identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CC879003283908C5BA431F7D31ADDC.text	03CC879003283908C5BA431F7D31ADDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrostole Fisher 1923	<div><p>Astrostole Fisher, 1923</p> <p>Fisher 1923: 255, 1928: 130.</p> <p>Comment. Astrostole includes six widely distributed shallow-water species in the South Pacific, from Australia and New Zealand to the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Astrostole scabra was supported in Mah &amp; Foltz’s (2011) molecular phylogeny of the Forcipulatacea as a member of the “Pan Tropical” clade within the Asteriidae, a cluster with members present in Pacific and Atlantic tropics. Astrostole is similar to other members of the “Pan Tropical” clade in that it displays multiple rays, 6 to 10.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003283908C5BA431F7D31ADDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC87900329390EC5BA45F67A24AEAA.text	03CC87900329390EC5BA45F67A24AEAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrostole platei (Meissner 1896)	<div><p>Astrostole platei (Meissner, 1896)</p> <p>Figure 1A–E</p> <p>Meissner 1896: 103 [as Asterias (Coscinasterias) platei].</p> <p>Meissner 1896: 104 [as Asterias (Polyasterias) fernandensis].</p> <p>H.L. Clark 1920: 105 (as Stylasterias paschae).</p> <p>Fisher 1928: 130 (as Astrostole platei).</p> <p>Synonymy of Astrostole paschae (H.L. Clark, 1920). Examination of specimens of the holotype of Astrostole paschae (USNM E703) as well as descriptions and specimens of Astrostole platei (Meissner, 1896) from Rapa Nui and adjacent regions show no morphological differences. Furrow spine, marginal plate, and adambulacral spine numbers appear identical. Presence of straight and crossed pedicellariae as well as morphology were identical. Sizes of pedicellariae on the holotype of A. platei and other specimens differed (Figs 1B vs. 1D) but these seemed attributable to the size difference between specimens. Arm number among examined specimens varied between seven and nine, ranging from nine in the holotype of Astrostole paschae, eight in the holotype of A. platei, and seven or eight arms among Astrostole platei specimens in the Juan Fernandez and other islands in the Chilean-South Pacific region. Inferomarginal spine number varied between two and three on some individuals to more distinctly three in larger specimens.</p> <p>These two species of Astrostole, A. paschae and A. platei have never been directly compared. Meissner (1896) described Astrostole platei as Asterias (Coscinasterias) and H.L. Clark originally described Astrostole paschae in the genus Stylasterias. H.L. Clark made no comparisons of S. paschae in his description. The two species were not compared until Fisher (1923) established Astrostole and noted that the two were “not improbably” synonyms. Species within Astrostole display relatively few character differences but are widely occurring throughout the South Pacific, suggesting that an overview of the genus and/or further sampling of populations could present further synonyms.</p> <p>Occurrence. Juan Fernandez Island, San Ambrosio and San Felix Islands, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), intertidal, 6– 11 m.</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype: USNM E703. Rapa Nui, 27ºS 109ºW. Coll. USFC Albatross, 21 Dec. 1904. 1 dry spec. R =8.5, r=0.5.</p> <p>Juan Fernandez &amp; South Pacific Islands: USNM E47598. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.48" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.92/lat -33.48)">Juan Fernandez Islands</a>, 33°28′48″S, 78°55′12″W, 10 – 13 m. Coll. R / V Anton Bruun, 15 Dec. 1965. 1 dry spec. 8 arms. R =12.0, r=1.0. USNM E47766. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.847206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.62" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.847206/lat -33.62)">Juan Fernandez Islands</a>, Robinson Crusoe Island, 33º37′11.9994″S, 78º50′49.92″W, 10 m. Coll. R / V Anton Bruun, 12 Dec. 1965. 1 dry spec. 8 arms. R =11.2, r=1.0. USNM 1093844. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.81389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.63889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.81389/lat -33.63889)">Juan Fernandez Islands</a>, Robinson Crusoe Island, 33º38′20″S, 78º48′50″W, 6 – 11 m. Coll. R / V Anton Bruun, 11 Dec. 1965. 1 dry spec. 7 arms. R =2.0, r=0.2. USNM 1087198. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.0/lat -26.333334)">San Ambrosio</a> and San Felix Islands, Mas Afuera Rock, 26º20′S, 80º00′W, intertidal. Coll. R / V Eltanin, 26 Nov. 1965. 1 dry spec. R =9.4, r=1.0. USNM E47767. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.915&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.571697" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.915/lat -33.571697)">Juan Fernandez Islands</a>, 33°34′18.12″S, 78°54′54″W. Coll. R / V Anton Bruun, 13 Dec. 1965. 2 dry specs. R =6.2, r=0.7; R =13.2, r=1.5.</p> <p>Rapa Nui: USNM E33990 Rapa Nui. Coll. L. Salvo, Feb. 1984, 1 dry spec. 8 arms. R =4.2, r=0.7.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87900329390EC5BA45F67A24AEAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790032E390DC5BA403F7AABA9A0.text	03CC8790032E390DC5BA403F7AABA9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asterodiscididae Rowe 1977	<div><p>ASTERODISCIDIDAE Rowe, 1977</p> <p>Rowe 1977: 190; 1985: 532; Rowe &amp; Gates 1995: 42.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Abactinal surface with conical spines with broad bases or tubercles. Superomarginal spines strongly convex to strongly arched, demonstrating a spine-like process in some genera. Intermarginal plates in all save Kionaster. Intermarginal papulae present in all but Goniaster and Kionaster.</p> <p>The Asterodiscididae. The Asterodiscididae was established by Rowe (1977) to accommodate genera showing morphological affinities intermediate between the Goniasteridae and the Oreasteridae. The group included genera, such as Asterodiscides, which was originally classified within the Oreasteridae and others such as Amphiaster, which was originally placed with the Goniasteridae. The current Asterodiscididae includes four genera, Asterodiscides, which includes 18 species distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific, as well as two monotypic taxa, Amphiaster insignis from Baja California and Mexico, Paulia horrida, known primarily from the Galapagos, and Pauliella aenigma from the Cocos Islands (Costa Rica) (Ludwig 1905). Blake &amp; Portell (2011) later added the Miocene fossil Kionaster from Florida.</p> <p>Rowe (1977) summarized and discussed consideration of Pauliella aenigma Ludwig, 1905 as a juvenile of Paulia. This account follows Hendler (1996) who documented two adult specimens of Pauliella aenigma from Rocas Alijos and listed them as a distinct species rather than a synonym of Paulia. Rowe (1977) further outlined that Pauliella Ludwig, 1905 was a homonym of Pauliella Munier-Chalmas, 1895 (Mollusca) and would need to be reconciled should the genus be found to be valid. This is dealt with herein.</p> <p>Mah (2005) in an unpublished analysis of the Goniasteridae found Goniaster tesselatus was recovered on the same clade as other asterodiscidid genera. Goniaster was not considered among asterodiscidid taxa as outlined by Rowe (1977, 1985). Fisher (1911: 168) observed that Amphiaster was more closely related to Goniaster than to other Oreasteridae. Blake &amp; Portell (2011) ran a subsequent analysis including the newly described Miocene Kionaster petersonae from Florida and also supported Goniaster as a closely related sister taxon to other asterodiscidid genera.