identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7B5832749EFD5408BE905A11F79615A0.text	7B5832749EFD5408BE905A11F79615A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplecta Albers 1850	<div><p>Genus  Hemiplecta Albers, 1850</p><p>Hemiplecta Albers, 1850: 60, 61. Albers 1860: 52, 53. Godwin-Austen 1888b: 155-157. Godwin-Austen 1898: 70, 71. Zilch 1959: 317. Schileyko 2002: 1282, 1283.</p><p>Nanina (Hemiplecta) - Adams and Adams 1858: 222. Nevill 1878: 46-48.</p><p>Koratia Godwin-Austen, 1919: 202. Type species:  Helix distincta Pfeiffer, 1850, by monotypy. Schileyko 2002: 1281, 1282.</p><p>Hemiplecta (Koratia) - Zilch 1959: 317. Vaught 1989: 97.</p><p>Ariophanta (Semperia) Godwin-Austen, 1898: 82 [non Crosse 1867: 74, 75]. Type species.  Helix retrorsa Gould, 1843; by original designation.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Helix humphreysiana Lea, 1840; subsequent designation by Martens in Albers (1860).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Shell dextral or sinistral, medium to large in size (width about 25 to 75 mm) and monochrome to with stripes, or banding patterns. Apertural lip simple to slightly thickened in adult snails; umbilicus open. Genitalia include penial sheath, straight or coiled epiphallic caecum and short flagellum; penial verge may be present or absent. Dart apparatus well developed; gametolytic sac bulbous to elliptical-shaped (without distinct duct). Mantle edge well developed with or without shell lobes. Jaw smooth (without vertical ribs) and crescentic. Radula with unicuspid central teeth, and bicuspid lateral and marginal teeth.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Due to the high degree of similarity in shell morphology, the specific and generic classification within  Ariophantidae is usually problematic. There are at least three nominal genera that are often confused,  Nanina Gray, 1834,  Ariophanta Des Moulins, 1829 and  Cryptozona Mörch, 1872. The genitalia have proved to be the distinguishing characters for specific or generic recognition among the  Ariophantidae (Laidlaw 1932a; Solem 1966; Sutcharit and Panha 2008). However, only a few species of each genus have been anatomically examined. Based on this limited anatomical information, the unique characters taken from the type species are summarized in Table 1. The genus  Hemiplecta can be differentiated from these three genera by lacking a gametolytic duct, while the others possess a short to long gametolytic duct.  Hemiplecta also differs from  Ariophanta and  Cryptozona by having unicuspid central teeth, very short or absent flagellum, and a mantle edge with shell lobes; while the latter two genera have tricuspid central teeth, long flagellum, and a mantle edge without shell lobes. In addition,  Hemiplecta can be distinguished from  Nanina by its short flagellum (Table 1).</p><p>Dextral species in Thailand</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B5832749EFD5408BE905A11F79615A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sutcharit, Chirasak;Panha, Somsak	Sutcharit, Chirasak, Panha, Somsak (2021): Systematic review of the dextral Hemiplecta Albers, 1850 (Eupulmonata, Ariophantidae) from Thailand with description of a new species and list of all the Indochinese species. ZooKeys 1047: 101-154, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735
E80A2E8DC02D5D248AF307DD2235C9DF.text	E80A2E8DC02D5D248AF307DD2235C9DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplecta distincta (Pfeiffer 1850)	<div><p>Hemiplecta distincta (Pfeiffer, 1850)</p><p>Figures 1B, C, 2C, 4, 10D, E</p><p>Helix distincta Pfeiffer, 1850: 69, 70. Type locality: Insulis Moluccis [possibly error or mislabeling]. Pfeiffer 1853: 346, pl. 134, figs 1, 2. Reeve 1854:  Helix pl. 86, species 465.</p><p>Nanina distincta: Martens, 1860: 7.</p><p>Helix neptunus Pfeiffer, 1861a: 190. Type locality: Siam [Thailand]. Pfeiffer 1861b: 176, 177. pl. 48, figs 1, 2. New synonym</p><p>Nanina (Rhyssota) distincta: Martens, 1867: 69, 70, pl. 6, fig. 8.</p><p>Nanina (Hemiplecta) distincta: Tryon, 1886: 30, pl. 8, fig. 26.</p><p>Nanina (Hemiplecta) neptunus: Tryon, 1886: 34, pl. 8, fig. 27.</p><p>Hemiplecta zimmayensis Godwin-Austen, 1888c: 241, 242. Type locality: Zimme, Siam territory [Chiang Mai Province, Thailand]. New synonym</p><p>Ariophanta (Hemiplecta) distincta: Morelet, 1891: 231.