taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F5878CFFC2FFFE75D1A882C684AF4E.taxon	discussion	The following four species fit best in the M. ferrugineus species-group as described by Rafael & Cumming (2009).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC2FFFD75D1A96AC49AA8EA.taxon	description	(Figs 1 A – C)	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC2FFFD75D1A96AC49AA8EA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Female. Postpedicel short setulose; thorax shiny black; legs predominantly yellow; hind tibia with four longer dorsal setae; wing with apex slightly brown infuscate; anal lobe slightly narrower than cell cua; abdomen shiny black, gold pruinose.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC2FFFD75D1A96AC49AA8EA.taxon	description	Redescription. Holotype ♀ (Fig. 1 A) (originally described as male). Body length 2.7 mm; wing length 2.8 mm. Head narrowly dichoptic. Inferior facets slightly larger than superior ones. Frons shiny brown slightly wider than anterior ocellus width, narrowing ventrally. One pair of proclinate ocellar setae. Face gray pruinose, slightly narrower than frons, narrower medially, slightly higher than frons. Postcranium shiny brown to black, slightly gray pruinose, except on postocular margin. Inner vertical seta stouter than outer vertical seta, latter subequal in length to uniseriate postocular row of setae; occipital setae slightly shorter than postoculars and restricted to dorsal half. Antenna with pedicel yellow to brown, postpedicel velvety dark brown to black, short setulose. Proboscis yellow, as long as head height. Thorax shiny black; pruinosity, depending on angle of light incidence, slightly more distinct on disc of scutum, scutellum and mediotergite. Thoracic chaetotaxy: setae somewhat damaged, 2 – 3 antepronotals weak; 1 postpronotal; dorsocentrals damaged (probably four); 1 presutural supra-alar; 0 postsutural supra-alar; 1 postalar; 1 – 2 proepisternals; 1 notopleural; scutellars damaged (probably two pairs); 2 – 3 laterotergitals. Legs (Fig. 1 A) mainly yellow except apex of fore tibia, fore tarsomere 5, apex of mid tibia, distal mid tarsomeres, apex of hind femur, distal half of hind tibia and almost entire hind tarsus dark brown to black. Legs longer setae: mid tibia with 1 anteroventral and 1 posteroventral stouter; hind leg (Fig. 1 B): hind femur with 1 anterior sub-basal, 1 anteroventral on distal third, both short but distinct; hind tibia with 4 longer dorsal setae with 1 at basal third and 3 on distal half; hind tarsomere 1 with 1 median dorsal seta. Wing (Fig. 1 C) hyaline with apical margin slightly brown infuscated; pterostigma darker; anal lobe narrow; veins M 1, M 2 and CuA + CuP evanescent; distal section of vein M 4 longer than vein dm-m; cell dm somewhat truncate. Halter yellow. Abdomen brown to black, gold pruinose, with longer setae laterally. Sternites concolorous with tergites. Tergite and sternite 8 unmodified; cercus short (broken?). Male. Unknown. The holotype specimen was originally described as male. Geographical records. PERU [Pasco], Pichis River.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC2FFFD75D1A96AC49AA8EA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♀. “ PERU [Pasco], Pichis [river], Puerto [de] Yessup [Yesup], xii. 1903 ” [300 m] (SNSD). Holotype condition. Left antenna and left wing lost; right wing mounted on microslide with Canada balsam; thorax somewhat damaged by pin; abdomen in microvial with glycerin. Terminalia not dissected.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC2FFFD75D1A96AC49AA8EA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Macrostomus apicalis was described from a single female specimen from Peru, Pichis River, Puerto de Yesup (SNSD, examined by JAR about 30 years ago). Since then, no additional conspecific specimens have been found in collections, so the redescription of this species is included here, with the original unpublished photos of the type specimen. Macrostomus apicalis is the last species of Macrostomus described by Bezzi (1905, 1909) not yet redescribed. Unfortunately, it is in poor condition and the genitalia was not studied and the association with male specimens from the type locality is necessary to facilitate the recognition of this species. The type specimen is externally remarkably similar with M. melanothorax (see below) and it will be necessary to study the female genitalia of the holotype of M. apicalis (unfortunately not drawn 30 years ago) to confirm a possible synonymy between both species. + CuP posterior branch of cubital vein; dm — discal medial cell; dm – m — discal medial crossvein; M 1 — first branch of media; M 2 — second branch of media; M 4 — fourth branch of media.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC1FFFC75D1AF09C4A2ACA2.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC1FFFC75D1AF09C4A2ACA2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Female. Body slender, shiny, thorax and legs mainly yellow; postcranium with only a pair of occipital setae behind inner vertical seta; legs without pennate setae; hind tarsomere 1 whitish to silvery, elongate; wing widely brown infuscate mainly in costal and apical margins, base narrowed and anal lobe very narrow; tergites 1 and 2 reddish-brown, shiny. Male. Unknown. Geographical records. Bolivia (La Paz); Peru (Madre de Dios).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC1FFFC75D1AF09C4A2ACA2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PERU: Madre de Dios, Mazuko, 13 º 02 ′ 51.1 ″ S – 70 º 20 ′ 45.9 ″ W, 382 m, 18. viii. 2012, sweep, J. A. Rafael, R. R. Cavichioli, D. M. Takiya (1 ♀ MUSM).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC1FFFC75D1AF09C4A2ACA2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from Bolivia and the holotype specimen was redescribed by Rafael & Marques (2019). In the same paper it was recorded from Peru. The Peruvian specimen (Fig. 2) differs from the Bolivian female holotype as follows: mesonotum mainly brown (versus mainly yellow in the holotype); hind tarsomeres 1 – 4 whitish to silvery (versus only tarsomere 1 whitish to silvery); wing with distal section of vein M 4 longer than vein dm-m height (versus same height of vein dm-m). Currently this species is known only from female specimens and despite these differences we tentatively prefer to consider the specimens from Bolivia and Peru conspecific until males from both locations are studied. This is essential in order to be confident that the Peruvian specimens are conspecific with Bolivian specimens.