</p> <p>Character discussion for Goniaster in the Asterodiscididae. The monotypic Goniaster tesselatus has not been historically considered a member of the Asterodiscididae, save for the aforementioned work by Mah (2005) and Blake &amp; Portell (2011). Several distinctive characters support the placement of Goniaster with the Asterodiscididae, including the strongly convex marginal plates (characters 2.11, 2.13) which vary from strongly arched (e.g., Pauliastra) to having a spine-like process (e.g., Goniaster, Paulia) to round tubercles (e.g., Asterodiscides) especially those in the superomarginal series. Thus, “spines” (character 2.11-state 1) in asterodiscidids are essentially solid, conical to spine-like processes formed of the marginal plates. Thus, the tubercles present on the body of Asterodiscides appears be an expression of the marginal plate rather than an accessory on the plate, as it is in other goniasterids. Proper spines in other goniasterids, such as on Hippasteria or Calliaster are closely-articulated with the marginal, or corresponding basal plate. These latter, “goniasterid” spines, given dissolution of the connective tissue present, disarticulate from the underlying basal plate. This is reflected in character coding summarized in Appendix I.</p> <p>Other characters placing Goniaster among the Asterodiscididae include the presence of intermarginal plates (character 2.9), which are figured by Blake &amp; Portell (2011: Fig. 4b) in Goniaster and present in all asterodiscidids but the Miocene Kionaster petersonae. The large conical spines present in Goniaster are also present in Kionaster and all of the Eastern Tropical Pacific genera, including Amphiaster, Paulia, Pauliastra and Uokeaster.</p> <p>Goniaster and the Asterodiscididae and/or Goniasteridae. A full phylogenetic analysis and overview of the historical Goniasteridae is beyond the scope of this treatment. However, as argued herein, distinctive characters on Goniaster are argued as synapomorphies for the Asterodiscididae. Placement of Goniaster within the Asterodiscididae is accompanied by two possible phylogenetic scenarios, which have been suggested by available data. Discussions of Goniaster being unaffiliated with the Asterodiscididae or being sister clade to the Asterodiscididae are not addressed here. The scenarios herein are contingencies based on what I argue are conclusions from the data presented. This is presented to facilitate future research in this area as new data becomes available.</p> <p>The first possible phylogenetic scenario is the historical and current taxonomic classification presented by Rowe (1977, 1985) and summarized in Clark (1993) and Mah (2018b), which present the Asterodiscididae and Goniasteridae as separate, nominally monophyletic groupings with no nested relationship, and assumes that the Asterodiscididae is present within the Valvatacea, but distinct from the Goniasteridae. If the nominotypical Goniaster is placed within the Asterodiscididae within this context, then the Asterodiscididae would be synonymized within the Goniasteridae, leaving the historical definition of the Goniasteridae in need of a new designation. Possible names for this grouping suggest the oldest of possible groupings within the historical Goniasteridae, such as the Pentagonasterinae Perrier, 1884, but a comprehensive account would require identification of groupings within the Goniasteridae. Other subfamilies within the Goniasteridae could present other appropriate designations.</p> <p>The second possible phylogenetic scenario suggests that the Asterodiscididae is a subfamily within the Goniasteridae. This was suggested by an unpublished phylogenetic analysis of both families, based on morphological data by Mah (2005) and was implied by data presented in Blake &amp; Portell (2011). Also consistent with this notion was preliminary molecular phylogenetic data presented by Arai and Fujita (2018) showing Asterodiscides as lodged within the Goniasteridae. If Goniaster is placed within the Asterodiscididae as a subfamily of the Goniasteridae, this would result in the “Asterodiscidinae” becoming the “ Goniasterinae ” joining several other subfamilies within the Goniasteridae, as currently summarized by Mah (2018a).</p> <p>Phylogenetic analysis: Taxonomy and Biogeography. A survey of asterodiscidid genera shows the group as monophyletic as supported by the presence of intermarginal papulae and intermarginal plates with smooth, pointed to rounded superomarginal plates. The tree generated herein is shown in Fig. 2 and is based partially on data from Mah (2005) but differs in that an additional taxon, Uokeaster, n. gen. is included. The tree presented in Fig. 2 and by Blake &amp; Portell (2011) both support Goniaster as a member of the Asterodiscididae. Blake &amp; Portell (2011) show Kionaster as the sister clade to a second branch containing the other included genera (Asterodiscides, etc.) with Goniaster as the sister group. Figure 2 shows Goniaster as the sister clade to a branch with Kionaster and the other “asterodiscidid” genera. In this respect both datasets agree that Kionaster and Goniaster occupy morphologically distant locations relative to the other “asterodiscidid” genera which occur on a single clade in both Fig. 2 and Blake &amp; Portell’s (2011) trees.</p> <p>Blake &amp; Portell (2011) propose an east to west (Atlantic to Indo-Pacific) trend of diversification within the Asterodiscididae with more taxa, such as Kionaster and Goniaster with western Atlantic affinities as the basal taxa relative to the more derived Asterodiscides in the Indo-Pacific. This is in contrast to Rowe (1985) and Lane and Rowe (2009) who posited origination of asterodiscidids in the central Pacific with subsequent spread to the Atlantic. Phylogenetic patterns inferred from data herein (Fig. 2) agree broadly with those of Blake &amp; Portell (2011) in that both basal taxa, Goniaster and Kionaster show occurrence in the western Atlantic followed by westward diversification with subsequent diversification of Asterodiscides throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Uokeaster n. gen. from Easter Island approximates the biogeographic boundary between more stemward asterodiscidids and the diversification of Asterodiscides.</p> <p>Key to Asterodiscidid taxa</p> <p>(0) Actinal plates with prominent spherical tubercles or conical spines. Superomarginal plate number &lt;9 per interradius (arm tip to arm tip)............................................................................................ (2)</p> <p>(0) Actinal plates lacking tubercles or any primary ornamentation. Superomarginal number 10-18 per interradius........... (1)</p> <p>(1) Conical spines present on abactinal plates. Abactinal plate surfaces which are lacking spines are flat and covered by close-set granules. Secondary plates granular, quadrate, close-set interspersed between larger abactinal plates. Disk plates flat. Spine-like projections on all superomarginals, especially in larger specimens (R&gt;1.0 cm). Superomarginals, quadrate in outline, numbering 8 at R =1.2 to 18 at R =9.5. Actinals in two to three full chevron-like series. Tropical Atlantic............................................................................................. Goniaster tessellatus (Lamarck, 1816)</p> <p>(1’) Conical spines absent from abactinal surface. Primary plates smooth, enlarged with broad, flattened tops. Disk plates weakly convex. Paired spine-like projections on interradial and basal superomarginals. Actinals few, 10–12 in a single series. Known only from the Miocene of Florida....................................... Kionaster petersonae Blake &amp; Portell, 2011</p> <p>(2) Penultimate superomarginals not enlarged, superomarginals forming gradual series to terminus....................... (4)</p> <p>(2’) Enlarged penultimate superomarginals................................................................... (3)</p> <p>(3) Abactinal, marginal, actinal surface intermediate plate surfaces covered by large, round, spherical tubercles with body surface covered by coarse polygonal granules. Indo-Pacific (Hawaii, southern Japan to New Caledonia and east to the Indian Ocean)...................................................................................... Asterodiscides spp.