</p><p>Hemiplecta distincta: Morelet, 1889: 124. Blanford 1903: 277, 278. Panha 1987a: 108-115, figs 1-3. Panha 1987b: 25-34, fig. 9. Panha 1988a: 197-206, figs 6, 7. Panha 1988b 233-239. Panha 1994: 4-15. Inkhavilay et al. 2019: 76, figs 35b, c, 56c.</p><p>Nanina (Rhysota) distincta: Fischer and Dautzenberg 1904: 393. Dautzenberg and Fischer 1906: 346, 347.</p><p>Nanina (Rhysota) distincta var. neptunus: Dautzenberg and Fischer 1908: 171.</p><p>Koratia distincta: Godwin-Austen 1919: 199-202, figs 1, 2. Schileyko 2002: 1282, 1283, fig. 1685.</p><p>Nanina (Rhysota) distincta neptunus: Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1906: 347, 348.</p><p>Hemiplecta (Koratia) distincta: Solem, 1966: 27.</p><p>Hemiplecta (Hemiplecta) distincta: Hemmen and Hemmen, 2001: 44, fig. 12.</p><p>Hemiplecta (Hemiplecta) neptunus: Hemmen and Hemmen, 2001: 44.</p><p>Hemiplecta (Hemiplecta) zimmayensis: Hemmen and Hemmen, 2001: 44.</p><p>Type specimen.</p><p>See the species list of Indochinese species (Fig. 11C).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand: Tam Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai: CUMZ 4550 (1 shell), CUMZ 4558 (5 shells). Wang Chao Waterfall, Kampangphet: CUMZ 4641 (4 shells). Klong Lann National Park, Kampangphet: CUMZ 4579 (2 specimens in ethanol). Kaeng Jed Kwae, Watbot, Phitsanuloke: CUMZ 4638 (7 shells). Tam Wang Daeng, Nern Maprang, Phitsanuloke: CUMZ 4632 (1 shell). Khao Nang Rum, Huay Kla Klang National Park, Uthaithani: CUMZ 4502 (6 shells), CUMZ 4510 (3 shells), CUMZ 4538 (3 shells), CUMZ 4541 (6 shells), CUMZ 4607 (6 shells), CUMZ 4610 (9 shells), CUMZ 4611 (3 shells). Jed Sow Noi Waterfall, Muaklek, Saraburi: CUMZ 4548 (3 shells). Pu Kare Botanic Garden, Saraburi: CUMZ 4505 (4 shells), CUMZ 4506 (1 shell), CUMZ 4534 (5 shells). Tam Dao Khao Kaew, Muaklek, Saraburi: CUMZ 4624 (1 shell). Wat Tharahat, Saraburi: CUMZ 4508 (1 shell), 4530 (1 shell).  Sam Larn National Park, Saraburi: CUMZ 4578 (2 specimens in ethanol). Bang Srithong, Bang Kruay, Nonthaburi: CUMZ 4555 (5 shells). Khao Look Chang, Pakchong, Nakhonratchasima: CUMZ 4501 (8 shells), CUMZ 4606 (9 shells), CUMZ 4612 (9 shells), CUMZ 4535 (3 shells).  Tub Lann National Park, Nakhonratchasima: CUMZ 4617 (1 shell). Nawang, Nongbualumphu: CUMZ 4529 (1 shell). Tam Suwankuha, Nongbualumphu: CUMZ 4633 (3 shells), 4637 (3 shells). Thung Kra-Mang, Phu Kiew Wildlife Sanctuary, Chaiyaphum: CUMZ 4608 (5 shells). Pang Khone, Sakonnakhon: CUMZ 4619 (4 shells).  Phuphan Mountains, Sakonnakhon: CUMZ 4504 (6 shells), CUMZ 4507 (5 shells). Phu Kum Khao, Sahatsakhan, Kalasin: CUMZ 4557 (8 shells). Phu Sri Tharn Wildlife Sanctuary, Kalasin: CUMZ 4621 (1 shell). Huay Lao Waterfall, Phuluang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei: CUMZ 4634 (1 shell). Tam Pha Bend, Chiang Karn, Loei: CUMZ 4532 (1 shell). Tam Pha Bing, Wangsapung, Loei: CUMZ 4636 (1 shell). Tam Piya, Loei: CUMZ 4639 (3 shells). Tam Mahasombat, Lomsak, Phetchabun: CUMZ 4567 (1 shell). Tam Yai Namnao,  Namnao National Park, Phetchabun: CUMZ 4566 (1 shell), CUMZ 4622 (1 shell). Tam Phraya Nakarat,  Phuphaman National Park, Khonkaen: CUMZ 4635 (1 shell).  Pha Tam National Park, Ubonratchathani: CUMZ 4604 (3 shells), CUMZ 4616 (3 shells).  Yod Dome National Park, Buriram: CUMZ 4629 (2 shells). Wang Ta Krai Waterfall, Nakhonnayok: CUMZ 4540 (2 shells), CUMZ 4549 (2 shells), CUMZ 4605 (1 shell), CUMZ 4640 (5 shells), CUMZ 4577 (1 specimen in ethanol). Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao: CUMZ 4531 (1 shell; Fig. 2B), CUMZ 4546 (7 shells), CUMZ 4609 (3 shells), CUMZ 4613 (4 shells), CUMZ 4620 (2 shells), CUMZ 4627 (1 shell), CUMZ 4630 (1 shell).  Pang Srida National Park, Prachinburi: CUMZ 4631 (4 shells). Ra-Ru, Taphraya, Srakeow: CUMZ 4628 (1 shell). Tam Leum, Klonghad, Srakeow: CUMZ 4625 (1 shell). Khao Cha Ang-Oan, Borthong, Chonburi: CUMZ 4542 (4 shells), CUMZ 4618 (1 shell), CUMZ 4626 (4 shells). Khao Cha Mao Waterfall, Rayong: CUMZ 4543 (1 shell). Tam Suwanphupha, Khao Chamao, Rayong: CUMZ 4545 (1 shell). Wat Ma-deau (Tam Khao Loi), Khao Chamao, Rayong: CUMZ 4544 (4 shells).  Plieu National Park, Chanthaburi: CUMZ 4509 (1 shell), CUMZ 4536 (1 shell), CUMZ 4539 (9 shells), CUMZ 4560 (1 specimen in ethanol; Fig. 4), CUMZ 4601 (1 shell), CUMZ 4615 (4 shells).  Sibha Shan Waterfall, Chanthaburi: CUMZ 4547 (6 shells).  Tha Mai District, Chanthaburi: CUMZ 4603 (1 shell).  Koh Kud, Trat: CUMZ 4559 (9 shells), CUMZ 4614 (7 shells).  