identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C37B8D572E20C932FF72B76759CB71F6.text	C37B8D572E20C932FF72B76759CB71F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hylaea fasciaria (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Hylaea fasciaria (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>fasciaria fasciaria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (Ed. 10) 1: 521, (Phalaena (Geometra)). Europe. (Holo) type female (Linnean Society of London, UK) (examined externally).</p> <p>biliosata Villers, 1789, Linn. ent. 2: 386, pl. 6, fig. 22 (female), (Phal [aena] Geom [etra]). Syntype (s), [France]: Bressia [=Bresse, near Lyon]. Scoble (1999) gave the type locality as [Italy]: Brescia, but this is incorrect.</p> <p>cleui Leraut, 1993, Entomol. Gall. 4 (4): 235, (Hylaea). Holotype male (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France), France: Hautes-Alpes, L’Argentiére-la-Bessée (examined externally) [originally as subspecies of fasciaria (Linnaeus), downgraded from subspecies rank (Scoble 1999, Leraut 2009] (new synonym). Herewith downgraded from subspecies rank quoting the absence of distinct external features. See Remarks.</p> <p>neustriaria Hufnagel, 1767, Berlin Mag. 4 (5): 520, (Phalaena). Syntype (s), [Germany]: Berlin region.</p> <p>prasinaria Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775, Ankündung syst. Werkes Schmett. Wienergegend: 96, (Geometra). Syntype (s), [Austria]: Vienna district. [Junior primary homonym of Phalaena Geometra prasinaria Hufnagel, 1767.]</p> <p>prosapiaria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (Ed. 10) 1: 522, (Phalaena (Geometra)). Syntypes (Linnean Society of London, UK), Europe [probably near Åbo (=Turku), Finland] (examined externally).</p> <p>rufofasciosa Esper, 1794, Die Schmett. 3 Suppl. (5–6): 58, pl. 90, pl. 4, 5, (Ph [alaena] Bomb [yx]).</p> <p>viridifasciosa Esper, 1794, Die Schmett. 3 Suppl. (5–6): 58, pl. 90, figs 6, 7, (Ph [alaena] Geom [etra]). Syntypes male, female, [Europe].</p> <p>fasciaria cedricola Wehrli, 1929, Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ges. 19: 319, pl. 24, fig. 3; pl. 25, fig. 9, 10, (Ellopia). Syntypes 9 males, 2 females (Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany), [Turkey (former Syria)]: Achyr Dagh, Bertiz Jaila, 1800 m (examined, including genitalia) [originally as sp., downgraded from species rank (Scoble 1999)] (revised status). Herewith downgraded from species to subspecies rank quoting the absence of differential features in the genitalia and the exact barcode-sharing with H. fasciaria. See subspecies description below.</p> <p>fasciaria flavella Wehrli, 1940 (in Wehrli 1939 –1954), in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 4 (Suppl.): 322, pl. 24: g, (Ellopia), Armenia. [Originally as var, but raised to subspecies rank by Wehrli 1954 (in Wehrli 1939 –1954)]. See subspecies description below.</p> <p>Description. External characters and pregenital abdomen (diagnostic characters underlined) (Figures 1, 6): Wingspan male 27–35 mm, female 34–39 mm. Ground colour variable (see Variation), dominant colours being different shades of reddish-brown and green. Medial lines often whitish (see Variation). Medial line angled before costa, basal part moves away from costa (not parallel with costa). Postmedial line angled before costa, weakly angled outwards on inner margin. Medial area often slightly darker than rest of wing, narrowest in middle. Hindwings with postmedial line visible only. Terminal line and fringes near forewing apex normally concolorous with wings. Hindwing postmedial line distinct, curved. Discal spots absent. Wings below as above, but paler. Frons pale-brown to brown-red, thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings. Area between antennae (vertex) white. Antennae white dorsally, male antennae bipectinate, female antennae weakly fasciculate. Hindleg tibia of both sexes with 2+2 spurs. Tympanal organs medium-sized. Sternites and tergites 3–8 of both sexes undifferentiated.