</p> <p>(3’) Abactinal, marginal, actinal surface covered by prominent, conical spines, with body surface covered by a distinct dermal tissue. Rapa Nui (Easter Island)....................................................... Uokeaster ahi n. gen. n. sp.</p> <p>(4) Abactinal, marginal and actinal plates with prominent conical spines. Body stellate (R /r= 2.2–2.5).................... (5)</p> <p>(4’) Abactinal plates with short, pointed tubercles. Marginal plates strongly tumid to arched.Actinal plates with short, bullet-shaped tubercles and coarse granulation. Body pentagonal (R /r=1.4). Cocos Island, Costa Rica.......................................................................................... Pauliastra enigma (Ludwig, 1905) n. gen, n. comb.</p> <p>(5) Superomarginal plate surface (non-spine) covered by coarse granules. Superomarginal plates lateral facing, boundaries indistinct, covered by granules. Subambulacral spines in a two series. Galapagos and Peru............ Paulia horrida Gray, 1840</p> <p>(5’) Superomarginal plate surface (non-spine) smooth. Superomarginal plates form dorsal-facing frame. Subambulacral spines in a single series, but two in larger individuals. Coastal Baja California to Panama............. Amphiaster insignis Verrill, 1868</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790032E390DC5BA403F7AABA9A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790032D390DC5BA41407EADAC40.text	03CC8790032D390DC5BA41407EADAC40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiaster insignis Verrill 1868	<div><p>Amphiaster insignis Verrill, 1868</p> <p>Verrill 1868: 372; Fisher 1911: 168; Verrill 1914: 294; Rowe 1977: 211; Barraza &amp; Hasbun 2005: 141.</p> <p>Comments. Living color of this species appears to vary from orange with deep-red/orange inter- radii to a much lighter, weak peach color with dark orange interradii on the disk.</p> <p>Occurrence. Baja, California to Central America and Panama, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands, Malpelo Island, Columbia, El Salvador. 13–66 m. (Maluf 1988 lists depth as 0–128 m).</p> <p>Material Examined. CASIZ 108856. 2 km N of Boca Del Tule to <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.36667/lat 23.25)">Arena Blanka</a>, Baja California. 23º15′N, 109º22′W, 30.4 m (100 feet). Coll. W. Lee et al. 26 April 1976. 1 wet spec. R =1.4, r=0.7. CASIZ 163511. Tiger Mount, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.6015&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7333336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.6015/lat 4.7333336)">Malpelo Island</a>, 4°44′N, 81°36.09′W, 40–56 m (130–185 ft). Coll. K.L. Kaiser aboard M / V “ Inzan Tiger ”, 14 March 2000. 1 wet spec.</p> <p>USNM 39862. Pichilingue Bay, Baja California. Coll. U.S. F.S. Albatross, 1911. 1 dry spec. R =3.2, r=1.3.</p> <p>USNM 1114692. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-120.23139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.414722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -120.23139/lat 23.414722)">Todos Santos</a>, Baja California. 23º24′53″N, 120º13′53″W, Coll. R / V. Lovito, March 2008, 1 dry spec. R =7.7, r=3.1.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790032D390DC5BA41407EADAC40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790032D390DC5BA43E17B7FADFD.text	03CC8790032D390DC5BA43E17B7FADFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asterodiscides A. M. Clark 1974	<div><p>Asterodiscides A.M. Clark, 1974</p> <p>(nom. nov. for Asterodiscus Gray, 1847, preoccupied)</p> <p>A.M. Clark 1974: 435; Rowe 1977: 192; 1985: 532; H.E.S. Clark &amp; McKnight 2001: 141.</p> <p>Comments. Asterodiscides contains 18 species (Mah 2018b) occurring throughout the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans at moderately deep depths, between 10 and 800 m, but most between 20 and 150. Rowe (1977, 1986) and Lane and Rowe (2009) have produced much of the primary work for Asterodiscides.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790032D390DC5BA43E17B7FADFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003223903C5BA45F67FECABE6.text	03CC879003223903C5BA45F67FECABE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asterodiscides truncatus (Coleman 1911)	<div><p>Asterodiscides truncatus (Coleman, 1911)</p> <p>Figure 3A–E</p> <p>Coleman 1911: 699; Fisher 1919: 355; Powell 1937: 78; Fell 1958: 13; Dartnall 1968: 23 (as Asterodiscus).</p> <p>Rowe 1977: 200 (as Asterodiscides).</p> <p>Comments. This species was identified based on its relatively stellate shape and the presence of enlarged superomarginals which are larger in size than the proximal superomarginals and most of the abactinal tubercles.</p> <p>This is the first record of this species from New Caledonia and the third species of Asterodiscides from this region. Asterodiscides helenotus (Fisher, 1913) and A. soelae Rowe, 1985 were documented from New Caledonia by Ameziane (2007).</p> <p>Occurrence. South Australia, east to Kermadec Islands, New Caledonia. 14–792 m.</p> <p>Material Examined. MNHN IE-2016-1550 (ex. EcAs 12238). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.0/lat -23.683332)">Norfolk Ridge</a>, New Caledonia, 23º41′S, 168º00′E, 237–550 m. Coll. BATHUS 3, CH 802 Bouchet, Richer, Warén. Coll. 27 Nov. 1993. 1 dry spec. R =2.3, r=1.3.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003223903C5BA45F67FECABE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003213901C5BA46CE7A41AD84.text	03CC879003213901C5BA46CE7A41AD84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniaster tessellatus (Lamarck 1816)	<div><p>Goniaster tessellatus (Lamarck, 1816)</p> <p>Goniaster tesselatus L. Agassiz 1836a: 143; 1836b: 191; Gray 1840: 280; Verrill 1899: 150; Koehler 1909: 87; Fisher 1911: 167; Verrill 1915: 102: Tortonese 1937: 55; Halpern 1970: 256; 1970: 158; Walenkamp 1976: 55, 1979: 30; Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 244.</p> <p>Phaneraster Perrier 1894: 388.</p> <p>Comments. Goniaster tessellatus occurs widely throughout the tropical Atlantic from the Gulf of Mexico and southern coast of North America and eastern coast of South America to the equatorial west coast of Africa. There is a significant degree of morphological variation across the range in this species, especially in South American specimens, which has been documented by Walenkamp (1976, 1979). Goniaster specimens used for comparisons herein were based on the morphotype collected from the Gulf of Mexico and North American coast.</p> <p>Occurrence. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Florida, Mexico, Texas, Netherlands Antilles, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Columbia, Northern Brazil, Venezuela, Surinam, Gabon, Ghana, Guiana, Morocco to Gabon, Cape Verde Islands, 22–91 m.</p> <p>Material examined. USNM E12465. Off of Tampa Bay, Florida, 27˚46′N, 84˚6′W, 56.7 m. Coll. R / V Oregon 4 Dec. 1962. 6 dry specs. R =7.1, r=3.8; R =4.8, r=2.6; R =4.7, r=2.2; R =3.3, r=2.3; R =4.6, r=2.8; R =2.8, r=1.8. USNM E12666. Vend Beach, Florida 27˚55′N, 80˚3.00′W, 54.9 m, Coll. R / V Silver Bay, 15 July 1951, 1 dry spec. R =0.9, r=0.6. USNM E12668. Off of Saint Augustine, Florida. 29˚40′N, 80˚17′W, 73.1 m, R / V Combat 4 Sept. 1956. 