Kaeng Kracharn National Park, Phetchaburi: CUMZ 4527 (1 shell).  Tam Nam Pud,  Pangnga: CUMZ 4623 (1 shell)  .</p><p>Shell. Shell large (height up to 55 mm, width up to 75 mm), yellowish with white narrow peripheral band, and paler color below on lower shell surface. Upper shell surface with thin growth lines interrupted with spiral wrinkles. Last whorl large and rounded; aperture large ovate; lip simple but slightly thickened in adult snails (Fig. 2C).</p><p>Genitalia. The external genital organs were described in Godwin-Austen (1900, 1919). Gametolytic sac (gs) bulbous with undifferentiated duct. Internal wall of penis exhibits closely packed papilla knobs that abruptly cease near atrium; penial verge absent. Internal sculpture of vagina with thin and smooth longitudinal vaginal pilasters (vp). Internal surface of dart apparatus smooth; dart papilla (dp) conic, and with a smooth surface (Fig. 4A, B).</p><p>Radula. Each row with about 543 teeth (276-(15-20)-1-(15-20)-276). Central tooth unicuspid triangular with rounded head (Fig. 10D). Lateral teeth unicuspid, oblique and triangular. Outer lateral teeth unicuspid, sickle-shaped, with transition to curved and narrow sickle form; latero-marginal transition starts from tooth numbers 15 to 20. Marginal teeth narrowly curved, bicuspid; endocone and ectocone small and pointed (Fig. 10E).</p><p>External features. Living snails have a similar soft body morphology and pulmonary cavity to that of  H. humphreysiana . The distinct characters are pale brown to brownish body (Fig. 1B, C). Sole of foot brownish; caudal horn not overhanging; caudal foss a long vertical slit arranged on tail above sole margin. Pedal groove typical aulacopod and well defined (Fig. 4E). Mantle edge narrow with large dorsal lobes. Right dorsal lobe (rdl) to right of pneumostome, large and thick; left dorsal lobe to left of pneumostome, composed of anterior left dorsal lobe (aldl) and posterior left dorsal lobe (pldl); shell lobe absent (Fig. 4C, D).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Ranges from Cambodia to Laos, Thailand and southern Vietnam (Smith 1896; Laidlaw 1932a; Panha 1988a, 1994; Schileyko 2011; Inkhavilay et al. 2019). In Thailand,  H. distincta is fairly abundant and occurs throughout the country, except for southern Thailand (Panha 1988b, 1994). The southern limit of the species appears to be near the Isthmus of Kra (10°N). We have a single and old shell from Pangnga Province, southern Thailand that needs to be confirmed.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The type specimens of  Helix neptunus Pfeiffer, 1861 and  Hemiplecta zimmayensis Godwin-Austen, 1888 exhibit a shell morphology and color patterns identical to that of  H. distincta . The absence of a whitish peripheral band in  Helix neptunus Pfeiffer, 1861 and the strong growth lines of  Hemiplecta zimmayensis are the only observed differences from  H. distincta . Therefore, we recognize these two nominal species as junior subjective synonyms of  H. distincta .</p><p>Hemiplecta distincta has long been considered a food item for local people in northeastern Thailand (Panha 1987b), as well as in Cambodia and Laos (personal observation). It has also been found to be an intermediate host of the rat lungworm, a human pathogen (Panha 1987b, 1988b). The life cycle and breeding biology of this species have been extensively studied (Panha 1987a, b, 1988a, b, 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E80A2E8DC02D5D248AF307DD2235C9DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sutcharit, Chirasak;Panha, Somsak	Sutcharit, Chirasak, Panha, Somsak (2021): Systematic review of the dextral Hemiplecta Albers, 1850 (Eupulmonata, Ariophantidae) from Thailand with description of a new species and list of all the Indochinese species. ZooKeys 1047: 101-154, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735