</p> <p>Male genitalia (diagnostic characters underlined) (Figure 10): Uncus setose, subapical part rather wide, apex short, roundish. Socii small, setose. Gnathos absent. Valva narrow, apex wider dorsally, sparsely setose. Valva with subapical spine (occasionally with two spines) in ventral margin. Valva base with narrow, symmetric, sclerotised extension. Transtilla wide plate, anterior margin with two concavities. Juxta small, with two setose patches. Saccus very elongated, weakly curved laterally. Aedeagus narrow, caecum long. Aedeagus with straight additional arm, distance between aedeagus and additional arm narrow, apex not expanded, weakly dentate. Vesica opens at approximately 90 degrees angle. Vesica evenly narrowing tube, base with straight row of microcornuti.</p> <p>Female genitalia (diagnostic characters underlined) (Figure 14): Papillae anales wide, setose. Apophyses posteriores long, straight. Apophyses anteriores about 1/4 length of apophyses posteriores. Lamella postvaginalis large, horizontally striated, partly sclerotised. Lamella antevaginalis often large, margin roundish, weakly sclerotised ridge. Sterigma with membranous, flower-like frill. Ductus bursae short, weakly sclerotised laterally. Posterior part of corpus bursae narrow, rather long, sclerotised, surface granulate. Anterior part of corpus bursae round, membranous. Signum absent or minute, roundish.</p> <p>Distribution (Figure 18). Eurasian. In Europe from northern Scandinavia to central Iberian peninsula, central Italy and Greece and from British Isles to Ural mountains. In central Italy the species occurs surely in Tuscany and in the northern Marche, while the identity of specimens from Abruzzo must be confirmed by further research. Outside Europe eastwards through southern Siberia to Transbaikal (Dahuria) and Sakha regions East of Lake Baikal, in Caucasus region (subspecies flavella (Wehrli)) and Turkey (nominate subspecies in the northwesternmost part). In the rest of Turkey replaced by subspecies cedricola (Wehrli).</p> <p>Phenology. Bivoltine. In southern Europe from April to May, and from August to September (Robineau 2007; Redondo et al. 2009), in central Europe from May to October, distinction between generations not clear (Ebert 2003). In northern Europe (data from Finland, Figure 19), from mid-May to October, distinction between generations not clear (Finnish Entomological database 2013). Caterpillar overwinters.</p> <p>Biology. Caterpillar feeds on the needles of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Abies alba, Larix decidua (Mikkola et al. 1989; Ebert 2003; Robineau 2007). Subspecies cedricola (Wehrli) has been reared in captivity on Pseudotsuga menziesii (Bernd Müller, pers. comm.). Adults are nocturnal, attracted to light.</p> <p>Habitat. Coniferous forests, and less frequently in areas with coniferous trees such as Nordic wetlands. Altitude range from sea level to 1300 m in central Europe (Ebert 2003) and up to 2300 m in the Pyrenees (Redondo et al. 2009).</p> <p>Similar species. All four species in Palaearctic Hylaea fasciaria species group are similar. The diagnostic, external characters shown in Figures 6–9 are somewhat tentative and should not be used in isolation, but should be combined with information on biology, collecting locality, male and female genitalia and DNA barcodes. An overview of diagnostic morphological features is given in Table 1.</p> <p>Genetic data. Genetically comparatively homogeneous in Europe and Transcaucasia (n=40, from 11 countries), mean intraspecific variation 0.21%, maximum variation 1.71%. The taxon cedricola from Turkey exactly barcode-sharing (n=10), mean intraspecific variation 0.13%, maximum variation 0.46%. Nearest species: Hylaea mediterranea (minimum pairwise distance 3.3%). See Figure 26.