taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CF879CBD11FF8C2192FD72FC37FC68.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Neanura grossi Yosii, 1966	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD11FF8C2192FD72FC37FC68.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Neanurinae, Paleonurini. Mouth parts reduced; chaetae S 1 – S 8 on Ant. IV subequal; body without blue pigment; 2 + 2 unpigmented ocelli; dorsal tubercles weakly to strongly developed; S-chaetae: 2 + ms, 2 / 1,1,1,1,1 by half tergite from Th. II to Abd. V; cephalic tubercles An and Fr fused; cephalic tubercles Di fused on the midline, with 1 + 1 chaetae; tubercles Di of Abd. V fused on the midline or adjacent.	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD11FF882192FB9FFB1FF815.taxon	description	(Figs 2 – 10)	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD11FF882192FB9FFB1FF815.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype (male) and two female paratypes on slide from Cassagnau collection: Argentina: Chubut Province: near Lago Futulaufquen, 15 / 03 / 59, Delamare-Deboutteville leg (ARG-Pat 063); deposited in MNHN. Eight paratypes (1 male, 7 females) on slides from Cassagnau collection: ibid: near Lago Menéndez, 16 / 03 / 59, Delamare-Deboutteville leg (ARG-Pat 104); deposited in MNHN (one male, six females) and UNAM (1 female). Other material examined. Specimens of three other populations were listed by Cassagnau & Rapoport (1962). One population (ARG-Pat 025 from Lago Frías) was subsequently separated as a new species, A. friasica, described in Cassagnau & Oliveira 1990. The other two populations are listed as other material, not as types, in Cassagnau & Oliveira (1990). One of them (ARG-Pat 047 from Isla Victoria) corresponds to A. limnophila. The other one (ARG-Pat 111 of Lago Lacar) differs from both A. limnophila and A. friasica, and is probably a new species. Another population from Lago Frías (station ARG-Pat 045) was represented by four specimens on slide in the Cassagnau collection, but not cited in his publications; they can be assigned to A. limnophila. It remains finally two samples in the Cassagnau collection that correspond to A. limnophila; in addition, two recent samples of D’Haese are also A. limnophila; all four samples were taken about 180 km North of the type locality (Fig. 1). Four specimens (two males, two females) on slides. Argentina: Neuquen Province: Villa la Angostura: near Lago Nahuel Huapi: Isla Victoria, dead wood, 03 / 03 / 59, Delamare-Deboutteville leg (ARG-Pat 047). Deposited in MNHN (1 male, two females) and UNAM (1 male). One male on slide. Argentina: Neuquen Province: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: los Arrayanes, Northern part of Quetrihué peninsula, under barks of rotten logs, aspirator sampling, 29 / 10 / 05, D'Haese leg (A 142). Deposited in MNHN. Four specimens (two males, one female and one juvenile) on slides. Argentina: Rio Negro Province: near Lago Frías, 07 / 03 / 59, Delamare-Deboutteville leg (ARG-Pat 045). Deposited in MNHN. One female on slide. Argentina: Rio Negro Province: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: Puerto Blest, 12 / 11 / 05, D'Haese leg (A 190). Deposited in MNHN.	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD11FF882192FB9FFB1FF815.taxon	description	Redescription. Length: from 0.78 – 1.73 mm (all specimens, N = 18). Females larger than males; specimens from the type locality are larger, while non-type specimens exhibit a wider range of size: females (types): 1.13 – 1.73 mm (N = 8); males (types): 1.18 – 1.47 (N = 2); females (non-types): 0.78 – 1.47 (N = 4); males (non-types): 0.88 – 1.45 mm (N = 4). Habitus similar to Paleonura sp. (Fig. 2). Colour white in ethanol. Secondary granulation regular, constituted of rounded granules, equal to or less than a mac socket in diameter (Figs 6 and 8). No reticulations. Dorsal chaetal groups on weakly differentiated tubercles; tubercles absent or faint on Th. I; tubercles Di and De of Th. II – Abd. III and Di of Abd. IV feebly indicated; DL and L of Th. II – Abd. IV and head tubercles moderately differentiated; tubercles De of Abd. IV and tubercles of Abd. V and VI stronger, with distinct elementary tubercles (Figs 6 and 8). Elementary tubercles faint to well differentiated, marked by stronger secondary granules, without or with low integument boss, not grouped on papilla. Two kinds of ordinary chaetae on tergites: (i) thick mac, straight, slightly tapering, with blunt tips, smooth or, for some of them (mostly laterally and on Abd. VI), very sparsely serrated when carefully examined, the dorsal ones slightly sheathed and feebly