taxonID	type	description	language	source
B62087D71437FF81FE6289ECFE991082.taxon	description	Figures 2, 3	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71437FF81FE6289ECFE991082.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: NMT. 010 / Bat, complete left humerus (see table 1 for measurements).	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71437FF81FE6289ECFE991082.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: The species name is given for the African continent, since the new species represents the only known occurrence of the genus Myzopoda on continental Africa; extant species are restricted to Madagascar.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71437FF81FE6289ECFE991082.taxon	description		en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71437FF81FE6289ECFE991082.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Tanzania: Arusha Province, Olduvai Gorge, Bed I, FLK NI, Layer 123.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71437FF81FE6289ECFE991082.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Differs from living Myzopoda schliemanni and M. aurita in having a larger humerus (mean dimensions 21 % larger) that is more robust and has a relatively longer deltopectoral crest, a more rounded humeral head, a more robust lesser tubercle, a more distinct and elongate lateral capitular tail, a more distinct and laterally compressed capitulum, and a relatively broader epitrochlea with a more distally extended epitrochlear process. REFERRED SPECIMENS: NMT. 008 / Bat, left proximal humerus from Olduvai Bed I, FLK NI, layer 123; NMT. 009 / Bat, right distal humerus, Olduvai Bed 1, FLK NI, layer 4 (collected 1960).	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71437FF81FE6289ECFE991082.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Three humeri from Olduvai can be assigned to Myzopoda based on the presence of the following combination of characters: round, bulbous capitulum, extended capitular tail with flaring lip, a broad epicondyle with two distinct processes, and a humeral head placed distal to the trochiter (greater tubercle). The proximal humerus (fig. 2) of M. africana has a semi-rounded, distolaterally slightly flattened head. The proximal extent of the head does not extend as far proximally as the trochiter and is even slightly below the proximal extent of the lesser tubercle. The deltopectoral crest is elevated anteriorly, is relatively long and curving, and has a sharply defined anterior margin with a slight overhanging lip developed medially. Distally (figs. 2, 3), the humerus of M. africana has a rounded and slightly laterally compressed capitulum that is robust and not offset from the long axis of the humeral shaft. The lateral capitular tail is as broad as the trochlear surface. The trochlear groove is distinct but not deeply invaginated and with a sharply defined trochlear lip. The medial epicondyle is robust with a relatively elongate process that extends distally beyond the trochlear ridge and is developed as two rounded surfaces aligned anteroposteriorly. There is a small but distinct groove on the lateral surface of the epicondyle.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71433FF8EFE6D896AFBA81041.taxon	description	Figures 4, 5	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71433FF8EFE6D896AFBA81041.taxon	description	Megadermidae Butler and Greenwood, 1965: 14. Cardioderma sp., Butler, 1978: 65; Gunnell, 2010: 586.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71433FF8EFE6D896AFBA81041.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: NMT. 003 / Bat, left maxilla with P 4 – M 3 (fig. 4), from the 1960 Olduvai Collection (see table 2 for measurements). REFERRED SPECIMEN: NMT. 002 / Bat, right dentary with m 1 – 3, FLK NI, Layer 3.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71433FF8EFE6D896AFBA81041.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: Named in honor of L. S. B. Leakey who was instrumental in initiating and leading the search for vertebrate fossils, especially fossil humans, in East Africa.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71433FF8EFE6D896AFBA81041.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Tanzania: Olduvai Gorge, Bed I, FLK NI, Layer 2.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71433FF8EFE6D896AFBA81041.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Differs from extant Cardioderma cor in averaging 18 % – 20 % larger in tooth dimensions; P 4 with relatively larger parastyle and metastyle and better developed labial cingulum; M 1 – 2 with relatively more robust mesostyle, deeper parafossa and metafossa, and deeper trigon basin; less reduced M 3 / m 3; m 1 and m 2 with relatively broader talonid basin and more robust metaconid; m 3 with broader trigonid and less reduced talonid.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71433FF8EFE6D896AFBA81041.