</p> <p>Variation (Figure 1). Highly variable. Ground colour varies from grey-reddish to dark grey, to yellowish-green and to various shades of green. Various shades of reddish-brown are dominant in northern Europe, and in northern parts of Scandinavia only these colours exist, whereas in southern Europe various shades of green (f. prasinaria) are dominant. In many areas both colour morphs coexist. Position, width and colour of medial lines variable, those often stand out weakly in reddish-brown specimens, being almost concolorous with wings, grey or blueish-grey. In green specimens the medial lines are usually white, thinner in females. Numerous infrasubspecific forms have been described, those are summarised in Prout (1912 –1916), Wehrli (1939 –1954) and in Leraut (2009). H. fasciaria ssp. cedricola (Wehrli) (Figures 1h, 1i) has wings rather dark green, medial lines are whitish and close to each other.</p> <p>Forewing margin is weakly concave below apex. Only green specimens are known. We retain taxon valid at subspecies level, due to the concave forewing margin, the narrow medial area and the conspicuous transverse lines not reaching the forewing costa. The taxon is, according to current knowledge, allopatric and restricted to Turkey (and Near East?). H. fasciaria ssp. flavella (Wehrli) (Figure 1e) has wings grey-yellowish, and forewing medial line is not visible near costa. We have not had access to extensive materials from the Transcaucasus, apart from two specimens from Georgia. Those were DNA barcoded, and they grouped together with other H. fasciaria specimens. The type specimen of flavella has not been located (collection is not mentioned in the original description), thus we have not been able to establish the identity of the Georgian specimens relative to flavella. We follow Wehrli (1939 –1954, p. 507), who cited Heydemann (1942), in his decision to raise the taxon to subspecies rank, and retain taxon valid at subspecies level. The taxon is, according to current knowledge, allopatric and restricted to Armenia (Transcaucasus). Scoble (1999) did not mention the taxon at all, Viidalepp (1996) consided it valid at subspecies level.</p> <p>Remarks. H. fasciaria ssp. cleui Leraut, illustrated in Leraut (2009) and Hausmann (2001; fig. 66), (Fig. 1g is also close) is downgraded from subspecies rank to junior synonym to the nominal subspecies of H. fasciaria (Linnaeus). Wings are purple-pink to crimson-red and medial lines are ash grey. Taxon is known from southern French Alps. In the adjacent Valesia (southern Switzerland,&gt; 200 specimens examined in the ZSM) such forms are dominant but mixed with green and red forms, potentially supporting the existence of a cline. This indicates that cleui, although locally dominant phenotype, does not constitute a subspecies because it lacks disjunct external features, and it is questionable whether the southern French Alps populations are geographically isolated from other populations in the Alps. DNA barcodes are not available, so far, for French Alps populations.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C37B8D572E20C932FF72B76759CB71F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sihvonen, Pasi;Skou, Peder;Flamigni, Claudio;Fiumi, Gabriele;Hausmann, Axel	Sihvonen, Pasi, Skou, Peder, Flamigni, Claudio, Fiumi, Gabriele, Hausmann, Axel (2014): Revision of the Hylaea fasciaria (Linnaeus, 1758) species group in the western Palaearctic (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Ennominae). Zootaxa 3768 (4): 469-486, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3768.4.5
C37B8D572E2BC93DFF72B7255874714A.text	C37B8D572E2BC93DFF72B7255874714A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hylaea mediterranea Sihvonen, Skou, Flamigni, Fiumi & Hausmann 2014	<div><p>Hylaea mediterranea Sihvonen, Skou, Flamigni, Fiumi &amp; Hausmann, new species</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype male: HOLOTYPE / Hylaea / mediterranea [red rectangle label]; Italy, Sicily, 5.7 km ESE San Stefano Quisquina, near Pizzo della Rondine, 1000 m, 9.-10.x.2010, Peder Skou leg.; Prep. number 1738., Pasi Sihvonen (coll. Skou, Denmark, to be deposited at the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark). Paratypes altogether 6 males and 4 females. 1 male and 3 females: Italy, Sicily, / 5.7 km ESE San / Stefano Quisquina, / near Pizzo della Rondine, / 1000 m, 9.-10.x.2010, / Peder Skou leg.; Prep. number 1739. /, Pasi Sihvonen. 1 female: Italy, Sicilia, / 7 km S. of Castelbuono, / 1350 m, 5.vi.2005, / Peder Skou leg. (both specimens in coll. Peder Skou, Denmark). 