tapering, the lateral ones not distinctly sheathed and more distinctly tapering; (ii) smooth mes of similar morphology, often bent and more tapering distally. Tergite S-chaetae thin and long, thinner and subequal or slightly shorter than closest large mac (Figs 2 and 8). Antennae (Fig. 3). All antennal chaetae smooth. Ant. I with seven chaetae, Ant. II with eleven chaetae, the dorsal ones thicker and longer than ventral ones. Ant. III sensorial organ with two thick, bent ms slightly buried in a cuticular fold; guard S thinner than S 1 - S 8 of Ant. IV, with Sgv straight and 30 % longer than Sgd; and one ventral ms. Ant. IV with S 1 - 8, 12 long “ mou ” chaetae, one short ordinary chaeta (i), one small subapical organ; apical bulb indistinct flat, entire, fused to Ant. IV tip. Ocelli 2 + 2 without pigment, located on the edges of tubercle Oc (Fig. 6). Mandibles thin, bidentate; maxilla heads styliform. Labium long with four basal chaetae (E, F, G, f) with F very long), three distal chaetae (A, C, D) with one minute x-papilla, and three lateral chaetae (c, d, e) (Fig. 4). Labrum elongate, large and rounded apically, with planaria-head-like ventral sclerifications (Fig. 5); labral formula 0 / 2,4. Dorsal head chaetotaxy and tubercles (Table 1 A, Fig. 2, 6 and 7). Eleven tubercles in total: CL, Af, 2 Oc, (Di + Di), 2 De, 2 DL, 2 (L + So). Ten chaetae on tubercle Af, chaeta O absent. Three chaetae present in ocular tubercle including Ocp. Dorso-internal tubercles of the head fused on axis, with four elementary tubercles often inconspicuous anterior to the line Di 1 – Di 1 and none posteriorly. On lateral area of head, mac L 1 displaced towards tubercle DL (Fig. 7). Postcephalic chaetotaxy and tubercles (Table 1 B, Fig. 2 and Fig. 8). Chaetae Di 1, 2, 3 almost on a line parallel to the axis on Th. II – III. Chaetae Di 2 anterior to Di 1 on Abd. I – IV. Chaetal group Di of Abd. IV shifted anteriorly to De. On the tubercle Di of Abd. V, the anterior mes are possibly homologous to Di 3 rather than Di 2, being more distant than Di 1 mac. Legs (Table 1 B and Fig. 9). Ventral mac of the femur moderately differentiated, slightly longer than ventral side of femur. Tita without tenent hairs, without chaeta M and with chaetae B 4 and B 5 moderately elongate. Pretarsal mic relatively long. Unguis without tooth. Microchaetae of furcal rest either present (Fig. 10) or undetectable. Male genital plate with 4 + 4 genital and 7 – 12 circumgenital chaetae; female genital plate with 1 + 1 genital and 11 – 14 circumgenital chaetae. Vi: 5 chaetae; Ve: 8 – 9 chaetae	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD11FF882192FB9FFB1FF815.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Australonura limnophila was described from specimens of various locations in Southern Argentina, all located at the southern limit of the Valdivian temperate forest ecoregion (Fig. 1). In the original description of the species, the clypeal tubercle is fused with the antenno-frontal; these tubercles are in fact separate on the type specimens we have examined, in agreement with Cassagnau & Oliveira (1990) who already corrected this mistake. Tubercles Di of the head are fused to each other on axis (Fig. 2). It is this character, together with separation of Di and De and the presence of a well-differentiated antenno-frontal tubercle on head, that led us to assign Neanura limnophila to the genus Australonura. However, the uneven dorso-internal cephalic tubercle is very faint, without clearly recognizable elementary tubercles. From the specimens listed in the original description of Cassagnau & Rapoport (1962), some were isolated subsequently in a new species, A. friasica (Cassagnau & Oliveira 1990). A closer examination leads us to consider the specimens of Lago Lacar area as another new species, which is briefly characterized below.	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD14FF872192FF32FB7FFCEA.taxon	description	(Figs 11 – 14)	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD14FF872192FF32FB7FFCEA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male and three paratypes (one female, one preadult female and one juvenile) on slides. The fifth specimen cited in Cassagnau & Oliveira (1990) was not retrieved in the Cassagnau collection. Argentina: Rio Negro Province: “ bord du Lago Frias ”, 06 / 03 / 59, Delamare-Deboutteville leg (ARG-Pat 025). All specimens deposited in MNHN.	