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONS: The specimens referred to Cardioderma leakeyi can be recognized as megadermatids based on the robust nature of the cusps and crests on upper and lower cheek teeth, the large hypocone shelves and the narrow and labiolingually restricted protofossae on M 1 – 2, the broadly open trigonid on m 1 and the high and short lower molar talonids. The holotype maxilla (NMT. 003 / Bat, fig. 4) has a maxillary foramen that opens over the anterior root of P 4 as in the extant species of Cardioderma, C. cor. There is a secondary and smaller foramen that opens more ventrally on the maxilla over the posterior root of P 4 (this foramen is slightly more posteriorly placed in the extant species). In lateral view, the anterior labial root of M 1 is exposed through the bony surface of the maxilla, as is often the case in C. cor. The root of the zygomatic arch is dorsal to M 2 as in the living form, but it is much more robust in C. leakeyi, as is the anterior orbital process. The optical foramen is the same size and in the same position in both species of Cardioderma. The P 4 of Cardioderma leakeyi has a robust paracone, relatively large parastyle and metastyle, and a relatively heavy labial cingulum. The lingual cingulum is relatively broad anteroposteriorly and extends lingually farther than is seen in C. cor. M 1 – 2 each have a prominent hypocone shelf, an anteroposteriorly narrow but labiolingually extended and deep protofossa, a robust mesostyle, and parastylar and metastylar foveae that are nearly equivalent in size (whereas in C. cor the metastylar fovea is typically larger). M 3 has a relatively robust parastyle and a labiolingually short lingual shelf and is less anteroposteriorly compressed than seen in C. cor.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71433FF8EFE6D896AFBA81041.taxon	discussion	The horizontal ramus of the dentary (NMT. 002 / Bat) is relatively deep in Cardioderma leakeyi (3.0 mm beneath m 1) compared to C. cor (2.0 mm below m 1). The lower molars of C. leakeyi (fig. 5) are all quite similar to those of extant C. cor. The m 1 is broken anteriorly, making it impossible to tell whether C. leakeyi had a small, low, and centered paraconid as seen in C. cor. All three lower molars of C. leakeyi have a prominent protoconid and a somewhat lower, but distinct, metaconid. Lower m 2 and m 3 have distinct paraconids that are placed somewhat lower than the metaconids. The hypoflexid is deep and the cristid obliqua is angled and joins the postvallid of the trigonid well lingual of center on all molar teeth. The hypoconid on m 1 – 2 is distinct, but it is less so on m 3; the entoconid is distinct only on m 1. Molar talonids are broader than those seen in C. cor, but the talonid is not as broad as the trigonid on any tooth. All molars have moderate and complete labial cingulids.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143CFF8BFE6888EBFF791166.taxon	description	Figures 6, 7 Cf. Pipistrellus (Scotozous) rueppelli, Butler and Greenwood, 1965: 15; Butler, 1978: 65; Gunnell, 2010: 588.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143CFF8BFE6888EBFF791166.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: NMT. 004 / Bat, left dentary with c 1 – m 3 (fig. 6 B; see table 2 for measurements). REFERRED SPECIMEN: NMT. 024 / Bat, left distal humerus (also includes right proximal humeral fragment), FLK Main Dig 1, Z level (see table 1 for measurements).	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143CFF8BFE6888EBFF791166.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: Named for Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143CFF8BFE6888EBFF791166.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Tanzania: Olduvai Gorge, Bed I, FLK NI, Layer 3.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143CFF8BFE6888EBFF791166.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Similar to extant Scotoecus albofuscus (fig. 6 A) and S. hindei (fig. 6 C) but differs from both in being, on average, 12 % larger in tooth dimensions; S. olduvensis further differs from S. hindei in having: c 1 lacking a buccal cingulid and anterolingual and posterolingual basal cuspules; a relatively longer posterior shelf that is not notched; p 2 relatively larger compared to p 4; p 4 more similar in size to p 2 (not larger as in extant taxa); p 4 with a buccal cingulid lacking or very weak, a more robust cusp, and a lingual cingulid lacking an anterolingual extension. S. olduvensis further differs from S. albofuscus in having: c 1 more robust, lacking a heavy lingual cingulid, with a more posteriorly extended posterior shelf that is not notched; p 4 more similar in size to p 2 (not larger as in extant taxon), lacking a lingual crest off the posterior part of the cusp that terminates in a posterior lingual extension of the lingual cingulid, which lacks an anterolingual extension, but has a better developed posterior shelf; S. olduvensis further differs from both extant taxa in having: p 2 lacking a distinctive anterior extension of the anterolingual cingulid that forms a protrusion that fits into the notch of the canine posterior shelf; m 3 with a somewhat lower hypoconid and entoconid and lacking a hypoconulid.