identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
496787AAFFF2FF97B691FA9176CF5759.text	496787AAFFF2FF97B691FA9176CF5759.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parathyone Deichmann 1957	<div><p>Genus Parathyone Deichmann, 1957</p> <p>Emended diagnosis (modified from Prata et al., 2020). Small-medium-sized forms (up to 100mm long), Ten dendritic tentacles of equal size or ten dendritic tentacles, ventral pair reduced. Tube feet scattered over entire body. Calcareous ring lacking posterior processes; radial plates united to interradial plates along their entire length. Body wall ossicles: four holed to multilocular cups; multiperforated plates and knobbed buttons. Tentacles and introvert with cups knobbed on inner and outer faces. Ambulacral feet with supporting rods and end plate.</p> <p>Type species. Parathyone surinamensis (Semper, 1867); by original designation. Type locality: Surinam.</p> <p>Species included (genera of the original combination are indicated within brackets). Parathyone surinamensis (Semper, 1867) [Thyone], Parathyone suspecta (Ludwig, 1875) [Thyone] (type locality: Barbados), Parathyone braziliensis (Verrill, 1868) [Thyone] (type locality: Abrolhos, southern Bahia, Brazil) and Parathyone itapuaensis sp. nov. Thyone (Sclerodactyla) braziliensis Verrill, 1868, was recently transferred to Parathyone by Prata et al. (2020).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/496787AAFFF2FF97B691FA9176CF5759	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martins, Luciana;Tavares, Marcos	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2021): A new species of Parathyone (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae) from northeastern Brazil, with a key to species. Zootaxa 4985 (2): 245-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.2.7
496787AAFFF2FF93B691F8FD77985693.text	496787AAFFF2FF93B691F8FD77985693.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parathyone itapuaensis Martins & Tavares 2021	<div><p>Parathyone itapuaensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 1–4)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype: 40 mm (MZUSP 2089), 12°57’ S; 38°21’ W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-38.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -38.35/lat -12.95)">Itapuã</a> beach, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, L.R. Martins coll., 21.iv.2011, intertidal, found burrowed into soft sediments, underneath rocks. Paratypes: 1 spec 40 mm (UFBA 631), same data as holotype. 1 spec 40 mm (UFPB ECH 438), 07°04’ S; 34°49’ W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.0666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.816666/lat -7.0666666)">João Pessoa</a>, Paraíba, Brazil. 1 spec 100 mm (MZUSP 2103), Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. 5specs 10–25 mm (MZUSP 2756), 12°57’ S; 38°21’ W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-38.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -38.35/lat -12.95)">Itapuã</a> beach, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. 5specs 10–25 mm (MZUSP 2756), 12°57’ S; 38°21’ W, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-38.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -38.35/lat -12.95)">Itapuã</a> beach, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</p> <p>Comparative material examined. Aslia pygmaea (Théel, 1886), 2 specs 50–70 mm (CASIZ 117956) [originally labeled as Ocnus pygmaeus], 13.viii.1977, intertidal, Venezuela. 1 spec 50 mm (USNM E 30519) [originally labeled as Ocnus pygmaeus], 29.iv.1981, 27m, Georgia, EUA. Parathyone braziliensis (Verrill, 1868), Praia da Figueira, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil: 1 spec 70 mm long (MZUSP 1095), coll 14 October 1997. Ilha de Boipeba, Bahia, Brazil: 1 spec 40 mm (MZUSP 1207), coll 22 June 2015. Prado, Bahia, Brazil: 1 spec. 40 mm long (MZUSP 1147), coll 10 January 2015.Itapuã beach, Salvador, BA, Brazil, (12°57’ S; 38°21’ W), intertidal: 72 spec 10–60 mm long (UFBA 0180), coll 03 November 2006. Itapuã beach, Salvador, BA, Brazil, (12°57’ S; 38°21’ W), intertidal, 1 spec 35 mm long (MZUSP 1354), coll 05 April 2006. Itapuã beach, Salvador, BA, Brazil, (12°57’ S; 38°21’ W), intertidal, 24 spec 15–50 mm long (MZUSP 1143), coll 31 January 2015.Itapuã beach, Salvador, BA, Brazil (12°57’ S; 38°21’ W): intertidal, 3 spec 35–40 mm long (MZUSP 1383), coll 05 April 2008. Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil 1 spec 30 mm long (MZUSP 1100), coll 31 May 2011.Passo do Camaragibe, Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil. 3 spec 25–30 mm long (MZUSP 1094), coll 11 January 2011. MNHN-IE-2005 1237, 1238, 1239 [Slides of body wall and tentacles]. Parathyone surinamensis (Semper, 1867), 1 spec 40 mm (USNM E27248) [originally labeled as Ocnus surinamensis], 6.ii.1977, Limon Bay, Canal Zone, Panamá, Caribe. Parathyone suspecta (Ludwig, 1875), 2 specs 20–35 mm (USNM E22299) [originally labeled as Ocnus (Urodemella) suspectus, 28.ii.1966, Andros island, Bahamas. 1 spec 40 mm (ZBM – ECH 5687), Barbados. MNHN-IE-2005 3378, 33576 [Slides of body and tentacles].</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality: Itapuã.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length of anterior process (radial plate of the calcareous ring) larger than length of base of radial plate. Body wall buttons with triangular knobs; knobbed multiperforated plates in anal region. Two Polian vesicles and single madreporite.