1 dry spec. R =1.0, r=0.8. USNM E12669. East of Cocoa Beach, FL, 28˚15′N, 80˚02′W, 73.1 m. Coll. R / V Silver Bay, 1 dry spec. R =1.8, r=1.2. USNM E23162. East of Jacksonville Beach, Florida, 30˚11′N, 80˚ 17′W, 58.5 m. Coll. R / V Combat, 31 Aug. 1956, 11 dry specs. R =2.3, r=1.1; R =2.5, r=1.7; R =2.2, r=1.5; R =2.2, r=1.2; R =2.0, r=1.1; R =2.1, r=1.4; R =1.9, r=1.1; R =1.8, r=1.1; R =1.8, r=1.1; R =1.3, r=0.8; R =1.1, r=0.6. USNM E40077, NW of Dry Tortugas, Florida Keys, 53.4 m. Coll. Continental Shelf Association for MMS, 20 Nov. 1980, 1 dry spec. R =1.1, r=0.7. USNM E41699, NW of Dry Tortugas, Florida Keys, 24˚47.07′N, 83˚13.5′W, 58.6 m. Coll. Minerals Management Service 24 April 1981, 1 dry spec. R =1.3, r=0.8. USNM E43087. 23 nautical miles ESE of Cape Canaveral. 20˚20′N 80˚7′W, 45.7 m. Coll. W.G. Lyons et al. on R / V Delaware II, 22 April 1983, 1 dry spec. R =2.3, r=1.3. USNM E12738. Aruba, Netherlands Antilles, 12˚27′N, 69˚51′W. 228.6 m. Coll. R / V Oregon, 2 Oct. 1965, 1 dry spec., R =1.6, r=1.0. USNM E19119, NW of Tortuga Island, Venezuela, Caribbean Sea, 11˚00′N, 65˚55′W, 112 m. Coll. R / V Pillsbury 22 July 1968, 5 dry specs. R =2.4, r=1.4; R =1.5, r=0.8; R =1.4, r=0.8; R =1.5, r=0.8; R =1.3, r=0.8. USNM E19123, NW of Cayenne French Guyana. 6˚7′N, 52˚19′W, 84– 91 m. Coll. R / V Pillsbury, 8 July 1968, 1 dry spec. R =2.5, r=1.3.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003213901C5BA46CE7A41AD84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003263906C5BA45F67ECBAB0F.text	03CC879003263906C5BA45F67ECBAB0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kionaster petersonae Blake & Portell 2011	<div><p>Kionaster petersonae Blake &amp; Portell, 2011</p> <p>Blake &amp; Portell 2011: 25.</p> <p>Occurrence. Miocene Chipola Formation, Florida.</p> <p>Material examined. None.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003263906C5BA45F67ECBAB0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003263906C5BA44D07A75AE06.text	03CC879003263906C5BA44D07A75AE06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paulia horrida Gray 1840	<div><p>Paulia horrida Gray, 1840</p> <p>Gray 1840: 278; 1866: 8; Ludwig 1899: 690; Ludwig 1899: 690; H.L. Clark 1902: 523; 1910: 333; Döderlein 1936: 318; Spencer &amp; Wright 1966: U63; Rowe 1977: 209.</p> <p>Occurrence. Galapagos Islands and Peru. 1.5–15 m.</p> <p>Material Examined. CASIZ 102116, Albemarle Island, Galapagos, 15.2 m. Coll. R. E. Snodgrass, Bedmund Heller, Feb. 1899, 2 dry spec. R =5.2, r=3.0; R =4.8, r=2.4. CASIZ 102117, Albemarle Island, 1.5 m. Coll. R. E. Snodgrass, Bedmund Heller, Feb. 1899. 1 dry spec. R =6.3, r=3.2. USNM E18919, Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos. Coll. G.M. Wellington. 3 dry specs.</p> <p>Pauliastra n. gen. replacement for Pauliella</p> <p>Pauliella Ludwig 1905: 151.</p> <p>Etymology. The genus is a derivative of the original Paulia Gray, 1840</p> <p>Comment. As indicated by Rowe (1977) Pauliella Ludwig, 1905 is a homonym of Pauliella Munier-Chalmas, 1895 (Mollusca). Pauliella enigma Ludwig, 1905 is accepted herein as valid thus requiring a replacement name. The new designation, Pauliastra n. gen. is proposed as the replacement genus for Pauliella Ludwig, 1905.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003263906C5BA44D07A75AE06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003263907C5BA41D87C8DAABA.text	03CC879003263907C5BA41D87C8DAABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pauliastra enigma Ludwig 1905	<div><p>Pauliastra enigma Ludwig, 1905 n. comb.</p> <p>Figure 4C–D</p> <p>Ludwig 1905: 151; Ziesenhenne 1937: 215; Maluf 1988: 119; Hendler 1996: 320 (as Pauliella).</p> <p>Validity of Pauliastra. There has been historical disagreement over whether this taxon should be considered as a synonym of Paulia Gray, 1840. Döderlein (1936) argued it was a juvenile of Paulia. Rowe (1977) doubted this conclusion and Hendler (1996) treated Pauliella as a distinct genus citing what appeared to be adult specimens, presumably based on size. USNM material of this species (USNM 1020006) was further compared with other asterodiscidids and is consistent with the latter conclusion that Pauliastra is a separate, valid genus.</p> <p>Further examination indicates that neither Amphiaster insignis nor Paulia horrida were morphologically consistent with the Pauliastra specimen examined. Comparison with small-sized Amphiaster (CASIZ 108856 at R=1.0 cm) shows that they are distinctly different, displaying a more stellate body and prominent conical spines as observed in adult specimens, ruling out small sized Amphiaster insignis as a possible adult for Pauliastra. Although comparably sized specimens of Paulia horrida were not available, large sized specimens of this species (USNM E18919, R=6.3) do not display the distinct shallow fascicles, the distinct, round abactinal plate morphology nor the distinct dorsal-facing superomarginal plate series with strongly arching convex surface.</p> <p>As indicated elsewhere a small sized individual of Asterodiscides has been shown to be very similar in appearance to Pauliastra aenigma suggesting the possibility that P. aenigma could be a small sized individual of an as yet undescribed species of Asterodiscides. As indicated under Asterodiscides truncatus that specimen displays several character differences from Pauliastra which are consistent with other differently sized individuals for that species suggesting close relationship but not synonymy.</p> <p>Occurrence. Cocos Island, Costa Rica; Clarion Island, Rocas Alijos, 57.9–95 m.</p> <p>Material Examined. USNM 1020006. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.0/lat 5.5333333)">Cocos Island</a>, Costa Rica, North Pacific, 5º32′N, 87º00′W, 91–95 m. Coll. John Pearse, R / V Te Vega, 22 Oct. 1968. 1 dry spec. R =1.9, r=1.2.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003263907C5BA41D87C8DAABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003273905C5BA440F7D3BAF62.text	03CC879003273905C5BA440F7D3BAF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Uokeaster ahi Mah 2021	<div><p>Uokeaster ahi n. gen. n. sp.</p> <p>Figure 5A–E</p> <p>Mecho et al. (2019): 91 (as Family Asterodiscididae sp.).</p> <p>Etymology. The genus is named for the Rapa Nui marine deity Uoke, who submerged Rapa Nui into the ocean using a large lever, and “ aster ” for star. The species epithet ahi is the Rapa Nui word for “fire” which alludes to the bright orange color of this species. Noun is held in apposition.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other asterodiscidid forms based on the presence of the distinct continuous dermal layer present from the abactinal, marginal and actinal surface, and the marginal plates forming blunt, conical spines with similar types of spines covering the abactinal surface.</p> <p>Comments. Amphiaster and Paulia have abactinal surfaces with a close-set, dense, granular covering. and have fewer, larger, spineless marginal plates which show a strongly convex surface. Amphiaster displays alternating bald marginal plates with large, conical projections.</p> <p>This species shares the enlarged penultimate superomarginal plates and displays morphology intermediate form between the East Pacific Amphiaster and Paulia and the widely occurring Indo-Pacific Asterodiscides. Morphological assessments by Rowe (1977, 1985) and phylogenetic analysis by Blake &amp; Portell (2011) all support the hypothesis that Amphiaster, Paulia and related asterodiscidid genera are more stemward relative to the more derived Asterodiscides. Uokeaster has not previously been included in a cladistic analysis but its marginal plate and body morphology are similar to those of Amphiaster, Paulia and Kionaster which suggest a more plesiomorphic morphology rather than that of Asterodiscides. However, Uokeaster does have disproportionately enlarged penultimate superomarginal plates which are present in Asterodiscides, but not present in either Amphiaster, Paulia or the extinct Kionaster.</p> <p>Mecho et al. (2019) has observed this species in situ from Pukao and Apolo islands in Rapa Nui between 160–180 m (Fig. 5A).