identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038487F1FFB5FFA2FDC7FAFAFA450F78.text	038487F1FFB5FFA2FDC7FAFAFA450F78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella borgmeieri Duda	<div><p>Aptilotella borgmeieri Duda</p> <p>Aptilotella borgmeieri Duda, 1924: 74.</p> <p>The second author was unable to locate the type series of Aptilotella borgmeieri at MZSP. Since these specimens have apparently been lost, the following redescription of the male is adapted from Duda’s original German description in 1924.</p> <p>Gapasin (1972) and Smith (1994) both redescribed A. borgmeieri based on Duda (1924) and specimens that originated from “a long series in São Paulo [MZSP]” collected by F. Plaumann on an unknown date at 300–600 m in Nova Teutonia (abbreviated NT), Brazil. The structural characters recorded from this specimen by Smith (1994) are inconsistent with Duda’s description, including a reduced orbital bristle and double rows of interfrontal setae. Gapasin (1972) examined a single female from the NT series and illustrates a pair of bean-shaped spermathecae. No such spermathecal morphology is known in other Aptilotella. It is possible that Gapasin (1972) illustrated the deflated paired spermathecae, while the third spermatheca was either lost or overlooked. The NT series originated from Serra Geral, a mountain range separate from the Serra Da Mantiqueira Mountains in which the type locality of A. borgmeieri is situated. Because of uncertainty about the identity of the species described by Gapasin (1972) and Smith (1994), their notes are not reflected in the redescription below.</p> <p>Description. Body length 0.9 mm. Head ground color dark brown. Frons black, shining; with a pair of narrow, parallel grey stripes. Ocelli absent; ocellar bristle three quarters the length of frons. Interfrontal setae minute, in two or three pairs. Several pairs of orbital setulae present. Orbital and vertical bristles absent. Face and gena shining; lunule, clypeus, and gena black. Body black, shining. Scutum twice wider than long; sparsely microtrichose. Scutellum approximately twice wider than long. Pleuron black. Legs brown; tarsi light brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Wings absent. Abdomen with large syntergite approximately the length of the other tergites combined.</p> <p>Terminalia. Duda (1924) vaguely noted synsternite 6+7 and the epandrium, but did not describe any genitalic characters or dissect any specimens.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂ (MZSP, not examined and probably lost). BRAZIL: Petrópolis, T. Borgmeier.</p> <p>Comments. Duda’s original description is nebulous, but seems to be consistent with Clade 2. Aptilotella borgmeieri most closely resembles A. viva, from which it differs by the shining black body, dark colouration of the frons and gena, long ocellar bristle, and a few pairs of interfrontal setae and orbital setulae. In A. borgmeieri, the enlargement of the syntergite is far more pronounced than in other Aptilotella species. This is somewhat also noticeable in A. viva. An equivalent enlarged syntergite occurs in a remarkably similar undescribed Howickia species in New Zealand. This similarity is clearly due to convergence, and is not reflected in genitalic characters.</p> <p>Aptilotella borgmeieri is the presently the only described species of Aptilotella from eastern South America.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFB5FFA2FDC7FAFAFA450F78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFB4FFA1FDC7FC85FE2E0FE8.text	038487F1FFB4FFA1FDC7FC85FE2E0FE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella caerulea Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella caerulea Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 7, 8, and 61–74</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 7 and 8. Body length 1.0– 1.2 mm. Head (Fig. 74) ground color brown. Frons finely rugose, weakly shining; pale areas bluish-gray, the lateral pair attaining front margin of frons and sharply converging on occiput; dark brown medial stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons, tapering anteriorly; dark brown orbital stripes each narrower than medial stripe, lightening to amber anteriorly; ocular emargination with narrow pale border. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-fifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae in three pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Face weakly shining; facial excavation bordered by a pair of iridescent bluish-gray bars, each interjected at oral margin by a brown square spot; gena dull, finely rugose, with a pale pruinose stripe along anterior ocular margin. Antenna brown. Occiput dark brown. Scutum and scutellum dark brown, weakly shining, uniformly densely microtrichose. Scutum deeply creased along posterolateral margin; uniformly setose. Scutellum flat, 1.7 times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Scutellar bristles subequal in length, approximately two-thirds the length of scutum. Pleuron black. Legs dark brown; coxae black; distal two-thirds of fore femur and tarsi light brown; fore and hind tibiae with orange medial band, the latter much darker; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle; male mid femur with a setal comb in ventrobasal third. Wing pad (Figs. 8, 69) brown in male and similar in size to scutellum; reduced in female to a small, brown stub with several long apical setae. Abdomen black, shining, uniformly setose and microtrichose. Cercus and surstylus yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 64) shallowly emarginate in posteromedial one-fourth; fringed with a membranous lining clothed in small hairs; flanked on each side with a patch of setae. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 63) reduced; arm of sternite 7 very slender and apically hooked; medial bridge extremely narrow; posteromedially giving rise to a bulbous sclerite with a flared base. Anal aperture very large. Cercus (Figs. 61, 62) approximately twice wider than long; the broad base laterally articulating with a notch in the epandrium; the slender portion bent near apex, with two long basal setae, three medial setae, and two preapical sensory setae. Surstylus (Figs. 61, 62) saddle-shaped; posterior margin straight, setaceous; anterior margin sinuate. Postgonite (Fig. 67) rounded; descending arm slender, half the total length and of uniform width, with two anterior and one posterobasal strong marginal sensory setae; posterior margin giving rise to a rounded projection before descending arm; articulatory processes for pregonite and basiphallus both undeveloped and rounded. Hypandrium (Fig. 68) Y-shaped, medially with a perpendicular sail; medial rod apically truncated rightward; hypandrial arms swept back; pregonite inconspicuous. Aedeagus as in Figures 65 and 66. Basiphallus compressed, squared; posteroventrally humped; articulatory margin with distiphallus straight; anterior margin articulating with aedeagal apodeme; articulatory process for postgonite reduced. Ejaculatory apodeme sinuate, basal half broader and with two sensory pores. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite broadly fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin straight, medially fused into a chisel-shaped tab; distal margin slanted. Ventral flanking sclerite rod-shaped, distally expanding outward into a triangular lobe. Dorsal triangular sclerites arising from inside the distal margin of lateral flanking sclerite, expanding outward like ventral flanking sclerites.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Tergite 7 (Fig. 70) posteromedially shallowly emarginate. Epiproct (Figs. 70, 71) rectangular; medially microtrichose, with two lateral pre-marginal setae. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 71, 72) weakly convex, rounded; with setae near margins; lower third shining. Cercus two times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several other setae. Epiproct very indistinct. Hypoproct (Figs. 71, 72) triangular, apically with four setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 73) finely ridged; with conical invagination; collar ringed by several stubs; sclerotized ducts very short, less than the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. The iridescent bars may attain an intense cerulean blue colour, while the brown square spot varies significantly in size.</p> <p>Etymology. Aptilotella caerulea is named for its vivid facial pruinosity.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, DEBU. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Independencia, 32 km NW La Descrubierta Sabana Real, 1800 m, 26.xi.–5.xii.1991, cloud forest, carrion traps, S. and J. Peck.</p> <p>Paratypes. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Independencia, 30 km NW La Descrubierta Sabana Real, 1646 m, 25.xi.–5.xii.1991, cloud forest, dung traps, S. and J. Peck (3♂, 9♀, DEBU); same label but from carrion (4♀, DEBU); same label as holotype (7♂, 10♀, DEBU); same label as holotype but dated 26.ix.1991, forest moss and litter (4♂, 4♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. This species possesses orbital bristles and small ocelli, and a very simple distiphallus. The brilliant facial pruinosity is diagnostic.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFB4FFA1FDC7FC85FE2E0FE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFB7FFA0FDC7FD6FFB9B0ED0.text	038487F1FFB7FFA0FDC7FD6FFB9B0ED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella germana Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella germana Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 9–11, and 75–85</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 9 and 10. Body length 1.0 mm. Head ground color yellow. Frons finely rugose; pale areas silvery-blue; brown medial stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons, diffuse along the anterior margin; brown orbital stripes each half the width of medial stripe; ocular emargination with small pale spot. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-fifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in five pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Lunule polished; face shining; facial excavation with a silvery-white band continuing onto anterior half of gena; gena weakly shining, setaceous. Antenna brown. Scutum and scutellum dark reddish-brown, shining. Scutum creased along posterolateral margin; uniformly setose. Scutellum bare; flat, 2.4 times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.4 times as long as basal. Pleuron dark reddish-brown; with two pale pruinose stripes, the first on upper half of the anepisternum and anepimeron, the second fainter, at margin with katepisternum. Legs yellow ochre; mid and hind coxae brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles, in male with row of five stout setae in ventrodistal third. Wing pad (Fig. 9) small, dark brown. Abdomen black, shining; tergites each with two rows of setae, three rows on syntergite; sternites finely microtrichose. Epandrium and synsternite 6+7 dark reddish-brown; cercus and surstylus yellow-orange.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 11, 78) completely divided, the inner margins concave posteriorly and flanked by setae. Synsternite 6+7 as in Figure 77. Cercus (Figs. 11, 75, 76) compressed, 3.5 times as long as basal width; base triangular, clothed in setulae; apex rounded, thickened; midlength with one long seta reaching apex, distally with several evenly spaced marginal setae and preapical sensory setae. Surstylus (Figs. 11, 75, 76) a halfcone; posteromedially weakly humped and bearing several long setae; apex round and flexed up. Postgonite (Figs. 11, 80) broad; descending arm short, slender and curved forward; articulatory process for pregonite undeveloped, truncate; lower portion before descending arm acutely angled; articulatory process for basiphallus knobbed with blunt anterior and posterior teeth. Hypandrium (Fig. 81) broad; medial rod apically spatulate, basal margin dilated; posteromedial fork thick and divergent; hypandrial arms slender, distal half weakly recurved; pregonite short, conical. Aedeagus as in Figure 79. Basiphallus stout, cylindrical; posterodorsally humped; articulatory process for postgonite truncate, curved upward. Ejaculatory apodeme pale, with the disc embedded midway. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite broadly fused posteriorly, with a narrow descending tab; deeply indented at level of basiphallus; fused dorsally until distal third, where it darkens and tapers to a blunt apex. Paired arched sclerites very dark, originating at descending tab of lateral flanking sclerite; their trunks bearing a truncate lateral process, ascending between lateral flanking sclerites and descending ventrodistally, becoming depressed before merging into a prominent process; this process lunate, broadly rounded, basally formed into a sharp thorn. Paired dorsal sclerites slender, originating within dorsal division of lateral flanking sclerite, apically bearing a club of denticles. Lateral flanking sclerite giving rise to a pair of stubs beneath paired dorsal sclerites, capped in trifid denticles, which descend in a line next to lunate process, broadening and curving posteriorly to the level of its thorns.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 82, 83) indistinct, triangular; microtrichose. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 82–84) convex; apex truncate; distal half setose. Cercus three times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several preapical setae. Hypoproct (Figs. 83, 84) reduced to a pair of curved, convergent rods; apically microtrichose and with two pairs of setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 85) simple; sclerotized ducts very long, five times the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is from the Latin germanus, “having the same parents,” since this species and its relatives are characterized by unmistakably homologous aedeagal morphology.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, UNAM. MEXICO: Chiapas, Cerro El Calvario, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-93.122505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.186666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -93.122505/lat 17.186666)">Tapalapa</a>, 17°11’12”N, 93°7’21”W, 2200 m, 23.vii.2003, wet cloud forest litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. MEXICO: Chiapas, same label as holotype (6♂, 6♀, DEBU; 3♂, 4♀, UNAM); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-93.123055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.187777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -93.123055/lat 17.187777)">Cerro de Tapalapa</a>, 17°11’16”N, 93°7’23”W, 2260 m, 27.v.2008, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-93.11778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.191666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -93.11778/lat 17.191666)">Cerro de Tapalapa</a>, 17°11’30”N, 93°7’4”W, 2240 m, 27.v.2008, oak-pine forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella germana and A. pyropanda are the only Aptilotella with a nearly or fully divided male sternite 5. The aedeagus is incredibly autapomorphic and character-rich, with paired arched sclerites of the distiphallus, broad postgonite and hypandrium, and squat basiphallus. They also differ from other squat-bodied Aptilotella in possessing a row of 5–6 stout peg-like setae in the ventrodistal third of the male mid tibia.</p> <p>Aptilotella germana differs subtly from all other Aptilotella in possessing a minute, dark brown, thickened wing “bud.” Several undescribed species have somewhat larger and triangular wing “buds.”</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFB7FFA0FDC7FD6FFB9B0ED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFB6FFA7FDC7FA37FB050965.text	038487F1FFB6FFA7FDC7FA37FB050965.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella pyropanda Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella pyropanda Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 12–14, and 86–96</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 12 and 13. Body length 0.9–1.1 mm. Head ground color light brown. Frons finely rugose; pale areas silvery; dark brown medial stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons, narrowing toward the anterior margin then diffusing; dark brown orbital stripes each one-third the width of medial stripe; ocular emargination with silvery-white spot. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised, orange; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-fifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Lunule with silvery-white spot; face shining; facial excavation with a silvery-white band continuing through ocular margin of gena; clypeus dark brown; gena brown but appearing dark brown from the front, weakly shining, setaceous. Antenna brown. Scutum and scutellum red-orange, shining. Scutum uniformly setose. Scutellum darker, bare; flat, 2.5 times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles twice as long as basal. Pleuron orange. Legs orange; fore femur, tibiae, and tarsi darker; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles, in male with row of six stout peg-like setae in ventrodistal third (compare to Figure 160). Wing rudiment brown. Abdomen black, shining; tergites each with two rows of long setae; sternites finely microtrichose. Epandrium and synsternite 6+7 dark reddish-brown; cercus and surstylus dull yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 14, 89) deeply emarginate in posteromedial seventh and lined by two rows of thick setae. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 88) with slightly arched medial bridge, giving rise to a pair of small sclerites. Cercus (Figs. 14, 86, 87) compressed, four times as long as basal width; base setulose, lateral margin carinate; apex rounded, with two sensory setae; margin at midlength with one long seta and an adjacent sensory seta, and two setae in distal quarter. Surstylus (Figs. 86, 87) saddle-shaped; posteroventral ridge bearing long setae. Postgonite (Fig. 91) broad; descending arm very short and curved forward, with two inner sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite undeveloped, angular; articulatory process for basiphallus knobbed. Hypandrium (Fig. 92) broad; medial rod apically dilated to the right, basal margin dilated; hypandrial arms slender; posteromedial fork and pregonite inconspicuous. Aedeagus as in Figure 90. Basiphallus stout, cylindrical; anterior margin weakly arched; posterodorsally with a truncate tubercle; articulatory process for postgonite truncate, curved upward. Ejaculatory apodeme columnar, appearing spongy and borne on a disc with four sensory pores. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite broadly fused posteriorly, with a broad, curved descending tab; deeply indented at level of basiphallus; fused dorsally until halfway, where it darkens laterally, then dilates and descends, initially nearly converging, then twisting outward and tapering to a point. Paired arched sclerites very dark, originating at descending tab of lateral flanking sclerite; their trunks basally with an interior protuberance and a large, finelypointed and convergent triangular outer lobe; ascending and barely entering lateral flanking sclerites before descending again, becoming depressed and merging into a sickle-shaped, twice laterally frilled portion, which gently curves up between the apices of lateral flanking sclerites. Distal dorsal sclerite broad, originating at dorsal division of lateral flanking sclerite; dorsal surface dark and gradually curved; lateral margins straight; distally split into two divergent, upwardly curved lobes.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 93, 94) triangular, apically rounded and microtrichose. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 93–95) convex; margin rounded; sparsely setaceous. Cercus three times as long as wide; with several scattered setae. Hypoproct (Figs. 94, 95) reduced to a pair of curved, convergent rods; apically with a patch of microtrichosity and two pairs of setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 96) simple; sclerotized ducts long, three times the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the Greek pyros, “fire,” and Latin pandus, “bent, curved,” in reference to the fiery colour of the thorax, and the paired arched sclerites of the distiphallus, a defining character of this species and its relatives.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, UNAM. MEXICO: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.48833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.738611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.48833/lat 16.738611)">Huixtán</a>, Bazóm, 16°44’19”N, 92°29’18”W, 2450 m, 9.vii.2003, mixed magnolia/oak forest litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. MEXICO: Chiapas, same label as holotype (4♂, 3♀, DEBU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.489716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.746944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.489716/lat 16.746944)">San Cristóbal</a>, 15 km E, 16°44’49”N, 92°29’23”W, 2800 m, 29.v.2008, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, 2♀, UNAM). GUATEMALA: Huehuetenango, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.36444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.506667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.36444/lat 15.506667)">Max</a>, 15°30’24”N, 91°21’52”W, 2750 m, 14.ix.2008, oak/ cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (2♂, ♂, UVGC); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.64472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.506667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.64472/lat 15.506667)">Todos Santos</a>, 4.4 km W, 15°30’24”N, 91°38’41”W, 2800 m, 14.ix.2008, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. Branstetter (♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella pyropanda is readily recognized by the fiery orange thorax and legs. In dorsal view, the highly reflective silvery-white spots of the ocular emarginations and lunule give the fly an appearance of having three “headlights.” This species has a relatively broad range with at least two populations along the Sierra Madre de Chiapas Mountains, one in the extreme Mexican southeast and the other in western Guatemala.