1 male: Italy, Sicily, Mt Etna / Ragabo restaur. / 7 km SW Linguaglossa, / 1450 m, 8–9.ix.2002 / Leg. M. Fibiger &amp; / G. Jeppesen. 1 male: Italy, Sicily, / 5.3 km SE Collesano, / Rifugio Orestano, / 1100 m, 8.x.2010, / Peder Skou leg (all in coll. Skou, Denmark). 1 male: Italien, Sizilien / Aetna, Nicolosi/ Monte San Leo/ 1110 m,/ N3739’ - E1459’/ 2. Juni 2001 / leg. Norbert Pöll; 305 [genitalia dissected, slide number 305 N. Pöll] (in coll. Pöll, Austria). 1 male: Italia / Sicilia / Campo Italia, 442m [38.2508°N 15.5442°E] / 30.5.2010 / leg. M. Infusino [DNA barcode specimenID BC MI 0116] (Universià di Messina, Zoological Collection, Italy). 1 male: Sicilia or. / Mte. Etna / 2km S Milo / (CT) 800m / 20.VIII.2001 / lg. Hausmann [DNA barcode specimen ID BC ZSM Lep 14248] (ZSM). Other material examined: 1 female: Italy, Calabria, M. Cocuzzo, 1150 m, leg. S. Scalercio, 28.7.1997, BC ZSM Lep 14249 (DNA barcode analysed, ZSM). 1 male: Italy, Sicily, Etna, Valverde, 350 m, 29.8.2008, GF Lep 0016 (DNA barcode analysed, Research Collection of Gabriele Fiumi, Italy). 1 male, Italy, Sicily, Etna, Valverde, 350 m, 29.8.2008, GF Lep 0017 (DNA barcode analysed, Research Collection of Gabriele Fiumi, Italy). 3 males: Italy: Molise / Isernia - Pescopennataro/ 1200 m / 41.8769 N, 14.2935 E / A. Sciarretta 30-Jun-2013; GWOTL1120-13; BC ZSM Lep 73518 [other 2 males with same label data except BC ZSM Lep 73519 and BC ZSM Lep 73520] (coll. University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy). Further 4 males and 7 females from Calabria (CS, Monte Cocuzzo; CS, Cava di Melis; CS, Cosenza/Donnici; VV, Lago Angitola; all in ZSM) in habitus corresponding to the characteristic features of H. mediterranea but excluded from the type series because of the distance from the type locality and the missing confirmation by DNA barcodes.</p> <p>Description. External characters and pregenital abdomen (diagnostic characters underlined) (Figures 2, 7): Wingspan male 31 mm (n=4), female 37–41 mm (n=4). Wings light green, medial lines white. Medial line curved before costa, basal part moves away from costa (not parallel with costa). Postmedial line rather straight, only weakly curved, barely angled before it reaches costa near apex and evenly curved outwards on inner margin. Medial area concolorous with rest of wing. Terminal line and fringes concolorous with wings, forewing apex dark red. Hindwing postmedial line distinct, curved. Discal spots absent. Wings below as above, but paler. Frons redbrown, thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings. Area between antennae (vertex) white. Antennae white dorsally, male antennae bipectinate, female antennae fasciculate. Hindleg tibia of both sexes with 2+2 spurs. Tympanal organs medium-sized. Sternites and tergites 3–8 of both sexes undifferentiated.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figure 11): Generally as in H. fasciaria (Linnaeus) and H. pinicolaria (Bellier). Aedeagus with additional arm, apex not expanded in H. mediterranea (apex expanded in H. compararia). Base of vesica with straight row of microcornuti in H. mediterranea (vesica with angled row of microcornuti, reaching aedeagus apex in H. compararia). Uncus relatively narrower before wide apex in H. mediterranea (uncus relatively wider before wide apex in H. fasciaria and H. pinicolaria, but the differences are not clear-cut).</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figure 15): Generally as in H. fasciaria and H. pinicolaria (Bellier), but with following quantitative difference: signum large in H. mediterranea (signum absent or minute in H. fasciaria, H. pinicolaria and in H. compararia). Genitalia are large in H. mediterranea (genitalia considerably smaller in H. compararia). Shape and size of the lamella antevaginalis, and width and length of the posterior part of the corpus bursae are variable and should be treated with caution.