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143CFF8BFE6888EBFF791166.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: The lower canine of S. olduvensis is robust and relatively broad with a convex anterior surface, a flat posterior surface, and a lingual cingulid continuous with a low, moderate posterior shelf. The posterior shelf is overlapped by p 2, which is single rooted and slightly wider than long but essentially circular in occlusal view. Anteriorly p 2 overlaps the posterior shelf of the canine and has a continuous cingulid that is heaviest buccally. Lower p 4 is similar to p 2 but is slightly larger and relatively wider than long. It has a developed lingual cingulid, but the buccal cingulid is very weak. Like p 2 there is only a single cusp developed on p 4 that is slightly more robust than that found in p 2. The lower molars are very similar to those of S. hindei and S. albofuscus: in having very tall and prominent talonid cusps and high entocristids, in being nyctalodont with well-developed crests, and in having relatively strong buccal cingulids. The lower molar trigonids are nearly as wide as talonids, in contrast to the living species in which the trigonid is noticeably more restricted buccolingually. The bases of the hypoconid and entoconid are inflated producing a relatively narrow and restricted talonid basin compared to the extant taxa. The distal end of NMT. 024 / Bat, the left distal humerus that we refer to S. olduvensis (fig. 7, bottom row), has a narrow but robust capitulum that is slightly angled and not offset from the shaft. The lateral capitular tail, even though somewhat broken, appears to have been much less broad than trochlear surface and is essentially continuous with the capitulum (shallow to absent groove). The trochlear groove is weak and the trochlear surface is relatively wide and robust with a sharply defined trochlear lip. The medial epicondylar process is broken and the groove on lateral surface of epicondyle is weak to absent. Also included with NMT. 024 / Bat is a potentially associated right proximal humerus. The head of this specimen is ovate and somewhat angled. The proximal margin of the head does not extend beyond the proximal extent of trochiter and is about at the same height as the proximal extent of the lesser trochanter. There is a high (anteriorly) deltopectoral crest. It is relatively long and sharply defined with a slight overhanging lip developed medially. The deltopectoral crest curves toward base of trochiter and anteriorly encloses a moderately deep fossa.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143CFF8BFE6888EBFF791166.taxon	discussion	No other fossils of Scotoecus have been described or figured (Simmons and Gunnell, in prep.).	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71439FF89FDA98975FBEE15AB.taxon	description	Figure 8	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71439FF89FDA98975FBEE15AB.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION: Olduvai specimen NMT. 032 / Bat represents a vespertilionid humerus very similar in size and morphology to that of extant Eptesicus isabellinus. NMT. 032 / Bat (fig. 8, bottom row) has a narrow but robust capitulum that is not angled or offset from shaft. The lateral capitular tail is much less broad than the trochlear surface, and is separated from the capitulum by a shallow groove. A trochlear groove is absent and the trochlear surface is relatively wide and robust with a sharply defined trochlear lip. The medial epicondylar process is low and robust and does not extend distally beyond the trochlear ridge. Groove on the lateral surface of epicondyle is weak to absent. These are all features typical of Eptesicus. The taxonomy of Eptesicus isabellinus is unresolved at the moment, but it appears to be the North African representative of the Eptesicus serotinus radiation sensu lato (Simmons, 2005). However, it is not clear whether E. isabellinus can be maintained as a species separate from E. serotinus (Simmons, 2005). We have chosen to retain it as distinct subject to revision of circumMediterranean Eptesicus species.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71439FF89FDA98975FBEE15AB.taxon	discussion	NMT. 032 / Bat very closely resembles E. isabellinus (NHMUK 19.7.7.1160, fig. 8, top row) in nearly every detail of size and morphology. The fossil specimen has a slightly less distally extended epicondylar process and the distal end is slightly deeper anteroposteriorly. NMT. 032 differs from Eptesicus furinalis (AMNH 278332) only in being relatively larger with a slightly broader capitulum and lacking any groove between the capitulum and trochlea. The lateral ridge is slightly broader than in the extant taxon but otherwise similar. The only records of Eptesicus fossil material from Africa all come from southern Africa (Hendey, 1981; Pocock, 1987; Avery, 1998), mostly from the early to late Pliocene deposits, and they are based on teeth and jaws that are not directly comparable to the specimen described here. Eptesicus is a common element of other Plio-Pleistocene faunal communities and is widespread across the northern continents during this time period (Simmons and Gunnell, in prep.).	