34F9EB4CC4FD593E9C6E7E720F72E575.text	34F9EB4CC4FD593E9C6E7E720F72E575.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplecta esculenta Maassen 2006	<div><p>Hemiplecta esculenta Maassen, 2006</p><p>Figures 1F, 5C, 7, 10H, I</p><p>Hemiplecta esculenta Maassen, 2006: 17, 18, figs 10-12. Type locality: limestone area near village Hang, Pu Luong National Park, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam. Inkhavilay et al. 2019: 76, fig. 35d, e.  Páll-Gergely 2019: figs 11-13.</p><p>Type specimen.</p><p>See the species list of Indochinese species.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand:  Tam Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai: CUMZ 4553 (5 specimens in ethanol; Fig. 1F), CUMZ 4564 (10 specimens in ethanol), CUMZ 4565 (9 specimens in ethanol), CUMZ 4574 (8 specimens in ethanol; Fig. 5C); Tam Tab-Tao, Chaiprakarn, Chiang Mai: CUMZ 4580 (10 specimens in ethanol)  .</p><p>Shell. Shell relatively small (height up to 25 mm, width up to 35 mm), elevated to slightly depressed, upper surface with distinct nodules arranged on growth line, and lower shell surface nearly smooth. Last whorl keeled; aperture large and ovate; lip simple to slightly expanded and dark brown. Umbilicus widely opened and deep (Fig. 5C).</p><p>Genitalia. Genital tracts similar to those of  H. humphreysiana (Fig. 7A). Internal wall of penis with sculpture encircling penial verge. Penial sculpture (ps) consists of small to large papillary knobs arranged in oblique lines on penial wall; relatively smaller knobs surrounding penial verge. Penial verge (pv) small, short, conic, and with smooth surface (Fig. 7B). Gametolytic sac (gs) bulbous with undifferentiated duct. Internal wall of vagina with series of thin longitudinal vaginal pilasters (vp). Dart apparatus (da) relatively short; internal wall of chamber with smooth wall, and papilla of dart apparatus (dp) slightly elongate, conic, and with smooth surface (Fig. 7B).</p><p>Radula. Each row possesses about 161 teeth (80-(18-21)-1-(19-21)-80). Central tooth triangular, tricuspid; ectocones small; mesocone large (Fig. 10H). Lateral teeth tricuspid; endocone small; mesocone large with pointed tip; ectocone large, basal, and with pointed tip. Outer lateral teeth arranged slightly obliquely, bicuspid; endocone very small to absent; mesocone large trapezoid; ectocone basal, relatively small, and pointed tip. Latero-marginal transition starts from tooth no. 18 to 21. Marginal teeth with curved teeth, bicuspid; endocone usually larger than ectocone (Fig. 10I).</p><p>External features. Living snail exhibits similar soft body morphology, pulmonary cavity and caudal structure (Fig. 7D) to that of  H. humphreysiana . The distinct characters are the brownish to greyish body and mantle edge; right and left shell lobes absent (Fig. 1F).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Previously known only from the type locality in northern Vietnam (Maassen 2006) and Xieng Khaung, northeastern Laos (Inkhavilay et al. 2019). Recently, we have located populations from northern Thailand in Chiang Mai Province.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The shell features were carefully described in Maassen (2006). The original description of  H. esculenta was based on seven shells and placement within  Hemiplecta was provisional (Maassen 2006), and none of the topotypic specimens have subsequently been examined. The samples from Thailand show only minor variations from the type series, in the presence of a narrow brownish spiral band and slightly elevated spire, which we attribute to intraspecific variation. It is important to examine the genitalia of the topotypic material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/34F9EB4CC4FD593E9C6E7E720F72E575	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sutcharit, Chirasak;Panha, Somsak	Sutcharit, Chirasak, Panha, Somsak (2021): Systematic review of the dextral Hemiplecta Albers, 1850 (Eupulmonata, Ariophantidae) from Thailand with description of a new species and list of all the Indochinese species. ZooKeys 1047: 101-154, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735
18ACEFA5526C547989C773C01B4AEDA7.text	18ACEFA5526C547989C773C01B4AEDA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplecta funerea (Smith 1896)	<div><p>Hemiplecta funerea (Smith, 1896)</p><p>Figures 1D, E, 5A, B, 6, 10F, G</p><p>Nanina distincta var. funerea Smith, 1896: 128. Type Locality: Vanbu, Tonkin [Van Ban District, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam]. Fischer and Dautzenberg 1904: 393.</p><p>Nanina distincta var. pallidior Smith, 1896: 128. Type Locality: Vanbu, Tonkin [Van Ban District, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam]. Fischer and Dautzenberg 1904: 393.</p><p>Hemiplecta funerea: Inkhavilay et al. 2019: 76, 77, figs 35f, 36a.</p><p>Type specimen.</p><p>See the species list of Indochinese species (Fig. 12B).