their medial, dorsal areas becoming membranous and elastic to accommodate the movements of the sting and associated structures during exsertion. Although completely invaginated within the genito-anal atrium, the seventh hemitergite retains its spiracular openings; in the eighth hemitergites, they are lost. The hemiterigites of the seventh metasomal (last spiracular) segment are small and weakly sclerotic. They occupy a lateral position between the lateral processes of the sixth sternum (with which they are loosely articulated, this articulation forming the pivot on which the sting mechanism rotates when the sting is exserted) and the basal extremities of the apodemes of the hemitergites of the eighth segment, with both of which they are loosely connected (cf. figs. 1, 2). The hemitergites of the eighth segment are relatively large, weakly sclerotic, and broadly united with their equally large, scaphoid apodemes. Dorsally, each hemitergite becomes membranous and is applied to the outer surface of the apical half of the second valvifer; postero-ventrally, it articulates with the small, strongly sclerotic gonangulum. The second valvifer consists of a rigid, well sclerotized anterior costa, which articulates laterally with an angular projection of the gonangulum and is prolonged dorsoapically in the distinct, terminally hamate costal process (where the proctiger connects) and a broad, membranous limb from which arises, dorso-apically, adjacent to the costal process, the gonoplac. The gonoplac consists of a simple basal article (or stylifer) and a distinct, more strongly sclerotized, setigerous apical article (or orthostylus). The gonangulum and second valvifers give rise ventrally to the first and second valvulae. The rami of the valvulae are slender, elongate, and in contact throughout their length—that of the second valvula supports the ventral margin of the limb of the second valvifer. The sting (comprising the lancets of the first valvulae and the stylet of the dorsally fused second valvulae) is long and heavy and occupies the whole length of the sixth sternum. The furcula is broad, subcordate, and apically appendiculate, and its two arms are closely but freely articulated at the sides of the bulb of the stylet basally (cf. fig. 9).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/22508794FF8FC965FF142066FC95F385	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	ENGEL, MICHAEL S.	ENGEL, MICHAEL S. (2007): A Lateral Gynandromorph in the Bee Genus Thyreus and the Sting Mechanism in the Melectini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). American Museum Novitates 3553 (1): 1-12, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)530[1:ALGITB]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2007)530%5B1%3AALGITB%5D2.0.CO%3B2
22508794FF8FC962FCDC210BFE00F2BA.text	22508794FF8FC962FCDC210BFE00F2BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus STING MECHANISM	<div><p>THYREUS STING MECHANISM</p> <p>The sting and its associated structures in Thyreus (including, in a wider sense, the sixth sternum, the hemitergites of the seventh and eighth segments, and the gonangula and second valvifers) are typical of those of the parasitic Apinae. The sting is enlarged, and the metasoma has correspondingly undergone modification in two complementary directions to house the retracted sting (which may extend basad beyond the apical margin of the second sternum; cf. fig. 1) and to accommodate the extended range of movements necessary for its full exsertion.</p> <p>The sixth sternum, which forms the floor of the sting atrium, is large, elongate, and trough-shaped. Postmedially, it carries a pair of angular lateral processes that are indirectly connected (through loose intermediate connections with the hemitergites of the seventh segment ventrally) with the apodemes of the hemitergites of the eighth segment basally to provide an axis about which the sting and its more intimately associated structures (the hemitergites of the eighth segment and the gonangula and second valvifers) may rotate on exsertion or retraction. Apically it is narrowed, and its sides are more strongly reflexed and incurved to form a semi-tubular sting guide.</p> <p>The other structures associated with the sting have already been described (vide supra).</p> <p>THE RETRACTED STING</p> <p>When the sting is retracted (fig. 2), the hemitergites of the seventh metasomal segment are inverted, and the hemitergites of the eighth segment, with the gonangula and second valvifers, are inverted and displaced basad, as the result of rotation (in an anticlockwise sense as seen from the right side) about the lateral processes of the sixth sternum. The costal processes of the second valvifers and the gonostyli are accordingly displaced ventrad and directed apicad and are located with the stylet in the trough of the sixth sternum. The rami of the first and second valvulae are located dorsally and directed basad and ventrad to a point above the membranous anterior margin of the sixth sternum (between the basal extremities of its apodemes), where they are abruptly flexed apicad immediately before the origin of the sting. The furcula is directed dorsad and apicad, with its appendix located in the conjunctiva between the bases of the valvifers and gonangula.</p> <p>THE EXSERTED STING</p> <p>When the sting is exserted (fig. 3), by means of forces generated in the anterior part of the metasoma, the hemitergites of the seventh and eighth segments rotate clockwise around the lateral processes of the sixth sternum—the former through about 140 °, when their spiracles regain a normal, dorsal position; the latter through about 160 °, bringing their points of articulation with the gonangula into a ventral position near the base of the sting guide. The gonangula and second valvifers are now erect (with the costal processes of the latter and the gonostyli separated from the sting and directed dorsad and basad), the rami of the first and second valvulae are directed apicad and located in the sting guide, and the base of the sting lies near the apex of the guide. Concurrently with the rotation of the hemitergites, the furcula hinges clockwise on its articulations with the base of the sting and, as the sting travels back through the sting guide, describes an angle of about 150 °, coming to rest in a plane a little above that of the rami of the valvulae, where it functions as a strut between the base of the sting (above the insertion of the rami of the valvulae) and the region of the inter-valvifer articulations. These movements may be readily demonstrated in preparations from dried material.