</p> <p>Biogeographic Trends. Blake &amp; Portell (2011) and especially Rowe (1985) touch upon the biogeographic significance of Amphiaster and Paulia occurring in the East Pacific relative to Asterodiscides occurring widely throughout the Indo-Pacific. Although Lane and Rowe (2009) have produced a cluster analysis for Asterodiscides, no phylogeographic analysis for species has been performed.</p> <p>Occurrence data of the asterodiscidid taxa suggests interesting trends across the tropical Eastern Pacific. Amphiaster insignis occurs primarily along the coast of Mexico with observations south to Malpelo Island, off the coast of Columbia (Maluf 1988). Paulia horrida has also been recorded from the coast, but also to the Galapagos and Tres Marinas Islands off Peru. Pauliella aenigma is recorded from Cocos Island and Rocas Alijos and finally, Uokeaster n. gen. is recorded, for now, only from Rapa Nui, the westernmost of the asterodiscidid genera relative to Asterodiscides. Shared characters between Uokeaster and Asterodiscides and the biogeographic proximity suggest the former could be the sister taxon to the latter.</p> <p>Description. Body stout, stellate (R/r=2.3) in shape, arms triangular, disk arched with curved interradial arcs.</p> <p>Abactinal plates obscured by soft dermal layer displaying a creased texture and perforated by one to ten small papular pores per dermal segment, which are triangular in shape. Primary structures are large, blunt conical spines, with bare, smooth surface. These spines are large, pointed plates rather than articulated structures as seen on other spiniferous goniasterids. Pointed conical plates present on disk and along radial and adradial regions and vary from pointed to semi-oval (egg shaped) in shape. Approximately four to eight large spines from arm tip to primary circlet on disk. Skin around base of spines and on remainder of surface with spine-free regions interradially adjacent to superomarginal contact. Smaller, spines, apparently incipient, present around periphery of other primary, larger spines. Madreporite triangular in shape, flanked by three large primary pointed plates. No pedicellariae. Papulae prominent, translucent emerging from three to five papular pores per papular region, present on disk and arms.</p> <p>Superomarginals 8 to 10, inferomarginals 16 to 20 per interradius (arm-tip to arm-tip) with dermal covering from abactinal surface extending intermarginally to actinal surface. Superomarginal plates pointed, strongly convex but with smooth bare surface, round in cross-section, widely spaced along the lateral surface. Distalmost superomarginals round, strongly convex and enlarged, approximately two to three times the size of adjacent superomarginal plates, and abutted over midline. Larger individuals (R&gt;3.5) with a single spine emerging from central superomarginal surface. Inferomarginals substantially smaller than superomarginals but similar in shape, surfaces bare, smooth, round to quadrate in cross-section. Smaller specimen with short, nipple-like spines present on the tips of primarily interradial inferomarginal spines continuing to arm tips. Inferomarginals become lower and less pointed distally along series adjacent to the arm tip. Both superomarginal and inferomarginals in continuous, mostly uninterrupted series, but one interradius with absent inferomarginal, covered by dermal tissue. Terminal plate, smooth, triangular in shape with pointed tip.</p> <p>Actinal surface with approximately three complete plate series and one or two incomplete plate series adjacent to inferomarginals. All actinal plate boundaries obscured by continuous dermal layer as present on abactinal and marginal surfaces. Each plate with a large, cylindrical blunt spine sitting on the center of each plate. Proximal actinal plates with one to four, mostly three smaller spines approximately &lt;20% the size of larger, more abundant actinal spines. The larger actinal spines sit in linear series tracking the more fully developed actinal series along the arm until they end adjacent to the enlarged distalmost convex superomarginal plates. A spine is present on nearly every actinal plate extending out to the contact with the inferomarginals, and are widely spaced from one another across the surface.</p> <p>Furrow spines two, blunt, cylindrical in cross-section, with blunt, round to quadrate tips. Each adambulacral plate with a single, large cylindrical blunt subambulacral spine identical to the others present on the actinal plate surfaces. Subambulacral spines absent on first adambulacral plate. Each oral plate with two furrow spines and a third blunt, spine, triangular in cross-section projecting into mouth. Remainder of oral plate surface bare, smooth, covered by dermal layer.</p> <p>Color in life a bright to dull orange.</p> <p>Occurrence. Rapa Nui, 33–110 m, 160–180 m (in situ)</p> <p>Material described. Holotype: CASIZ 222370. Moto Nui, Isla de Pascua (Rapa Nui), 33 m. Coll. Bart Shepherd, Tyler Phelps and Luis Rocha, 5 March 2017, 1 wet spec. R =3.5, r=1.8.</p> <p>Paratypes: CASIZ 222372. Moto Nui, Isla de Pascua (Rapa Nui), ~ 82 m. Coll. Bart Shepherd, Tyler Phelps and Luis Rocha, 6 March 2017, 1 wet spec. R =3.8, r=1.6. CASIZ 222375. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.4479&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.153242" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.4479/lat -27.153242)">Hanga Piko</a>, Isla de Pascua (Rapa Nui), 27°9′11.67″S, 109°26′52.42″W, 110 m. Coll. Bart Shepherd, Tyler Phelps and Luis Rocha, 11 March 2017, 2 wet spec. R =2.3, r=1.0; R =1.4, r=0.6.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003273905C5BA440F7D3BAF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003253905C5BA40C77C01AC30.text	03CC879003253905C5BA40C77C01AC30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthenoides Perrier 1881	<div><p>Anthenoides Perrier, 1881</p> <p>Perrier 1881: 23; Verrill 1915: 113; Fisher 1919: 328; Macan 1938: 401; Bernasconi 1963: 20; Halpern 1970: 272; Downey 1973: 48; Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 228 (as Anthenoides).</p> <p>Sladen 1889: 326; Fisher 1911: 169 (as Leptogonaster).</p> <p>Verrill 1899: 173; Fisher 1906: 1067; 1911: 169 (as Antheniaster).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003253905C5BA40C77C01AC30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC87900325391BC5BA43D07DBFAB0A.text	03CC87900325391BC5BA43D07DBFAB0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthenoides epixanthus (Fisher 1906)	<div><p>Anthenoides epixanthus (Fisher, 1906)</p> <p>Figures 6–E</p> <p>Fisher 1906: 1067; Hayashi 1952: 152; Liao &amp; Clark 1989: 39; 1995: 90; H.E.S. Clark &amp; McKnight 2001: 18.</p> <p>Comments. This specimen was recognized based on the interradial paired plates, as well as marginal actinal and adambulacral plate morphology. The thin layer of tissue on this specimen was absent as were any granulation or spination. However, the pedicellariae which is relevant to identifying Anthenoides epixanthus was absent from the surface and no pedicellariae traces or pitting on the individual was observed. Arm shape and body thickness of this specimen was also diagnostic of A. epixanthus. Although collected in New Zealand, this represents one of the easternmost observations of this genus and species.</p> <p>Mecho et al. (2019) observed several individuals of a red goniasterid, which, based on its arm and disk shape appears to be Anthenoides. Image quality did not permit species-level identification, but if the video observations are consistent with the collected specimen, these could be Anthenoides epixanthus.</p> <p>Occurrence. Rapa Nui, Hawaiian Islands, Japan, New South Wales Australia, New Zealand. 100– 591 m.