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand: Bor Klue District, Nan: CUMZ 4649 (5 shells). Ton Tong Waterfall,  Doi Phu Ka National Park, Nan: CUMZ 4575 (8 specimens in ethanol; Figs 1D, E, 5A, B), CUMZ 4576 (8 shells)  .</p><p>Shell. Shell large (height up to 35 mm, width up to 55 mm), depressed conic, dextral, with 6-7 whorls; spire slightly elevated with wide and shallow suture. Shell almost black to dark brown with thin yellowish peripheral band. Apex obtuse; embryonic shell large with smooth surface; subsequent whorls with thin growth lines and thin radial wrinkles. Last whorl keeled; aperture large and ovate; lip simple, yellowish to dark yellow, and slightly thickened in adult snail. Columella slightly dilated; parietal callus thin and transparent. Umbilicus wide and deep (Fig. 5A, B).</p><p>Genitalia. Both male and female genital characters similar to that of  H. humphreysiana . Gametolytic sac (gs) elongate with undifferentiated duct. The unique characters are a coiled epiphallic caecum (ec) and curved flagellum (fl), which are not found in the other species (Fig. 6A). Internally, penial sculpture (ps) consists of scattered papillary knobs lining penial wall; penial verge absent (Fig. 6B). Internal wall of vagina and internal structure of dart apparatus are similar to that in  H. humphreysiana (Fig. 6C, D).</p><p>Radula. Each row contains about 286 teeth (140-(65-75)-1-(65-75)-135). Central tooth unicuspid conic-shaped, and dull cusp (Fig. 10F). Lateral teeth unicuspid, elongate, and slanted with pointed tip. Outer lateral teeth unicuspid, elongate; latero-marginal transition starts from tooth numbers 65 to 75. Marginal teeth slightly curved, bicuspid; endocone and ectocones small and of similar size (Fig. 10G).</p><p>External features. Living snails with long, black eye tentacles (Fig. 1D, E). Skin reticulated, pale brownish to brownish with dark reticulation across the entire head and foot above the lateral margin. Foot sole, caudal foss (Fig. 6G), caudal horn, and pedal groove similar to those in  H. humphreysiana . Mantle edge, dorsal lobe, and shell lobe similar to those in  H. humphreysiana, but only long and finger-shaped right shell lobe (rsl) present (Fig. 6E, F).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Previously recorded from the type locality in northern Vietnam, and several localities in northern and central Laos (Smith 1896; Fischer and Dautzenberg 1904; Inkhavilay et al. 2019). Recently, we recorded this species from two localities in Nan Province, northern Thailand.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Smith (1896: 128) introduced two nominal subspecies of  H. distincta from northern Vietnam, which were distinguished on the basis of shell color. The "  Hemiplecta distincta var. funerea " has a purplish-black tinted shell (Fig. 5B), while the "  Hemiplecta distincta var. pallidior " possesses a yellowish or olive-yellow shell (Fig. 5A). Since then, no new specimens of these two color forms have been critically examined or their status verified. We have collected both living snails and empty shells of these two forms in recent surveys in Laos and Thailand. The two forms are anatomically and genetically identical, and occur syntopically, and thus, in our judgement, are examples of different shell colors of the same species. We recognize  H. funerea as a distinct and valid species, and treat  Nanina distincta var. pallidior Smith, 1896 as its junior synonym (ICZN 1999: Art. 24, 74).</p><p>Hemiplecta funerea can be distinguished from  H. distincta by the angulated, dark brown or yellowish shell, distinct penial sculpture, and a long and distinctively coiled epiphallic caecum (Fig. 6A) compared to the short and straight epiphallic caecum in  H. distincta (Fig. 4A). The blackish reticulated skin on a yellowish background and blackish eye tentacles contrast with the greyish body in  H. distincta (Fig. 1B-E).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/18ACEFA5526C547989C773C01B4AEDA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sutcharit, Chirasak;Panha, Somsak	Sutcharit, Chirasak, Panha, Somsak (2021): Systematic review of the dextral Hemiplecta Albers, 1850 (Eupulmonata, Ariophantidae) from Thailand with description of a new species and list of all the Indochinese species. ZooKeys 1047: 101-154, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735