</p> <p>Distribution (Figure 20). Type specimens originate from Sicily (Italy, DNA barcoded), one specimen from Calabria (Italy, taken out of a longer series and DNA barcoded) and three specimens from Molise (Italy, DNA barcoded). One further specimen has been reported from the island of Marettimo, West of Sicily (L. Dapporto, pers. comm., not DNA barcoded). Outside this the distribution area needs verification. Some specimens from Greece, for instance from Mount Parnassos, Karpenision and Lesvos, are externally similar, but the female signum is small, thus not agreeing with the Italian material. DNA barcodes are not available, so far, for Greek populations.</p> <p>Phenology. Bivoltine: In Sicily it flies from late May (rarely early May) to early July and from late August to late October (Flamigni et al. in press).</p> <p>Biology. The species has been reared (G. Fiumi and D. Righini) from the Etna Mountain, Sicily. Female laid eggs on May 1 st (Figure 22), the caterpillars fed on the needles of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies (Figure 23), the first pupa was observed on June 26 th (Figure 24) and the first adult (Figure 25) emerged on 11 July. Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies are not present in Sicily; in the collecting localities Pinus laricio and P. halepensis are common.</p> <p>Habitat (Figure 21). In pine forests and places with more scattered pine trees. Altitude range from sea level to 1780 m (Flamigni et al. in press).</p> <p>Similar species. All four species in the Palaearctic Hylaea fasciaria species group are similar. The diagnostic, external characters shown in the Figures 6–9 are somewhat tentative and should not be used in isolation, but should be combined with other information including biology, collecting locality, male and female genitalia and DNA barcodes. An overview of diagnostic morphological features is given in Table 1. The taxon squalidaria (as judged from the original figure) differs in the straight forewing medial line, not curved at costa; forewing medial and postmedial lines at large distance, thus the medial area very broad; hindwing postmedial line strongly curved, parallel to termen.</p> <p>Genetic data. Genetically homogeneous in Calabria, Molise and Sicily (n=8), mean intraspecific variation 0.19%, maximum variation 0.46%. Nearest species: Hylaea fasciaria (minimum pairwise distance 3.3%). See Figure 26.</p> <p>Variation. Little variation in habitus observed, so far. Forewing postmedial line is straight or weakly curved outwards on inner margin. The specimens from Calabria (Italy) often have the forewing postmedial line clearly angled before it reaches costa. Only light green specimens are known.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name mediterranea refers to the Mediterranean area, where the species occurs.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C37B8D572E2BC93DFF72B7255874714A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sihvonen, Pasi;Skou, Peder;Flamigni, Claudio;Fiumi, Gabriele;Hausmann, Axel	Sihvonen, Pasi, Skou, Peder, Flamigni, Claudio, Fiumi, Gabriele, Hausmann, Axel (2014): Revision of the Hylaea fasciaria (Linnaeus, 1758) species group in the western Palaearctic (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Ennominae). Zootaxa 3768 (4): 469-486, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3768.4.5
C37B8D572E2EC93AFF72B7B35CAA753A.text	C37B8D572E2EC93AFF72B7B35CAA753A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hylaea pinicolaria (Bellier 1861)	<div><p>Hylaea pinicolaria (Bellier, 1861)</p> <p>pinicolaria Bellier, 1861, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (4) 1 (1): 29, pl. 2, fig. 12, (Ellopia). Syntype (s), Corsica (mountains of). Bellier's collection was apparently included in the C. Oberthür collection, which is currently housed in the Natural History Museum, London, UK. Despite searches, we have not located the type.