</p> <p>Description. Body barrel-shaped to oval when fixed; tube feet scattered throughout body (Fig. 1a). Ten dendritic tentacles, ventral pair reduced (Fig. 1b). Anal papillae present (Fig. 1c) Longitudinal muscles well developed (Fig. 1d, e), split at anterior region (Fig. 1e). Retractor muscle short and attached to the middle of radial plate (Fig. 1g, i). Stone canal single, short, attached to round madreporite (Fig. 1g). Two Polian vesicle (Fig. 1h). Colour in ethanol brown</p> <p>Plates of the calcareous ring lacking posterior processes. The radial and interradial plates of same height and laterally connected to each other for most of their length (Fig.1i). MidIR (IR5) is not modified (Fig.2b), and the midR (RI) is smaller than the other radials (Fig.2c). Radial and interradial plates with pointy anterior region and strongly concave at base (Fig.1 d–f). Anterior region of the radial plate slightly depression for attachment the RMA (Fig. 2d). AP close together, anterior notch small (Fig. 2d). Marginal grooves for AB deep, broad (Fig. 2d). GV at inner region of radial plates conspicuous (Fig. 2d). TCT X- to H-shaped (Fig. 2f). Size of radial plates varies; radial plates usually wider than interradial plates.</p> <p>Body wall ossicles four holed-knobbed buttons with triangular knobs at the center (60–120 μm long, Fig. 3a–b; fig 4a–c); four-holed to multilocular shallow cups (35–45 μm long, Fig. 3c–d); knobbed perforated plates (60–100 μm long, Fig. 3e) at anal region. Introvert with shallow cups; knobbed in its inner and outer faces (30–40 μm long, Fig. 3f) and rosettes. Tentacles with three types of perforated rods: elongated with irregular margins (180–240 μm long, Fig. 3g); large arched rods (600–800 μm long, Fig. 3h) and knobbed curved rods at base of tentacles (60–180 μm long, Fig. 3i) sometimes tri-armed (300–400 μm long, Fig. 3j) and rosettes. Tube feet supporting rods with small perforations at extremities, one central perforation and one central apophysis (250–300 μm long, Fig 3k); end plate circular; small holes around margin, bigger ones centrally (100–140 μm long, Fig 3l).</p> <p>Occurrence. Only known from Brazil (Paraiba, Bahia, and São Paulo).</p> <p>Taxonomic Remarks. Parathyone itapuaensis sp. nov. is herein assigned to Parathyone, whose diagnostic characters (cf. Deichmann 1957) are recognized in the new species. They are as follow: 1) ambulacral feet stout spreading out into the interambulacral; 2) calcareous ring simple lacking posterior process; 3) dermal ossicles are baskets and knobbed buttons; tube feet with end plates and large supporting rods.</p> <p>The new species shares with P. braziliensis and P. suspecta, two reduced ventral tentacles. However, differs from both, P. braziliensis and P. suspecta, in having the anterior process of the radial plate longer than the length of base of radial plate (vs anterior process of the radial plate as long as the base of the radial plate in P. braziliensis and P. suspecta). The new species further differs from P. braziliensis in that the anal region is provided with knobbed multiperforated plates (lacking in P. braziliensis) and in having two Polian vesicles (vs. one Polian vesicle in P. braziliensis).</p> <p>Parathyone itapuaensis sp. nov. superficially resembles P. surinamensis in the general aspects of the calcareous ring. However, the new species stands apart from P. surinamensis in having the body wall buttons slightly knobbed and triangular knobs at the center (Fig. 4a–c); two Polian vesicle and the longitudinal muscle split anteriorly and in having tentacles with ventral pair reduced whereas P. surinamensis has body wall buttons strongly knobbed and rounded knobs at the center (Fig. 4d–f), one Polian vesicle; longitudinal muscle split before the midlength of the body cavity and in having tentacles of equal size.</p> <p>Juveniles and adults of the same species can differ in the form of the ossicles (Cutress 1996). Also, ontogenetic changes in the form of the ossicles or even disappearance of the ossicles have been shown to occur, including in dendrochirotids (Vaney 1914; Thandar 1989; O’Loughlin and Alcook 2000; O’Loughlin et al. 2012; Martins 2019). However, in Parathyone itapuaensis sp. nov., the only difference found between adults and younger specimens was the number of ossicles, with the younger specimens tended to have more ossicles (stage of development based on size: 10–25mm in length).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/496787AAFFF2FF93B691F8FD77985693	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martins, Luciana;Tavares, Marcos	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2021): A new species of Parathyone (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae) from northeastern Brazil, with a key to species. Zootaxa 4985 (2): 245-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.2.7