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFB6FFA7FDC7FA37FB050965	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFB1FFA6FDC7FAE4FC1A0AA1.text	038487F1FFB1FFA6FDC7FAE4FC1A0AA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella gracilis Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella gracilis Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 15–18, and 97–110</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 15 and 16. Body length 1.3 mm. Head (Fig. 110) ground color orange. Frons finely rugose; with three silvery stripes that are most conspicuous from behind—a very narrow medial stripe from the anterior margin to ocellar tubercle, and a pair of broader lateral stripes not attaining either margins; ocular margin darkened between eye and lateral stripe; ocular emargination with a large silvery spot. Ocellar tubercle raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle approximately two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in five pairs. One pair of interfrontal setae. Face shining; lower corners of facial excavation diffuse brown; gena paler, weakly shining. Antenna yellow-orange. Scutum orange with diffuse brownish medial stripe and lateral margins, shining, finely rugose; uniformly setose. Scutellum brown, lightly microtrichose, finely rugose; twice wider than long, 0.7 times the width of scutum. Scutellar bristles subequal in length. Pleuron dull orange, with diffuse yellow stripe running through middle; katepisternum and meron dark brown. Legs yellow ochre; coxa dark brown; fore tibia and first fore tarsomere dark brown; fore tarsus off-white; mid tibia with three anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Wing (Figs. 17, 105) paddle-shaped, setaceous. Abdomen black, shining; tergites finely rugose, uniformly densely microtrichose, each with two rows of setae; sternites setose and finely microtrichose.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 18, 101) concave in posteromedial third and with three scalloped emarginations; the outer two flanked by regular setae and four long marginal setae, one of which is borne on a slender tubercle; the area between the emarginations projecting beyond margin and bearing a pair of hoof-shaped processes, joined by a membrane lining the middle emargination. Synsternite 6+7 (Figs. 18, 99) giving rise to a pair of large, heavily sclerotized, asymmetrically curved processes on either side of medial bridge. Tab-like piece (Fig. 100) resembling half of a hollow cone with foot-like extensions from its basal corners; the top of the cone articulates neatly with the hoof-shaped processes. Cercus (Figs. 18, 97, 98) 3.5 times as long as wide, uniform in thickness except for toothed base and tapered apex; medially slightly bent inward, with long outer seta; apex sloped inward, with two sensory setae; clothed in setulae; outer surface with scattered small setae. Surstylus (Figs. 97, 98) extremely long, nearly twice the length of cercus; base conical; slender portion compressed, twisting and tapering to a point; basally with scattered sensory setae. Postgonite (Fig. 103) broad; descending arm short, slightly curved forward and tapering, with several marginal sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite truncate; articulatory process for basiphallus short-stalked, knobbed. Hypandrium (Fig. 104) broad; medial rod apically dilated to the right; posteromedial fork divergent and webbed; hypandrial arms curved, the left arm slightly longer; pregonite short, irregularly triangular. Aedeagus as in Figure 102. Basiphallus compressed, squared; anterior margin weakly arched; articulatory process for postgonite apically dilated, directed anteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme indistinct, with two sensory pores. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite not fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin rolled, straight then diverging, tapering to a sharp point with ventral margin. Ventral flanking sclerites very dark; the bilobed basal article originating along but separate from ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, projecting an equal length beyond and apicodorsally densely clothed in suspended minute denticles, the inner medial lobe parallel, its dilated apex extending beyond even the distal article; the very dark medial article as long as lateral flanking sclerite, needle-tipped, its base dilated and articulating with ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite below basal article; the depressed distal article originating from below midpoint of medial article, apex slightly lobed inward. Medial paired sclerites originating between medial and distal articles; dorsally with a posteriorly directed tooth; twisting inward and terminating in a spade-shaped apex.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 106, 107) very pale, triangular; apically finely hairy. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 106–108) convex, its margins straight, rounded apically; upper two-thirds setaceous. Cercus three times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several preapical setae. Sternite 8 (Figs. 107, 108) triangular; with four preapical setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 109) simple; length of sclerotized ducts approximately twice the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. The scutum and scutellum occasionally have a more uniform orange wash. The facial excavation is entirely orange in some specimens.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet refers to the unusually slender surstyli.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, UNAM. MEXICO: Tamaulipas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.284996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.008333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.284996/lat 23.008333)">Joya de Manantiales</a>, 23°0’30”N, 99°17’6”W, 1430 m, 22.viii.2009, mesophyll forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. Branstetter.</p> <p>Paratypes. MEXICO: Tamaulipas, Gomez Farias, Rancho del Cielo, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.19222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.101112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.19222/lat 23.101112)">Cabins</a>, 23°6’4”N, 99°11’32”W, 1200 m, 17.vii.2006, mixed oak forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU); El Cielo, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.204445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.065277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.204445/lat 23.065277)">Alta Cima</a>, 23°3’55”N, 99°12’16”W, 980 m, 21.viii.2009, riparian wet forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, L. Sáenz (♂, DEBU); same label as holotype (4♂, ♀, DEBU); same label as holotype but collected by L. Sáenz (♂, UNAM); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.263336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.05861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.263336/lat 23.05861)">El Cielo</a>, 1.8 km NW La Gloria, 23°3’31”N, 99°15’48”W, 2030 m, 23.viii.2009, mesophyll forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. Branstetter (♀, DEBU); Querétaro, Pinal de Amoles, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.574165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.160833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.574165/lat 21.160833)">Huasquilico</a>, 21°9’39”N, 99°34’27”W, 1750 m, 28.vii.2006, hardwood forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU); Pinal de Amoles, 2 km W San Pedro Escanela, 29.vii.2006, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (2♂, DEBU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.61583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.149721" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.61583/lat 21.149721)">Pinal de Amoles</a>, 1.9 km NE, 21°8’59”N, 99°36’57”W, 2250 m, 18.viii.2009, oak-pine forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. Branstetter (♂, UNAM); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.57333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.176111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.57333/lat 21.176111)">Pinal de Amoles</a>, 7 km NE, 21°10’34”N, 99°34’24”W, 1700 m, 18.viii.2009, disturbed mesophyll forest, ex. sifted litter, M.G. Branstetter (♀, UNAM); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.59417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.164722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.59417/lat 21.164722)">Pinal de Amoles</a>, 4.6 km SW, 21°9’53”N, 99°35’39”W, 1960 m, disturbed mesophyll forest, ex. sifted litter, M.G. Branstetter (♂, 3♀, DEBU; 2♀, UNAM); San Luis Potosi, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.94111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.428333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.94111/lat 21.428333)">Xilitla</a>, 7.2 km NE, 21°25’42”N, 98°56’28”W, 180 m, 19.viii.2009, disturbed tropical forest, ex. sifted litter, M. Vásquez-Bolaños (♂, ♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Description. Aptilotella gracilis and A. gladia are among the most distinctive Aptilotella; males especially are unmistakable, with extremely slender surstyli and a broad hypandrium with curved arms and triangular pregonites. Male A. gracilis also possess asymmetrical posterior prongs on synsternite 6+7. These somewhat elongate Aptilotella have reflective silvery stripes along the interfrontal sutures and a large silvery spot in the rather pronounced ocular emargination. The lower half of the pleuron is dark brown. In both sexes, the off-white fore tarsus contrasts boldly with the dark brown fore tibia and first tarsal segment. The abdominal tergites are weakly rugose. Aptilotella gracilis is one of the northernmost species in the genus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFB1FFA6FDC7FAE4FC1A0AA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFB3FFA5FDC7FEBCFEC30A8A.text	038487F1FFB3FFA5FDC7FEBCFEC30A8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella gladia Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella gladia Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 111–118</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Aptilotella gracilis (Figs. 15, 16). Body length 1.3 mm. Head ground color orange, darkening posteriorly. Frons with polished interfrontal plate and a silvery stripe on orbital plate along interfrontal suture; ocular emargination with a silvery spot. Ocellar tubercle raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle approximately two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in four pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Face and gena shining; lower corners of facial excavation diffuse brown. Antenna orange. Scutum reddishbrown, shining; uniformly setose. Scutellum black, lightly microtrichose, finely rugose; twice wider than long, 0.7 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles twice as long as outer, 0.8 times the length of scutum. Pleuron dull orange; katepisternum and meron dark brown. Legs yellow ochre; mid and hind coxae dark brown; fore tibia and first segment of fore tarsus dark brown; fore tarsus off-white; mid tibia with three anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Wing (Fig. 118) club-shaped in male; reduced and spearhead-shaped in female. Abdomen black, shining; tergites finely rugose, uniformly densely microtrichose, each with two rows of setae; sternites setose and finely microtrichose.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 114) in posteromedial third shallowly convex and emarginate, flanked on each side by 6–8 long setae. Synsternite 6+7 as in Figure 113. Tab-like piece articulating with sternite 5 emargination; posterior corners pointed and folded inward. Cercus (Figs. 111, 112) 2.5 times as long as wide, distal third bilobed; the outer lobe half the length of the inner, swollen and laterally with a long seta; the inner lobe compressed, apically truncate and with a lateral tooth. Surstylus (Figs. 111, 112) extremely long and sinuate, 1.5 times the length of cercus, basally with several long setae, apically rounded; base with asymmetrical flaps that project outward, enormous on the right surstylus and descending beyond the cercus, much smaller on the left surstylus and not descending. Postgonite (Fig. 116) broad; descending arm short, slightly curved forward and tapering; articulatory process for pregonite rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus knobbed. Hypandrium (Fig. 117) broad; medial rod apically rounded, slightly slanting to the right; posteromedial fork divergent and webbed; hypandrial arms curved, the left arm more triangular; pregonite short, irregularly triangular. Aedeagus as in Figure 115. Basiphallus compressed, squared, with prominent epiphallus; anterior margin weakly arched; articulatory process for postgonite apically dilated, directed anteriorly. Ejaculatory apodeme indistinct, with four sensory pores. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite not fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin rolled in basal third, then widely separated and tapering. Ventral flanking sclerites dark; the basal article originating along ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, the distal portion very narrow and apically spatulate, apicodorsally densely clothed in suspended minute denticles; the medial article originating inner to lateral flanking sclerite, rising sinuously alongside the basal article and similarly dilated; the depressed distal article originating from below medial article, lobed inward and with a dark knob on inner margin. Medial paired sclerites originating inside of the medial article, projecting slightly beyond the distal article. An additional pair of slender club-tipped sclerites originates between medial and distal articles, curving upward and apicodorsally clothed in suspended minute denticles.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Not dissected; described from the single female specimen. Epiproct light brown, triangular; apically finely hairy. Each half of tergite 8 weakly convex, pentagonal; setaceous. Cercus 2.5 times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several preapical setae. Sternite 8 retracted from view and not examined.</p> <p>Variation. The pleuron is sometimes reddish-brown as the scutum.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet refers to the sword-shaped surstyli.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, UNAM. MEXICO: Oaxaca, 5.1 km S Suchixtepec, 2150 m, 25.vii.1992, oak/ alder/pine forest, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. MEXICO: Oaxaca, same label as holotype (2♂, ♀, DEBU); same label as holotype but dated 24.vii.1992 (♂, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella gladia is readily distinguished from A. gracilis by the paired silvery stripes on the frons and reddish-brown thorax. The bizarre surstyli with apically rounded asymmetrical lateral flaps are apomorphic for A. gladia.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFB3FFA5FDC7FEBCFEC30A8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFB2FFA4FDC7FEBCFEC50B6B.text	038487F1FFB2FFA4FDC7FEBCFEC50B6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella hamata Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella hamata Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 119–125</p> <p>Description. Body length 0.6 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Frons finely rugose. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised, with minute medial seta; ocelli minute; ocellar bristle two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle absent; orbital setulae minute, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae minute, in two pairs. Face and gena shining; face narrow, 1.5 times higher than wide. Antenna light tan. Scutum and scutellum dark reddish-brown. Scutum uniformly, sparsely setose. Scutellum bare; 3.5 times wider than long, 0.8 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 2.2 times as long as basal. Pleuron light reddish-brown, katepisternum brown. Legs yellow; basal two-thirds of femur and fore and mid tibiae dark brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Wing pad triangular, brown. Abdomen black, finely microtrichose; tergites each with two rows of long setae. Epandrium and synsternite 6+7 dark reddishbrown, finely microtrichose.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 122) rectangular; posteromedial third protruding, with a shallow V-shaped emargination, with 8–9 long marginal setae; sternal plate broadly rectangular, basally setulose, medially with two pairs of long setae. Synsternite 6+7 as in Figure 121. Cercus (Figs. 119, 120) 3.5 times as long as basal width; outer margin with several short setae, medially with a long seta half the length of cercus; apex truncate, with a short inner seta and a thick outer finger-like seta. Surstylus (Figs. 119, 120) triangular in cross-section; outer face with a row of setae and a row of sensory setae above; bent at distal third at a right angle, then continuing to a rounded apex. Postgonite (Fig. 124) curved; descending arm tapered to a point, medially with two sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite triangular and rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus short-stalked, knobbed. Hypandrium (Fig. 125) broad; medial rod tapered and slanting to the right; posteromedial fork thick and shallow; hypandrial arms slender, the apical third curved, dilated, truncate and bearing a long posterior tooth; pregonite inconspicuous but membrane produced into a point. Aedeagus as in Figure 123. Basiphallus compressed with pointed epiphallus; anterior margin arched; articulatory process for postgonite pointed. Ejaculatory apodeme slender, clubbed on both ends. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin divergent and tapering. Ventral flanking sclerites clustered; the rod-shaped basal article originating ventrodistally to lateral flanking sclerite; the triangular medial article originating dorsally along the basal article and gradually diverging from the distal margin of lateral flanking sclerite; the distal article originating from and confluent with apex of basal article, with a vertical point parallel to distal margin of medial article. Medial paired sclerites originating from apices of lateral flanking sclerites; very thin and slightly curved.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Not examined; retracted from view in the single female specimen.</p> <p>Variation. One male specimen has mostly yellow legs. The thorax is significantly darker in the single female specimen.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin hamatus, “hooked,” referring to the curved surstyli.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, DEBU. GUATEMALA: Izabal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.69611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.406944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.69611/lat 15.406944)">Firmeza</a>, 15°24’25”N, 88°41’46”W, 590 m, 19.ix.2008, montane rain forest, ex sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. GUATEMALA: same label as holotype (♂, ♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. In the distiphallus of Aptilotela hamata and the related A. erinacea the articles of the ventral flanking sclerites are tightly arranged in triangular formation. The hypandrial arms have a pronounced backwardpointing tooth. Aptilotella hamata is the smallest Aptilotella species, differing from A. erinacea and other small Aptilotella by the absence of spinules on the sternal plate, unmarked frons, triangular wing pad, and curved surstylus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFB2FFA4FDC7FEBCFEC50B6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFB2FFABFDC7F8EDFE6C0B6D.text	038487F1FFB2FFABFDC7F8EDFE6C0B6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella erinacea Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella erinacea Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 126–137</p> <p>Description. Body length 0.8–0.9 mm. Head ground color orange. Frons finely rugose; pale areas silvery, not attaining front margin of frons; brown medial stripes each about one-third the width of frons, tapering anteriorly; brown orbital stripes narrow, not entering ocular emargination. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli minute; ocellar bristle two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae minute, in two pairs. Face shining; facial excavation with a silvery band continuing onto anterior half of gena; gena weakly shining, finely rugose. Antenna brown. Scutum and scutellum dark reddish-brown, shining, finely rugose, finely microtrichose. Scutum uniformly setose; shallowly creased along posterolateral margin. Scutellum flat, twice wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles twice as long as basal. Pleuron dull. Legs orange; coxae black; basal half of hind femur brown; fore femur, tibia and first tarsomere dark brown; fore tarsus off-white; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Wing pad (Fig. 133) brown in male; reduced in female to a small, brown stub. Abdomen black, shining, finely rugose; tergites uniformly setose and microtrichose; sternites finely microtrichose. Epandrium and synsternite 6+7 dark reddish-brown.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 129) rectangular; posteromedial margin emarginate, with several setae, flanked by three long setae; sternal plate broadly rectangular, densely spinulose, with two dense patches of very stout setae, posteriorly with two pairs of premarginal setae. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 128) with medial bridge flanked by a strong lobe on both sides. Epandrium (Fig. 126) with ventral margins pointed and curled outward. Cercus (Figs. 126, 127) swollen, triangular; outer margin with three evenly separated premarginal setae, medially with a long seta; apex with several sensory setae; base and outer half setulose. Surstylus (Figs. 126, 127) saddle-shaped, apically rounded; ventral face flat, with setae on outer margin; outer face strongly concave. Postgonite (Fig. 131) twice as long as wide; posterior margin rounded; descending portion one-third the length of postgonite, with three sensory setulae; articulatory process for pregonite rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus short-stalked, knobbed. Hypandrium (Fig. 132) with slender medial rod slightly skewed to the right; posteromedial fork thick, rounded and divergent; hypandrial arms paddle-shaped, with a large tooth on posteromedial margin; pregonite inconspicuous. Aedeagus as in Figure 130. Basiphallus compressed, squared, with truncate epiphallus; anterior margin weakly arched; articulatory process for postgonite short and divergent. Ejaculatory apodeme discoid, inconspicuous. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite narrowly fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin divergent and tapering. Ventral flanking sclerites clustered; the slender basal article originating ventrodistally to lateral flanking sclerite and rising inward, tapering to a point; the convex medial article originating along the basal article and meeting the distal margin of lateral flanking sclerite, margins sclerotized and broadening distally, converging outward to a thickened point; the paddle-shaped distal article originating ventrodistally to medial article, converging inward. Medial paired sclerites originating from apices of lateral flanking sclerites; apices dilated, converging and nearly touching.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Fig. 134) light brown, rectangular, medially setulose. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 134–136) weakly convex, triangular; setulose. Cercus 2.5 times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several preapical setae. Sternite 8 (Figs. 135, 136) brown, rectangular. Spermathecae (Fig. 137) simple; length of sclerotized ducts approximately twice the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. The gena is dark yellow in some specimens. Less frequently, the legs have a dark orange ground colour.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is from the Latin erinaceus, “hedgehog,” referring to the densely spinulose sternal plate.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, DEBU. HONDURAS: Cortés, Parque Nacional Cusuco, 18.7 km N Cofradía, 5.4 km W Buenos Aires, Cerro Jilinco, 1960 m, 26.viii.1994, pine/cloud forest berlese, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. HONDURAS: same label as holotype (3♂, ♀, DEBU; 3♂, EAPZ); same label as holotype but at 2000 m, cloud forest berlese (2♂, DEBU); same label as holotype but at 2080 m, elfin cloud forest litter berlese (♂, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. In Aptilotella erinacea, dense spinules are present on the sternal plate of the male and the hypoproct of the female.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFB2FFABFDC7F8EDFE6C0B6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFBDFFAAFDC7F8ECFC3A0AC5.text	038487F1FFBDFFAAFDC7F8ECFC3A0AC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella diffisa Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella diffisa Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 19–21, and 138–148</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 19 and 20. Body length 1.2–1.3 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Frons finely rugose; pale areas silvery, the lateral pair sharply converging on occiput; brown medial stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons, converging along the anterior margin, darkening posteriorly; brown orbital stripes each half the width of medial stripe. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-fifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in seven pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Face weakly shining; facial excavation with a broad silvery-white band, margin with a small medial notch; gena dull, finely rugose, lower margin darkened and setaceous. Antenna yellow. Occiput brown. Scutum and scutellum dark reddish-brown, shining. Scutum convex, deeply creased along posterolateral margin; uniformly setose, microtrichose except for crease. Scutellum uniformly microtrichose; flat, twice wider than long, 0.7 times the width of scutum. Scutellar bristles subequal in length. Pleuron dark brown, weakly shining. Legs yellow; coxae and mid and hind femora dark brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Wing rudiment brown. Abdomen black, shining; tergites uniformly setose and microtrichose; sternites finely microtrichose. Epandrium and synsternite 6+7 dark reddish-brown; cercus yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 21, 141) lunate, anteromedially grooved; posteromedial third concave and emarginate, bearing stout setae, flanked by numerous long and short setae, and lined by a hair-fringed membrane; periphery of emargination giving rise to a pair of curved cercal claspers. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 140) posteriorly with two triangular lobes arching over medial bridge; posteromedially with a free, two-armed structure with hooked ends. Anal aperture (Fig. 138) closed by narrow bridge. Cercus (Figs. 21, 138, 139) slender, shallowly S-shaped as in profile of sternite 5; seta at mid-length about half as long as the cercus; outer margin with five evenly spaced setae between long seta and apex. Surstylus (Figs. 138, 139) saddle-shaped; ventral face with several setae; posteriorly with a protuberance bearing 6–7 setae. Postgonite (Fig. 143) cylindroid, 1.3 times as long as wide; descending arm very short, slightly curved, with several marginal sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite reduced; articulatory process for basiphallus only slightly protruding. Hypandrium (Fig. 144) with medial rod slanted to the right, apically dilated and twisted left, membrane medially produced into a triangle; posteromedial fork thick, rounded and divergent; hypandrial arms long and irregular, the left arm constricted and triangular in distal third; pregonite ovate, apically with a small curved tooth. Aedeagus as in Figure 142. Basiphallus cylindrical, arched; articulatory process for postgonite twisted and divergent. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite fused ventrobasally by a very narrow bridge; dorsal margin rolled, straight; basal and distal margins excavated; distal margin giving rise to an open-ended, membranous sac clothed in dense rows of denticles. Ventral flanking sclerites with the basal article fused along entire ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, bearing a ventrodistal tooth and a weak dorsal arm; the dark cylindrical medial article broadened basally to articulate with basal article and meeting ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite; the membranous distal article irregularly spade-shaped, with sclerotized elliptical plate articulating with medial article. Triangular dorsal sclerites originating from above membranous sac and similarly clothed in denticles, with two more pairs of internal sclerites (not illustrated) beneath them. Triangular internal sclerites articulating with asymmetrical saddle-shaped sclerite, which descends between the distal articles of ventral flanking sclerites. Ventral plate-like sclerites (not illustrated) diamond-shaped, posterior to saddle-shaped sclerite.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 145, 146) rectangular, sclerotized. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 146, 147) weakly convex; apex triangular, rounded; with several setae. Tergite 7 posteromedially notched. Cercus 3.5 times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several preapical setae. Hypoproct (Figs. 146, 147) divided into a pair of microtrichose discs with two setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 148) simple; length of sclerotized ducts less than twice the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. Teneral specimens have a uniformly reddish-brown body. The silvery facial stripe occasionally diffuses into the gena. Tergite 8 in some females is broadly rounded rather than triangular.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is from the Latin diffido, “to distrust,” referring to the ambiguous structure of the complex distiphallus.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, INBC. COSTA RICA: Cartago, Llano Bonito, trail to Cerro Chirripó, 27.vi.1999, cloud forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. COSTA RICA: Cartago, same label as holotype (4♂, ♀, DEBU); San José, km 117, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.466666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.666664/lat 9.466666)">Pan American Highway</a>, 19 km N San Isidro, 9°28’N, 83°40’W, 26.vi.1997, cloud forest, litter, R.S. Anderson (3♂, 5♀, DEBU); same locality as previous label, 1800 m, 20.vi.1997, R.S. Anderson (5♂, 3♀, DEBU); same locality as previous label but without coordinates, 15.ii.1998 (♀, DEBU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.566667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.666664/lat 9.566667)">Estación Cuerici</a>, 4.6 km E Villa Mills, 9°34’N, 83°40’W, 2600 m, 26.vi.1997, oak forest, litter, R.S. Anderson (2♀, DEBU); same data as previous label but from mixed oak Alnus forest (3♂, ♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella diffisa closely resembles members of the A. corona species group, but its aedeagus is very different. The complex distiphallus is comparable to that of A. involucris, particularly in the arrangement of ventral sclerites. The lopsided saddle-shaped sclerite is unique to this species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFBDFFAAFDC7F8ECFC3A0AC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFBFFFA8FDC7FEBCFB220CED.text	038487F1FFBFFFA8FDC7FEBCFB220CED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella involucris Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella involucris Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 22–24, and 149–160</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 22 and 23. Body length 1.6–1.8 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Frons finely rugose. Ocellar triangle slightly raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae in four pairs. Interfrontal setae in three pairs. Face weakly shining and pale in males, with a broad white band in facial excavation; shining in females; gena dull, lower margin setaceous. Antenna orange, first flagellomere brown. Scutum and scutellum black, shining, finely rugose and microtrichose. Scutum uniformly setose. Scutellum trapezoidal, 1.6 times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Scutellar bristles subequal in length. Pleuron black. Legs yellow-orange; mid and hind coxae and tarsi dark brown; femora brown basally; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Male mid leg (Figs. 22, 160) modified: trochanter ventrally with a comb of strong setae; mid femur swollen in distal half, ventrally with long setae and stout setae before base; tibia with a ventrodistal comb. Wing rudiment dark brown. Abdomen black, shining, finely rugose and microtrichose; tergites each with two rows of setae, which become longer with each segment. Cercus orange, surstylus brown.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 24, 152) anteromedially grooved; posteromedial third projected and raised, flanked by setae, its margin medially excavated and sunken, and giving rise to a pair of very dark, compressed, knobby processes with a large inner tooth which clasps the cercus. Synsternite 6+7 as in Figure 151. Anal aperture dorsally deeply emarginate. Cercus (Figs. 24, 149, 150) gradually tapering, twice as long as basal width; base swollen and setulose; apex sloped inward; distal third bearing several sensory setae, three stout setae and a long seta next to the middle stout seta. Surstylus (Figs. 149, 150) semi-cylindrical, twice as long as wide; posterior margin setaceous, basally tuberculate; distal third with several sensory setae. Postgonite (Fig. 154) curved with strongly concave anterior margin; descending arm half the total length, gradually tapering, with two basal sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite triangular and rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus a small knob on a broad stalk. Hypandrium (Fig. 155) with straight, apically truncate medial rod; posteromedial fork rounded and divergent; rectangular hypandrial arms appearing triangular due to membranous connection with medial rod, the left arm apically dilated; pregonite clavate with thicker anterior margin. Aedeagus as in Figure 153. Basiphallus arched, with prominent posterior hump; articulatory process for postgonite slender, directed forward. Ejaculatory apodeme round with a descending apical stalk. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite darkened and dorsally emarginate in distal third; dorsal margin rolled, straight; basal margin slanted; distal margin rounded, supporting in dorsal half a membranous sac clothed in fine rows of minute denticles. Ventral flanking sclerites with the basal article fused posteroventrally and along ventrodistal margin of lateral flanking sclerite, distally tapering to a point; the medial article confluent with basal article, ascending and ending beneath membranous sac; the distal article articulating with ventrodistal margin of basal article, ladle-shaped and opening outward. Medial paired sclerites originating from inside distal margin of lateral flanking sclerites, slender portion convergent and protruding between membranous sacs. Distal oval sclerites flanking slender portion of medial paired sclerites. Ventral paired sclerites descending between ladle-shaped distal articles; apically with a leaf-shaped sclerite, flanked ventrally by a rod-shaped sclerite and ventrolaterally by triangular ventral plate-like sclerites.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 156, 157) subpentagonal, with indented basal margin; medially densely microtrichose. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 156–158) subpentagonal, convex; apex rounded; distal half setose. Tergite 7 (Fig. 156) anteromedially notched. Cercus 1.5 times as long as wide; with several preapical setae. Hypoproct (Figs. 157, 158) reduced to a pair of lightly sclerotized, microtrichose discs. Spermathecae (Fig. 159) simple; length of sclerotized ducts approximately twice the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Etymology. The manuscript name used for this species by Smith (1994) is here retained. It is derived from the Latin involucer, “unable to fly.”</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, INBC. COSTA RICA: Cartago, Tapanti—Macizo de la Muerte National Park, N of La Esperanza del Guarco, 17–18.viii.2001, dung traps in cushion plants, S.A. Marshall.</p> <p>Paratypes. COSTA RICA: Cartago, same label as holotype (5♀, DEBU); Cerro Chirripó, trail to, 2800 m, 27.vi.1999, mixed oak forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU); San José, km 74 SE San José, 25.ii.1984, dung trap, H. Howden (4♂, 4♀, DEBU); same label as previous but from flight intercept trap (♀, DEBU); Pan-American Highway, km 95, 3200 m, 13.iv.1985, oak cloud forest, L. Masner (♀, DEBU); km 68, Tres de Junio Bog, 2600 m, 10.ii.1996, litter ex forest adjacent to sphagnum bog, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU); km 87, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.608334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.76667/lat 9.608334)">Cerro Buenavista</a>, 9°36’30”N, 83°46’W, 3150 m, 8.vi.1997, mixed elfin forest litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, ♀, DEBU); km 71, near Tres de Junio, 23.vi.1999, wet cloud forest leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (2♂, ♀, DEBU); km 78, near Ojo de Agua, 8.vii.1999, cloud forest leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU); Cerro de la Muerte, 3200 m, 3.iv.1985, cloud forest, pan traps, L. Masner (♀, DEBU); Cerro de la Muerte, 7–13.iv.1985, oak cloud forest, L. Masner and H. Goulet (♂, DEBU); Heredia Porrosati, 6 km N San José de la <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.091666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.11667/lat 10.091666)">Montaña</a>, 10°5’30”N, 84°7’W, 1900 m, 21.vi.1997, montane forest litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella involucris is a highly apomorphic and sexually dimorphic species that is readily recognized by its large and slender form. The distiphallus is arrayed with internal and ventral sclerites of uncertain affinities. Females possess a strongly domed tergite 7 which may be mistaken for an epandrium, but examination of the unmodified mid leg and non-pruinose face eliminates confusion as to the sex of the individual.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFBFFFA8FDC7FEBCFB220CED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFBEFFA8FDC7FC63FDCF094F.text	038487F1FFBEFFA8FDC7FC63FDCF094F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella corona Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>The Aptilotella corona Species Group</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of this species group are defined by the very dark, shiny tab-like piece of male sternite 5 that articulates perpendicularly with the posteromedial margins of sternite 5 and synsternite 6+7. This structure apparently serves in part to protect the cerci when they are not in use. The defining character of the distiphallus is the prominent dark club-shaped sclerite of the ventral flanking sclerite, which typically bears a crown of denticles. The aedeagus is rich in additional, diagnostic characters. The basiphallus is compressed and arched and, with the exception of A. sphyra, possesses erect articulatory processes for the postgonite. In the ventral flanking sclerites, the medial article is dorsally elongated, and the strongly lobed distal article is arched or coiled inward. Medial paired sclerites arise convergently distal to the medial article of the ventral flanking sclerites and are confluent in the slender distal half. The hypandrium has slender and articulated basal arms and club-shaped pregonites.</p> <p>Both sexes of most species in this group have a broad silvery-white band on the lower margin of the facial excavation, a character shared with A. germana, A. pyropanda, and A. hamata. Exceptions are A. corona, which has white spots instead, and A. sphyra, in which the band is faint in the male and lacking in the female. Six species are described from Central America.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFBEFFA8FDC7FC63FDCF094F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFBEFFAFFDC7FA81FC3909DD.text	038487F1FFBEFFAFFDC7FA81FC3909DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella sphyra Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella sphyra Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 25–27, and 161–174</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 25 and 26. Body length 1.2–1.3 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Frons shining except for interfrontal suture and lateral portion of orbital plate. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in two pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Face and gena weakly shining; in males, excavation with a broad silvery band; lower margin of gena setaceous. Antenna yellow-orange. Scutum and scutellum orange, shining. Scutum uniformly setose, densely microtrichose. Scutellum partly microtrichose; trapezoidal in males, rounder in females; 1.7 times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.2 times as long as basal. Pleuron orange, with yellow stripe running through middle; katepisternum and lower half of meron dark brown. Legs yellow ochre; coxa brown; mid tibia with three anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle, in male with an unequal pair of flattened, iridescent, overlapping preapical anteroventral setae (Fig. 174). Wing pad (Figs. 26, 169) clavate in male, reduced and spearhead-shaped in female. Abdomen black, shining, densely microtrichose; tergites and sternites each with a distal row of setae. Epandrium and synsternite 6+7 reddish-brown.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 164) shallowly emarginate in posteromedial sixth, flanked by setae, with the strongest setae nearest the margin, and giving rise to a pair of very dark, clasper-like processes. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 163) with narrow medial bridge; posteromedially with a membranous pouch bearing minute spinules. Cercus (Figs. 27, 161, 162) ax-head shaped, thick but narrow at base, the blade compressed and most expanded distally; outer margin bearing several widely-spaced setae, and a longer seta at mid-length. Surstylus (Figs. 27, 161, 162) about 3.5 times as long as wide; posterior margin irregular, setaceous; anterior margin angled; apex rounded. Postgonite (Fig. 167) curved; descending arm slender, of uniform width, with three basal sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite undeveloped, rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus slender. Hypandrium (Fig. 168) with medial rod medially slightly constricted and apically rounded and dilated to the right; posteromedial fork very short; hypandrial arms oblong, the left arm with a blunt marginal tooth at anterodistal third; pregonite clavate, twothirds length of hypandrial arm. Aedeagus as in Figures 165 and 166. Basiphallus compressed, squared; posteroventrally with a small hump; anterior margin arched; articulatory process for postgonite rod-shaped, erect. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite fused ventrobasally by a narrow bridge; dorsal margin nearly straight, diverging and sinuous beyond basal third, medially with a patch of minute spinules. Ventral flanking sclerites darker; the club-shaped sclerite fused along ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, distally abruptly bent upward into a hammer-shaped process bearing numerous suspended minute denticles; the medial article sharply pointed beneath, confluent with ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite then ascending with club-shaped sclerite and terminating beyond in a rounded apex; the broad distal article ventrally with a triangular lobe curling inward and converging in the middle. Medial paired sclerites originating from inside of medial article of ventral flanking sclerite, sharply bent upward, convergent and tapered between and above club-shaped sclerites.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct apparently absent. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 170–172) convex, its outer margins rounded; with several setae. Cercus three times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and two preapical setae. Hypoproct (Fig. 172) very pale, narrowly ring-shaped. Spermathecae (Fig. 173) simple; sclerotized ducts slightly longer than the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. Abdominal colouration is dark brown in lighter individuals. Females tend to be darker; the legs, which are unicolorous in the males, may have contrasting brown tibiae in females.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is Greek for “hammer,” describing the club-shaped process of the distiphallus.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, DEBU. HONDURAS: Guisayote, 20.5 km E Ocotepeque, 2170 m, 14.vi.1994, cloud forest litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. HONDURAS: Ocotepeque, same label as holotype but dated 13.vi.1994 (4♂, DEBU); same label as holotype (2♂, ♀, DEBU; 3♂, 3♀, EAPZ); same label as holotype but dated 16.vi.1994 (2♂, 6♀, DEBU); Nueva Ocotepeque, 13 km E, 14°25’11”N, 89°4’10”W, 2190 m, 26.v.2010, cloud forest leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU). EL SALVADOR: Chalatenango, El Pital, 13.1 Km N, San Ignacio, 2850 m, 28.viii.1994, cloud forest litter Berlese, R.S. Anderson (4♂, ♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella sphyra exhibits sexual dimorphism in wing shape; in contrast to other species, females are not entirely wingless but retain small wing pads. This species shares similar distiphallic structures with A. pennifera, but is unusual in the A. corona species group in possessing an unusually large, square basiphallus. The combination of bicoloured body and unmarked frons is unique to this species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFBEFFAFFDC7FA81FC3909DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFB9FFAEFDC7FB3CFE490AA1.text	038487F1FFB9FFAEFDC7FB3CFE490AA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella pennifera Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella pennifera Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 28–30, and 175–186</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 28 and 29. Body length 1.3–1.4 mm. Head ground color dull yellow. Frons finely rugose except for shiny base of inner vertical bristle; pale areas silvery, the lateral pair attaining occiput and sharply converging behind; dark brown medial stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons, meeting along the anterior margin; dark brown orbital stripes each half the width of medial stripe, scarcely reaching ocular emargination; ocular emargination with pale silvery spot. Ocellar tubercle raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle twofifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Face shining; lunule silvery; facial excavation with a broad silvery-white band continuing onto anterior twothirds of gena; clypeus and lower margin of gena dark brown; gena setaceous. Antenna light tan. Scutum and scutellum black with reddish-brown tinge, shining. Scutum uniformly setose. Scutellum bare; flat, twice wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 2.3 times as long as basal. Pleuron dark brown. Legs brown; mid and hind coxae black; tarsi light brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle; male mid femur ventrally with long setae. Wing pad (Figs. 29, 181) clavate in male, length subequal to width of scutellum; reduced in female to brown stub. Abdomen black, shining; tergites each with two rows of long setae, microtrichose basally except on syntergite; sternites finely microtrichose, with longer setae posteriorly.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 30, 178) posteromedially emarginate, with a very dark, slender medial protuberance; the raised margins of emargination bearing thick setae, surrounded by numerous short and long setae. Synsternite 6+7 as in Figure 177. Tab-like piece (Figs. 30, 178) a dark sclerotized process with two truncate lobes. Cercus (Figs. 30, 175, 176) 3.5 times as long as basal width; gradually compressed distally, but apex dilated and truncate; basal third with a long outer seta reaching apex; outer margin from midlength to apex bearing four widely-spaced setae. Surstylus (Figs. 30, 175, 176) rectangular, about twice as long as wide; posterior face bearing numerous long setae. Postgonite (Fig. 180) curved; descending arm gradually tapering to a point, medially with one sensory seta; articulatory process for pregonite undeveloped; articulatory process for basiphallus knobbed with large anterior tooth. Hypandrium (Fig. 182) with medial rod medially slightly constricted and apically rounded; posteromedial fork narrow and divergent; hypandrial arms oblong, the left arm broader and seemingly distorted; pregonite clubbed on both ends, four-fifths length of hypandrial arm. Aedeagus as in Figure 179. Basiphallus compressed, arched; articulatory process for postgonite broad and erect; posteroventrally humped. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerites broadly fused ventrobasally; basal margin medially deeply excavated; dorsal margins widely spaced, meeting only in basal fifth, medially with a patch of minute spinules. Ventral flanking sclerites with a hatchet-shaped and heavily sclerotized club-shaped sclerite, crowned with dense suspended rows of minute trifid denticles; the arched medial article pointed beneath and broad, with a narrow and arching ascending arm terminating in an elliptical dilation; the broad distal article terminating in a round, folded lobe, ventrally with a rounded lobe curling inward and converging in the middle, on itself. Medial paired sclerites originating distally to the bend of the club-shaped sclerite and ascending with it, then leveling and terminating in a truncated, slightly upwardly curved apex.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct inconspicuous. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 183–185) shallowly convex, subquadrate; with a few setae near margin. Tergite 7 (Fig. 183) posteromedially notched. Cercus three times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several preapical setae. Hypoproct (Figs. 184, 185) reduced to two discs, each densely microtrichose and with two setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 186) simple; length of sclerotized ducts less than twice the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. Females tend to be darker in overall colouration, having especially dark legs with pale “knees,” ranging from reddish brown to dark brown, and even black in the hind femur. Setal insertions are pronounced in a few specimens, giving the scutum a punctured appearance.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the Latin penna, “feather, wing,” and Latin fero, “bear,” because of the delicate feather-shaped wing pad of the male fly.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, DEBU. GUATEMALA: El Progreso, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.9425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.083889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.9425/lat 15.083889)">Cerro Pinalón</a>, 15°5’2”N, 89°56’33”W, 2500 m, 21.ix.2008, oak/cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. GUATEMALA: El Progreso, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.94195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.0824995" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.94195/lat 15.0824995)">Cerro Pinalón</a>, 15°4’57”N, 89°56’31”W, 2560 m, 17.ix.2008, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. Branstetter (♀, DEBU); same label as holotype (7♂, 4♀, DEBU); 15°5’3”N, 89°56’34”W, 2570 m, 21.ix.2008, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, L. Sáenz (♂, DEBU); 15°5’2”N, 89°56’40”W, 2560 m, 30.iv.2009, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter (♀, DEBU); same as previous label but at 15°5’3”N, 89°56’44”W (17♂, 21♀, DEBU); same as previous label but at 15°5’14”N, 89°56’39”W, 2550 m (2♀, DEBU); 15°5’3”N, 89°55’57”W, 2715 m, 1.v.2009, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter (♀, DEBU); same as previous label but at 15°5’4”N, 89°56’17”W, 2640 m (♂, 6♀); same as previous label but at 15°4’59”N, 89°55’20”W, 2845 m (3♂, 2♀, UVGC); same as previous label but at 15°5’1”N, 89°57’11”W, 2500 m, 2.v.2009 (♂, 3♀, UVGC); 15°5’7”N, 89°57’3”W, 2465 m, 2.v.2009, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU); peak, 15°4’52”N, 89°55’15”W, 2900 m, 1–5.v.2009, litter under shrubs, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU); trail to peak, 15°5’3”N, 89°55’57”W, 2700 m, 1–5.v.2009, mixed oak litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, 4♀, DEBU); 15°5’5”N, 89°56’6”W, 2680 m, 1–5.v.2009, cloud forest litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU); near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.95305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.083611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.95305/lat 15.083611)">Peña del Ángel</a>, 15°5’1”N, 89°57’11”W, 2500 m, 1–5.v.2009, mixed oak litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU); trail to <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.084167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.95/lat 15.084167)">Peña del Ángel</a>, 15°5’3”N, 89°57’0”W, 2520 m, 1–5.v.2009, mixed oak litter, R.S. Anderson (2♀, DEBU); Baja Verapaz, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.22139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.209167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.22139/lat 15.209167)">Biotopo El Quetzal</a>, 15°12’33”N, 90°13’17”W, 1940 m, 7.v.2009, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter (3♂, ♀, DEBU); same as previous label but at 15°12’24”N, 90°13’37”W, 2120 m, R.S. Anderson (2♂, 3♀, DEBU); 15°12’26”N, 90°13’45”W, 2150 m, 7.v.2009, ridge oak forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (3♂, 3♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella pennifera is parapatric with its sister species, A. corona, inhabiting closely situated montane cloud forests in south-central Guatemala. This sexually dimorphic species has paddle-winged males and apterous females, and is similar in external appearance to A. andersoni and A. quatuorchela. Since both sexes in these species are apterous, only female A. pennifera are likely to be misidentified, but the posteromedial notch of tergite 7 is diagnostic.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFB9FFAEFDC7FB3CFE490AA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFBBFFADFDC7FEBCFC080AC3.text	038487F1FFBBFFADFDC7FEBCFC080AC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella corona Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella corona Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 31–33, and 187–198</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 31 and 32. Body length 1.5–1.7 mm. Head (Fig. 198) ground color yelloworange. Frons finely rugose; pale areas silvery; dark brown medial stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons, outer border orange; dark brown orbital stripes each half the width of medial stripe, continuing into ocular emargination. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-fifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae yellow, in two pairs. Face shining; facial excavation with a pair of elliptical silver spots, smaller in females; clypeus brown; gena weakly shining, dark brown except along ocular margin, which is silvery in its posterior half. Antenna orange. Scutum and scutellum reddish-brown, shining. Scutum uniformly setose. Scutellum darker, bare; flat, twice wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Scutellar bristles subequal in length. Pleuron reddish-brown. Legs dark reddish-brown; front tibia orange; tarsi paler; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Male mid leg modified: mid femur ventrobasally with a row of stout setae; tibia apicoventrally with a stout, peg-like seta. Wing rudiment brown. Abdomen black, shining; tergites each with two rows of yellow setae; sternites and epandrium finely microtrichose. Epandrium and synsternite 6+7 dark reddish-brown; cercus and surstylus yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 33, 190) irregularly emarginate in posteromedial third; margins bulging and bearing five claw-like setae in two rows, flanked by long and short setae. Synsternite 6+7 as in Figure 189. Tab-like piece (Figs. 33, 189) very dark and two-pronged, consisting of two diverging flukes rising medially from a subpentagonal, scalloped plate. Cercus (Figs. 33, 187, 188) 2.5 times as long as basal width; interior and exterior margin of base excavated; outer margin medially with a seta about half as long as the cercus; apical third bearing four sensory setae. Surstylus (Figs. 33, 187, 188) lunate; outer face anteriorly expanded into a convex, rounded rectangular plate; lower half setose. Postgonite (Figs. 33, 192) curved; descending arm straight, gradually tapering, basally with three sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite undeveloped, obtuse; articulatory process for basiphallus short-stalked, knobbed with anterior bump. Hypandrium (Fig. 192) with medial rod straight and apically rounded; posteromedial fork narrow and divergent; hypandrial arms oblong, the left arm broader; pregonite clavate, two-thirds length of hypandrial arm. Aedeagus as in Figure 191. Basiphallus compressed, strongly arched, flared at articulation with distiphallus; articulatory process for postgonite spatulate and erect. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerites broadly fused ventrobasally; dorsal margins widely spaced, meeting only in basal fifth. Ventral flanking sclerites with a hatchet-shaped and heavily sclerotized club-shaped sclerite, wearing a suspended crown of strong denticles; the triangular medial article bearing a prominent dorsal arm which narrows in the apical third; the membranous distal article broad, distally curling in on itself, interior margin projected into a triangular ascending lobe. Medial paired sclerites originating distally to the bend of the club-shaped sclerite, slender portion convergent and ascending, with a ventral preapical dilation.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct apparently absent. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 194, 195) rectangular, weakly convex; margin creased to align tightly dorsally; setose. Tergite 7 (Fig. 194) less sclerotized in posteromedial third, resulting in a paler, medially pointed, lunate area. Cercus 2.5 times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several scattered setae. Hypoproct (Figs. 195, 196) indistinct with faint parenthesis-shaped margin; medially with two discs, each densely microtrichose and with two setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 197) simple; length of sclerotized ducts less than twice the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. One aberrant specimen has two orbital bristles on one side of the frons. The mid femur is orange in some specimens. Teneral specimens have a uniformly brown body.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet describes the “crown-of-thorns” on the club-shaped sclerite of the distiphallus.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, DEBU. GUATEMALA: 7 km N San Lorenzo, 2000 m, 10–17.vi.1993, dung, B.D. Gill.</p> <p>Paratypes. GUATEMALA: Zacapa, 5 mi N San Lorenzo, 13.vii.1986, flight intercept trap, J.M. Campbell (♀, DEBU); 5 mi W, 18.vii.1986, sifted piles of pine, J.M. Campbell (♀, DEBU); same label as holotype (14♂, 22♀, DEBU; 4♂, 4♀, UVGC); Cerro de los <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.678055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.113334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.678055/lat 15.113334)">Monos</a>, 15°6’48”N, 89°40’41”W, 2284 m, 6.vii.2007, mixed oak-cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella corona is a readily recognizable member of the A. corona species group, with a reddish-brown thorax and a pair of elliptical silver spots on the facial excavation. The distiphallus is equally distinctive due to the crown of large denticles on the club-shaped sclerite.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFBBFFADFDC7FEBCFC080AC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FFBAFFACFDC7FEBCFCD00AE9.text	038487F1FFBAFFACFDC7FEBCFCD00AE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella andersoni Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella andersoni Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 34–36, and 199–209</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 34 and 35. Body length 1.4–1.5 mm. Head ground color dull orange. Frons finely rugose except for shiny base of inner vertical bristle; pale areas silvery, the lateral pair converging on occiput; dark brown medial stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons, narrowing toward the anterior margin, then diffusing; dark brown orbital stripes each half the width of medial stripe; ocular emargination with pale spot. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-fifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in four pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Lunule with silvery spot; face weakly shining; facial excavation with a broad silvery-white band continuing onto anterior half of gena; clypeus dark brown; gena dull, setaceous. Antenna brown. Occiput dark brown. Scutum dark reddish-brown, shining, creased along posterolateral margin; uniformly setose, microtrichose except for area behind the crease. Scutellum black, shining, finely microtrichose; flat, twice wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.5 times as long as basal. Pleuron dark brown. Legs dark brown; trochanter yellow; fore femur apically orange; fore tibia and tarsi light brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Wing rudiment light brown. Abdomen black, shining; tergites each with two rows of long yellow setae, syntergite with three rows, basal margin densely microtrichose; sternites setose and finely microtrichose. Cercus and surstylus dull yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 202) shallowly emarginate in posteromedial sixth, bordered by many long setae. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 201) with arched medial bridge. Tab-like piece (Figs. 36, 202) a single U-shaped piece with a cylindrical base. Cercus (Figs. 36, 199, 200) tapering, twice as long as basal width; base clothed in setulae, bearing two long setae, the lower one reaching apex; apex truncate; distal half with three thick setae and an apical sensory seta. Surstylus (Figs. 36, 199, 200) subquadrate; ventral face shallowly concave and bearing long setae; posteriorly with protuberance bearing an apical and preapical ventral seta; anteriorly truncate and upwardly curved, bearing one long apical seta and a preapical sensory seta. Postgonite (Fig. 204) curved; descending arm straight, tapering to a point, basally with three marginal sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite triangular; articulatory process for basiphallus stalked, knobbed with blunt anterior tooth. Hypandrium (Fig. 205) with medial rod medially slightly constricted and apically rounded and dilated to the right; posteromedial fork deeply cleft; hypandrial arms oblong, the left arm broader; pregonite clavate, two-thirds length of hypandrial arm. Aedeagus as in Figure 203. Basiphallus compressed, strongly arched, flared at articulation with distiphallus; articulatory process for postgonite slender and erect. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerites broadly fused ventrobasally; convex; margins gradually converging. Ventral flanking sclerites darker; the spade-shaped sclerite distally compressed, fused to one another, and apically supporting a suspended crown of fine denticles; the medial article sharply pointed beneath basal article, laterally diverging, overlapping basal article and ascending; the distal article originating ventromedially to medial article, extending beyond spade-shaped sclerites, and apicoventrally hooked downward. Paired medial sclerites similar to distal article of ventral flanking sclerite and originating interiorly to it, apically pointed, dorsal margin more strongly sclerotized. An additional pair of triangular ventral sclerites present beneath ventral flanking sclerites.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 206, 207) indistinct, triangular and rounded apically; finely microtrichose. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 206–208) weakly convex, rectangular; margin rounded, meeting at dorsal and ventral corners; setaceous near margin. Cercus three times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several scattered setae. Hypoproct (Figs. 207, 208) reduced to a pair of convergent rods; apex microtrichose and with a pair of setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 209) simple; sclerotized ducts long, more than three times the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. Females tend to be darker than males in overall colouration. Teneral specimens have a uniformly brown body.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honour of Robert S. Anderson, whose leaf litter sampling provided much of the material that made this study possible.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, UNAM. MEXICO: Chiapas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.278336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.4675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.278336/lat 15.4675)">El Porvenir</a>, 15°28’3”N, 92°16’42”W, 2950 m, 27.vii.2005, oak-pine-oyamel forest litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. MEXICO: Chiapas, same label as holotype (13♂, 16♀, DEBU; 3♂, 4♀, UNAM); 2 km NE, 15°28’14”N, 92°16’48”W, 2800 m, 27.vii.2005, mixed shrub and forest litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. The fully dark brown body, legs and antennae of Aptilotella andersoni distinguish it as the darkest member of the A. corona species group. This species is known from coastal cloud forest some 60 km apart from its closest known relatives, A. quatuorchela and A. gloriosa.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FFBAFFACFDC7FEBCFCD00AE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF85FF92FDC7FEBCFACC0F78.text	038487F1FF85FF92FDC7FEBCFACC0F78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella quatuorchela Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella quatuorchela Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 37–39, and 210–222</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 37 and 38. Body length 1.3–1.4 mm. Head ground color orange. Frons finely rugose except for shining posterior quarter of orbital plate; pale areas silvery, not attaining the anterior margin, the lateral pair converging on occiput; brown medial stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons; brown orbital stripes each half the width of medial stripe; ocular emargination with small silvery spot. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-fifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Lunule with silvery spot; face shining; facial excavation with a broad silvery-white band continuing onto anterior half of gena; clypeus brown; gena weakly shining, margin dark, setaceous. Antenna orange. Scutum and scutellum dark reddish-brown, shining. Scutum deeply creased along posterolateral margin; uniformly setose, microtrichose except for crease. Scutellum finely microtrichose; flat, twice wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.4 times as long as basal. Pleuron dark brown. Legs orange in males, dark brown with light brown tarsi in females; mid and hind coxae black; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle, in males with a posteroventral comb of stout setae (Fig. 222). Wing rudiment light brown. Abdomen black, shining; uniformly finely microtrichose; tergites each with two rows of long yellow setae; sternites with shorter setae. Epandrium and synsternite 6+7 dark reddish-brown; cercus and surstylus orange.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 39, 213) posteromedially with a V-shaped marginal notch inside a lightly sclerotized concavity, this area surrounded by many setae and a marginal sclerotized stub. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 212) very robust, 0.8 times as long as wide; medial bridge broad, posteromedial margin with a membranous protuberance. Tab-like piece (Figs. 39, 213) consisting of a pair of heavily sclerotized saddle-shaped processes fused by a broad, thin strap that articulates within the notch of sternite 5. Cercus (Figs. 39, 210, 211) gradually tapering, 2.5 times as long as basal width; apex truncate; clothed in setulae; one long seta present at base, another near lateral margin at the basal third, distal half toward apex with 4–5 setae of decreasing size. Surstylus (Figs. 39, 210, 211) a compressed cone, posteriorly expanded into a broadly rounded lobe bearing setae of various sizes; base above the lobe with elongate protuberance bearing several small ventral setae, one long lateral seta, and one apical seta. Postgonite (Fig. 216) curved; descending arm slender, slightly sinuous, anterior margin with three evenly spaced sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite triangular; articulatory process for basiphallus stalked, knobbed with small anterior bump. Hypandrium (Fig. 217) with medial rod straight and apically truncate; posteromedial fork narrow, divergent, and webbed; hypandrial arms oblong, the left arm broader, with blunt marginal tooth at anterodistal third; pregonite irregularly clavate, four-fifths length of hypandrial arm. Aedeagus as in Figures 214 and 215. Basiphallus compressed, arched; articulatory process for postgonite broad and erect. Ejaculatory apodeme discoid, apically slightly upturned. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerites broadly fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin rolled, straight; distal margin squarely excavated in middle. Ventral flanking sclerites heavily sclerotized; the spade-shaped sclerite distally compressed, fused to one another by a sclerotized U-shaped belt, and dorsally supporting a loose suspension of small denticles; the elongate medial article sharply pointed before ventromedial margin of spatulate sclerite and rising next to it; the bilobed distal article originating from beneath medial article, pincer-like in appearance due to the inward arching of the broad outer lobe against the slimmer inner lobe, the latter bearing a prominent triangular lobe on its outer face. Paired medial sclerites originating from beneath spatulate sclerite, similarly shaped but slimmer.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 218, 219) triangular, apically rounded and microtrichose. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 218–220) convex, upper third bent and shining; margin rounded, dorsally indented to align with epiproct; sparsely setaceous. Cercus 2.5 times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several preapical setae. Hypoproct (Fig. 220) very pale, triangular, basal corners laterally drawn out into triangular lobe; apex microtrichose and with two pairs of setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 221) simple; length of sclerotized ducts more than twice the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. The colouration of the legs is generally considerably darker and contrasting in the females, compared to uniform orange in most, but not all males. Teneral specimens have a uniformly brown body.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the Latin quattuor, “four,” and chela, “claw,” a description of the claw-like array club-shaped sclerites, paired medial sclerites, and the distal article of each ventral flanking sclerite in the distiphallus.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, UNAM. MEXICO: Chiapas, El Triunfo Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.81167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.669445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.81167/lat 15.669445)">Pico El Triunfo</a>, 15°40’10”N, 92°48’42”W, 2400 m, 16–21.xi.2001, cloud forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. MEXICO: Chiapas, same label as holotype (12♂, 6♀, DEBU; 4♂, 3♀, UNAM); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.716666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.933334/lat 15.716666)">Custepec</a>, 3.5 km ESE, 15°43’N, 92°56’W, 1800 m, 17.vii.2007, M.G. Branstetter (♂, DEBU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.93222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.710278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.93222/lat 15.710278)">Custepec</a>, 4 km SE, 15°42’37”N, 92°55’56”W, 1960 m, 18.v.2008, mixed hardwood forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.93111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.707778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.93111/lat 15.707778)">Custepec</a>, 4 km SE, 15°42’28”N, 92°55’52”W, 2150 m, 21.v.2008, ridge oak forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella quatuorchela and A. gloriosa occur sympatrically and appear to be equally common within their range. The male genitalia of A. quatuorchela differs from that of its boldly coloured cousin and A. andersoni by the long and stout cercus, fused saddle-shaped tab-like piece of sternite 5, weakly arched basiphallus, and ventral flanking sclerites with strongly ascending articles and a chelate distal article. This is also the only species of the three to possess a posteroventral setal comb on the male mid tibia. The sexes are readily distinguished by the leg colour, which is orange in males and dark brown with brown tarsi in females.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF85FF92FDC7FEBCFACC0F78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF84FF91FDC7FC9FFCA90FF4.text	038487F1FF84FF91FDC7FC9FFCA90FF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella gloriosa Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella gloriosa Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 40–42, and 223–233</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 40 and 41. Body length 1.3–1.4 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Frons finely rugose except for shining posterior third of orbital plate; pale areas silvery, most conspicuously at the anterior end of the lateral pair; brown medial stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons, diffuse along the anterior margin; brown orbital stripes each half the width of medial stripe, continuing into ocular emargination. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle two-fifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Lunule with silvery spot; face shining; facial excavation with a broad silvery-white band continuing onto anterior half of gena; gena weakly shining, setaceous. Antenna brown. Scutum yellow-orange, shining, deeply creased along posterolateral margin; uniformly setose. Scutellum brown, shining, finely microtrichose; flat, 2.2 times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.9 times as long as basal. Pleuron dark brown, with broad yellow stripe through middle, appearing continuous with gena. Legs yellow ochre; mid and hind coxae and basal half of hind femur dark brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle; male mid femur with a ventrobasal setal comb. Wing rudiment brown. Abdomen black, shining; tergites each with two rows of long yellow setae, basal half densely microtrichose; sternites setose and finely microtrichose. Cercus and surstylus orange.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 42, 226) twice deeply excavated in posteromedial quarter, the outer margin of each excavation lobed and lined with setae; the node between the excavations narrowing to a stem bearing a pair of curved setae and fused to the tab-like piece. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 225) robust, 0.8 times as long as wide; medial bridge short, posteromedially with a lightly-sclerotized tubercle clothed in minute bumps, resting on a free process resembling half of a hollow cone. Tab-like piece (Figs. 42, 226) antler-like, consisting of a pair of flattened curved branches, basally joined to a heavily sclerotized tubercle bearing a darker, shorter pair of branches. Cercus (Figs. 42, 223, 224) bladelike, strongly compressed with gently curving posterior margin; 3.5 times as long as basal width; base only one-fifth of the length but bearing a very long outer seta that nearly reaches the apex; distal half toward apex with three evenly spaced setae of decreasing size. Surstylus (Figs. 42, 223, 224) saddle-shaped, ventral face shallowly concave and bearing long setae; anteriorly upturned. Postgonite (Figs. 42, 228) curved; descending arm tapered to a point, medially with three sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite triangular and rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus short-stalked, knobbed with blunt anterior tooth. Hypandrium (Fig. 229) with medial rod straight, gradually narrowing, and apically truncate; posteromedial fork narrow and deeply cleft; hypandrial arms oblong; pregonite irregularly clavate, subequal to length of hypandrial arm. Aedeagus as in Figure 227. Basiphallus compressed, strongly arched, flared at articulation with distiphallus; articulatory process for postgonite slender, erect. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerites broadly fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin darker, rolled, meeting ventral margin at a blunt point. Ventral flanking sclerites with very broad clubshaped sclerite, occupying most of ventral surface, not fused to and projecting beyond lateral flanking sclerite; the medial article sharply pointed beneath basal article and broadly lobed dorsally; the twisting distal article originating from below distal portion of medial article and ascending as a prominent, strongly arched lobe. Medial paired sclerites originating distally to medial article of ventral flanking sclerite, slender portion convergent and ascending.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 230, 231) triangular, finely microtrichose. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 230–232) convex, with a shallow ridge in ventral half; margin rounded and creased to align tightly dorsally; with a row of setae. Cercus three times as long as wide; with one longer apical and several scattered setae. Hypoproct (Fig. 232) very pale, triangular; finely microtrichose and with two pairs of setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 233) simple; length of sclerotized ducts more than twice the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. Females are often darker, with the femora dark brown in the basal half. One male specimen has a yellow scutellum.</p> <p>Etymology. Aptilotella gloriosa is named for its splendid colouration.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, UNAM. MEXICO: Chiapas, El Triunfo Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.81167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.669445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.81167/lat 15.669445)">Pico El Triunfo</a>, 15°40’10”N, 92°48’42”W, 2400 m, 16–21.xi.2001, cloud forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. MEXICO: Chiapas, same label as holotype (14♂, 18♀, DEBU; 3♂, 4♀, UNAM).</p> <p>Comments. The striking orange-and-black colour scheme of Aptilotella gloriosa immediately distinguishes it from its dark brown sympatric relatives, and is matched only by A. sphyra, which has paddle wings and an unmarked frons. This is also the only member of the A. corona species group in which the tab-like piece is fused to male sternite 5. The very thin bladelike cercus is also distinctive.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF84FF91FDC7FC9FFCA90FF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF87FF90FDC7FD15FDDD0F00.text	038487F1FF87FF90FDC7FD15FDDD0F00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella simplex Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella simplex Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 234–244</p> <p>Description. Body length 1.3 mm. Head ground color red-orange. Frons with polished interfrontal plate. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised; ocelli absent; small medial seta present; ocellar bristle subequal to the length of frons. Orbital bristle absent; orbital setulae minute, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Face, clypeus, and posterior half of gena brown; gena rugose, lower margin with several long setae. Antenna reddish-brown, pedicel darker. Scutum red-orange, shining, rugose; uniformly setose, posterior third microtrichose. Scutellum dark reddish-brown, finely microtrichose; 2.5 times as wide as long, 0.6 times width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles long, 0.9 times as long as basal. Pleurites reddish-brown, weakly shining; laterotergite black. Legs dark reddishbrown; coxae dark brown; fore tibia and first fore tarsomere dark brown; distal tarsomeres of fore tarsus off-white; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one preapical posterodorsal bristle. Wing rudiment black. Abdomen black, shining, finely rugose; tergites and sternites uniformly setose and microtrichose.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 237) rectangular with scattered short setae; posterior margin slightly pointed medially. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 236) with medial bridge flanked by a stout prong on both sides, posteromedially with a membranous pouch clothed in minute denticles. Cercus (Figs. 234, 235) 1.7 times as long as basal width; base swollen, broad, medially with a seta, lower margin with a long seta subequal to the length of cercus; the distal half curving, with two sensory setae. Surstylus (Figs. 234, 235) pyramidal; posterior face with numerous long setae, interior half with a thick finger-like bristle; anterior margin with triangular medial excavation. Postgonite (Fig. 239) 3 times as long as wide; posterior margin sinuate; descending portion half the length of postgonite, with two sensory setulae along inner margin; articulatory process for pregonite triangular; articulatory process for basiphallus broad, with two blunt teeth. Hypandrium (Fig. 240) with medial rod apically broadly fan-shaped; posteromedial fork thick and shallow; hypandrial arms short, irregularly truncate; pregonite minute, irregularly rectangular. Aedeagus as in Figure 238. Basiphallus compressed, squared, with truncate epiphallus; anterior margin weakly arched; articulatory process for postgonite short and divergent. Ejaculatory apodeme discoid, inconspicuous. Ventrobasal sclerite divided. Lateral flanking sclerite narrowly fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin darkened, straight; distal quarter clothed in very fine spinules, dorsally with a field of suspended spinules. Ventral flanking sclerites darker; the basal article fused along ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, with a thin, tapered dorsal arm; the rod-shaped medial article originating ventrodistally to basal article; the paddle-shaped distal article originating above dorsal margin of medial article, distal margin with a dark, rod-shaped lobe.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 241, 242) rectangular, weakly sclerotized. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 241–243) triangular, convex; dorsal margin curved; apex truncate; with scattered setae. Cercus twice as long as wide; with numerous preapical setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 244) cylindrical, finely ridged; apex invaginated; ducts short, less than the diameter of a spermatheca, lightly sclerotized, bent at collar.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the unusually featureless sternite 5.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, INBC. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.79806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.344999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.79806/lat 10.344999)">Santa Elena Cloud Forest Reserve</a>, 10°20’42”N, 84°47’53”W, 1650 m, cloud forest litter, 11.vi.2001, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, same label as holotype (♀, DEBU); Puntarenas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.79694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.314722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.79694/lat 10.314722)">Monteverde Biological Station</a>, 10°18’53”N, 84°47’49”W, 1800 m, cloud forest litter, 10.vi.2001, R.S. Anderson (2♂, ♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella simplex is distinctive in having a nearly straight posterior margin of the male sternite 5. The fore leg is boldly patterned in both sexes, and is strikingly similar to that of A. gracilis and A. gladia, the apterous limosinine Myrmolimosina andersoni Marshall and even a brachypterous Aluligera from Africa (Richards, 1955). Field observations could yield insight into the potential behavioural functions of these remarkably convergent fore limbs.