</p> <p>Description. External characters and pregenital abdomen (Figures 3, 8) (diagnostic characters underlined): Wingspan male 32–34 mm, female 39–42 mm. Wings light green, medial lines white. Medial line curved before costa, basal part parallel with costa. Postmedial line rather straight, only weakly curved, angled before it reaches costa well before apex and evenly curved outwards on inner margin. Medial area concolorous with rest of wing. Terminal line and fringes concolorous with wings, forewing apex dark red. Hindwing postmedial line distinct, curved. Discal spots absent. Wings below as above, but paler. Frons red-brown, thorax and abdomen concolorus with wings. Area between antennae (vertex) white. Antennae white dorsally, male antennae bipectinate, female antennae fasciculate. Hindleg tibia of both sexes with 2+2 spurs. Tympanal organs medium-sized. Sternites and tergites 3–8 of both sexes undifferentiated.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figure 12): Generally as in H. fasciaria (Linnaeus) and H. mediterranea. Aedeagus with weakly curved additional arm, apex not expanded in H. pinicolaria (additional arm straight in H. fasciaria, apex expanded in H. compararia). Base of vesica with straight row of microcornuti in H. pinicolaria (vesica with angled row of microcornuti, reaching aedeagus apex in H. compararia).</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figure 16): Generally as in H. fasciaria and H. mediterranea, but with following quantitative difference: signum large in H. mediterranea (signum absent or minute in H. fasciaria, H. pinicolaria and in H. compararia). Genitalia are large in H. pinicolaria (genitalia considerably smaller in H. compararia). Shape and size of the lamella antevaginalis, and width and length of the posterior part of the corpus bursae are variable and should be treated with caution.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Corsica (France).</p> <p>Phenology. According to Robineau (2007) it is univoltine, but this is true probably only at higher altitudes (where it flies from June to early August), while on the coast the species has been collected from May to June and from October to November (Rungs 1982).</p> <p>Biology. Larva has been recorded to feed on needles of Pinus laricio (Bellier 1861, Robineau 2007) and on P. pinaster (= maritima) (Mabille 1867). In captivity it has been reared on Pinus sylvestris (Reisser, 1929). Larva is a twig or needle-mimic, green, with transverse yellowish stripes or reddish-brown with diamond-shaped patterns dorsally (Lepiforum 2013).</p> <p>Habitat. In pine forests and places with more scattered pine trees. It is found mostly in the mountains from 500 to 1500 metres, but it occurs also at sea level (Rungs 1982).</p> <p>Similar species. All four species in Palaearctic Hylaea fasciaria species group are similar. The diagnostic, external characters shown in Figures 6–9 are somewhat tentative and should not be used in isolation, but should be combined with information on biology, collecting locality, male and female genitalia and DNA barcodes. An overview of diagnostic morphological features is given in Table 1.</p> <p>Genetic data. Genetically homogeneous (n=4), mean and maximum intraspecific variation 0.0%. Nearest species: Hylaea fasciaria (minimum pairwise distance 3.9%). See Figure 26.</p> <p>Variation (Figure 3). Very little. Ground colour varies from light green to light yellowish-green. Only green specimens are known.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C37B8D572E2EC93AFF72B7B35CAA753A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sihvonen, Pasi;Skou, Peder;Flamigni, Claudio;Fiumi, Gabriele;Hausmann, Axel	Sihvonen, Pasi, Skou, Peder, Flamigni, Claudio, Fiumi, Gabriele, Hausmann, Axel (2014): Revision of the Hylaea fasciaria (Linnaeus, 1758) species group in the western Palaearctic (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Ennominae). Zootaxa 3768 (4): 469-486, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3768.4.5