BCA141BA093257C29651C7B503DF8A09.text	BCA141BA093257C29651C7B503DF8A09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplecta humphreysiana (Lea 1840)	<div><p>Hemiplecta humphreysiana (Lea, 1840)</p><p>Figures 1A, 2A, B, 3, 10A-C</p><p>Helix humphreysiana Lea, 1840: 175. Type locality: Pondicherry and Singapore. Lea 1841: 463, 464, pl. 12, fig. 16. Reeve 1854:  Helix pl. 74, species 387.</p><p>Hemiplecta humphreysiana: Morgan, 1885a: 378. Godwin-Austen 1898: 74, pl. 80. figs 6, 6b; pl. 61, figs 1, 1e. Collinge 1902: 78, pl. 4, figs 16-23. Laidlaw 1932a: 78. Laidlaw 1932b: 40. Laidlaw 1933: 217. Benthem Jutting 1949: 69. Benthem Jutting 1950: 444, fig. 64. Laidlaw 1957: 134. Benthem Jutting 1959: 148-150. Ho 1995: 104, 105.</p><p>Nanina humphreysiana: Martens, 1867: 233, pl. 10, figs 2, 2b, 4. Tryon, 1886: 36, pl. 11, figs 52, 53, pl. 12, fig. 54.</p><p>Nanina (Hemiplecta) humphreysiana: Tryon, 1886: 36, pl. 11, figs 52, 53; pl. 12, fig. 54.</p><p>Type specimen.</p><p>See the species list of the Indochinese species (Fig. 12D).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Singapore:  Bukit Timah: RMBR 1990.1711 (1 specimen in ethanol), 1990.15781-2 (2 specimens in ethanol); CUMZ 4573 (1 shell; Figs 2A, 3). Botanic Garden: RMBR 1975.2.10.89 (1 shell), RMBR 1990.1710 (1 specimen in ethanol); CUMZ 4571/1 (1 shell), CUMZ 4572 (4 specimens in ethanol). Nee Soon: RMBR 1990.15945 (1 shell), RMBR 1990.16996 (1 specimen in ethanol), RMBR 1990.15103-4 (2 specimens in ethanol), RMBR 1992.3159 (1 specimen in ethanol), RMBR 1992.3160-1 (2 shells), RMBR 1992.3162 (1 specimen in ethanol), RMBR 1994.4116 (1 specimen in ethanol). Singapore: RMBR 1989.509-513 (5 shells), RMBR 1990.15105 (1 specimen in ethanol)  .   Thailand: Sirindhorn Waterfall,  Halabala National Park, Narathivat Province: CUMZ 4647 (2 shells), CUMZ 4648 (1 shell; Fig. 2B)  .</p><p>Shell. Shell large (height up to 40 mm, width up to 55 mm), dextral and conic to depressed conic (Fig. 2A, B). Whorls 6 to 8, slightly convex; suture wide and shallow. Shell yellowish to brownish, usually with narrow dark brown band on periphery. Upper shell surface darker than lower surface. Apex obtuse; embryonic shell large and smooth; following whorls with thin growth lines. Last whorl rounded to slightly angulate; aperture ovate; lip simple but slightly thickened in adult snail. Columella slightly dilated; parietal callus thin and translucent. Umbilicus open and deep.</p><p>Genitalia. Atrium (at) very short (Fig. 3A). Penis (p) long, slender, cylindrical, and encircled by thin penial sheath (psh) extending about one-third of penis length. Epiphallic caecum (ec) short, straight; penial retractor muscle (pr) thin and attached to the tip. Epiphallus (e) short and about one-third of penis length. Flagellum (fl) short, stout, and with thin muscle bands connected to penial sheath. Vas deferens (vd) small tube. Internal wall of penis with sculpture encircling penial verge (Fig. 3B). Penial sculpture (ps) consists of scattering of small papillary knobs arranged randomly on penial wall. Penial verge (pv) long conic with smooth surface.</p><p>Vagina (v) long and cylindrical (Fig. 3A, B); internal wall with thin and smooth longitudinal vaginal pilasters (vp). Dart apparatus (da) long muscular cylinder, externally and internally smooth; dart papilla (dp) short, conic, and smooth. Gametolytic sac (gs) elongate or bulbous without distinct duct. Free oviduct (fo) long and encircled with thickened blackish muscular tissue (orange in fresh specimens). Oviduct (ov) long and with lobules; prostate gland bound to oviduct. Albumen gland (ag) small. Hermaphroditic duct (hd) small, convoluted, and connected to lobules of hermaphroditic gland (hg).</p><p>Radula. Each row containing about 253 teeth (127-(18-32)-1-(29-32)-125). Central tooth unicuspid and triangular (Fig. 10A). Lateral teeth unicuspid, slanted, and with curved cusp. Outer lateral teeth with slightly curved cusps; latero-marginal transition from tooth numbers 28 to 32 (Fig. 10B). Marginal teeth bicuspid and curved; endocone and ectocone usually similar in shape and size (Fig. 10C).</p><p>External features. Mantle edge with large dorsal lobes. Right dorsal lobe (rdl) to right of anus (an; on the left in figure), large, and thick. Left dorsal lobe to left of anus (on the right in figure), composed of thin crescentic anterior left dorsal lobe (aldl), and thin elongated posterior left dorsal lobe (pldl). Right shell lobe (rsl) and left shell lobe (lsl) have short finger-shaped extensions located on mantle edge near tip of urinary groove and around junction of anterior and posterior left dorsal lobes, respectively, (Fig. 3C, D).