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF87FF90FDC7FD15FDDD0F00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF86FF97FDC7FC4EFD7D0CD7.text	038487F1FF86FF97FDC7FC4EFD7D0CD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella solaria Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella solaria Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 245–251</p> <p>Description. Body length 1.1–1.4 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Frons finely rugose, with yellow stripe medially and along interfrontal sutures; brown medial stripes each about one-fifth the width of frons, narrowing toward the anterior margin; brown orbital stripes each half the width of medial stripe; ocular emargination with small pale spot. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli minute; minute medial seta present; ocellar bristle four-fifths the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in two pairs. Interfrontal setae in three pairs, the middle pair longest. Lunule light brown; face shining; gena rugose, with setulose lower margin. Antenna brown. Scutum orange, dark reddish-brown along margins and in posterior half, shining; uniformly setose. Scutellum black, shining, bare; flat, 2.5 times wider than long, 0.8 times width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.6 times as long as basal. Pleuron reddish-brown, weakly shining; anepisternum yellow-orange. Legs dull orange; coxae black; tibiae and basal half of mid and hind femora dark brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle; tibia with a ventrodistal comb. Wing rudiment, pale. Abdomen black, shining; tergites each with several rows of long setae, basal margin densely microtrichose; sternites setulose and finely microtrichose. Cercus and surstylus dull orange.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 248) in posteromedial three-fifths deeply emarginate halfway into the sternite, with two semicircular notches at each side, long setae along lateral margin, and marginal microtrichosity and denticles between the notches. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 247) apparently with medial bridge incomplete on right side, posteromedially with a membrane articulating with sternite 5 and clothed in strong denticles. Cercus (Figs. 245, 246) 1.7 times as long as basal width; base broad, inner margin with tubercle, lower margin with two setae margin, of which the outermost seta is about half the length of cercus; the distal two-thirds gradually tapering and curving. Surstylus (Figs. 245, 246) bulbous; anteriorly truncate with numerous sensory setae; ventrally flat, densely setaceous, with a large forward-pointing tubercle bearing three stout, divergent, claw-like setae. Postgonite (Fig. 250) 2.5 times as long as wide; posterior margin basally straight; descending portion tapering, with three sensory setulae preapically along inner margin; articulatory process for pregonite rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus stalked, knobbed with large blunt tooth. Hypandrium (Fig. 251) with discoid base, bearing a round lobe arising nearly vertically and perpendicular to medial rod; medial rod apically truncate, slightly slanted to the right; hypandrial arms slender, abruptly bent midway; pregonite truncate, fused to medial rod. Aedeagus as in Figure 249. Basiphallus cylindrical; anterior margin weakly arched; articulatory process for postgonite truncate and divergent. Ejaculatory apodeme discoid with four sensory pores, preapically with a short stem. Ventrobasal sclerite single. Lateral flanking sclerite divergent, fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin slightly rolled, basally produced into a triangular tooth; distal margin nearly vertical, dorsally projecting into squared apex. Ventral flanking sclerites dark; the basal article fused along ventral and distal margin of lateral flanking sclerite; the elongate medial article rising, its ventral margin curving apically to form a point with the nearly straight dorsal margin, apicodorsally bearing a cloud of suspended denticles; the distal article small, arising inside of medial article and curving upward.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Not examined; retracted from view in the single female specimen.</p> <p>Variation. The pleuron is extensively yellow-orange in the female specimen.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is the Latin solarium, “sundial,” because the discoid hypandrial base with its erect “sail” resembles a sundial.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, DEBU. GUATEMALA: El Progreso, Cerro Pinalón, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.92083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.081111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.92083/lat 15.081111)">Peak</a>, 15°4’52”N, 89°55’15”W, 2900 m, 1–5.v.2009, hardwood litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. GUATEMALA: same label as holotype (♀, DEBU); same label as holotype but nr. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.92083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.082222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.92083/lat 15.082222)">Peak</a>, 15°4’56”N, 89°55’15”W, 2870 m (♂, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella solaria and A. radians are the only Aptilotella with a twice emarginate male sternite 5, squat distiphallus, and discoid ejaculatory apodeme with four sensory pores and a slender stem. Although Aptilotella solaria lacks the bold facial stripes and scutal pruinosity of its sister species, it possesses an attractive yellow-striped frons and bright orange scutum. Its hypandrial morphology is unique in the genus. This species is sympatric with the distantly related A. pennifera.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF86FF97FDC7FC4EFD7D0CD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF81FF96FDC7FC0FFBF40940.text	038487F1FF81FF96FDC7FC0FFBF40940.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella radians Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella radians Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 43–45, and 252–264</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 43 and 44. Body length 1.0– 1.6 mm. Head (Fig. 260) ground color yellow. Frons finely rugose except for smooth pale area of interfrontal plate; dark brown stripes each about one-fourth the width of frons; orbital stripes darker and confined to posterior corners of frons. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised; ocelli present; ocellar bristle approximately two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae small, in two pairs. Interfrontal setae small, in four pairs. Face and gena shining, with a brown stripe from ventral margin of eye to oral margin between excavation and gena, continuing onto clypeus; clypeus broad. Maxillary palps brown. Antenna yellow, pedicel brown. Occiput dark brown, as well as a narrow strip on gena below the eye. Scutum dark reddish-brown, shining except for pruinose medial half and broken patches of pruinosity along the lateral margins; pruinose area with one medial and two bordering narrow longitudinal vittae, of which only the medial vitta attains the entire length of scutum; uniformly setose; supra-alar strong, subequal to the length of scutum. Scutellum black, convex, bare; twice wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.7 times as long as basal. Pleuron black; proepisternum and anepisternum mostly orange. Legs dark brown; mid and hind coxae black; fore femur brown; tarsi and distal third of mid and hind femora yellow; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Wing rudiment yellowish. Abdomen black, shining; tergites uniformly setose, basal margin microtrichose except for syntergite; sternites finely microtrichose. Epandrium and synsternite 6+7 reddishbrown; cercus and surstylus dull yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 45, 255) with two semicircular emarginations at each third of posterior margin, into which the cerci retract; setose and marginally microtrichose in between. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 254) with extremely narrow medial bridge, lined interiorly by a broad membrane. Cercus (Figs. 45, 252, 253) triangular, compressed; apex irregularly truncate and bearing four blunt claw-like spines, and a long seta anterior to them; basal two-thirds of ventral margin forming a curved process extending beyond apex. Surstylus (Figs. 45, 252, 253) three-sided, each face concave; anterobasally compressed into a truncate lobe; posteroventral face densely setaceous. Postgonite (Fig. 258) broad, 1.5 times as long as wide; posterior margin medially with a truncate hump; apex calloused; articulatory process for pregonite truncate; articulatory process for basiphallus stalked, knobbed with strong ventral tooth; margin slanted between the two processes. Hypandrium (Fig. 259) Y-shaped; medial rod straight and apically dilated and truncate; hypandrial arms curved and apparently fused to medial rod, apex pointed, anterior margin with a basal tooth; pregonite truncate, fused to medial rod. Aedeagus as in Figures 256 and 257. Basiphallus cylindrical; posteroventrally humped, appearing boot-shaped in lateral profile; articulatory process for postgonite rounded and divergent. Ejaculatory apodeme discoid with four sensory pores, arising on a slender stem. Ventrobasal sclerite very narrow. Lateral flanking sclerite divergent, fused ventrobasally by a broad bridge which has a posteromedial truncate lobe; dorsal margin slightly rolled, basally produced into a triangular tooth; apex round and slightly dilated, its lower margin supporting a wrinkled and lightly membranous sac. Ventral flanking sclerites dark; the slender basal article fused along ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, apically elongated into a descending arm; the warped spindle-shaped distal article tapered and converging basally, its dorsal margin roughly following the contour of basal article, laterally with pale, warped, and rounded outer lobe and a larger inclined and triangular inner lobe.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 261, 262) very pale, subpentagonal; with a patch of setae and microtrichosity. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 261–263) convex; apex drawn out and rounded; dorsal half microtrichose and with several setae. Tergite 7 (Fig. 261) divided; each half densely covered in curled setulae and laterally with four long marginal setae. Cercus 2.5 times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and three preapical setae. Hypoproct (Figs. 262, 263) a semicircular band; margin more sclerotized and weakly microtrichose. Spermathecae (Fig. 264) pear-shaped, finely ridged; apex invaginated, internally with several stubs; collar with a ring of stubs; ducts short, less than the length of a spermatheca, and lightly sclerotized.</p> <p>Variation. Some darker specimens have a fainter pleural stripe, while often having somewhat broader scutal stripes. The marginal pruinosity may form a complete stripe in boldly marked specimens, giving the scutum a fivestriped appearance.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is Latin for “beaming, shining,” a reference to its bold thoracic markings.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, UNAM. MEXICO: Oaxaca, Valle Nacional, 47.5 km SW, km 100.5, 2125 m, 26.vii.1992, wet oak forest leaf litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. MEXICO: Oaxaca, same label as holotype (♂, ♀, UNAM); same label as holotype but from Berlese (♀, DEBU); 48 km E, km 97, 2012 m, 25.vi–2.viii.1983, montane oak flight intercept trap, S. Peck (♀, DEBU); 35 mi S, 8000’, 10–12.viii.1970, oak, dense thicket, human dung, A. Newton (2♂, ♀, DEBU); 29.7 mi S, 6800’, 11–17.viii.1973, cloud forest dung, A. Newton (♂, DEBU); same label as previous but from carrion (♀, DEBU); 13.2 km SW, 17°39’34”N, 96°20’3”W, 1360 m, 11.viii.2009, tropical wet forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.33417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.659445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.33417/lat 17.659445)">Branstetter</a> (♀, DEBU); 26 km SW, 17°35’12”N, 96°26’58”W, 2160 m, 11.viii.2009, mixed pine-oak forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.44945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.586668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.44945/lat 17.586668)">Branstetter</a> (♂, ♀, UNAM); 20.5 km SW, 17°36’20”N, 96°23’2”W, 1770 m, 12.viii.2009, mesophyll forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.38389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.605556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.38389/lat 17.605556)">Branstetter</a> (♂, 3♀, DEBU); 27.4 km SW, 17°35’47”N, 96°28’28”W, 2280 m, 12.viii.2009, mesophyll forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.47444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.59639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.47444/lat 17.59639)">Branstetter</a> (8♂, 2♀, DEBU); 14.8 km SSW, 17°38’41”N, 96°20’11”W, 1370 m, 13.viii.2009, disturbed mesophyll forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.33639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.644722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.33639/lat 17.644722)">Branstetter</a> (2♀, DEBU); 22.4 km SW, 17°35’28”N, 96°23’29”W, 1990 m, 13.viii.2009, cloud forest, ex. sifted leaf litter, M.G. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.39139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.591112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.39139/lat 17.591112)">Branstetter</a> (♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. The pruinose scutal vittae of Aptilotella radians resemble those of the Pterogramma vittatum species group, although these markings are relatively bolder in A. radians. Features of the distiphallus reveal nothing in common between these two taxa, and the similarity in scutal pattern is likely convergent. The colouration of A. radians readily distinguishes it from all other Aptilotella species.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF81FF96FDC7FC0FFBF40940	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF80FF95FDC7FA87FB8C0EF5.text	038487F1FF80FF95FDC7FA87FB8C0EF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella ebenea Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella ebenea Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 265–275</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Aptilotella gemmula (Figs. 46, 47). Body length 0.9–1.0 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Frons finely rugose; brown medial stripes each about two-fifths the width of frons, becoming orange-bordered along the anterior margin; orbital stripes brown, confined to posterior corners of frons. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised; ocellar bristle two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle present; orbital setulae minute, in four pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Face shining; facial tubercle narrow; clypeus brown; gena dull, ventral margin brown, setaceous. Antenna brown, first flagellomere darker. Scutum and scutellum black, shining. Scutum uniformly setose; short, twice wider than long. Scutellum uniformly microtrichose; flat, 3.5 times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.7 times as long as basal. Pleuron black; upper half of anepisternum with faint reflective pruinose stripe visible from an oblique angle. Legs yellow-orange; fore and mid tibiae dark brown, hind tibia faintly banded; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Wing rudiment yellow. Abdomen black with bluish iridescence; tergites uniformly setose and microtrichose; sternites finely microtrichose. Epandrium dark reddish brown; cercus and surstylus dull yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 268) lunate; posteromedial third shallowly emarginate, giving rise to a membranous fringe with lobed corners and weak marginal setulae, and four medial sensory setae. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 267) with extremely narrow medial bridge; posteriorly with a broad membranous lining, giving rise to a medial trunk, and a lobe on each side bearing a dense hair comb. Cercus (Figs. 265, 266) triangular, its base greatly dilated into anal aperture; laterally projected into a sharply-pointed triangular articulation with a rounded epandrial cusp; one long median seta arising basal to the projection, and a small seta above it; apex tapering and slightly curved, with several small setae. Surstylus (Figs. 265, 266) triangular in cross-section; posteriorly with inner and medial rows of small setae; descending, bent at midpoint at a right angle, then continuing to a rounded apex; interiorly with a rounded preapical tooth. Postgonite (Fig. 270) 1.5 times as long as wide; descending arm short, straight, basally with three sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite undeveloped, triangular; articulatory process for basiphallus long stalked, apically truncate. Hypandrium (Fig. 271) broad; medial rod triangular and apically pointed; medial fork weakly sclerotized and shallow; hypandrial arms broadly clavate; pregonite narrowly clavate. Aedeagus as in Figure 269. Basiphallus cylindrical; articulatory process for postgonite truncate. Ejaculatory apodeme spindle-shaped, with four basal sensory pores and a short apical stalk. Ventrobasal sclerite present. Lateral flanking sclerite subquadrate, ventrobasally separate; dorsal margins well separated and divergent; distal margin giving rise to a membranous sac with a fish-scale texture. Ventral flanking sclerites darker; the basal article fused diagonally across lateral flanking sclerite; the elongate distal article nearly twice the length of lateral flanking sclerite, sharply pointed beneath basal article, apex pointed. Medial paired sclerites originating beyond distal margin of lateral flanking sclerite, slender portion convergent and ascending.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 272, 273) rectangular with rounded corners, distal margin medially shallowly indented. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 272–274) triangular, convex; ventral corners broadly rounded and converging; distal half microtrichose. Tergite 7 medially narrowed. Cercus 2.5 times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and several scattered setae. Hypoproct (Figs. 273, 274) rectangular; densely microtrichose and medially with a pair of premarginal setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 275) finely ridged; sclerotized ducts very long, five times the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Etymology. Aptilotella ebenea is named for the iridescent black colouration of the abdomen, which is reminiscent of polished ebony.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, QCAZ. ECUADOR: Pichincha, Bellavista Cloud Forest Reserve, 12 km S Nanegalito, 2150 m, 30.x.1999, cloud forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. ECUADOR: Pichincha, Bellavista Cloud Forest Reserve, 12 km S Nanegalito, 28.x.1999, cloud forest, ridge trail leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, ♀, DEBU); same label as holotype (♂, 2♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. See Aptilotella gemmula for notes on identification and distribution.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF80FF95FDC7FA87FB8C0EF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF83FF94FDC7FA14FD520828.text	038487F1FF83FF94FDC7FA14FD520828.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella gemmula Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella gemmula Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 46–48, and 276–287</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 46 and 47. Body length 0.8–1.0 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Frons finely rugose; brown medial stripes each about two-fifths the width of frons, broadening posteriorly, diffuse along the anterior margin; orbital stripes brown, narrow. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised; ocellar bristle two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle absent; orbital setulae minute, in four pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Face shining; facial tubercle narrow; excavation and clypeus brown; gena dull, with brown ventral margin. Antenna brown, first flagellomere darker. Scutum and scutellum black, shining. Scutum uniformly setose; short, twice wider than long. Scutellum uniformly microtrichose; flat, 3.5 times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.7 times as long as basal. Pleuron black, upper half of anepisternum with reflective pruinose stripe visible from an oblique angle. Legs brown; fore and mid tibiae dark brown, hind tibia faintly banded; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Wing rudiment grayish. Abdomen black with bluish iridescence; tergites uniformly setose and microtrichose; sternites finely microtrichose. Epandrium dark reddish brown; cercus and surstylus dull yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 48, 279) lunate; posteromedial fifth emarginate, the outer margins lobed inward and bearing 3–4 setae; emargination medially giving rise to a triangular process, basally to a pair of densely setaceous stubs, with a membranous lining fringed with several rows of spinules and medially bearing a pair of long medial setae. Synsternite 6+7 as in Figure 278. Cercus (Figs. 276, 277) stout and densely clothed in setulae; basal margin with one long seta medially and several setae in distal half; apex claw-like, with a preapical sensory seta. Surstylus (Figs. 276, 277) cylindroid; distally flattened and broad, anteriorly sharply pointed and medially with a blunt marginal tooth; ventral face with scattered setae. Postgonite (Fig. 282) curved; descending arm straight, slightly tapering, with two anterior marginal sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite undeveloped, triangular; articulatory process for basiphallus stalked, apically dilated. Hypandrium (Fig. 283) very broad; medial rod apically spatulate; posteromedial fork very wide; hypandrial arms apparently fused to medial rod and swept back from its spatulate apex and tapering to a point; pregonite minute and squared. Aedeagus as in Figures 280 and 281. Basiphallus short, cylindrical; articulatory process for postgonite pointed, short. Ventrobasal sclerite present. Lateral flanking sclerite partitioned in two; the basal half darker, square and fused ventrobasally by a narrow bridge; the smaller distal half pale, irregularly subquadrate, its dorsal margins divergent and with a medial tooth. Ventral flanking sclerites supporting a sail-like membrane; the slender basal article descending and with threadlike attachment to ventral corner of lateral flanking sclerite; the short medial article arising midway along the basal article; the distal article similar to basal article but ascending. Internal sclerite club-shaped, articulated with apicoventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite. Curved dorsal sclerite club-shaped, originating from inside distal ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite; apex rough and knobby.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Fig. 284) subpentagonal, with a pair of marginal teeth. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 284–286) triangular, rather small and weakly convex. Cercus three times as long as wide; with one long apical seta and three shorter preapical setae. Hypoproct (Fig. 286) rectangular; more sclerotized laterally, thus appearing divided; finely hairy, with four basal sensory setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 287) finely ridged; sclerotized ducts very long, four times the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. Colouration varies, with dark or pale stripes on the frons, and legs either uniformly or contrastingly coloured. Teneral individuals are light to reddish brown but possess the distinct iridescence.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is Latin for “a small gem,” given in reference to its iridescent abdomen, and elusive habits. Both authors searched intensively for this species at the type locality in 2009, but found only one specimen.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, QCAZ. ECUADOR: Pichincha, Bellavista Cloud Forest Reserve, 12 km S Nanegalito, 28.x.1999, cloud forest, ridge trail leaf litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. ECUADOR: Pichincha, same label as holotype (7♂, 8♀, DEBU); same locality as holotype label, 2150 m, 30.x.1999, cloud forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (4♂, 6♀, DEBU); same locality as holotype label, 0°1’13”S, 78°40’30”W, 2200 m, 9–13.v.2009, S.A. Marshall (♀, DEBU); Nono, 14 km NW, 2000 m, 24.x.1999, montane forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (2♂, 2♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella gemmula and A. ebenea are easily confused, externally differing solely by the presence of orbital bristles in the latter. The distiphallus of A. gemmula, however, has a prominent club-shaped sclerite, paired internal sclerites, and membrane-bearing ventral flanking sclerites, all of which are absent in A. ebenea. Additionally, each half of the female tergite 8 is much smaller and rounded compared to A. ebenea. The highly apomorphic hypandrium of A. gemmula is unlike any other in the genus.</p> <p>Collection data suggest that in the type locality, A. gemmula may be commoner than A. ebenea, on average outnumbering the latter at least twofold. These species are also sympatric with A. pichinchensis, a distantly related species which differs by its larger size, the lack of iridescent colouration, hooked curved dorsal sclerites and welldeveloped tripartite ventral flanking sclerites.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF83FF94FDC7FA14FD520828	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF82FF9AFDC7FB55FF1F0F00.text	038487F1FF82FF9AFDC7FB55FF1F0F00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella quadrata Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella quadrata Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 3 and 288–294</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figure 3. Body length 1.1–1.6 mm. Head ground color yellow. Frons finely rugose; pale areas attaining the occiput but not the anterior margin; brown medial stripes each about one-seventh the width of frons, with narrow orange borders; dark brown orbital stripes confined to posterior corners of frons, their orange borders confluent with the medial stripes; ocular emargination with pruinose patch. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised; ocellar bristle two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle absent; orbital setulae inconspicuous, in two pairs. Interfrontal setae inconspicuous, in three pairs. Face shining; facial tubercle bulbous; gena with black ventral margin. Antenna brown, first flagellomere paler in basal half. Occiput with dark brown margin. Scutum and scutellum black, shining. Scutum with only a few short setae. Scutellum bare; 2.4 times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 2.5 times as long as basal. Pleuron black; anepisternum and anepimeron with pale pruinose stripe. Legs orange; coxa black; femur dark orange, basal half of hind femur brown; mid tibia dark brown, with a single proximal anterodorsal bristle. Wing rudiment dark brown. Abdomen black, shining; tergites distally with a row of evenly-spaced, short setae; sternites microtrichose. Cercus and surstylus orange.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 291) narrow and asymmetrical; posteromedial half shallowly emarginate; two long, apically rounded lobes arising in posteromedial quarter, their interior margin setaeous. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 290) with humped margin before medial bridge; interior surface of medial bridge with free, saddle-shaped sclerite. Cercus (Figs. 288, 289) curved, twice as long as basal width; base triangular, with four long setae near outer margin, and a much longer marginal seta subequal to the length of cercus; distal three-fifths slender, bearing two small, well-separated sensory setae. Surstylus (Figs. 288, 289) horseshoe-shaped, basally enlarged; anterior lobe apically dilated and truncate, with scattered sensory setae; posterior lobe with setaceous outer margin, apically bearing three large, articulated, claw-like spines. Postgonite (Fig. 293) sinuate; descending arm 0.6 times the total length, of uniform width and slightly bent midway, with two distal sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite broad, rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus knobbed. Hypandrium (Fig. 294) with medial rod straight and apically truncate; hypandrial arms apparently fused to broad base, very slender, with the apex truncate and bent back; pregonite minute and squared. Aedeagus as in Figure 292. Basiphallus compressed, arched, basal lobe projecting into distiphallus; articulatory process for postgonite pointed, erect. Ejaculatory apodeme short. Lateral flanking sclerites with dark dorsal and ventral margins, broadly fused both ventro- and dorsobasally; apicodorsally armed with minute sclerotized teeth. Dorsal sclerite constricted medially, its sides forming a channel; apex laterally lobed and bearing minute sclerotized teeth. Ventral flanking sclerites with the basal article fused along ventrodistal margin of lateral flanking sclerite; the spatulate medial article sharply pointed beneath the basal article; the concave distal article fused to the medial article and sharply pointed over it.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Not examined; retracted from view in the single female specimen.</p> <p>Variation. The two specimens from the “trail to Cerro Chirripó” have the dark genal band continuing through the clypeus, a thick dark band across the facial excavation, dark brown legs, and two anterodorsal bristles on the mid tibia. Although otherwise identical to the type material, both are females and cannot be positively identified as Aptilotella quadrata.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet describes the roughly squared tergite 1 plate, a defining character of this species and sister species.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, INBC. COSTA RICA: Highway 2, km 96, 3200 m, 7–13.iv.1985, cloud forest (oak), pan trap, H. Goulet and L. Masner.</p> <p>Paratypes. COSTA RICA: San José, 2 km E <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.558333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.7/lat 9.558333)">Villa Mills</a>, 9°33’30”N, 83°42’W, 2800 m, 26.vi.1997, second growth oak forest litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU); same as previous label but at 2750 m, 15.ii.1998 (♂, DEBU); Cerro Chirripó, Base Crestones, 3350 m, 25.vi.1999, elfin forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU).</p> <p>Other material examined. COSTA RICA: Cartago, Cerro Chirripó, trail to, 2800 m, 27.vi.1999, mixed oak forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (2♀).</p> <p>Comments. Externally, Aptilotella quadrata and A. umbracatus are recognizable by their very shiny, nearly hairless body, completely separated lateral remnant of tergite 1, and unicolorous legs with one or two long anterodorsal bristles on the mid tibia. They are also distinguished from all other Aptilotella by the distiphallus with a prominent dorsal sclerite and articulated medial and distal articles of the spoon-shaped ventral flanking sclerites, the loss of the ventrobasal sclerite, and a spindle-shaped ejaculatory apodeme.</p> <p>Few members of the genus are as large and robust as Aptilotella quadrata, and not even the more slender A. involucris possesses such a prominently bilobed male sternite. A female specimen of an undescribed species, collected at carrion with A. umbracatus in Panama, is superficially similar to A. quadrata but lacks markings on the frons.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF82FF9AFDC7FB55FF1F0F00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF8CFF99FDC7FB34FAF20B6D.text	038487F1FF8CFF99FDC7FB34FAF20B6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella umbracatus Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella umbracatus Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 4, 49–51, and 295–305</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 4, 49, and 50. Body length 1.0– 1.3 mm. Head ground color yellow. Frons finely rugose, its pale areas uniformly constricted by brown stripes; medial brown stripes broad, each approximately onequarter the width of frons, diffuse along the anterior margin; orbital stripes darker, ending at ocular emargination. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised and overlapping medial stripes; ocellar bristle two-thirds the length of frons. Orbital bristle absent; orbital setulae inconspicuous, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae minute, in two pairs. Facial tubercle, excavation and gena shining. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere brown in distal two-thirds. Scutum and scutellum dark reddish-brown to black, shining. Scutum uniformly, sparsely setose, with minute patch of tomentosity on anterior margin laterally and medially; posterior margin tomentose. Scutellum microtrichose; 2.5 times wider than long, 0.7 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 2.5 times as long as basal. Pleuron black; anepisternum sometimes with a faint pruinose stripe. Legs yellow; fore coxa brown, mid and hind coxae dark brown; mid tibia and tarsus darker; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Wing rudiment yellowish. Abdomen black, shining; tergites distally with a row of evenly-spaced setae, syntergite with 2 rows; sternites finely microtrichose, with rows of longer setae posteriorly. Terminalia reddish-brown; epandrium densely microtrichose; cercus and surstylus yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 298) irregularly shallowly excised in posteromedial third, with a simple membranous lining. Synsternite 6+7 (Figs. 51, 297) densely microtrichose, with a field of minute spinules on medial bridge. Cercus (Figs. 51, 295, 296) 1.3 times as long as basal width; base triangular, with two inner setae; distal half narrow and curved, basally with a long seta half the length of cercus, and a shorter seta below. Surstylus (Figs. 51, 295, 296) irregularly angular; posteromedially with a large setaceous tubercle, beneath which are four stout setae of which the anterior one is largest; distal margin squared, with a few small sensory setae. Postgonite (Figs. 51, 300) sinuous posteriorly, descending arm one-third the total length, with a basal sensory seta; articulatory process for pregonite hooked upward and truncate; articulatory process for basiphallus reduced to a small knob. Hypandrium (Fig. 301) with medial rod straight and slightly slanted to the right; hypandrial arms apparently fused to broad base, slender, with the apex rounded and bent back; pregonite minute, triangular, and fused to base. Aedeagus as in Figure 299. Basiphallus cylindrical; posteroventrally humped, appearing boot-shaped in lateral profile; articulatory process for postgonite rounded and divergent. Ejaculatory apodeme very slender-tipped. Lateral flanking sclerites with dark dorsal and ventral margins, very narrowly fused posterodorsally and more broadly posteroventrally; dorsum densely armed with heavily-sclerotized teeth. Dorsal sclerite very dark; flattened; apex curved upwards and broadly rounded, with a rudder-like ventral keel. Ventral flanking sclerites paddleshaped; the triangular medial article sharply pointed beneath the basal article; the distal article darkest and irregularly ovate.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Tergite 7 divided medially; distal half densely microtrichose, with several marginal setae. Epiproct semicircular. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 302–304) rhomboid, with a weak medial ridge. Cercus three times as long as wide; truncate. Hypoproct a narrow band. Spermathecae (Fig. 305) ridged; collar with two rings of minute stubs; sclerotized ducts very short, less than the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. Some series consist of darker and barer individuals. These specimens, while possessing the unmistakable dorsal sclerite which characterises Aptilotella umbracatus, differ by most to all of the following: darker overall colour; legs dull yellow to orange, often paler distally; all coxae dark; scutum lacking anteromedial patch of tomentosity; scutellum lacking microtrichosity.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the Latin umbra, “shadow,” and acatus, “a boat or light vessel,” in reference to the starkly contrasting, rudder-like dorsal sclerite of the distiphallus.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, DEBU. PANAMA: Chiriquí, 4.5 km E Cerro Punta, 2500 m, 23–28.v.1977, carrion, S. Peck.</p> <p>Paratypes. PANAMA: Chiriquí, same label as holotype (9♂, 4♀, DEBU); 2 km E Cerro Punta, 2200 m, 28.v. – 8.vi.1977, dung traps, S. Peck (2♂, ♀, DEBU); same locality as previous label, 1–8.vi.1977, carrion traps, S. Peck (♂, DEBU); same locality as previous label, 8.vi.1977, dung, S. Peck (♂, ♀, DEBU); Boquete, 5.7 km NE, 1500 m, 19.vi.1995, mixed oak forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, ♀, DEBU); Boquete, 5.8 km NE, 14.vi.1996, oak forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU); Volcán Barú National Park, 5.9 km E Cerro Punta, 2400 m, 14.vi.1995, oak ridge-bamboo forest, litter, R.S. Anderson (2♂, ♀, DEBU); same as previous label but at 2150 m, riparian alder forest (♀, DEBU); Volcán Barú National Park, 11 km W Boquete, 2150 m, 18.vi.1995, mixed oak forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (3♂, 4♀, DEBU); Cerro Pando, 12 km NE Santa Clara, 2120 m, 17.vi.1996, wet cloud forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU); Hartmann’s Finca, 30.7 km W Volcán, 1800 m, 16.vi.1995, mixed oak forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU); La Fortuna area, Finca La Suisse, 1450–1600 m, 11.vi.1995, oak ridge forest, litter, R.S. Anderson (2♂, ♀, DEBU); La Fortuna area, Finca La Suisse, 1450 m, 12.vi.1995, wet montane forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU). COSTA RICA: Limón, Valle del Silencio, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.961945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.110278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.961945/lat 9.110278)">La Estación</a>, 9°6’37”N, 82°57’43”W, 2473 m, 26–27.ii.2005, forest litter, R.S. Anderson (4♂, 2♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella umbracatus has a known range occupying the southerly slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca in Panama and neighbouring Costa Rica. This species is significantly smaller than A. quadrata and not as boldly marked. The scutal tomentosity and rudder-like dorsal sclerite of the distiphallus are diagnostic.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF8CFF99FDC7FB34FAF20B6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF8FFF98FDC7F8ECFE310A30.text	038487F1FF8FFF98FDC7F8ECFE310A30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella angela Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella angela Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 2 and 306–316</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figure 2. Body length 1.1–1.5 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Orbital plate shining, darkened behind antennal insertions, with a somewhat paler spot in ocular emargination; interfrontal plate finely rugose; brown medial stripes each approximately one-fifth the width of frons, diffuse along the anterior margin. Ocellar tubercle raised, shining; ocellar bristle subequal to the length of frons. Orbital bristle absent; orbital setulae small, in four pairs. Interfrontal setae long, in two pairs. Face shining; facial tubercle conical, excavation very shallow, with slightly infuscated margin; gena paler, weakly shining and finely rugose. Antenna black, first flagellomere brown. Occiput black. Scutum and scutellum black, shining. Scutum uniformly, sparsely setose. Scutellum bare; three times wider than long, two-thirds the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.4 times as long as basal. Pleuron black. Legs bicoloured; coxa black; trochanter orange; femur black except for orange apex; fore and mid tibiae black, orange basally and apically; hind tibia black except for broad orange band basally and along mid-length; tarsus orange, darkening distally; mid tibia with a single distal anterodorsal bristle. Wing rudiment brown. Abdomen black, shining; tergites uniformly setose, basal margin densely microtrichose except for syntergite; sternites finely microtrichose, with rows of setae posteriorly. Cercus red-orange.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 309) medially with a field of minute spinules; posteromedial margin giving rise to a somewhat membranous, shallowly concave shelf, covered in rows of bifid or trifid spinules, flanked on each side by a setal cluster. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 308) flanked on each side of medial bridge by a curved arm, posteromedially with pouch-like membrane attaching to the marginal shelf of sternite 5. Cercus (Figs. 306, 307) slender, curved, three times as long as basal width; base dilated, margin interiorly deeply excavated; inner basal margin with three long setae in a row and one long seta adjacent to the basal two, this seta two-thirds the length of cercus; apex bearing a stout, recurved seta. Surstylus (Figs. 306, 307) conical; outer face anteriorly expanded into a rounded rectangular plate, about 1.5 times as long as the height of cone, bearing scattered sensory setae, and with a tuberculate posteroventral corner bearing numerous divergent setae. Postgonite (Fig. 311) sinuate; descending arm gradually curving and tapering, with several marginal sensory setae; articulatory process for pregonite triangular and rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus short-stalked and knobbed. Hypandrium (Fig. 312) with medial rod slightly pinched in distal third and apically dilated into a rounded fan; posteromedial fork indistinct but swollen; hypandrial arms irregularly triangular; pregonite minute and ovate. Aedeagus as in Figure 310. Basiphallus cylindroid; articulatory process for postgonite pointed and anteriorly directed. Ventrobasal sclerite broad. Lateral flanking sclerite fused ventrobasally by a narrow bridge; dorsal margin rolled, straight and nearly parallel, then irregular diverging and ascending in distal third. Ventral flanking sclerites darker; the slender basal article fused along ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, preapically giving rise to a slender dorsal arm; the chevron-shaped medial article meeting the basal article interiorly; the rounded distal article with a darkened dorsal margin leading a triangular lobe inward and upward. Curved dorsal sclerite originating from inside distal ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite and abruptly ascending.