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC0FFFA75D1A96BC470AFFD.taxon	description	(Figs 3 A – N) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 10 A 5 A 05 A-A 455 - 465 A-AD 22 - AA 91 E 9 B 6 F 455	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC0FFFA75D1A96BC470AFFD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Postcranium with upper postocular third shiny with no pruinescence; thorax, legs and abdomen mainly shiny yellow; mid femur slightly clavate; hind femur distinctly crooked (sinuose) medially, with denser short, stout dorsal and ventral setae at curved area; tergite 8 subrectangular, with wide posterior sinus; epandrium with anterodorsal and posterodorsal lobes of equal height; posterior cercus sickle-shaped, upwardly directed.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC0FFFA75D1A96BC470AFFD.taxon	description	Description. Holotype male (Fig. 3 A). Body length 3.0 mm; wing length 3.3 mm. Head dichoptic. Frons shiny black, narrower than anterior ocellus width, narrowing ventrally. One pair of proclinate ocellar setae. Face as wide as frons ventrally, less shiny black than frons, slightly gray pruinose. Postcranium shiny black, sparsely gray pruinose, except upper postocular third with no pruinescence. Inner vertical seta stouter than ocellar and outer vertical setae, latter subequal in length to uniseriate postocular row of setae. Gena with 2 – 3 setae and postgena with no distinct seta. Antenna velvety black with postpedicel short setulose. Proboscis mainly yellow. Palpus brown to black. Thorax (Figs 3 A, B) shiny yellow, yellow brown pruinose mainly on postpronotal and postalar calli, and on scutellum. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 5 antepronotals; 1 postpronotal stout and 1 – 2 minute; 4 dorsocentrals, with posterior pair stouter; 1 presutural supra-alar; 0 postsutural supra-alar; 1 postalar stout, 1 minute; 2 proepisternals; 1 notopleural stout, 1 weaker and 1 minute; 3 pairs of scutellars, outer pair weaker; 4 laterotergitals, ventral one weaker. Legs (Figs 3 A, C) shiny yellow with apex of hind femur and apex of hind tibia black; fore and mid tarsi brown, hind tarsus black. Mid femur slightly clavate when seen in dorsal view, with short posteroventral row of spines at distal third. Hind femur (Fig. 3 C) distinctly crooked (sinuose), with dense patch of short, stout dorsal and ventral setae at curved area. Hind tibia with 4 slender dorsal setae along entire length. Hind tarsomere 1 with 3 longer dorsal setae. Wing (Figs 3 A, B) brown infuscate along costal cell and apices of cells r 1 and r 2 + 3. Veins M 1, M 2 and CuA + CuP evanescent. Distal section of vein M 4 longer than vein dm – m length. Cell dm with apex variable, right wing somewhat projected (Fig. 3 A), left wing somewhat truncate (Fig. 3 B). Halter light brown. Abdomen shiny yellow. Tergite 8 (Fig. 3 E) subrectangular, with shallow basal sinus and wide distal sinus. Sternite 8 (Fig. 3 F) with deep U-shaped basal sinus, without distinct posterolateral saddle-shaped projection. Tergite and sternite 8 (Fig. 3 G) narrowly articulated. Epandrium (Fig. 3 H) without anterodorsal cleft, neither anteroventral cleft, anterodorsal and posterodorsal lobes of same height. Anterior cercus (Figs 3 I, J) subrectangular with posterodorsal angle slightly acute, inward curved (Fig. 3 I). Cercal bridge emarginate dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 3 J). Median cercus (Fig. 3 I) narrow, somewhat flattened, with slender marginal setae. Posterior cercus (Fig. 3 I) wider basally, with two small setae on basal lateral expansion, apex upwardly directed, simple, acuminate distally. Ventral projection of cercus with distinct lobe bearing 4 – 5 setae, fused medially forming weakly sclerotized plate (Fig. 3 K). Dorsal hypoproctal lobe large, setulose (Fig. 3 K); ventral hypoproctal lobe small, inconspicuous. Hypandrium (Figs 3 L, M) slightly wider distally in lateral view, with five posterior setae (broken) and apex backward curved; posterior margin forming keel ending in laterally expanded flattened apex in posterior view (Fig. 3 M). Ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 3 L) with dorsal lamella noticeably short. Phallus as long as hypandrium. Female. Unknown. Geographical records. Peru (Cuzco).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC0FFFA75D1A96BC470AFFD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂, labelled: “ PERU, Cusco, Quincemil, Pte [Puente] La Cigarra, 13 º 08 ′ 27 ″ S – 70 º 23 ′ 14 ″ W, 350 m ” / “ 01. ix. 2012, sweep, JA Rafael, RR Cavichioli ” / “ Holotype ♂ Macrostomus contortus Rafael & Marques ” (Fig. 3 N) (MUSM). Holotype condition. Pinned, in good condition; abdomen dissected.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC0FFFA75D1A96BC470AFFD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin contortus = crooked, sinuose, in reference to the shape of the hind femur.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC0FFFA75D1A96BC470AFFD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Macrostomus contortus sp. nov. appears closely related to M. falcatus Rafael & Marques, 2019 described from Bolivia, by tergite 8 subrectangular, posterior cercus sickle-shaped upwardly directed and ejaculatory apodeme with very short dorsal lamella. It differs by thorax shiny yellow (versus shiny black in M. falcatus), hind femur distinctly crooked medially (versus straight), tergite 8 with deep distal sinus (versus no distal sinus), cercal bridge small, somewhat flat, not upward directed (versus upward directed, L-shaped), apex of hypandrium well sclerotized (versus apex somewhat membranous). It runs to couplet 1 of M. albicaudatus Rafael & Cumming, 2015 in the key presented by Rafael & Cumming (2015), by the yellow thorax, but it differs by tergite 8 with deep distal sinus (versus shallow distal sinus in M. albicaudatus), posterodorsal lobe of epandrium as high as anterodorsal lobe (versus posterodorsal lobe higher).