</p> <p>Material examined. CASIZ 117633. Seamount in fracture zone, near Rapa Nui, 25º56′S, 100º42′W, 591 m. Coll. 1 Aug. 1964, 1 wet spec. R =2.1, r=0.9.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87900325391BC5BA43D07DBFAB0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790033B391BC5BA44D77DB7AE7E.text	03CC8790033B391BC5BA44D77DB7AE7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniasteridae Forbes 1841	<div><p>GONIASTERIDAE sp. C</p> <p>Comments. As indicated in Mecho et al. (2019) Goniasteridae sp. C suggests Ceramaster australis, previously known only from Macquarie Ridge and New Caledonian waters (H.E.S. Clark &amp; McKnight 2001). This species was observed off Rapa Nui between 160– 280 m. Mecho et al. (2019: Fig. 14C) and Fig. 6E (herein) displays strongly convex superomarginal plates with curved edges, which are darker in color, and in contact laterally between plates, as is seen in C. australis (Fig. 6E). Images of “ Goniasteridae sp. C” Strongly suggest Ceramaster australis but image quality is imperfect and characters such as the elongate superomarginal plate shape and body color appear to differ from descriptions of C. australis.</p> <p>Feeding observation. A further observation of “ Goniasteridae C” from Rapa Nui (Fig. 6E) shows it on what appears to be a fallen stalk of a “black coral” or antipatharian. Polyps on the stalk are fully extended on one side of the star but absent on the other side with the star showing an upward curvature around the stalk. This appears to be feeding by the goniasterid on the polyps of the antipatharian. Bo et al. (2018) has reported on a similar Atlantic species, Peltaster placenta, feeding on an antipatharian.</p> <p>Occurrence. Macquarie Ridge and New Caledonia, Rapa Nui? 148–590 m.</p> <p>Material examined. MNHN IE-2009-2126. Banc Éponge, 24°55′24.0024″S, 168°21′30.0132″E, 525–560 m, Coll. N / O Alis, SMIB 4 DW 39. 1 dry spec.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790033B391BC5BA44D77DB7AE7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790033B391BC5BA41037B5FAC1A.text	03CC8790033B391BC5BA41037B5FAC1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophidiasteridae Verrill 1870	<div><p>OPHIDIASTERIDAE Verrill, 1870</p> <p>Comments. Mah &amp; Foltz (2011) showed the Ophidiasteridae as paraphyletic with some genera supported as members of the Goniasteridae. Mah (2017) provisionally diagnosed the Ophidiasteridae and outlined several of the morphological character diagnoses for the Ophidiasteridae throughout its history. Mah’s (2017) treatment included efforts to separate genera such as Neoferdina and Ferdina into the Goniasteridae and to establish some character boundaries between the Goniasteridae and the Ophidiasteridae.</p> <p>Although the taxonomic boundaries of the Ophidiasteridae has not been comprehensively established, data from Mah &amp; Foltz (2011) suggest that taxa, such as Linckia or Leiaster, which are similar to more typological forms, such as Ophidiaster are supported as members of the Ophidiasteridae. Mah (2017) outlined diagnostic characters for the Ophidiasteridae, including the small disk, elongate, cylindrical arms, granular covering and putatively, tesselate abactinal plates as well as the identical appearance of the marginal and abactinal plates. However, both Mah &amp; Foltz (2017) and some treatments of ophidiasterid affinities, such as those of Fisher (1919: 370) suggested that some genera, lacking the identical marginal and abactinal plate character, such as Narcissia could be justifiably placed among the Goniasteridae, suggesting further adjustments to the Ophidiasteridae are warranted.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790033B391BC5BA41037B5FAC1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790033B3918C5BA43A77EF1AFF2.text	03CC8790033B3918C5BA43A77EF1AFF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astroglypha Mah 2021	<div><p>Astroglypha n. gen.</p> <p>Etymology. The genus is composed of the Greek “ Astron ” for star and the Greek “glypho” for “carved or engraved” alluding to the very sculpted appearance of both species.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body petaloid with short, blunt, arms. Disk and arm ossicles enlarged, convex and blocky forming three distinct series with carinal and superomarginal plates visible along each arm. Disk plates enlarged and blocky. Surface covered by continuous granulation. Adambulacral spines one or two. Large flattened bullet-shaped subambulacral spine present.</p> <p>Type species. Tamaria pyramidata Mah n. sp.</p> <p>Taxonomic Comments. Tamaria passiflora and the new species of Astroglypha n. gen. fall outside the historical Tamaria concept as outlined by H.L. Clark (1921) and are herein assigned to the new genus Astroglypha. The Ophidiasteridae has recently undergone re-evaluation following molecular data (Mah &amp; Foltz 2011) showing genera such as Fromia and Neoferdina to be members of the Goniasteridae. Mah (2017) examined the paraphyletic Ophidiasteridae and attempted to establish morphological boundaries for ophidiasterid-like Goniasteridae and more typological Ophidiasteridae, such as Ophidiaster or Linckia.</p> <p>Tamaria has been historically defined on the basis of six serial papular rows contingent on the absence of actinal papulae, as compared with Ophidiaster (H.L. Clark, 1921). However, in spite of the difference in papular rows, Tamaria, in Clark’s original (1921) definition shares more characters with more typological ophidiasterids, such as Ophidiaster (sensu Mah 2017), such as the cylindrical arms, small disk and marginal and abactinal plate arrangement.</p> <p>Tamaria passiflora was described by Downey (1971) with four papular rows as well as a more strongly developed skeleton, petaloid-shaped, shorter arms and a more weakly stellate body (R/r = approximately 3.0–4.0 versus 4.0–7.0 in spp. more similar to the type species) and large blocky marginal and disk ossicles. These features are inconsistent with characters identifying the traditional Tamaria concept as outlined by H.L. Clark (1921). Thus, it is argued that Tamaria passiflora and the species described herein should be separated as part of the new genus, Astroglypha. Clark &amp; Downey (1992: 284) further discussed this species’ unusual morphology and agreed that “perhaps deserves to be removed to a new genus, on the basis of its single row of large abactinal plates, its irregular arrangement of actinal plates, two series of subambulacral spines, minute terminal plates and short, heavy petaloid arms.”</p> <p>Astroglypha n. gen. within the Ophidiasteridae. Astroglypha n. gen. is provisionally placed within the Ophidiasteridae but further testing of affinities is encouraged. Most of the genera included in the Ophidiasteridae display characters which strongly support the more traditional ophidiasterid morphology. Hacelia, Heteronardoa, Linckia, Ophidiaster, and Tamaria display characters with cylindrical arms, small disk, granular coverings and show abactinal and marginal plates which are identical in appearance.</p> <p>The newly described Astroglypha lacks morphological characters seen in other Ophidiasteridae, including having shorter arms, blockier abactinal and marginal plates and arms which are more angular in shape and angular rather than round in cross-section. However, marginal and abactinal plates are similar in appearance and the surface is covered by granules as is the case in other ophidiasterids. Thus, based on these characters, Astroglypha n. gen. is retained within the Ophidiasteridae. However, the morphology is otherwise highly divergent from the other known genera within the family with the possible exception of Bunaster, which displays similarly arranged abactinal and marginal plates (Marsh 1999). Blake (2018: 60) illustrated skeletal similarities between Astroglypha (formerly Tamaria) passiflora and Paleozoic Asteroidea, notably the Ordovician Hudsonaster and Macroporaster. In situ observation of Astroglypha passiflora in the tropical Atlantic (Fig. 8F) suggest this morphology could be associated with predation on sponges.