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Fig. 313) very pale, subpentagonal; finely hairy, with four basal setae. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 313–315) strongly convex, its outer margin concave; with several setae. Cercus three times as long as wide; with two long apical setae. Hypoproct (Fig. 315) triangular with rounded apex; finely hairy, with two preapical sensory setae. Spermathecae (Fig. 316) finely ridged; sclerotized ducts very long, four to five times the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. Some specimens have a slightly reddish tinge in the scutum.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is a reference to the Ecuadorian city near the páramo habitat where the type series was collected.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, QCAZ. ECUADOR: Carchi, Páramo El Ángel, 14.1 km NW El Ángel, 3450 m, 2.xi.1999, mixed Polylepis litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. ECUADOR: Carchi, same label as holotype (2♂, 2♀, DEBU); Guandera Forest Reserve, 15 km E San Gabriel, 3300 m, 1.xi.1999, mixed riparian forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Other material examined. ECUADOR: Carchi, Páramo El Ángel, 18.8 km NW El Ángel, 3300 m, 31.x.1999, mixed Polylepis litter, R.S. Anderson (♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella angela and the closely related A. pichinchensis are somewhat rotund in appearance, and have banded legs and straight, narrow brown medial stripes on the frons. The distiphallus, as in other members of Clade 2, has curved dorsal sclerites and tripartite ventral flanking sclerites with a dorsally branched basal article. Aptilotella angela is known from the northernmost slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, and its distribution may possibly extend into Colombia.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF8FFF98FDC7F8ECFE310A30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF89FF9FFDC7FEBCFE540A1A.text	038487F1FF89FF9FFDC7FEBCFE540A1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella pichinchensis Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella pichinchensis Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 52–54, and 317–326</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 52 and 53. Body length 1.2–1.3 mm. Head ground color yellow ochre. Orbital plate shining except for pruinose anterior third; interfrontal plate slightly raised, finely rugose; dark brown medial stripes each about one-fifth the width of frons, diffuse along the anterior margin up to ocular emargination. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised, shining; ocellar bristle subequal to the length of frons. Orbital bristle absent; orbital setulae minute, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae long, cruciate, in two pairs. Face and gena shining. Antenna dark brown, first flagellomere brown. Scutum orange, shining; uniformly, sparsely setose. Scutellum dark brown, bare, flattened; twice wider than long, half the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 2.5 times as long as basal. Pleuron orange, anepisternum paler. Legs dull orange; coxa brown; fore tibia dark brown, mid and hind tibiae with dark brown basal and preapical bands; tarsus brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and one distal posterodorsal bristle. Wing rudiment dull yellow. Abdomen black, shining; tergites uniformly setose, evenly microtrichose except distally and dorsum of syntergite; sternites finely microtrichose.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 319) lunate; posteromedial margin with a small bump bearing minute, thornlike spines, flanked on each side by a field of setae. Synsternite 6+7 (Fig. 319) also bearing thorn-like spines along posterior arm; medial bridge posteromedially giving rise to a conical sclerite. Cercus (Figs. 54, 317, 318) 1.7 times as long as basal width; base broad with a medial conical tubercle and three setae along its lower margin, the outermost seta longest, about half the length of cercus; the distal two-thirds compressed and curved, apex blunt, inner margin continuous with base. Surstylus (Figs. 54, 317, 318) cylindrical, flat-bottomed except for descending anterior lobe; ventral margin setaceous. Postgonite (Fig. 321) sinuate posteriorly; descending arm half total length, very slender, gently curved and tapering; articulatory process for pregonite rounded; articulatory process for basiphallus stalked and knobbed. Hypandrium (Fig. 322) with medial rod slightly pinched medially and distally dilated; hypandrial arms slender and irregularly curved; pregonite minute, round, and fused to a membranous extension of the base. Aedeagus as in Figure 320. Basiphallus cylindroid, weakly arched, posteroventrally humped; articulatory process for postgonite small and diverging. Ventrobasal sclerite single but lightly sclerotized medially. Lateral flanking sclerite broadly fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin darkened, straight, then diverging and folding inward in distal third; distal third clothed in fine spinules. Ventral flanking sclerites darker; the basal article fused along ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, with a sickle-shaped dorsal arm arising preapically; the medial article trapezoidal; the elongate distal article pointed and sinuate, internal margin medially giving rise to a pale triangular lobe. Curved dorsal sclerite slender, originating inside distiphallus above distal article of ventral flanking sclerite.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct very pale and inconspicuous. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 324, 325) rounded and strongly convex. Cercus three times as long as wide; with three long apical setae. Sternite 8 (Fig. 325) very narrow and boomerang-shaped. Hypoproct (Fig. 324, 325) triangular, apically finely hairy. Spermathecae (Fig. 326) finely ridged; sclerotized ducts 1.5 times the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Etymology. Aptilotella pichinchensis is named for the Pichincha Province of Ecuador, from which the species is described.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, QCAZ. ECUADOR: Pichincha, Campamento Pichan, ~ 27.5 km NW Quito, 3350 m, 22.x.1999, cloud forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. ECUADOR: same label as holotype (9♂, 7♀, DEBU); near Nono, 24.x.1999, green leaf litter, S.A. Marshall (2♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella pichinchensis occurs farther south than its sister species, A. angela, from which it differs by the brighter thoracic colouration and the strong curvature of the curved dorsal sclerites and dorsal arm of the basal article of the ventral flanking sclerite. See comments on A. gemmula for notes on sympatry with this species and A. ebenea.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF89FF9FFDC7FEBCFE540A1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF89FF9EFDC7F964FCAD0B6D.text	038487F1FF89FF9EFDC7F964FCAD0B6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella viva Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella viva Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 55–57, and 327–336</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 55 and 56. Body length 0.8–0.9 mm. Head ground color yellow-orange. Frons finely rugose; completely flat and featureless except for inner vertical bristles. Face and gena shining; face narrow, 1.5 times higher than wide. Antenna light tan, separated by half the diameter of their sockets. Body pruinose; entirely bluish-gray with a weak iridescent sheen, and occasionally a purplish tinge. Scutum uniformly setose. Scutellum bare; three times wider than long, 0.6 times the width of scutum. Apical scutellar bristles 1.5 times as long as basal. Lower anepisternum and anepimeron with a very pale pruinose stripe. Legs yellow-orange; mid and hind coxae dark brown; fore and mid tibiae and tarsi brown, distal third of fore tibia shining dark brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Wing rudiment lanceolate, gray. Tergites uniformly setose; sternites finely microtrichose. Epandrium, synsternite 6+7, and female sternite 8 reddish-brown. Synsternite 6+7 bare and shining.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Figs. 57, 330) with broad membranous shelf along posterior margin, indented medially and clothed in minute spinules; margin posteromedially with a deep circular notch flanked on each side by a stout seta, interiorly giving rise to a free, pickaxe or hammer-shaped sclerite. Synsternite 6+7 (Figs. 57, 329) fairly broad across but with an extremely narrow medial bridge, appearing thus to have a deep groove, which is densely coated in marginal spinules, and containing a membranous pouch. Cercus (Figs. 57, 327, 328) triangular, curved, 1.5 times as long as basal width; base connected to epandrium by a meandering strap; inner margin with many short and one long spinule; apex bearing a stout crowbar-shaped process flanked by two long setae. Surstylus (Figs. 57, 327, 328) bulbous basally and setaceous; whip-like distal portion lightly sclerotized, membranously lobed, the apex hooked and truncate. Postgonite (Fig. 332) curved; descending arm straight, truncate apically, anterior margin medially with three sensory setae; articulatory processes undeveloped. Aedeagus as in Figure 331. Basiphallus with bulbous articulation with aedeagal apodeme; articulatory process for postgonite short, pointed and divergent. Ventrobasal sclerite present. Lateral flanking sclerite lightly sclerotized, dorsal margin scalloped, apically with slender projection. Ventral flanking sclerites darker; the basal article broadly fused ventrally and along entire ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, dorsobasal corner lobed, with very slender and curving preapical dorsal arm; the elongate distal article curved and as long as lateral flanking sclerite, basally with two lateral teeth. Curved dorsal sclerites slender, S-shaped, rising near distal margin of the basal article of ventral flanking sclerite. Distomedial sclerite depressed, membranous, as long as ventral flanking sclerite; descending from level of distal margin of lateral flanking sclerite.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Fig. 333) triangular; margin pointed apically, sinuate, setaceous. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 333–335) slightly convex with nearly straight margin; distal half setaceous. Cercus dark brown, shining; four times as long as wide; with several preapical setae. Sternite 8 (Figs. 334, 335) triangular with rounded apex. Hypoproct (Figs. 270, 271) indistinct; finely hairy. Spermathecae (Fig. 336) finely ridged; sclerotized ducts long, twice the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is Latin for “lively,” because its body colouration stands out among its congeners.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, IZAV. VENEZUELA: Mérida, Sierra Nevada National Park, La Mucuy, 7 km E Tabay, 2520 m, 24.v.1998, cloud/bamboo forest, litter, R.S. Anderson.</p> <p>Paratypes. VENEZUELA: Mérida, same label as holotype (11♂, 11♀, DEBU; 2♂, 3♀, IZAV); Páramo La Culata, 18.5 km NE Mérida, 2950 m, 25.v.1998, páramo, streamside, shrub litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU).</p> <p>Other material examined. VENEZUELA: Mérida, Sierra Nevada National Park, La Mucuy, 7 km E Tabay, 2340 m, 24.v.1998, upper montane forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, ♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella viva is instantly recognizable by its compact, pruinose and iridescent bluish-gray body. It is comparable to the unrelated A. hamata and a few undescribed species from southern Ecuador. This species has the northernmost distribution of any Aptilotella in continental South America, and is the only member of the genus known from the Cordillera de Mérida of the northeastern Andes.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF89FF9EFDC7F964FCAD0B6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF88FF9DFDC7F8ECFDFA0A55.text	038487F1FF88FF9DFDC7F8ECFDFA0A55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella macula Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella macula Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 1, 58–60, and 337–347</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Figures 1, 58, and 59. Body length 1.1–1.4 mm. Head ground color orange. Frons finely rugose, with five silvery spots: one before each ocular emargination, one diffusely at each hind corner and slightly on occiput, and one on interfrontal plate before tubercle. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised, with minute medial seta; ocellar bristle greater than the length of frons. Orbital bristle absent; orbital setulae inconspicuous, in four pairs. Interfrontal setae in three pairs. Face shining; lunule with silver spot; gena finely rugose, posterior margin black. Antenna yellow, distal half of first flagellomere brown, scape black. Scutum and scutellum black, with metallic sheen. Scutum uniformly, sparsely setose; posterior dorsocentral bristles as long as scutum. Scutellum bare; three times wider than long, 0.8 times the width of scutum; margins carinate. Scutellar bristles subequal in length. Pleuron black, weakly shining; upper anepisternum and anepimeron with pale pruinose stripe. Legs brown; mid and hind coxae black; front and mid femora and distal half of hind femur orange; hind tarsus light brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Wing rudiment black. Abdomen black, with metallic sheen; tergites setose, densely microtrichose; sternites finely microtrichose. Cercus and surstylus brown.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 339) lunate; posteromedial third weakly dilated, concave and polished, flanked by a patch of setae and four strong marginal setae, medially with four marginal setae. Synsternite 6+7 as in Figure 340. Cercus (Figs. 60, 337, 338) stout, triangular, apically truncate; inner margin setulose. Surstylus (Figs. 60, 337, 338) basally swollen and divergent, bending at a nearly right angle at midpoint, then rounded and upwardly curved apically; base setulose; inner margin with scattered rows of sensory setae before the bend. Postgonite (Figs. 60, 342) 1.8 times as long as wide; posterior margin medially with large tooth-like projection; preapically with three sensory setae; articulatory processes rounded, each with an internal tooth; margin shallowly concave between the two processes. Hypandrium (Fig. 343) with medial rod pinched in distal three-fifths and apically dilated to the right into a rounded fan; posteromedial fork indistinct but swollen; hypandrial arms irregularly triangular, partially fused to base; pregonite inconspicuous. Aedeagus as in Figure 341. Basiphallus stout, cylindrical; articulatory process for postgonite short, divergent; articulation with distiphallus dorsally projected. Ventrobasal sclerite weakly divided. Lateral flanking sclerites very narrowly fused ventrobasally; dorsal margin slightly curved, diverging beyond basal two-fifths and descending, then hooked upward and cradling a membranous sheet in between; the sheet laterally lobed and studded with numerous round or elongate sclerotized scales. Ventral flanking sclerites darker; the basal article fused along ventral margin of lateral flanking sclerite, medially bearing a dorsal arm; the triangular medial article articulating with basal article, its inner corner sharply pointed, its top corner rising to just beneath the hooked portion of lateral flanking sclerite; the membranous distal article with a darker, sickle-shaped ascending arm. Curved dorsal sclerites dark, originating from within hooked portion of lateral flanking sclerite, curving inward and converging, their slightly swollen apices protruding between membranous sheet.</p> <p>Female terminalia. Epiproct (Figs. 344, 345) semicircular. Each half of tergite 8 (Figs. 344, 345) triangular with broadly rounded apex, convex; dorsal half with several long setae. Cercus 2.5 times as long as wide; with two long preapical setae. Sternite 8 (Figs. 345, 346) divided; each half boomerang-shaped, apically microtrichose and with one preapical seta. Spermathecae (Fig. 347) finely ridged; sclerotized ducts extremely long, six to seven times the diameter of a spermatheca.</p> <p>Variation. The reflectiveness of the silvery spots varies from faint to very strong. Infrequently, the hind femur is more or fully orange. Teneral specimens have a brownish body but retain the metallic sheen.</p> <p>Etymology. Aptilotella macula is named for the unique patterning of the frons.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, CBFC. BOLIVIA: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.71361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.211945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.71361/lat -16.211945)">La Paz</a>, Coroico, Cerro Uchumachi, 16°12’43”S, 67°42’49”W, 2550 m, 5–16.iv.2001, elfin forest, dung pans, S.A. Marshall.</p> <p>Paratypes. BOLIVIA: La Paz, same label as holotype (21♂, 13♀, DEBU; 4♂, 5♀, CBFC); same label as holotype but 28.i.2001, cloud forest, leaf litter, R.S. Anderson (♂, DEBU); same label as holotype but 5–6.iv.2011 (6♂, 4♀, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella macula and A. macta are the southernmost members of the genus; their type localities in the Bolivian Altiplano are over 2,100 km southeast of the described Ecuadorian Aptilotella species, although undescribed species are known from Peru. These two species are probably very recently diverged from each other, and are found just 50 km apart. Both are readily recognized by the spotted frons and very shiny metallic and squat body. The cercal chaetotaxy is simple, and the surstyli are boomerang-shaped. The male distiphallus is distinctive for the scale-studded membranous sheet between the lateral flanking sclerites, and the claw-like fused medial and distal articles of the ventral flanking sclerites. Aptilotella macula differs from A. macta by the five-spotted frons, larger size, and robust male surstylus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF88FF9DFDC7F8ECFDFA0A55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
038487F1FF8AFF9CFDC7FEBCFE3A0963.text	038487F1FF8AFF9CFDC7FEBCFE3A0963.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aptilotella macta Luk & Marshall 2014	<div><p>Aptilotella macta Luk &amp; Marshall, sp. n.</p> <p>Figures 348–351</p> <p>Description. Habitus as in Aptilotella macula (Figs. 1, 58, 59). Body length 1.0 mm. Head ground color orange. Frons finely rugose, with four silvery spots visible from behind: one in each ocular emargination and a pair at sutural margin behind antennal insertions. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised, with minute medial seta; ocellar bristle greater than the length of frons. Orbital bristle absent; orbital setulae inconspicuous, in three pairs. Interfrontal setae in two pairs. Face shining; gena finely rugose. Antenna yellow, distal half of first flagellomere brown. Scutum and scutellum black, with metallic sheen. Scutum uniformly, sparsely setose; posterior dorsocentral bristles as long as scutum. Scutellum bare; three times wider than long, 0.8 times the width of scutum; margins carinate. Scutellar bristles subequal in length and to the length of scutum. Pleuron black, weakly shining; upper anepisternum and anepimeron with pale pruinose stripe. Legs yellow ochre; mid and hind coxae black; tibia and tarsus light brown; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Wing rudiment black. Abdomen black, with metallic sheen; tergites setose, densely microtrichose; sternites finely microtrichose. Cercus and surstylus yellow.</p> <p>Male terminalia. Sternite 5 (Fig. 351) lunate; posteromedial third asymmetrically dilated, the margin sinuate and flanked on the right by a patch of long setae. Synsternite 6+7 as in Figure 350. Cercus (Figs. 348, 349) stout, triangular, apically rounded; with scattered sensory setae and a long seta near basolateral corner; inner margin setulose. Surstylus (Figs. 348, 349) basally swollen and divergent, bending at a nearly right angle near midpoint and narrowing, then rounded and upwardly curved apically; base with many long setae and setulose. Aedeagus not dissected, but nearly identical to A. macula (Figs. 341–343).</p> <p>Female terminalia. Female unknown, but probably comparable to A. macula.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is the Latin macta, “honored,” because of the crown of spots on the frons.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂, CBFC. BOLIVIA: La Paz, Caranavi, ca. 10 km NW, road to ENTEL tower, 1700 m, 13.iv.2001, bamboo, dung pans, S.A. Marshall.</p> <p>Paratype. BOLIVIA: La Paz, same label as holotype (♂, DEBU).</p> <p>Comments. Aptilotella macta differs from its sister species in having four spots evenly spaced along the anterior margin of the frons, and a similarly curved but more slender surstyli that is narrowed in the distal half. The female of A. macta is unknown.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038487F1FF8AFF9CFDC7FEBCFE3A0963	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Luk, Stephen P. L.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Luk, Stephen P. L., Marshall, Stephen A. (2014): A revision of the New World genus Aptilotella Duda (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). Zootaxa 3761 (1): 1-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3761.1.1