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC6FFFA75D1A9FAC205AB7F.taxon	description	(Figs 4 A – L)	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC6FFFA75D1A9FAC205AB7F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Postcranium black with gray pruinescence; thorax and abdomen shiny black, legs predominantly yellow (Fig. 4 A); distal section of vein M 4 longer than vein dm-m (Fig. 4 B); male tergite 8 acute distally (Fig. 4 C); epandrium with posterodorsal lobe somewhat thin and higher than anterodorsal lobe (Fig. 4 D); anterior cercus narrow, with distinct falciform mesial process (Fig. 4 F); cercal bridge small, subtriangular (Fig. 4 F); median cercus well elevated with distinct setae (Fig. 4 E); posterior cercus with three branches distally (Figs 4 E, F); ventral process of cercus inconspicuous; hypandrium (Fig. 4 H) with few posterior setae at basal half. Female (Fig. 4 I). Without pinnate scales on hind tibia; wing approximately as wide as male wing, rather hyaline; tergite 8 elongate, wider at base, with distal sinus (Fig. 4 J); sternite 8 higher laterally on posterior third and ventrally with two less sclerotized spots at distal one quarter (Figs 4 J, K); genital fork well sclerotized, slightly Tshaped (Fig. 4 L), with genital chamber membranous with small sclerotized area (Fig. 4 L). Geographical records. Brazil, Peru.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC6FFFA75D1A9FAC205AB7F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. According to Rafael & Cumming (2009).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC6FFFA75D1A9FAC205AB7F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described based on both sexes from Brazil (Amazonas: Novo Airão and Manaus municipalities) and one female specimen from Peru (Madre de Dios: Manu Reserve, Pakitza). The latter needs to be associated with a male specimen from the same locality in order to ensure it is conspecific with Brazilian specimens of M. melanothorax. Additionally, this species is externally very similar to M. apicalis in the pattern of the wing and it will be necessary to study the female genitalia of the holotype of M. apicalis (unfortunately not drawn 30 years ago) in order to verify a possible synonymy between M. apicalis and M. melanothorax.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC4FFF875D1AA9AC302ACA2.taxon	discussion	The following species fits best in the M. pictipennis species-group as described by Rafael & Cumming (2010).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC4FFF775D1AB46C480AD46.taxon	description	(Figs 5 A – F)	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC4FFF775D1AB46C480AD46.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is characterized by male and female with four pairs of dorsocentral setae; wing with brown to black infuscation at level of crossveins r-m and dm-m (Fig. 5 A). Male. Tergite 8 (Fig. 5 C) elongated with distal protuberances; epandrium (Fig. 5 C) slightly swollen with strong posterodorsal lobe longer than anterodorsal lobe; hypandrium (Fig. 5 D) with slender posterior setae; ejaculatory apodeme trilamellar, dorsal lamella absent; phallus same length as hypandrium. Female. Pinnate setae dorsally and ventrally on mid femur and a few short pinnate setae on basal fourth of mid tibia ventrally (Fig. 5 E); hind femur and tibia with pinnate setae dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 5 F). Geographical records. Bolivia, Peru.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC4FFF775D1AB46C480AD46.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PERU: Cuzco, Quincemil, 13 – 31. viii. 1962, L. Pena, 700 m (1 ♀ INPA).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC4FFF775D1AB46C480AD46.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was originally described on the basis of a single female specimen from La Paz, Bolivia and presently it is in poor condition. It was associated with specimens from Quincemil, Cuzco, Peru by Rafael & Cumming (2010). No male from the type-locality was studied and this is essential to be secure that the Peruvian specimens are conspecific with Bolivian specimens of M. pictipennis.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCBFFF775D1AB62C3F1AD8B.taxon	discussion	The following two species fit best in the M. limbipennis species-group as described by Rafael & Cumming (2012).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCBFFF775D1A82EC376AAD8.taxon	description	(Figs 6 A – M)	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCBFFF775D1A82EC376AAD8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Postgenal and antepronotal setae as strong as dorsal thoracic setae; cell dm slightly projected (Fig. 6 A); tergite 8 fused with sternite 8, humped with microspinulose expansion (Figs 6 B – C); epandrium (Fig. 6 D) with anterior and posterior lobes of the same height; anterior cercus (Figs 6 E, F) bearing a posterior protuberance, seen in lateral view (Fig. 6 G), and a wide mesial process of anterior cercus apparently connected medially, seen in posterior view (Fig. 6 H); median cercus (Figs 6 E, F) elevated, somewhat membranous with long setae; posterior cercus (Figs 6 E, F) widened distally; ventral projection of cercus (Figs 6 H, I) down and obliquely directed with elongated distal setae; dorsal hypoproctal lobe (Fig. 6 H) smaller than ventral hypoproctal lobe and transversely placed in relation to ventral lobe, both with slender setae; hypandrium (Figs 6 J, K) somewhat narrow, subequal in diameter along entire length, with biseriate row of setae placed at basal half, dorsal pair longer; ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 6 J) with short dorsal lamella. Female. Tergite 8 (Fig. 6 L) widened laterally, with distinct sulcus distally; sternite 8 (Figs 6 L, M) divided; genital fork (Fig. 6 M) as a small rod with apex slightly wider, with genital chamber highly sclerotized; spermathecal duct elongated, widened medially and with spherical spotted receptacle distally (Fig. 6 M). Geographical records. Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCBFFF775D1A82EC376AAD8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. All specimens listed in Rafael & Cumming (2012) and the additional following specimens: PERU: Cuzco, Quincemil, 13 – 31. viii. [19] 62, L. Pena, 780 m (4 ♂, 1 ♀ INPA); idem, 1 – 15. xi, [19] 62, L. Pena, 700 m (8 ♂, 6 ♀ INPA); Pasco, Puerto Bermudez, 800 m, 6. xi. 1984, M. Cooper (1 ♂ NHMUK); idem (1 ♀ NHMUK); Cuzco, Quincemil, 13 º 13 ′ 03.4 ″ S – 70 º 43 ′ 40 ″ W, 633 m, 23 – 31. viii. 2012, sweep, JA Rafael, RR Cavichioli, DM Takiya (2 ♂, 3 ♀ INPA); Quincemil, Pte la Cigarra, 13 º 08 ′ 27 ″ S – 70 º 23 ′ 14 ″ W, 350 m, 01. ix. 2012, sweep, JA Rafael, RR Cavichioli (7 ♂ MUSM); Quincemil, Rio Araza, 13 º 21 ′ 18 ″ S – 70 º 53 ′ 27 ″ W, 1000 m, 22 – 26. viii. 2012, sweep, JA Rafael, RR Cavichioli (1 ♂, 2 ♀ MUSM).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCBFFF775D1A82EC376AAD8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Unlike most species of Macrostomus, M. limbipennis is widespread in the Amazon Basin, with records from Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. The Brazilian specimens are from the western border of the country, bordering the Amazonian environment of the other countries and conspecific with Peruvian specimens.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCBFFF575D1ACD8C51CAD8A.taxon	description	(Figs 7 A – G)	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCBFFF575D1ACD8C51CAD8A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is characterized by male and female frons and face wide; postgena setae stout; cell dm rather truncate; veins M 1, M 2 and CuA + CuP somewhat evanescent distally. Male. Tergite 8 (Figs 7 A, B) somewhat short, sinuous distally; all cercal lobes elongate dorsally (Fig. 7 C); hypandrium (Fig. 7 D) somewhat thin, without posterior setae; ejaculatory apodeme without dorsal lamella (Fig. 7 D); phallus same length of hypandrium. Female. Tergite 8 and sternite 8 (Figs 7 E, F) very elongate; sternite 8 with a lateral lobe near base and a small internal protuberance with apex thin and elongate at distal third; genital fork (Fig. 7 G) small, with small cleft distally, with genital chamber membranous. Geographical records. Ecuador, Peru.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCBFFF575D1ACD8C51CAD8A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. As listed in Rafael & Cumming (2006).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCBFFF575D1ACD8C51CAD8A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was originally described based on the male holotype from Peru, Cuzco, Quincemil, plus lots of female specimens from the same locality and from Ecuador.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC9FFF575D1AFBCC3EFAA4F.taxon	discussion	The following species fits best in the M. amazonensis species-group as described by Rafael & Cumming (2015).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC9FFF275D1AC68C7BAADF6.taxon	description	(Figs 8 A – N, 9 A – E) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: EFD 706 BA-BAD 1 - 4542 - 85 C 0 - 2 A 78 DED 937 A 3	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC9FFF275D1AC68C7BAADF6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Thorax with mesonotum, scutellum and mediotergite shiny brown to black; postpronotal lobe and mesopleuron shiny yellow; pronotum and notopleuron partially shiny brown to black and partially yellow; mid and hind femora and tibiae slightly curved; hind femur clavate from basal 2 / 3; tergite 8 short, with shallow basal sinus, sinuose posteriorly; anterior cercus with U-shaped cercal bridge; posterior cercus cheliform, distinctly inward and forward curved, bifid at apex; phallus distinctly longer than hypandrium.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC9FFF275D1AC68C7BAADF6.taxon	description	Description. Holotype ♂ (Fig. 8 A). Body length 3.2 mm; wing length 3.0 mm. Head dichoptic. Frons shiny black narrower than width of anterior ocellus, narrower ventrally. One pair of proclinate ocellar setae. Face as wide as frons ventrally, less shiny black than frons, slightly gray pruinose. Postcranium shiny black, sparsely gray pruinose, except dorsal postocular margin shiny without pruinescence. Inner and outer vertical setae broken. Gena with 2 small setae and postgena with 1 – 2 minute setae. Antenna velvety brown to black with postpedicel short setulose. Proboscis mainly yellow. Palpus brown to black. Thorax (Fig. 8 A) shiny brown to black dorsally, partially on pronotum, entirely on mesonotum, partially on notopleuron, entirely on scutellum and mediotergite; shiny yellow on postpronotal lobe, partially on notopleuron and entirely on mesopleuron. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 3 antepronotals; 1 postpronotal stout and 1 – 2 minute; 4 dorsocentrals, with posterior pair stouter; 1 presutural supra-alar; 0 postsutural supra-alar; 1 postalar stout, 1 minute; 2 – 3 small proepisternals; 1 notopleural stout, 1 weaker; 2 pairs of scutellars, outer pair weaker; 4 laterotergitals. Legs (Figs 8 A, B) shiny yellow except apices of mid and hind femora, distal half of hind tibia, mid and hind tarsi brown to black. Mid and hind femora and tibiae slightly curved. Hind femur clavate from basal 2 / 3. Mid tibia with slender anterodorsal distal seta; hind tibia with 1 short seta at basal fourth and 2 longer setae at distal fourth; hind tarsomere 1 with 3 longer dorsal setae at distal half. Wing (Fig. 8 A) hyaline, slightly brown infuscate at pterostigma and apex of cell r 2 + 3. Veins M 1, M 2 and CuA + CuP evanescent. Distal section of vein M 4 longer than vein dm – m length. Cell dm elongate, somewhat truncate. Halter yellow with knob brown. Abdomen (Fig. 8 A) with tergite 1 and base of tergite 2 shiny yellow, remaining shiny brown to black. Tergite 8 (Figs 8 C – E) short, with shallow basal sinus, sinuose posteriorly. Sternite 8 (Figs 8 E, F) with posterolateral saddle-shaped projection. Tergite 8 narrowly articulated anterolaterally with sternite 8 (Fig. 8 E). Epandrium (Figs 8 G, H) with posterodorsal lobe higher than anterodorsal lobe, latter with small rounded mesial lobe and longer setae posteriorly and dorsally, without anterodorsal nor anteroventral cleft. Anterior cercus (Fig. 8 G) subtriangular, wider dorsally, with slightly longer setae dorsally and triangular mesial process of anterior cercus touching each other but not fused (Figs 8 I, J); cercal bridge U-shaped (Fig. 8 I). Median cercus (Fig. 8 G) somewhat translucent, subsquare, upward directed with longer marginal setae; posterior cercus (Fig. 8 G) cheliform, distinctly inward and forward directed with apex bifid. Ventral projection of cercus (Fig. 8 J) short, transversely positioned, with 3 – 4 stout distal setae. Dorsal hypoproctal lobe (Figs 8 J, K) large, with slender marginal setae; ventral hypoproctal lobe inconspicuous. Hypandrium (Figs 8 L, M) in lateral view slightly wider distally, apex with two protuberances, anterior shorter and reclined; posterior margin of hypandrium with 7 uniseriate setae. Ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 8 L) with dorsal lamella slightly higher than ventral lamella. Phallus (Figs 8 L, M) distinctly longer than hypandrium. Female. One specimen in poor condition appears to be conspecific with male specimens. Body and wing length not measured. Frons shiny black slightly wider than anterior ocellus width, narrower ventrally. Face slightly narrower than frons, slightly gray pruinose. Postcranium shiny black, entirely sparsely gray pruinose. Legs shiny yellow with apices of distal tarsomeres brown. All legs not curved, nor clavate. Wings damaged. Abdomen entirely shiny black. Tergite 8 damaged, apex with deep distal sinus (Figs 9 B, D). Tergite 9 + 10 (Figs 9 A, B) short with distinct basal sinus. Sternite 8 (Figs 9 A, C) somewhat truncate distally, with incision laterally and mid-longitudinal hyaline stripe ventrally, stripe almost reaching apex. Sternite 10 with basal sinus. Cercus cylindrical. Genital fork (Fig. 9 E) simple rod-shaped, slightly wider distally. Genital chamber predominantly membranous. Geographical records. Peru (Cuzco).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC9FFF275D1AC68C7BAADF6.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂, labelled: “ PERU, Cuzco, Quincemil, Rio Araza, 13 º 21 ′ 18 ″ S – 70 º 53 ′ 22 ″ W, 1000 m ” / “ 22 – 26. viii. 2012, sweep, J. A. Rafael, R. R. Cavichioli ” / “ Holotype ♂ Macrostomus chelicercus Rafael & Marques ” (Fig. 8 N) (MUSM). PARATYPES: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, same data as holotype (1 ♂ INPA, 1 ♀ MUSM); Cusco Estacion Biologica Villa Carmen, Oroya, S. side, 1.89111 ° S 71.41046 ° W, 572 m, MT, 12 – 16. xii. 2013, A. L. Norrbom, B. D. Sutton (1 ♂ CNC). Holotype condition. Pinned, glued on small card, in good condition; abdomen dissected, stored in microvial with glycerin.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC9FFF275D1AC68C7BAADF6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Greek chele = claw and cercus = cercus, refers to the cheliform shape of the posterior cercus.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFC9FFF275D1AC68C7BAADF6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Macrostomus chelicercus sp. nov. is best placed in the M. amazonensis species-group as described by Rafael & Cumming (2015). In the key presented by Rafael & Cumming (2015) it runs to couplet 2 of M. acreanus Rafael & Cumming, 2015 by having the mesopleuron yellow. Both species have a short tergite 8 with shallow basal sinus. Macrostomus chelicercus sp. nov. differs by the cercal bridge U-shaped (versus dome-shaped in M. acreanus), anterior cercus subtriangular (versus longitudinally elongate), posterior cercus inward and forward directed with apex bifid (versus vertically elongate with apex simple). Nevertheless, Macrostomus chelicercus sp. nov. appears to be more related with M. xavieri Rafael & Cumming, 2015 by the short tergite 8 with shallow basal sinus, mesial process of anterior cercus small and posterior cercus inwardly curved. Macrostomus chelicercus sp. nov. differs by cercal bridge U-shaped (versus somewhat bilobate in M. xavieri), anterior cercus subtriangular (versus vertically elongate), posterior cercus inwardly and forwardly directed with apex bifid (versus inwardly curved with apex simple). Additionally, M. chelicercus sp. nov. differs from both species by the distinctly crooked hind femur, with denser, short, stouter dorsal and ventral setae at curved area and by the slightly curved mid and hind femora and tibiae. In CNC, there is an additional new species which keys to M. chelicercus sp. nov. (B. J. Sinclair pers. comm. 2020). The specimens are from Peru, Manu Wildlife Centre, Bamboo Trial, 30. x. 2006, 12 ° 17 ′ 08 ″ S 70 ° 54 ′ 14 ″ W, J. H. Skevington (4 ♂, CNC).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCEFFF175D1AF8EC423AD47.taxon	description	(Figs 10 A – G)	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCEFFF175D1AF8EC423AD47.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Two pairs of ocellar setae; thorax yellow with scutum and scutellum brown to black (Fig. 10 A); hind tibia (Fig. 10 A) with 5 – 6 dorsal setae; wing brown infuscated along costal cell and apex of cell r 2 + 3 (Fig. 10 A); cell dm somewhat acute; veins M 1, M 2 and CuA + CuP somewhat distinct; tergite 8 (Figs 10 B, C) with somewhat acute truncated distal projection; epandrium (Fig. 10 B) with anterodorsal and posterodorsal lobes of subequal height; anterior cercus (Fig. 10 B) somewhat narrow; median cercus with slender setae; posterior cercus (Fig. 10 B) with apex acute and with a few long slender setae at margin, with wide ventral protuberance and many marginal yellow setae; hypandrium (Fig. 10 D) with distinct bifid branch posteriorly, with many setae along posterior margin and distinct membranous area; in posterior view with apical lateral projections inwardly directed (Fig. 10 E). Female. Hind tibia with 4 long dorsal setae and short dorsal pinnate setae along distal half; hind tarsomere 1 with 1 slender dorsal seta; sternite 8 (Fig. 10 F) with a subapical paired sclerotized protuberance, medially with a longitudinal somewhat membranous line, laterally with median third less sclerotized; genital fork (Figs 10 F, G) Yshaped with rather strong lateral arms and a median short protuberance ventrally, with genital chamber membranous. Geographical records. Brazil, Ecuador, Peru.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCEFFF175D1AF8EC423AD47.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Listed in Rafael & Cumming (2006).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCEFFF175D1AF8EC423AD47.