C37B8D572E2FC939FF72B0F75C6C7792.text	C37B8D572E2FC939FF72B0F75C6C7792.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hylaea compararia (Staudinger 1894)	<div><p>Hylaea compararia (Staudinger, 1894), revised status</p> <p>compararia Staudinger, 1894, Dt. ent. Z. Iris 7: 289, (Ellopia ?). Syntypes male, female, Algeria, near Tenied el Had.</p> <p>Description. External characters and pregenital abdomen (Figures 4, 9) (diagnostic characters underlined): Wingspan male 28–30 mm, female 29–31 mm. Small species, wings dull green, medial lines weak, whitish. Medial line absent or very weak, basal part not parallel with costa. Postmedial line weak, straight, angled before it reaches costa well before apex, straight on inner margin. Medial area concolorous with rest of wing. Terminal line and fringes whitish, forewing apex whitish. Hindwing postmedial line weak, straight. Discal spots absent. Wings below as above, but paler. Frons pale brown, thorax and abdomen concolorus with wings. Area between antennae (vertex) white. Antennae white dorsally, male antennae bipectinate, female antennae fasciculate. Hindleg tibia of both sexes with 2+2 spurs. Tympanal organs medium-sized. Sternites and tergites 3–8 of both sexes undifferentiated.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figure 13): Generally as in H. fasciaria (Linnaeus), H. mediterranea and H. pinicolaria (Bellier). Aedeagus with additional arm, apex expanded in H. compararia (not expanded in above-mentioned species). Base of vesica with angled row of microcornuti, reaching aedeagus apex in H. compararia (with straight row of microcornuti, not reaching aedeagus apex in above-mentioned species).</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figure 17): Generally as in H. fasciaria, H. mediterranea and H. pinicolaria, but with following quantitative differences: genitalia small in H. compararia (large in above-mentioned species). Signum absent or minute in H. compararia (signum large in H. mediterranea). Shape and size of the lamella antevaginalis, and width and length of the posterior part of the corpus bursae are variable and should be treated with caution.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from northern Algeria (&gt; 100 specimens in the NHM), cf. Prout (1912 –1916) and Tunisia (one male in ZSM).</p> <p>Phenology. Potentially bivoltine. Specimens have been taken in May, June, July and in September.</p> <p>Biology. No data. Larva potentially feeds on needles of coniferous trees.</p> <p>Habitat. According to the original description (Staudinger, 1894: 289) ’putatively in coniferous forest’.</p> <p>Similar species. All four species in Palaearctic Hylaea fasciaria species group are similar. H. compararia is small, medial lines are weak, microcornuti in vesica reach the aedeagus apex and signum is absent or minute (H. fasciaria, H. mediterranea and H. pinicolaria are larger, medial lines are more visible, microcornuti in vesica do not reach the aedeagus apex and signum is larger). The diagnostic, external characters shown in Figures 6–9 are somewhat tentative and should not be used in isolation, but should be combined with other information including biology, collecting locality, male and female genitalia and DNA barcodes. An overview of diagnostic morphological features is given in Table 1.</p> <p>Genetic data. Data not available.</p> <p>Variation (Figure 4): Little: in most specimens forewing medial line is absent or very weak, postmedial line is weak but visible. Some females have forewing margin slightly concave below forewing apex.</p> <p>Remarks. Ellopia (?) compararia Staudinger has been considered valid at species level, for instance in Prout (1912 –1916) and Wehrli (1939 –1954) until Leraut (2009) downgraded it to subspecies of H. fasciaria (Linnaeus). Of the four species in the Palaearctic Hylaea fasciaria complex, this is the most distinct, diagnosable by external characters and by the male and female genitalia. We consider H. compararia (Staudinger) valid at species level (status revised).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C37B8D572E2FC939FF72B0F75C6C7792	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sihvonen, Pasi;Skou, Peder;Flamigni, Claudio;Fiumi, Gabriele;Hausmann, Axel	Sihvonen, Pasi, Skou, Peder, Flamigni, Claudio, Fiumi, Gabriele, Hausmann, Axel (2014): Revision of the Hylaea fasciaria (Linnaeus, 1758) species group in the western Palaearctic (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Ennominae). Zootaxa 3768 (4): 469-486, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3768.4.5