</p> <p>Simultaneously with these movements within the sting atrium, the sixth sternum (which externally is largely enveloped by the lateroventral lobes of the sixth tergum) is itself partially exserted. This movement, and the upward probing or stinging movements of the apical segments of the metasoma repeatedly observed in living material, are presumably enabled by the great development of the sternal apodemes (cf. fig. 1). While in dried material the sting, when exserted, is not usually exposed beyond about the middle of the bulb (and then issues from the apex of the sting guide), in a few instances it may be found fully exserted and directed upward through the dorsal commissure of the guide. The gonoplacs are not exserted but remain within the sting atrium: having no capacity for movement independent of that of the second valvifers, they become (as mentioned) separated from the sting with the rotation of the gonangula and valvifers. Although the apices may just protrude from the opening of the sting guide when the sting is retracted or only slightly exserted, and consequently the apices may be presumed to retain a limited sensory function, it is apparent that their usefulness as ‘‘sting palpi’’, to revert to an older term, has become sensibly diminished.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/22508794FF8FC962FCDC210BFE00F2BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	ENGEL, MICHAEL S.	ENGEL, MICHAEL S. (2007): A Lateral Gynandromorph in the Bee Genus Thyreus and the Sting Mechanism in the Melectini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). American Museum Novitates 3553 (1): 1-12, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)530[1:ALGITB]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2007)530%5B1%3AALGITB%5D2.0.CO%3B2
22508794FF88C960FF412261FD9BF182.text	22508794FF88C960FF412261FD9BF182.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus redactulus Cockerell	<div><p>Thyreus redactulus? Cockerell figures 4–8</p> <p>MATERIAL: South India, Coimbatore, 30.iii. 1950, P. S. Nathan. Genitalia dissected and permanently set in slide mount associated with the specimen. Deposited in the Division of Entomology, University of Kansas Natural History Museum. The specimen is almost assuredly an individual of T. redactulus. Nonetheless, I have been slightly hesitant with the identification, as noted by the interogative mark after the epithet, given the distortion of genitalic structures.</p> <p>COMMENTS: The gynandromorph is on the left side, male; on the right side, female. The left antenna is that of the normal male (i.e., with 13 antennal articles), the right that of the normal female (i.e., with 12 antennal articles). Structural differences between the two sides of the head, mesosoma, and first through fifth metasomal segments are otherwise unremarkable (e.g., figs. 4–6). The legs show a mixture of male and female characters, and on the male side the modifications of the metafemora and metatibiae characteristic of species of the takaonis group are not developed. The condition of the apical segments of the metasoma and of the genitalia is more complex.</p> <p>The metasoma is modified by the apparent loss of the eighth segment on the male side and on the female side by a retrogressive, intersegmental transfer of characters that results in the appearance of a supernumerary exposed segment and in a corresponding decrease in the number of concealed terga, which reduce to one. The principal effect of these modifications is the bringing together in one segment (the seventh) of the male and female halves of the genitalia, the genitalia of the normal male being located between the eighth tergum and the eighth sternum, invaginated within the seventh segment, and those of the female within the sixth segment between the hemitergites of the seventh and eighth segments (which are displaced laterad and modified to form part of the sting mechanism). There are, therefore, seven exposed terga and six exposed sterna.</p> <p>The sixth segment has the appearance of a normal intermediate metasomal segment. On the right, the special characters of the normal female sixth tergum, in particular the pygidial process, are entirely suppressed.</p> <p>The tergum of the seventh segment is irregularly developed and, particularly laterally, only weakly sclerotized. The left half tends to the form shown in a normal male, the right half to that shown by the preceding tergum in a normal female, the normal condition, that of a small, wholly invaginated and laterally located hemitergite, being entirely lost. The tergum is fimbriate apically, but a pygidial plate is not developed. The apparent sternum of the same segment is a broad, weakly sclerotized plate, closely adapted on the left to the anteroventral surface of the gonobase and on the right underlying the female genitalia basally. On the female side, neither this sternum (which, with that of the eighth segment, is not present as a separate sclerite in the normal female) nor that of the preceding (sixth) segment shows any tendency toward the highly distinctive form of the sixth sternum in a normal female.</p> <p>The eighth segment, on the male side, is either entirely lost or, at least, not represented by a separate sclerite; on the female side, the hemitergite approaches the normal form, particularly in the apodeme, but is only weakly sclerotized.</p> <p>The genitalia (figs. 7–8) are, on the left side, substantially normal male; on the right, abnormal female with male tendencies. The hemitergite of the eighth segment, the second valvifer, the gonoplac, and the rami of the valvulae are relatively little altered and immediately recognizable, the most noticeable modifications lying in the contraction and strengthening of the costal process of the second valvifer and in the expansion of the gonoplac. The second valvula forms an imperfect and twice geniculate stylet ending in a distinct, pointed bulb, which does not, however, represent the bulb of a normal sting but a contraction of the apical part of the stylet. The bulb bears a single, strong seta. The strong, erect, laminar basal process (fig. 8), suggestive of the highly developed sternal apodemes found in Thyreus (cf. fig. 1), does apparently represent the right side of the bulb of a normal sting. The equally strongly sclerotized structure (fig. 8), articulated at the base of the sting laterally, is clearly the right half of the furcula. Its presence in addition to the apodeme-like process of the sting, and its free articulation with the base of the bulb, render suspect earlier identifications of the furcula as the ‘‘apodeme of the stylet’’ (and, accordingly, such terminology).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/22508794FF88C960FF412261FD9BF182	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	ENGEL, MICHAEL S.	ENGEL, MICHAEL S. (2007): A Lateral Gynandromorph in the Bee Genus Thyreus and the Sting Mechanism in the Melectini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). American Museum Novitates 3553 (1): 1-12, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)530[1:ALGITB]2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2007)530%5B1%3AALGITB%5D2.0.CO%3B2