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described based on specimens from Brazil, Ecuador and Peru and no additional specimens of this species were studied.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCDFFF075D1AFE7C7E3AB2A.taxon	description	(Figs 11 A – L) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 19 FF 4851 - EC 1 E- 448 F-B 3 EE-D 19993590595	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCDFFF075D1AFE7C7E3AB2A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Postcranium narrow. Thorax shiny black contrasting with legs mainly yellow; wing entirely hyaline; abdomen shiny black with blue reflection in certain angle of light incidence; tergite 8 with a stout short-rounded projection posteriorly; epandrium posterodorsal lobe with 2 short, stout spine-like setae distally.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCDFFF075D1AFE7C7E3AB2A.taxon	description	Description. Holotype ♂ (Fig. 11 A). Body length 2.7 mm; wing length 2.9 mm. Head narrowly dichoptic. Frons shiny black, slightly narrower than anterior ocellus width. One pair of proclinate ocellar setae. Face shiny black, as wider as frons width. Postcranium narrow, shiny black with inconspicuous gray pruinosity. Inner vertical seta stout; outer vertical seta apparently broken; postocular row of setae uniseriate; occipital setae slightly shorter than postoculars and restricted to dorsal half. Gena and postgena with 2 minute setae each. Antenna dark brown to black. Proboscis mainly yellow, darker basally, as long as head height. Palpus dark brown to black. Thorax (Fig. 11 A) shiny black with gray pruinosity on level of scuto-scutellar suture, entire scutellum and on laterotergite. Mediotergite shiny black. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 3 antepronotals, 1 stout postpronotal, 2 tiny; 4 dorsocentrals; 1 supra-alar presutural; 1 supra-alar postsutural (broken); 1 postalar; 1 – 2 tiny proepisternals; 2 stouter notopleurals, 1 weaker; 2 pairs of scutellars; 4 – 5 laterotergitals. Legs (Fig. 11 A) predominantly shiny yellow with ventral shiny black spot on all trochanters, extreme apices of all femora, distal half of fore and mid tibiae, distal 3 / 4 of hind tibia and all tarsi brown to black. Legs longer setae: Fore tibia with 1 dorsal at basal third, 1 ventral at apex; mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal and 1 posterodorsal at basal third, 1 ventral at apex; hind tibia with 5 longer dorsal setae with 1 at basal fourth, 2 submedian, 2 at distal forth, latter two setae stouter; hind tarsomere 1 with longer setae distally and 3 – 4 ventrally. Wing (Fig. 11 A) entirely hyaline without brown infuscation. Veins M 1 and M 2 weaker; vein CuA + CuP evanescent; distal section of vein M 4 almost 3 X longer than vein dm – m; cell dm somewhat shortened and truncate (Fig. 11 A). Halter yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 11 B) shiny black with blue reflection at certain angles. Tergites with posterior setae longer. Postabdomen shiny black. Tergite 8 (Fig. 11 D) in dorsal view with stout, short-rounded projection posteriorly, with 4 – 5 longer setae surrounding and including projection, basally with inconspicuous basal sinus; in lateral view (Figs 11 C, F) hat-shaped, with apex somewhat truncate and distal margin backward projected with distinct membranous connection with cercal bridge. Sternite 8 (Figs 11 C, E) with wide basal sinus, without saddle-shaped protuberance and loosely connected posterolaterally with respective tergite. Epandrium (Fig. 11 F) with longer setae posteriorly and posterodorsally; posterodorsal lobe higher than anterodorsal lobe, with 1 subapical and 1 apical short, stout seta; no transverse sclerite between anterodorsal lobe of epandrium and anterior cercus. Epandrium without anterodorsal cleft, with deep anteroventral cleft. Anterior cercus (Figs 11 G, H) well sclerotized, upwardly directed, multilobate, with longer setae on distal half; in lateral view (Fig. 11 G) with distinct acuminate projection posteriorly; in anterodorsal view (Fig. 11 H) C-shaped, with stout medial process of anterior cercus. Median cercus (Fig. 11 G) small, somewhat flattened, with dorsal and posterior uniseriate row of marginal setae. Posterior cercus (Fig. 11 G) smaller than median cercus, somewhat membranous, with 2 longer marginal setae. Ventral projection of cercus (Figs 11 G, I) wider and less sclerotized dorsally, stouter and projected ventrally, parallel sided to each other, with distinct posterior setae medially on more sclerotized area (Fig. 11 I). Dorsal and ventral hypoproctal lobes (Fig. 11 I) somewhat connected, both short setose. Hypandrium expanded laterally at connection point with epandrium (Fig. 11 K); gonocoxal apodeme wide (Fig. 11 J); hypandrium microsetulose posteriorly and posterior branch distinctly sinuose (Fig. 11 J, black arrow). Ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 11 J) trilamellar with ventral lamella reduced. Phallus same length as hypandrium. Female. Unknown Geographical records. Peru (Cuzco).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCDFFF075D1AFE7C7E3AB2A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂, labelled: “ PERU, Cuzco, Ttio, 13 º 31 ′ 35.5 ″ S – 70 º 53 ′ 55 ″ W, 2000 m, 25. viii. 2012 ” / “ sweep, JA Rafael, RR Cavichioli, DM Takiya ” / “ Holotype ♂, Macrostomus hyalopteryx Rafael & Marques ” (Fig. 11 L) (MUSM). Holotype condition. Pinned, double mounted. Right wing lost. Abdomen dissected, stored in microvial with glycerin.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCDFFF075D1AFE7C7E3AB2A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Greek hyalos = hyaline, transparent and pteryx = wing, which refers to the wing entirely hyaline.