C37B8D572E2CC939FF72B11F5C3E7127.text	C37B8D572E2CC939FF72B11F5C3E7127.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemithea squalidaria O. G. Costa 1848	<div><p>Hemithea squalidaria O. G. Costa, 1848, combination and status uncertain</p> <p>squalidaria O. G. Costa, 1848, Fauna Regno Napoli (Ent.): [331], pl. (Geom.) 2, fig. 4, (Hemithea). Syntype (s), [Italy]: Adriatic coast: San Cataldo, near Lecce; Tyrrhenian coast: [Lago di] Patria [near Naples].</p> <p>Hemithea squalidaria O. G. Costa, 1848 from southern Italy (Figure 5a) is a problematic taxon due to the lack of type material. Only the original, hand-drawn colour illustration on the taxon exists (reprinted in Figure 5a). Prout (1912 –1916) combined squalidaria with Ellopia Stephens (= Hylaea), due to its similarity with H. compararia (Staudinger, 1894). Wehrli (1939 –1954), in the absence of material, treated squalidaria putatively valid at species level, as did Scoble (1999).</p> <p>If Hemithea squalidaria belonged to the genus Hylaea, in theory it could be conspecific with H. mediterranea. Hemithea squalidaria has rather straight and well developed forewing medial lines, and the hindwing postmedial line is clearly curved (Figure 5a), whereas the forewing antemedial line is curved towards the costa and the hindwing postmedial line is only slightly curved in H. mediterranea (Figures 2, 7). Costa (1848) gives squalidaria ’s wingspan as 13 linee, which is 2.33 cm, assuming he used the old Sicilian definition of line, one line being equal to 1/12 of an Sicilian ounce. Costa also reported the same wingspan for Thetidia smaragdaria (Fabricius, 1787), which is generally smaller than Hylaea specimens. Further, the specimen has simple (fasciculate?) antennas and long labial palpi, thus different from Hylaea (males). Therefore, in our opinion, the original hand-drawn illustration of H. squalidaria and the description of the taxon reported in Costa's text (e.g. the wingspan of ca. 23 mm) exclude the possibility of Hemithea squalidaria being conspecific with H. mediterranea (smallest H. mediterranea male available to us has a wingspan of 31 mm, smallest female is 37 mm). Hylaea compararia and H. fasciaria are externally different and, according to the current knowledge, they do not occur in southern Italy.</p> <p>Based on the illustration (reprinted in Figure 5a), we are unable to exclude the possibility that H. squalidaria may be a species of the subfamily Geometrinae. There are potentially several Geometrinae species, which live at the sea-level in southern Italy that may be relevant in this context.</p> <p>H. squalidaria was described by Oronzo Gabriele Costa, the father of Achille Costa, and it is possible that the type specimen(s) of the taxon no longer exist. Turati (1911) visited the Costa Collection in the Zoological Museum of Naples, Italy, and he does not mention squalidaria. Only two wings, thorax and head with an antenna of Megalycinia serraria (Costa, 1882) (Ennominae) are mentioned in the article. Also Conci (1975) reports that part of the A. Costa collection is destroyed. Due to the unavailability of the type material, we are unable to place the taxon squalidaria in the genus Hylaea. We revert it to its original combination, and its taxonomic combination and status are uncertain, being potentially valid at species level and potentially belonging to another genus in the subfamily Geometrinae (see discussion above). We have been unable to trace a candidate for a neotype designation basing on a specimen from southern Italy that would fit well enough the habitus of the figure from the original description.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C37B8D572E2CC939FF72B11F5C3E7127	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sihvonen, Pasi;Skou, Peder;Flamigni, Claudio;Fiumi, Gabriele;Hausmann, Axel	Sihvonen, Pasi, Skou, Peder, Flamigni, Claudio, Fiumi, Gabriele, Hausmann, Axel (2014): Revision of the Hylaea fasciaria (Linnaeus, 1758) species group in the western Palaearctic (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Ennominae). Zootaxa 3768 (4): 469-486, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3768.4.5