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143BFF89FDEE8E38FD5D1118.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION: NMT. 012 / Bat is the only specimen in the Olduvai sample that may represent Myotis. The distal end of the humerus of NMT. 012 / Bat has typical Myotis features including having a relatively narrow capitulum that is not offset from shaft, a lateral capitular tail that is less broad than trochlear surface and proximolaterally extended into a distinct lip, a trochlear groove that is essentially absent, and a trochlear surface that is relatively broad with a trochlear lip that is not sharply defined. Additionally, the medial epicondyle has a small process that does not extend distally beyond the trochlear ridge and the groove on the posterolateral surface of the epicondyle is deep, narrow, and distinct. Of the 12 Myotis species living in Africa today (Simmons, 2005), only M. dieteri (Democratic Republic of Congo), M. morrisi (Ethiopia, Nigeria), M. scotti (Ethiopia), M. tricolor (subSaharan Africa), M. bocagii (western and southern Africa), and M. welwitschii (sub-Saharan Africa) are found south of the Sahara, and of these only M. welwitschii lives in Tanzania today. NMT. 012 / Bat represents a relatively large species of Myotis, such as M. welwitschii, and may well be related to, or even represent, that species.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143BFF88FD8689ABFE6D1290.taxon	materials_examined	REFERRED SPECIMENS: NMT. 030 / Bat, right distal humerus, FLK NNI, layer 2 or 3; NMT. 040 / Bat, left distal humerus, FLK NI, layer 3, Tr. IV, 1964 (see table 1 for measurements).	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D7143BFF88FD8689ABFE6D1290.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Two fragmentary distal humeri from Olduvai represent pipistrelles, similar in size and morphology to Pipistrellus nanulus and P. rueppelli, the former known today from equatorial Africa and the latter from much of the African continent (Simmons, 2005). In anterior view the distal end of NMT. 030 / Bat has a narrow capitulum that is slightly angled and not offset from shaft. The lateral capitular tail is much less broad than the trochlear surface and is not separated from capitulum by a groove. The trochlear groove is moderately deep, the trochlear surface is relatively wide and robust, and the trochlear lip not sharply defined. The medial epicondylar process is small and extends distally only slightly beyond trochlear ridge. In posterior view, the groove on the lateral surface of the epicondyle is weak to absent. NMT. 040 / Bat differs slightly from NMT. 030 / Bat in lacking the slight angulation of the capitulum and in having a more sharply defined trochlear lip. Otherwise the two humeri are nearly identical. Pipistrelles are unknown from the fossil record in Africa outside Olduvai (Butler, 1978; Simmons and Gunnell, in prep.).	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71425FF95FE0D8957FE5F12A5.taxon	description	Figures 9, 10 Cf. Nycticeius (Scoteinus) schlieffeni, Butler and Greenwood, 1965: 15; Butler, 1978: 65; Gunnell, 2010: 588.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71425FF95FE0D8957FE5F12A5.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE: NMT. 005 / Bat, right dentary with p 4 – m 1 and alveoli for all other teeth (fig. 9 F – H; see table 2 for measurements). REFERRED SPECIMENS: NMT. 001 / Bat, left dentary with m 2 – 3 and alveoli for all anterior teeth, from FLK NI, layer 123; NMT. 006 / Bat, left edentulous dentary preserving all tooth alveoli, from FLK NI, layer 1; NMT. 013 / Bat, left distal humerus, from FLK NI, layer 2; NMT. 015 / Bat, right distal humeri (3), from FLK NI, layer 123; NMT. 016 / Bat, left and right distal humeri, from FLK NI, layer 3; NMT. 023 / Bat, right distal humerus (and most of shaft), from Main Dig, FLK 1, Z level; NMT. 025 / Bat, left distal humerus, from FLK 1, Z level; NMT. 034 / Bat, left proximal humerus, from FLK NI, layer 1, Tr. IV, 1964; NMT. 035 / Bat, right distal humeri (2), from FLK NI, layer 5, Tr. IV, 1964; NMT. 036 / Bat, left distal humerus, from FLK NI, layer 2, Tr. V; NMT. 037 / Bat, left and right distal humeri, from FLK NI, layer 1, Tr. III (see table 1 for measurements).	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71425FF95FE0D8957FE5F12A5.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: Named for the famed Serengeti region in northern Tanzania where Olduvai Gorge is located.