496787AAFFF6FF90B691F8B4729A5551.text	496787AAFFF6FF90B691F8B4729A5551.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parathyone braziliensis (Verrill 1868)	<div><p>Parathyone braziliensis (Verrill, 1868) vs Parathyone suspecta (Ludwig, 1875)</p> <p>Parathyone braziliensis was briefly described and poorly illustrated by Verrill (1868). Verrill established P. braziliensis (as Thyone (Sclerodactyla) braziliensis) based on an uncertain number of specimens collected by C. F. Hart in different habitats and localities in southern Bahia, Brazil: “Occurs under dead corals in the shallow tide pools and holes in the reefs at the Albrolhos and elsewhere”.</p> <p>No holotype was selected for P. braziliensis in Verrill’s description and, therefore, all his specimens are syntypes. According to Verrill (1868: p. 352), Hart’s collections were deposited at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, but part stayed in C. F. Hart’s personal collection (it is unknown whether or not Verrill’s syntypes stayed with Hart). Verrill’s syntypes are no longer extant at the Peabody Museum. According to Dr. Eric Lazo-Wasem, Senior Collections Manager at the Peabody Museum (pers. com.), the non-type specimen “YPM 5391 Thyone braziliensis Verril, collected in 1876 and identified by A. E. Verrill is still preserved in the collections in Yale. This specimen, collected eight years after the original description of P. braziliensis in 1868, clearly cannot be part of Verrill’s syntypes.</p> <p>Parathyone suspecta (Ludwig, 1875) was described from Barbados and the holotype deposited at the Museum für Naturkunde (Berlim, Alemanha). The type of P. suspecta is no longer extant (Dr. Carsten Lüeter, curator of Marine invertebrates at the ZMB, pers. com.). Ludwig (1875) pointed out the strong morphological similarities between P. braziliensis and P. suspecta: “It’s probably true that the species is identical to Thyone braziliensis, but I can’t tell if it’s really the case with the rather flawed description that makes the inner anatomy almost entirely lost”.</p> <p>Deichman (1930) regarded Parathyone braziliensis and P. suspecta as each other’s synonyms. However, neither Ludwig nor Deichmann examined specimens of P. braziliensis. The original description of P. suspecta Ludwig (1875) is of no help as it can apply equally well to both, P. braziliensis and P. suspecta.</p> <p>Ancona-Lopez (1957), on the other hand, based on specimens of P. brazilienis (from Pernambuco, Brazil) and literature data alone for P. suspecta, considered the latter as distinct from P. braziliensis by having: 1) fusiform body (oval when contracted); 2) 10 tentacles, with the 2 more ventral smaller than the others; 3 soft skin; 4) grayish color; 5) pedicels small, numerous and irregularly arranged; 6) calcareous ring formed of 10 simple plates with posterior processes; and 7) ossicles variable in form, arranged according to the regions of the body. Clearly enough, all the above characters are found in both P. braziliensis and P. suspecta. Prata et al. (2020), based only on Brazilian specimens assigned to P. suspecta (Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Bahia) and specimens of P. braziliensis (Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba), uncritically accepted the distinguishing characters advanced by Ancona-Lopez (1957) without further discussion (due to the availability of comparative material and lack of information, especially regarding the variation and structure of the dermal ossicles and calcareous ring).</p> <p>However, we have studied topotypical specimens of both P. braziliensis and P. suspecta (see under comparative material examined) and found that the purported distinguishing characters advanced by Ancona-Lopez (1957) and accepted by Prata et al. (2020) are variable and of no help to separate P. braziliensis from P. suspecta. In the absence of consistent morphological characters to confidently separate the two species we, therefore, provisionally consider P. braziliensis and P. suspecta each other’s synonyms until further evidence is available, with the priority being for P. braziliensis (contrary to Deichmann, 1930, who mistakenly gave the priority to P. suspecta).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/496787AAFFF6FF90B691F8B4729A5551	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martins, Luciana;Tavares, Marcos	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2021): A new species of Parathyone (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae) from northeastern Brazil, with a key to species. Zootaxa 4985 (2): 245-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.2.7
496787AAFFF5FF90B691F90873BA57D3.text	496787AAFFF5FF90B691F90873BA57D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parathyone undefined-1 Deichmann 1957	<div><p>Key to the Parathyone species</p> <p>1. Anterior process of the calcareous ring radial plate as long as the base of the radial plate................. P. braziliensis</p> <p>- Anterior process of the calcareous ring radial plate distinctly longer than the base of radial plate...................... 2</p> <p>2. Body wall buttons strongly knobbed with rounded knobs (Fig. 4 d–f); one Polian vesicle; longitudinal muscle splitting off before midlength of body cavity.............................................................. P. surinamensis</p> <p>- Body wall buttons slightly knobbed with triangular knobs (Fig. 4 a–c); two Polian vesicle; longitudinal muscle splitting off after midlength of body cavity...................................................... Parathyone itapuaensis sp. nov.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/496787AAFFF5FF90B691F90873BA57D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martins, Luciana;Tavares, Marcos	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2021): A new species of Parathyone (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae) from northeastern Brazil, with a key to species. Zootaxa 4985 (2): 245-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.2.7