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790033B3918C5BA43A77EF1AFF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003383918C5BA408E7AAAACB3.text	03CC879003383918C5BA408E7AAAACB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astroglypha Mah 2021	<div><p>Key to Astroglypha n. gen.</p> <p>1 One furrow spine present per adambulacral plate. Papular pores one to four (mostly two or three). Superomarginals number 12 (at R=1.4) to 20 (at R=2.7). Pedicellariae not observed. R/r =3.0–3.6. Disk broad compared to Astroglypha passiflora. South Pacific...................................................................... Astroglypha pyramidata n. sp.</p> <p>- Two furrow spines present per adambulacral plate. Papular pores three to 15 (one specimen with single papular pores at R=0.5). Superomarginals number 10 (at R=0.5) to 24 (at R=2.6) per interradius. Pedicellariae present. R/r=2.5–3.0. Disk relatively small compared to Astroglypha pyramidata n. sp. Atlantic............................ Astroglypha passiflora n. comb.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003383918C5BA408E7AAAACB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC87900338391EC5BA424F7A30AC3E.text	03CC87900338391EC5BA424F7A30AC3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astroglypha pyramidata Mah 2021	<div><p>Astroglypha pyramidata n. sp.</p> <p>Figure 7A–D</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet pyramidata is Greek meaning “pyramid” and alludes to the triangular shape of the arms.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species is distinguished primarily by the differing number of furrow spines present per plate, the absence of pedicellariae (relative to A. passiflora), the higher number of papular pores and superomarginals and the relatively broad disk.</p> <p>Occurrence. New Caledonia &amp; Norfolk Ridge, 305–788 m.</p> <p>Description. Body thick, strongly stellate (R/r= 3.0–4.0, ranging from R=1.2–2.7). Interradial arcs acute. Disk is strongly thickened in largest specimen (R=2.7, MNHN IE-2013-6619), with wider proximal arm width relative to smaller individuals (R&lt;2.0). Arms triangular in outline, pentagonal in cross-section. Disk approximately twice as thick relative to arms. Ossicles massive. Body covered by continuous granular tegument, composed of relatively coarse granules. Approximately 12–15 counted along a 1.0 mm line. Where granules have been inadvertently denuded in specimens, a bare smooth surface is present with no pitting. Four series of papular pores (one intermarginal series on each side, one series present between superomarginal and carinal series per side) in ordered row along each arm. Pedicellariae not observed.</p> <p>Abactinal skeleton composed of relatively few components, composed of carinal series, adradials as well as primary circlet and relatively few disk plates. Specimens at R=1.4 with eight or nine strongly convex carinal plates. Carinals decreasing in size from disk to arm tip with distalmost plate, adjacent to terminal plate smallest. Larger specimens (R=2.7) with 12 carinals and four to six adradial plates. Carinal plates wide in outline. Adradials “pinch out” halfway along arm. Papular pores, one to three, mostly one or two, present between carinal and marginal plate series. Papulae absent from contacts between plates on primary circlet but present between primary circlet and superomarginal plates. Madreporite triangular (teardrop shaped), flanked by three disk plates. Anus present on disk center, flanked by five to six scalar granules. Papulae more consistently two in larger individuals (R=2.7).</p> <p>Marginal plates 12–20 (20 at R=2.7) per interradius. Superomarginals and inferomarginals massive with strongly convex surfaces, round in cross-section. Interradial inferomarginals more compressed but most marginals globose. Distalmost inferomarginal adjacent to terminal plate, smallest in size. Inferomarginal directly abuts with adambulacral plates approximately midway along arm. One to four papulae present at contact between superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, emerging between granular tegument. One or two present in smaller individuals. Terminal plate polygonal to heart-shaped, surrounded by granular ring.</p> <p>Actinal region relatively small, composed of eight to 26 plates present primarily on disk with smaller distalmost plates extending about halfway along arm. Actinal surface covered by granular tegument but also by one, exceptionally two in specimens with R=2.7, large, flat, elongate spine present on each actinal plate. These spines similar to those present on adambulacral plates.</p> <p>Adambulacral plates with one large flat, square-shaped spine per plate. The larger specimen with especially thick spines, which are quadrate in cross-section. Two subambulacral spines present. The smaller adjacent to the furrow spine which is approximately the length of one furrow spine about 1/4 the length of the second subambulacral spine. The second subambulacral spine is similar to identical to that of the other spines on the actinal plate surface, flattened and oval in shape. Oral plates with two furrow spines per plate with one of these projecting into mouth.</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype: MNHN IE-2013-6801 (EcAs 12367). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.25/lat -23.683332)">Norfolk Ridge</a>, New Caledonia 23º41′S, 168º15.0′E, 383–408 m. Coll. Bouchet et al. BATHUS 3, CP 811, 1 wet spec. R =2.4, r=0.8.</p> <p>Paratypes: MNHN IE-2013-6618 (EcAs 12454). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.673334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.25/lat -23.673334)">Banc Jumeau</a> west, southern New Caledonia. 23º40.4′S, 168º15.0′E, 389– 404 m. Coll. Richer IRD, aboard N/O Alis, LITHIST CP 15, 12 Aug. 1999. 1 dry spec. R =1.4, r=0.4. MNHN IE-2013-6619 (EcAh 4995). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.83333/lat -23.433332)">Banc Brachiopode</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 23°26′S, 167°50′E, 305– 332 m. Coll. Lozouet, Boisselier &amp; Richer-IRD, NORFOLK 1, DW 1657, 1 wet spec. R =2.7, r=0.9. MNHN IE-2013-6622. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.28334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.28334/lat -23.75)">Banc Jumeau East</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. 23°45′S, 168°17′E, 386– 426 m. Coll. Lozouet, Boisselier &amp; Richer-IRD, NORFOLK 1, DW 1710. 1 wet spec. R =1.8, r=0.5. MNHN IE-2013-6620. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.83333/lat -23.45)">Banc Brachiopode</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 23°27′S, 167°50′E. 320– 336 m. Coll. NORFOLK 1, DW 1658, 1 wet spec. R =1.2, r=0.4. MNHN IE-2013-6623. New Caledonia, 23°44 ′S, 168°17′E to 23°43′S, 168°16′E. Coll. NORFOLK 1, DW 1706. 1 wet spec. R =1.8, r=0.5. MNHN IE-2013-6621. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.83333/lat -23.433332)">Banc Brachiopode</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 23°26′S, 167°50′E, 276– 350 m. Coll. Lozouet, Boisselier &amp; Richer-IRD, NORFOLK 1, DW 1651. 2 wet spec. R =2.6, r=0.8; R =1.3, r=0.3. MNHN IE-2013-6769. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.26666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.26666/lat -23.333334)">Norfolk Ridge</a>, New Caledonia. 23º20′S, 168º16.0′E, 310– 788 m. Coll. Lozouet et al. IRD, NORFOLK 1, CP 1731 1 wet spec. R =1.6, r=0.4. MNHN IE-2016-1551. New Caledonia 23°46 ′S, 168°17′E to 23°45′S, 168°16′E. Coll. NORFOLK 1, CP 1705, 1 wet spec. R =2.0, r=0.6.