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD14FF872192FF32FB7FFCEA.taxon	description	Redescription. Length: 1.21 (male holotype) – 1.66 mm (female paratype). Habitus like A. limnophila. Colour white in ethanol. Secondary granulation regular, constituted of rounded granules, equal or less than a mac socket in diameter (Figs 11, 12 and 14). No reticulations. Elementary tubercles faint to well differentiated, marked by stronger secondary granules. Most dorsal chaetal groups included in these tubercles, which are slightly more conspicuous than in A. limnophila; tubercles of Th. I, Di and De of Th. II – Abd. III and Di of Abd. IV weakly differentiated, with elementary tubercles hardly recognizable; DL and L of Th. II – Abd. IV and head tubercles well differentiated, with elementary tubercles usually recognizable, but not papillate; tubercles De and DL of Abd. IV and tubercles of Abd. V and VI stronger, with elementary tubercles weakly papillate. Two kinds of ordinary chaetae on tergites: (i) thick mac, straight, subcylindrical, with blunt tips, smooth or for some of them very sparsely serrated (Fig. 13), the dorsal ones slightly sheathed and slightly tapering, the lateral ones not distinctly sheathed and more distinctly tapering; (ii) smooth mes of similar morphology, often bent and more tapering distally. Tergite S-chaetae thin and long, thinner and slightly shorter than closest mac (Fig. 12). Antennae. All antennal chaetae smooth. Ant. I with seven chaetae, Ant. II with eleven chaetae, the dorsal ones thicker and longer than the ventral ones. Ant. III sensorial organ with two thick, bent ms slightly buried in a cuticular fold; guard S thinner than S 1 – S 8 of Ant. IV, with Sgv straight and longer than Sgd (Sgv: Sgd: S 1 = 39: 31 - 34: 28); and one ventral ms. Ant. IV with S 1 - S 8 subequal, 12 long “ mou ” chaetae, one short ordinary chaeta (i), one small subapical organ; apical bulb faint, flat, entire, fused to Ant. IV tip. Ocelli 2 + 2 without pigment, located on the edges of tubercle Oc (Fig. 11). Mandibles thin, bidentate; maxilla heads styliform. Labium long with four basal chaetae (E, F, G, f with F very long), three distal chaetae (A, C, D) with one minute x-papilla, and three lateral chaetae (c, d, e). Labrum elongate, large and rounded apically, with planariahead-like ventral sclerifications; labral formula 0 / 2,4. Dorsal head chaetotaxy and tubercles (Table 2 A and Fig. 11). Eleven tubercles in total: CL, Af, 2 Oc, (Di + Di), 2 De, 2 DL, 2 (L + So). Ten chaetae on tubercle Af, chaeta O absent. Two chaetae present in ocular tubercle, with Ocp absent. Dorso-internal tubercles of the head fused on axis, with four elementary tubercles anterior to the line Di 1 – Di 1 and none posteriorly. Lateral area of head exactly as in A. limnophila, with mac L 1 displaced towards tubercle DL. Postcephalic chaetotaxy and tubercles identical to those of A. limnophila except for Abd. V and ocular chaetae (Table 2 B and Fig. 14). Chaetae Di 1, 2, 3 almost on a line parallel to axis on Th. II – III. Chaetae Di 2 anterior to Di 1 on Abd. I – IV. Chaetal group Di of Abd. IV shifted anteriorly to De. On tubercle Di of Abd. V only Di 1 mac present. Legs (Table 2 B). Ventral mac of the femur moderately differentiated, slightly longer than ventral side of femur. Tita without tenent hairs, without chaeta M and with chaetae B 4 and B 5 moderately elongate. Pretarsal mic relatively long. Unguis without tooth. Microchaetae of furcal vestige either present or undetectable. Male genital plate with 4 + 4 genital and seven circumgenital chaetae; female genital plate with 1 + 1 genital and 14 circumgenital chaetae. Vi: 5 chaetae; Ve: 8 chaetae.	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD14FF872192FF32FB7FFCEA.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Australonura friasica is extremely similar to A. limnophila in its chaetotaxy and tubercle arrangements, the only differences being its slightly more developed tubercles, absence of Ocp on head and only 1 + 1 chaetae Di on Abd. V. The species is only known from Lago Frías area in Argentina, where A. limnophila is also present, but in another sample and site (“ bord du Lago Frías ” versus “ Lago Frías St 2 ”).	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD1AFF832192F9E5FA53FC9A.taxon	description	(Figs 15 – 24)	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD1AFF832192F9E5FA53FC9A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: Paraguay, Departamento de Alto Parana, Ciudad del Este, 10 / 03 / 1983, leg C. Dlouhy. Original slide label: “ 3 a Paraguay (Alto Parana): Centre forestier (C. F. A. P) échantillon du sol. Puerto Presidente Stroessner, Parcella IV. (pin). 