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71425FF95FE0D8957FE5F12A5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY: Tanzania: Olduvai Gorge, Bed I, FLK NI, layer 5, Tr. IV.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71425FF95FE0D8957FE5F12A5.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Differs from extant Nycticeinops schlieffeni (the only other recognized species of the genus) in having teeth on average 20 % larger; p 4 relatively taller and labiolingually narrower with a relatively longer talonid shelf; m 1 with more curved paracristid and more angled entocristid, hypoconulid relatively lower and talonid basin more deeply excavated; m 2 with relatively lower hypoconulid; and m 3 with heavier anterolabial cingulid.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71425FF95FE0D8957FE5F12A5.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION: All three of the known fossil jaws have slightly different arrangements of their incisor alveoli. The holotype of N. serengetiensis (NMT. 005 / Bat) has a small i 3 alveolus directly in front of the canine alveolus while a slightly larger i 2 alveolus is anteromedial to that of i 3 and directly posterior to an equally large i 1 alveolus. NMT. 001 / Bat has a similar arrangement except that the i 1 alveolus is noticeably larger than either the i 2 or i 3 alveoli and is placed somewhat more laterally, producing a triangular arrangement of alveoli. The edentulous dentary of N. serengetiensis (NMT. 006 / Bat) is more similar to the holotype except that the alveoli of i 2 and i 3 are nearly mediolaterally opposite one another and the i 2 alveolus is smaller. The arrangement of incisors in extant Nycticeinops schlieffeni (e. g., AMNH 257406) is somewhat different in that the i 2 alveolus is not as far medial but instead forms part of a non-arcuate row of incisors running from the canine to the midline of the jaw with i 1 most anterior and i 3 most posterior. The offset arrangement found in N. serengetiensis may, in part, be due to the larger teeth of the fossil form and subsequent crowding of teeth in the jaw (although certain other extant vespertilionids also have a similar arrangement of incisor alveoli to those seen in N. serengetiensis; N. J. Czaplewski, personal commun.). As further evidence of this crowding, the p 4 of NMT. 005 / Bat is very closely appressed to the m 1 with the m 1 overlapping the p 4 talonid shelf.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71425FF95FE0D8957FE5F12A5.taxon	discussion	The dentaries of N. serengetiensis are all broken posteriorly but preserve enough of the ascending ramus to show that it rose dorsally at a shallower angle than that in N. schlieffeni, in which the ramus rises more steeply and then turns anteriorly (fig. 9 A). Like in the extant taxon, there is typically a single mental foramen located beneath the area of contact between c 1 – p 3, but it is relatively larger in N. serengetiensis, which occasionally has a smaller foramen located more anteriorly as well (fig. 9 D). The dentaries of N. serengetiensis also differ from the modern species by having their ventral borders gently sloping dorsally from posterior to anterior and then ending anteriorly by turning dorsally. In N. schlieffeni the dorsal border of the dentary angles dorsally from posterior to anterior and forms a continuous surface with no angulation producing a jaw that is deeper beneath p 4 than it is beneath m 3. The Olduvai collection includes 13 distal humeri and one proximal humerus that we refer to N. serengetiensis based on their similarity to those of extant N. schlieffeni. NMT. 034 / Bat is a left proximal humerus that has a semi-rounded and slightly angled head that does not extend quite as far proximally as the trochiter but does extend slightly past the lesser trochanter. The deltopectoral crest is high anteriorly and fairly long, and has a sharply defined edge with a slightly overhanging lip developed medially. The crest curves toward the base of the trochiter and anteriorly encloses a moderately deep intertrochanteric fossa. The distal humerus of N. serengetiensis is characterized by a relatively narrow capitulum that is neither angled nor offset from the shaft. The lateral capitular tail is much less broad than the trochlear surface and is separated from the capitulum by a very shallow groove. The trochlear groove is weak and the trochlear lip is sharply defined. The medial epicondyle has a small process that extends distally only slightly beyond trochlear ridge. The groove on lateral surface of epicondyle is moderately developed. Other than the specimens described here no other fossils of Nycticeinops are known (Simmons and Gunnell, in prep.).	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71426FF94FDA68D66FDC91293.taxon	description	Figure 11	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71426FF94FDA68D66FDC91293.