</p><p>Pulmonary cavity typically sigmurethran, heart (h; auricle and ventricle) located left of kidney (k; on the right in figure). Pulmonary cavity approximately four times longer than wide. Pulmonary vein (puv) and venation on lung cavity well developed and distinct. Kidney (k) elongate, slender, and approximately one-third length of pulmonary cavity. Ureter (ur) sigmoid, closed tube arising from tip of kidney, extending along right side of kidney, and curved adjacent to rectum (r). Anus (an) adjacent to mantle edge (Fig. 3C).</p><p>Living snails possess long greyish-brown tentacles (Fig. 1A). Skin reticulated brownish with blackish reticulations around head. Foot sole relatively elongate, broad and unipartite. Sole of foot plain brownish; side of body brownish; upper part of tail dark greyish. Tail long, curved mid-dorsally, tall dome-shaped in cross section. Caudal horn not overhanging; caudal foss a long vertical slit arranged on tail above sole margin. Pedal groove typical aulacopod and well defined (Fig. 3E).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The systematic studies of some  Hemiplecta species have revealed incongruence between the traditional shell-based and molecular classifications (Sutcharit et al. 2021). Therefore, apart from Singapore (type locality) the historical record of  H. humphreysiana from Sumatra, Borneo, and several localities in Peninsular Malaysia (Martens 1867; Tryon 1886; Godwin-Austen 1898; Collinge 1902; Laidlaw 1932a, 1933, 1957; Benthem Jutting 1950, 1959) needs to be confirmed by more convincing morphological and molecular evidences. In Thailand, this is the first and only record of this species from Narathivat, the southern-most province of Thailand.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The specimens examined and described herein for the genitalia, pallial system, and radula were collected from Singapore (the correct type locality of this type species) to specify the characteristics for the genus.  Hemiplecta humphreysiana clearly differs from all other species recorded both in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia (compared with the type specimens in the list of the species). It can be distinguished from  H. floweri Smith, 1899 (see Godwin-Austen 1900) from Peninsular Malaysia, by having a narrow umbilicus, without a brownish spiral band on the umbilical area, and more elevated spire (Smith 1898; Godwin-Austen 1900). In addition, the straight epiphallic caecum of this species is distinct from the coiled epiphallic caecum of  H. floweri (Table 2). Unfortunately, none of the penial sculptures have been prepared for further comparison.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCA141BA093257C29651C7B503DF8A09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sutcharit, Chirasak;Panha, Somsak	Sutcharit, Chirasak, Panha, Somsak (2021): Systematic review of the dextral Hemiplecta Albers, 1850 (Eupulmonata, Ariophantidae) from Thailand with description of a new species and list of all the Indochinese species. ZooKeys 1047: 101-154, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735
7E36A49598695D4684C491445104B804.text	7E36A49598695D4684C491445104B804.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplecta nemorosa Sutcharit & Panha 2021	<div><p>Hemiplecta nemorosa sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 8, 9, 10J</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name is derived from the Latin word " nemoris " meaning "full of woods or shady," which refers to the type locality of this new species in the dense deciduous forest.</p><p>Type specimen.</p><p>Holotype CUMZ 5251 (height 24.6 mm, width 42.1 mm; Fig. 8A), paratypes CUMZ 5252 (2 shells; Fig. 8B), CUMZ 5253 (1 adult + 1 juvenile in ethanol; Fig. 8C) all from the type locality.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Limestone outcrops with deciduous forest near road no. 1226, Pang Mapha Sub-district, Pang Mapha District, Mae Hongson Province, Thailand (19°34'10.2"N, 98°12'02.3"E).