10 - III- 1983 / 03. leg C. Dlouhy ”; deposited in UNAM. Paratypes: Paraguay, Departamento de Alto Parana, 12 km south of Ciudad del Este (ex-Puerto Presidente Stroessner), April 1984, Ecole Forestière, soil sample, C. Dlouhy col., two females (one deposited in UNAM, one in MNHN) and one male (deposited in UNAM). Ibid, 24 March 1983, Centre forestier (C. F. A. P), soil sample, C. Dlouhy, one female (deposited in UNAM). Paraguay, Departamento de Canindeyú, 2 November 1979, “ près de l’embouchure du Rio Carapa et du Rio Alta Paraná. Tamisage de feuilles mortes et bois pourri dans forêt, Expédition zoologique du Muséum de Genève ”, one female and one juvenile (deposited in Museum de Genève).	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD1AFF832192F9E5FA53FC9A.taxon	description	Description. Length: 0.76 – 1.11 mm (N = 2). Habitus of stocky Paleonura. Color white in ethanol. Secondary granules conical. Tertiary granules (elementary tubercles) well differentiated dorsally on head and body, often papillate, grouped in conspicuous tubercles, including the dorso-internal ones on tergites. Cephalic tubercles Di fused on the midline. Four kinds of dorsal ordinary chaetae: (i) unilaterally strongly ciliated mac, swollen basally; (ii) ciliated mes morphologically similar to ciliated mac, but shorter and usually thinner; (iii) smooth and acuminate mes; (iv) smooth and acuminate mic (Figs 15, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23). Tergite S-chaetae much thinner than mac and at least 30 % shorter than closest mac (Figs 21 and 23). Antennae. Ant. I with seven chaetae, of which three dorsal ciliated mac (Fig. 15); Ant. II with eleven chaetae, of which three ciliated mac dorsally. Ant. III sensorial organ with two thickened ms in a cuticular fold; two guard S straight, Sgv as thick as and 20 – 25 % longer than Sgd, and thinner and longer than Ant. IV S 1 – S 8 (Fig. 18); one ventro-external ms more basally. Ant. IV with S 1 - S 8 thick, strongly bent and subequal (Fig. 18). Ocelli 2 + 2 without pigment, located on the edges of tubercle Oc (Fig. 15). Mandibles thin, bidentate; maxilla heads styliform. Labium long with four basal chaetae (E, F, G, f with F very long), three distal chaetae (A, C, D) with one or possibly two minute x-papillae, and three lateral chaetae (c, d, e) (Fig. 16). Labrum ogival, rounded apically (Fig. 17); labral formula 0 / 2,4. Vi: 5 chaetae; Ve: ≥ 6 chaetae Dorsal head chaetotaxy and tubercles (Table 3 A and Fig. 15). Eleven tubercles in total: CL, Af, 2 Oc, (Di + Di), 2 De, 2 DL, 2 (L + So). Four chaetae on tubercle Af, chaeta O absent, chaeta D free or on the edge of tubercle CL. Three chaetae on ocular tubercle, Ocp present. Dorso-internal tubercles of the head fused on axis, with four elementary tubercles anterior to the line Di 1 - Di 1 and a few other ones poorly delimited between the mac Di 1. DL tubercle with 4 DL chaetae; mac L 1 included in the (L + So) tubercle of head. * Lateral chaetal group of Abd. V located ventrally without individualized tubercle, probably including one chaeta VL. Postcephalic chaetotaxy and tubercles (Table 3 B and Figs 20 – 23). Chaetae Di 1, 2, 3 not on a line on Th. II – III, Di 1 being clearly external to the line Di 2 – Di 3; Di 3 as a mic, much shorter than Di 2 (Fig. 20). Chaetae Di 2 posterointernal to Di 1 on Abd. I – IV. Chaetal group Di of Abd. IV at the same level as De and DL. Tubercles Di of Abd. V closely adjacent, but not fused across the midline, their anterior mes (Di 2) less distant than Di 1 mac (Fig 23). Legs (Table 3 B and Fig. 24). Tita without tenent hairs and without chaeta M; B 4 and B 5 moderately elongate. Pretarsal mic rather long. Unguis without tooth. Microchaetae not seen on furcal rest. Male genital plate with 4 + 4 genital and 12 circumgenital chaetae; female genital plate with 1 + 1 genital and 12 circumgenital chaetae.	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
03CF879CBD1AFF832192F9E5FA53FC9A.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Australonura paraguayensis sp. nov. was recorded as Paleonura sp. from Paraguay by Palacios- Vargas & Mejía Recamier (2009). It differs from all Australonura described so far by the separation of tubercle Di on Abd. V. Aside this character, it is very similar to A. grossi (Yosii, 1966) from Australia in tubercle arrangement and chaetotaxy. It is easily distinguished from A. limnophila and A. friasica by its dorsal mes and mac densely ciliated and the strong differentiation of its dorsal tubercles, as well as important chaetotaxic characters (Table 4).	en	Palacios-Vargas, José G., Deharveng, Louis (2014): First record of the genus Australonura Cassagnau 1980 (Collembola: Neanuridae) in the New World, with description of a new species from Paraguay. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 33-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.6