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONS: The humeral specimens described below can all be recognized as molossids based on the presence of a relatively small and rounded humeral head that is positioned well below the trochiter, a bilaterally narrow and angled (proximomedially to distolaterally) capitulum, a bilaterally narrow trochlea separated from the capitulum by a moderate to distinct trochlear groove, an extended and robust capitular tail that is separated from the capitulum by a deep groove, and a well-developed and distally extended epitrochlear process. The specimen referred here to Mops cf. M. condylurus (as well as those referred to Mops cf. M. thersites below) resembles those of extant species of Mops in having an angled capitulum that is separated from the trochlea by a shallow yet distinct groove and from the lateral capitular tail by a deeper and well-formed groove. The epicondylar process is distinct but does not extend very far beyond the distal edge of the trochlea. Molossus differs from the Olduvai molossids in having: a less distinct groove between the capitulum and trochlea, a shallower groove between the capitulum and capitular tail, and a much more distally extended epitrochlear process (see Simmons and Geisler, 1998: fig. 33). The Olduvai molossids resemble Eumops in possessing a shallow groove between the capitulum and the trochlea but differ in having a narrower (proximodistally) lateral capitular tail that is separated from the capitulum by a shallower groove. The Olduvai molossids also are similar to Tadarida, Otomops, Myopterus, and Chaerephon in sharing a relatively broader and angled capitulum but differ in having a relatively more elongate trochlea (proximodistally). Additionally, the Olduvai molossids have a more robust and more distinctly separated capitular tail than either Myopterus or Otomops do.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71426FF94FDA68D66FDC91293.taxon	discussion	Olduvai specimen NMT. 031 / Bat represents a molossid very similar in size (see table 1 for comparative measurements) and morphology to extant Mops condylurus, which is today known from most of Africa south of the Sahara (Simmons, 2005). In anterior view, the distal end of NMT. 031 / Bat shows a narrow, medially angled capitulum that is not offset from the shaft. The lateral capitular tail is not as broad as the trochlea but is nearly as deep and is separated from the capitulum by a relatively deep groove. The trochlear surface is relatively broad and well defined, is separated from the capitulum by a weak groove, and has weakly defined medial trochlear lip. The medial epicondyle is not wide but is robust. The epicondylar process on NMT. 031 / Bat is broken so it is not possible to determine its extent. Posteriorly, the groove on the lateral surface of the epicondyle is very weak to absent. NMT. 013 / Bat differs from M. condylurus in having a relatively less deep trochlea and a somewhat wider capitulum, especially at its distal extent.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71420FF91FD9689A3FDCE1046.taxon	description	Figures 12, 13	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71420FF91FD9689A3FDCE1046.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION: The Olduvai specimens referred above are very similar in size and morphology to the humeri of extant Mops thersites, which is today known from western and central equatorial Africa south and east to Mozambique and Zanzibar (Simmons, 2005). The proximal end of NMT. 029 / Bat (fig. 12 E) is similar in shape and proportions to all extant molossids except that head on the Olduvai specimen is relatively larger, especially proximodistally. The head is ovate with the long axis oriented slightly proximomedially to distolaterally. The proximal margin of the head is situated well below the proximal extent of the trochiter, but is even with the proximal extent of lesser tubercle. The deltopectoral crest is high anteriorly and relatively long. It is a very sharply defined crest with a well-developed overhanging lip developed medially, a crest that curves laterally toward the trochiter at its proximal end and forms the anterior border of a deep intertubercular fossa. The distal end of the humerus is preserved in four specimens of Mops cf. M. thersites (figs. 12, 13). The capitulum is narrow, angled, and not offset from shaft. The lateral capitular tail is slightly less broad than the trochlear surface, and is separated from capitulum by a moderate groove. The trochlear groove is weak, the trochlear surface is relatively broad, and the trochlear lip is not sharply defined. The medial epicondylar process in NMT. 029 / Bat extends a short distance past the trochlear ridge and only slightly less far distally than is seen in Mops thersites. The groove on lateral surface of epicondyle is either absent or only weakly developed.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71420FF91FD9689A3FDCE1046.taxon	discussion	In general, molossids are rare in the African fossil record. There is an early Miocene Tadarida recorded from Kenya (Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2002) and a late Pleistocene or Holocene record of Mormopterus (Sabatier and Legendre, 1985) from Madagascar and nothing else outside of the occurrences from Olduvai.