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFCDFFF075D1AFE7C7E3AB2A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Characters allowing a well-founded species-group placement are presently not available for M. hyalopteryx sp. nov. It appears to be related to M. trilineatus Rafael & Marques, 2019, described from Bolivia, as both species share the narrow postcranium, shape of male tergite 8 with short projection distally, with apex rounded and when seen in lateral view with distinct ventral keel connected to cercal bridge, multilobate anterior cercus, epandrium with stout setae distally and by the ventral projection of the cercus projected ventrally, each branch parallel sided to each other, with distinct posterior setae medially. It differs by the thorax entirely shiny black (versus thorax shiny yellow with three longitudinal black stripes on mesonotum in M. trilineatus), wing entirely hyaline (versus wing light brown infuscate along costal margin, darker at pterostigma), abdomen shiny black with blue reflection at certain angles (versus abdomen shiny black, except basal sternites yellow, without blue reflection), epandrium posterodorsal lobe with two short, stout setae distally (versus posterodorsal lobe with two stouter, spatulate apical spine – like setae besides other slender setae). At a glance, this species is somewhat similar to species of Porphyrochroa Melander by the abdominal blue reflection and short cell dm. However, it presents all other defining characters of Macrostomus species.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFEE75D1AA9AC236A86C.taxon	description	(Figs 12 A – Q)	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFEE75D1AA9AC236A86C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Postcranium black with no pruinosity on upper third; thorax and legs mainly yellow (Fig. 12 A); scutum with a median black longitudinal stripe between dorsocentral setae (Fig. 12 B); postsutural supra-alar seta absent; hind femur distinctly clavate (Fig. 12 A); cell dm rather truncate (Fig. 12 B); tergite 8 (Figs 12 C, D) with bifid distal projection and deep basal cleft; sternite 8 (Fig. 12 E) with wide U-shaped basal sinus; epandrium (Fig. 12 F) with posterodorsal lobe wider, slightly higher than anterodorsal lobe, with spiniform setae internally (Fig. 12 G); anterior cercus (Fig. 12 H) distinctly setose, with wide mesial process (Fig. 12 L); cercal bridge (Figs 12 H – J, L) as a well sclerotized, wide central plate; median cercus elevated, with slender setae; posterior cercus as a long, thin and curved downwards branch, inwardly and forward directed with yellow digitiform setae at apex, internally and basally with two shorter protuberances, one curved with long yellow setae at apex and the other, near base, with straight, small yellow setae at apex (Fig. 12 K); ventral process of cercus with no distinct setae, acute distally (Fig. 12 J); dorsal and ventral hypoproctal lobes distinct, but small, setose (Fig. 12 L); hypandrium (Fig. 12 M) with few posterior setae on basal third, with a long posterior trilamellar projection medially and small longitudinal grooves at apex; ejaculatory apodeme tetralamellar; phallus shorter than hypandrium length (Fig. 12 N). Female. Tergite 8 with wide distal sinus (Fig. 12 P); sternite 8 with perpendicular median cleft laterally and a small, sclerotized area within the cleft (Figs 12 O, P); genital fork (Fig. 12 Q) with small cleft distally, with genital chamber membranous. Geographical records. Ecuador, Peru.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFEE75D1AA9AC236A86C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Listed in Rafael & Cumming (2006).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFEE75D1AA9AC236A86C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described based on a couple of specimens from Ecuador (Napo-Pastaza) and one female specimen from Peru (Avispas, Madre de Dios). The female specimen from Peru needs to be associated with a male from the same locality in order to ensure that it is conspecific with M. lineatus.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFED75D1AE88C323ABE1.taxon	description	(Figs 13 A – P, 14 A – D) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 71 FB 5 F 63 - EAE 2 - 4443 - 992 D- 6 BB 262 A 4 CFEF	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFED75D1AE88C323ABE1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Thorax shiny yellow with a mid-longitudinal black stripe from pronotum to scutellum, between row of dorsocentral setae; hind tibia with tuft of longer anterodorsal and dorsal setae along distal third; cell bm clearer than adjacent cells; male tergite 8 with a distinct subapical neck in lateral view, basally more sclerotized with deep basal cleft; epandrium with posterodorsal lobe higher than anterodorsal lobe, emitting mesially and posterodorsally a stout and short protuberance with several distal short setae; posterior cercus trifid, all branches yellowish, inwardly curved; ventral projection of cercus downward directed and fused to each other; hypandrium with a distinct membranous area, apex with an elongate pair of less sclerotized spoon-shaped upwardly directed projections.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFED75D1AE88C323ABE1.taxon	description	Description. Holotype ♂ (Fig. 13 A). Body length 4.6 mm; wing length 5.3 mm. Head narrowly dichoptic (Fig. 13 B). Frons shiny black, as wide as width of anterior ocellus. One pair of proclinate ocellar setae. Face slightly narrower than frons width. Postcranium shiny black, sparsely gray pruinose on ventral half, dorsally with 3 pairs of occipital setae. Inner vertical seta stouter than outer vertical seta, latter subequal in length to uniseriate postocular row of setae. Gena with 5 setae and postgena with 2 weak setae. Antenna velvety black with postpedicel short setulose (Fig. 13 B). Proboscis around 2 X longer than head, dark brown with median third yellow and apical 2 / 3 of labellum yellow. Palpus black. Thorax (Figs 13 A – B) mainly shiny yellow with mid-longitudinal black stripe between dorsocentral setae, from pronotum to posterior margin of mesonotum, wider posteriorly; disc of scutum brown pruinose. Scutellum dark brown to black, brown pruinose. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 4 – 5 antepronotals; 1 postpronotal stout, 1 minute; 4 dorsocentrals, posterior pair longer, two median pairs approximate to each other; 1 presutural supra-alar; 1 postsutural supra-alar; 1 postalar; 1 proepisternal weak; 1 notopleural stout, 1 weak; 2 pairs of scutellars, outer pair weaker; 5 laterotergitals with 3 setae of anterior row stouter. Legs (Fig. 13 A) shiny yellow with apex of fore tibia, apex of mid femur and tibia and hind leg from distal half of femur brown. Fore tarsus with tarsomere 1 brown, tarsomeres 2 – 4 bicolored, brown, and white; mid and hind tarsi brown. Hind femur slightly clavate. Legs longer setae: fore tibia with 1 anteroventral and 1 posteroventral at apex; mid tibia with 2 dorsals, being one near middle and one near apex; hind tibia with tuft of longer anterodorsal and dorsal setae along distal third; hind tarsomere 1 with 1 dorsal sub-basal. Wing (Fig. 13 A) distinctly brown infuscate along costal margin reaching apex of cell r 4 + 5; veins M 1, M 2 and CuA + CuP somewhat evanescent distally. Distal section of vein M 4 slightly longer than vein dmm; cell bm clearer than adjacent cells. Cell dm somewhat projected (Fig. 13 A). Abdomen (Fig. 13 A) shiny black, with terminalia densely setose (Fig. 13 C). Tergite 8 in dorsal view (Fig. 13 D) with elongate projection distally, notched medially; basally more sclerotized with deep basal cleft; in lateral view (Fig. 13 E) with pelican-shaped beak. Sternite 8 (Fig. 13 E) connected anterodorsally with tergite 8; in ventral view with distinct anterior sinus and posterodorsal saddle-shaped protuberance (Fig. 13 F). Epandrium (Fig. 13 G) with inconspicuous anterodorsal cleft and shallow anteroventral excision; posterodorsal lobe higher than anterodorsal lobe; with distinct inward, setose posterodorsal lobe in posterior view (Fig. 13 H). Anterior cercus in lateral view (Fig. 13 I) upward directed, T-shaped with longer posterior setae, with stout mesial process of anterior cercus fused to each other (Fig. 13 L); cercal bridge with small protuberance dorsally (Fig. 13 K) and medially with hemi-cordiform plate; this plate, in lateral view, with ventral expansion forming 90 º angle (Fig. 13 I). Median cercus (Fig. 13 I) distinctly acuminate with longer dorsal setae, besides small posterior protuberance with distal seta. Posterior cercus (Figs 13 L, M) inwardly curved emitting three branches, each branch with yellow distal setae (Figs 13 L, M). Ventral projection of cercus (Fig. 13 M) somewhat sinuose, bowl-shaped, fused to each other ventrally. Dorsal hypoproctal lobe larger than ventral one, with longer setae (Fig. 13 M). Hypandrium wide with distinct membranous area (Fig. 13 N), with longer posterior setae, basal setae uniseriate (Fig. 13 O); apex with subapical paired elongate projection less sclerotized, spoon-shaped and upwardly directed (Figs 13 N – O). Ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 13 N) tetralamellar, all lamellae subequal in length. Phallus slightly longer than hypandrium. Female. Paratype ♀ (Fig. 14 A). Body length 4.7 mm; wing length 5.4 mm. Frons slightly wider than width of anterior ocellus. Face slightly narrower than frons, gray pruinose; fore tarsus brown to black; hind tibia with 2 dorsal setae along distal third; hind tarsus without longer dorsal setae; wing slightly wider. Tergite 8 (Figs 14 B, C) with basal and distal sinus. Tergite 9 + 10 and sternite 10 with basal excision. Cercus cylindrical. Sternite 8 (Figs 14 B – C) with deep lateral, less sclerotized area, apex somewhat rounded. Genital fork (Fig. 14 D) wide with mid-distal cleft. Genital chamber membranous with two small, weakly sclerotized plates. Geographical record. Peru (Junin).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFED75D1AE88C323ABE1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂, PARATYPE ♀, same pin, labelled: “ PERU, Junin, Oxapampa, 1700 m ” / “ in copula, Oxapampa, 6. iii. [19] 79 ” / “ QR code: NHMUK 010864610 ” / “ Holotype ♂, Paratype ♀, M. unilineatus Rafael & Marques ” (Fig. 13 P) (NHMUK). PARATYPE: Same data as holotype, except 8. iii. [19] 79 / “ QR code: NHMUK 010864611 ” / “ Paratype ♀ Macrostomus unilineatus Rafael & Marques ” (1 ♀, NHMUK). Holotype condition. Pinned, double mounted. Wing with small broken piece between veins M 4 and CuA + CuP. Abdomen dissected, stored in microvial with glycerin.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFED75D1AE88C323ABE1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin uni = one and lineatus = of a line, which refers to the mid-longitudinal black stripe on mesonotum.	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
03F5878CFFD2FFED75D1AE88C323ABE1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Characters allowing a well-founded species-group placement are presently not available for M. unilineatus sp. nov. It appears to be related with M. trifidus Rafael & Marques, 2019, described from Bolivia, as both species share the shape of tergite 8, distinct posterior inwardly setulose epandrial lobe, posterior cercus trifid, with each branch digitiform distally and hypandrium with a distal structure upwardly directed. It differs by the postcranium without dorsal pruinosity, sparsely gray pruinose on ventral half (versus entirely and sparsely gray pruinose in M. trifidus); scutum with mid-longitudinal black stripe from pronotum to posterior margin of mesonotum (versus scutum without black stripe); one postsutural supra-alar seta (versus 2 postsutural supra-alar setae); hind tibia with distal tuft of around 15 longer dorsal setae (versus 5 longer dorsal setae along entire length); tergite 8 with elongate projection notched medially (versus tergite 8 without notable notch); epandrium with short posterior lobe inwardly directed (versus epandrium with elongate posterior lobe inwardly directed); hypandrium with distinct membranous area, apex with an elongate, less sclerotized spoon-shaped upwardly directed appendix (versus hypandrium without membranous area, apex hooked). Female specimens differ by sternite 8 without ventral keel; sternite 8 without mid-longitudinal, less sclerotized stripe and lateral perpendicular area distinct, desclerotized (versus sternite 8 with distinct ventral keel, distinct desclerotized mid-longitudinal stripe from base to the middle of sternite and without lateral perpendicular desclerotized area in M. trifidus); genital fork wide with U-shaped mid-distal cleft (versus genital fork narrow); and genital chamber with two small sclerites (versus genital chamber without small sclerites).	en	Rafael, José Albertino, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. (2021): Four new species of Macrostomus Wiedemann and a checklist of Empididae s. str (Diptera) from Peru. Zootaxa 4981 (3): 506-530, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.5