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell medium sized (height up to 15 mm, width up to 45 mm), depressed conic, thin and dextral. Whorls 5 to 6, increasing regularly, slightly convex, with very wide and shallow suture. Spire convex; apex acute; embryonic shell smooth; following whorls with thin growth lines and radial wrinkles or undulating surfaces. Periostracum thin and transparent. Shell pale brownish to yellowish. Last whorl angular with strong peripheral keel which is much reduced near aperture. Aperture not descending, widely ovate and moderately oblique; lip simple to slightly thickened in adult specimen. Columella slightly dilated; parietal callus slightly thick and translucent. Umbilicus narrowly opened, deep, and partly covered by reflected columellar lip (Fig. 8).</p><p>Genitalia. Atrium (at) long. Penis (p) long slender, cylindrical, and encircled by thick penial sheath (psh) extending to about half of penis length. Epiphallic caecum (ec) short, straight; penial retractor muscle (pr) thin and attached to the tip. Epiphallus (e) short, about half of penis length. Flagellum (fl) short, stout, and with thin muscle bands connected to penial sheath. Vas deferens (vd) small tube (Fig. 9A). Internal wall of penis with sculpture over entire chamber with uniform scale-like or triangular lingulate pilasters varying in size from small to large and pilasters encircling penial verge smaller than in the middle of chamber. Penial verge (pv) small, conic, and with smooth surface (Fig. 9B).</p><p>Vagina (v) long, cylindrical, about same length as penis; internal wall with thin and smooth longitudinal vaginal pilasters (vp). Dart apparatus (da) short and enlarged muscular cylinder; externally covered with thin longitudinal muscular bands around half of dart apparatus length. Internally with irregular wall, dart papilla (dp) conic and smooth. Gametolytic sac (gs) bulbous without distinct duct. Free oviduct (fo) long and encircled with thin blackish muscular tissue. Oviduct (ov) long and with lobules; prostate gland bound to oviduct. Albumen gland, hermaphroditic duct, and hermaphroditic gland missing from the examined specimen (Fig. 9A, B).</p><p>Radula. Teeth arranged in wide angled U-shape. Each row containing more than 135 teeth (+58-(16-19)-1-(16-19)-75). Central tooth symmetrical tricuspid and triangular; mesocone conic shaped and with pointed cusp; ectocones short with dull cusps located at middle of tooth height. Lateral teeth asymmetrical tricuspid; endocone nearly absent; mesocone triangular with pointed cusp; ectocone with pointed cusps and located below endocone. Marginal teeth start around tooth numbers 16 to 19, elongate and obliquely bicuspid; endocone larger than ectocone and with pointed cusp; ectocone very small. Outer marginal teeth bicuspid and shorter than inner teeth (Fig. 10J).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This new species is currently known only from the type locality in northern Thailand.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The shell morphology of this new species is similar to  H. uter (Theobald, 1859) from Myanmar and  Falsiplecta integripedia Schileyko &amp; Semenyuk, 2018 from southern Vietnam. This new species, however, differs by having a shell width almost two-times larger than  H. uter, but further comparison of anatomical characters is necessary to confirm their distinction.  Hemiplecta nemorosa sp. nov. clearly differs from  F. integripedia in having a well-developed dart apparatus, globular gametolytic sac, and long epiphallus and flagellum. In contrast,  F. integripedia has no dart apparatus, a long gametolytic duct, a very short epiphallus and the vas deferens attached near the tip of the epiphallus (flagellum lacking).  Hemiplecta nemorosa sp. nov. also differs from  H. undosa (Blanford, 1865) by having a relatively smaller shell size, an angular last whorl with strong peripheral keel, and a narrow umbilicus. In contrast,  H. undosa has a rounded to slightly shouldered last whorl, and a wide and deep umbilicus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E36A49598695D4684C491445104B804	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sutcharit, Chirasak;Panha, Somsak	Sutcharit, Chirasak, Panha, Somsak (2021): Systematic review of the dextral Hemiplecta Albers, 1850 (Eupulmonata, Ariophantidae) from Thailand with description of a new species and list of all the Indochinese species. ZooKeys 1047: 101-154, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.65735