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71423FF9CFE1888AEFBDC17DC.taxon	description	Figures 14, 15	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71423FF9CFE1888AEFBDC17DC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION: One dental specimen representing Miniopterus cf. M. schreibersi is known from the Olduvai sample, a right dentary (NMT. 007 / Bat) that originally had p 3 – 4 and the alveoli for all other teeth preserved. The p 3 is double rooted with a single, lingually placed cusp that has a sloping, convex buccal surface and straight, flat lingual surface. A continuous, weakly developed cingulid is present that is developed into a tiny posterolingual extension. In detailed morphology this p 3 is quite similar to that of extant M. schreibersi (fig. 14). The p 4 was originally in place in this specimen and based on the available drawings (see fig. 14) it was very similar to p 4 of extant M. schreibersi. It shared the presence of a tall, pointed protoconid and a broad but short talonid shelf formed by the distal cingulid with the extant taxon. Both extinct and extant specimens lack any indication of a para- or metaconid and both have well-developed labial and lingual cingulids that join anteriorly with the labial cingulid sloping ventrally from anterior to posterior.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71423FF9CFE1888AEFBDC17DC.taxon	discussion	The dentary has a large mental foramen beneath the c 1 – p 2 roots. Based on alveoli, p 2 was single rooted as in living M. schreibersi. The i 3 alveolus is slightly separated from the conjoined i 1 – 2 alveoli and is larger than either of the other incisor alveoli as in extant Miniopterus species, and all incisor alveoli are aligned mesiodistally. There is a smaller mental foramen below the i 1 alveolus on anterior surface of dentary. The humeral fragments of the Olduvai Miniopterus specimens are very similar in size and morphology to the humerus of extant Miniopterus schreibersi. The proximal end of the humerus in Olduvai Miniopterus specimens has a moderately high (anteriorly) deltopectoral crest that is relatively long and sharply defined. It has a distinct, overhanging medial lip. The crest curves to the base of the trochiter and anteriorly encloses a relatively deep intertrochanteric fossa. The head of the humerus is ovate and angled. The proximal margin of the head does not extend as far proximally as the trochiter, instead extending proximally about the same distance as the lesser trochanter. The distal end of the Miniopterus humerus has a narrow, rounded capitulum that is slightly angled and is not offset from shaft. The lateral capitular tail is somewhat broader than the trochlear surface and is separated from the capitulum by a deep and distinct groove. In contrast, the trochlear groove is faint and the trochlear surface is relatively narrow with a sharply defined trochlear lip. The medial epicondylar process is broken in all Olduvai specimens, but, judging by what remains, it would have been distinct and would have extended well beyond the trochlear ridge as it does in extant Miniopterus (fig. 15). The groove on the lateral surface of the epicondyle is absent, but there is a distinct fossa that occurs on the lateral surface below the root of the epicondylar process. Like all other Miniopterus species, the specimens from Olduvai have well developed and deep olecranon fossae (see fig. 15 B, top and bottom), a feature not commonly found in bats. These Olduvai specimens are assigned to Miniopterus cf. M. schreibersi because they are very similar in morphological detail to the humerus of the living taxon. However, Miniopterus schreibersi is not the only similar-sized Miniopterus species to occupy sub-Saharan Africa today. Therefore it is possible that the Olduvai species might be more closely related to one of the other species, especially M. africanus or M. inflatus, given that both of these species have been confused with M. schreibersi in the past (Simmons, 2005). We have chosen to follow Butler’s (1978) original assignment of these specimens to Miniopterus cf. M. schreibersi but acknowledge that more complete specimens are needed to assess the precise relationship of the Olduvai Miniopterus species to living members of that genus.	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71423FF9CFE1888AEFBDC17DC.taxon	description	Hutson et al., 2008	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
B62087D71423FF9CFE1888AEFBDC17DC.taxon	description	Hayman, 1954; Nowak, 1994	en	Gunnell, Gregg F., Butler, Percy M., Greenwood, Marjorie, Simmons, Nancy B. (2015): Bats (Chiroptera) from Olduvai Gorge, Early Pleistocene, Bed I (Tanzania). American Museum Novitates 2015 (3846): 1-35, DOI: 10.1206/3846.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3846.1