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87900338391EC5BA424F7A30AC3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790033E391CC5BA43C37CA8A8A2.text	03CC8790033E391CC5BA43C37CA8A8A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astroglypha passiflora Downey 1971	<div><p>Astroglypha passiflora Downey, 1971 n. comb.</p> <p>Figure 8A–E</p> <p>Downey 1971: 49; 1973: 65; Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 283, 284; A.M. Clark 1993: 354 (checklist).</p> <p>Taxonomic discussion. The specimen observed below is the first sampled from the eastern North Atlantic and represents an atypically small individual (R=0.5). Although only single papular pores are present, the R:r ratio and other features imply growth related characters rather than the presence of the Pacific species in the North Atlantic.</p> <p>In situ v ideo images of this species were captured by the NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer during the Oceano Profundo expedition in April 2015. Both images showed this species on limestone substrate adjacent to sponges, which are a possible prey item.</p> <p>Occurrence. Irving Bank, North Atlantic. Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Straits of Florida, Puerto Rico, Yucatan Channel 198– 549 m.</p> <p>Material examined. MNHN IE-2013-6727. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-28.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -28.05/lat 31.9)">Banc Irving</a>, North Atlantic, 31º54′N, 28º3′W, 275 m. Coll. N. Ameziane aboard N/ O le Suroit, SEAMOUNT 2, DW 215, 1 dry spec. R =0.5, r=0.2. USNM 1226477. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.3/lat 27.75)">South of Atchafalaya Bay</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.3/lat 27.75)">Louisiana</a>, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic, 27º45′N, 91º18′W, 549 m. Coll. R / V Oregon. 4 dry specs. R =2.6, r=0.7; R =1.8, r=0.5; R =1.7, r=0.6; R =1.3, r=0.5. USNM 1233542. Yucatan <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.23333/lat 20.5)">Channel</a>, Cozumel Island, Mexico, 20º30′N, 86º14′W, 311– 329 m. Coll. R / V Oregon, 12 June 1964, 4 dry spec. R =1.8, r=0.6; R =1.6, r=0.7; R =2.0, r=0.7; R =2.1, r=0.7. USNM 1233829. Yucatan <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.23333/lat 20.5)">Channel</a>, Cozumel Island, Mexico, 20º30′N, 86º14′W, 311– 329 m. Coll. R / V Oregon, 12 June 1964, 1 dry spec. R =2.1, r=0.8. USNM E19256. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.183334/lat 24.366667)">Straits of Florida</a>, 24º22′N, 81º11′W, 198 m. Coll. R / V Gerda, 1 dry spec. R =2.4, r=0.8.</p> <p>Images examined. Pichincho area located ~ 33 miles west of Rincon, Puerto Rico, 300–600 m. EX1502 L3_ IMG_20150412 T194255 Z_ ROVHD _ASR_SPO.jpg ~ 22 miles W of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, 300–600 m. EX1502 L3_IMG_20150415 T181913 Z_ ROVHD _ASR_COR_SP.jpg</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790033E391CC5BA43C37CA8A8A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790033C391CC5BA467F7D7CAEF9.text	03CC8790033C391CC5BA467F7D7CAEF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hacelia Gray 1840	<div><p>Hacelia Gray, 1840</p> <p>Gray 1840: 284 [as Ophidiaster (Hacelia) Agassiz, 1836b].</p> <p>Ludwig 1897: 209; H.L. Clark 1921: 36; Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 271 (as Hacelia).</p> <p>Comments. Hacelia is a genus of Ophidiasteridae, which includes six species, two in the Atlantic, one from South Africa, and the remaining three in the tropical Pacific, all occurring at moderate depths, 40– 200 m. Hacelia has granule-covered, abactinal plates arranged in regular longitudinal series in ten rows rather than eight and six as in Ophidiaster and Tamaria, respectively. In a manner similar to the differences between Ophidiaster and Tamaria, the boundaries between genera, such as Ophidiaster and Hacelia can be problematic depending on the definitions of how “full longitudinal row” is defined.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790033C391CC5BA467F7D7CAEF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790033C3912C5BA41867A11AC1A.text	03CC8790033C3912C5BA41867A11AC1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hacelia raaraa Mah 2021	<div><p>Hacelia raaraa n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 9A–F</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is taken from the Rapa Nui word ra’ara’a for “rough and rugged” alluding to the very bumpy surface texture of this species.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A species distinguished by numerous bald, dome-like tubercles present on abactinal and lateral surfaces. Ten irregular papular rows. Papular pores 3 to 35, mostly 10 to 30 per region. Pedicellariae absent. Two furrow spines per plate, alternatively large and small. Subambulacrals twice the width and three times the length of each furrow spine forming a continuous series on either side of the ambulacral furrow. Color in life was light pink with darker red-orange bands on the middle to proximal arm regions and on primary circlet (i.e., central disk). White mottled highlights present throughout disk and arms. Bald dome like tubercles grey to white.</p> <p>Comments. Placement of this species into Hacelia was complicated by the irregularity of the papular rows, which did not consistently demonstrate ten clear rows. Ultimately, Blake’s (1978) criterion for the identification of marginal plates as tracking to the terminal plate was used to establish full serial papular rows.</p> <p>This species is most similar to Hacelia tuberculata Liao, 1985 from 100–200 m in the East China Sea with which it shares the distinctive round, bare, dome-like tubercles present on the surface. This species differs in the complete absence of pedicellariae, as described by Liao (1985) and in the irregular distribution of bare, dome-like tubercles along the arm as well as the increased abundance of tubercles on the distal end of the arm. Hacelia raaraa n. sp. displays the furrow and subambulacral spination observed in H. tuberculata and other Hacelia spp.</p> <p>Hacelia bozanici Hendler, 1996 was is the only other species in this genus known from the East Pacific tropical area. It lacks the numerous tubercles present on H. raaraa n. sp. but shares several other characters with H. raara a n. sp. including a similar number of papulae per papular region, the absence of pedicellariae and a similar furrow and subambulacral spines. The latter tube foot furrow spination is present in several other Hacelia species however.</p> <p>Occurrence. Isla de Pascua, Rapa Nui, 82 m.</p> <p>Description. Body stout, strongly stellate (R/r=5.8), small disk, arms elongate, interradial arcs acute. Arms broadly triangular in cross-section.</p> <p>Ten irregular papular rows present with well-developed rows present proximally becoming increasingly incomplete and irregular halfway along the distance to the end. Papular pores present between plates 3 to 35, mostly 10 to 30 with discrete translucent papulae. Individual plates form cylindrical, pronounced ridges rising above plane of body surface. Individual plates elongate, broadly cruciform in shape forming square quadrate to rectangular papular openings becoming more irregular and poorly defined distally with papular regions becoming smaller in outline with fewer papulae per region. Plates on disk with 3 to 5 cylindrical projections. Body surface covered by fine granule-invested dermal covering present on abactinal, lateral and actinal surface. Granules fine, quadrate to round in outline, approximately 10–15 present along a 1.0 mm line. Bald hemispherical tubercles present on disk primary circlet, central region of most abactinal and marginal plates, occupying a majority of the plate surface. Hemispherical tubercles smooth, bare and dome-like with granule-invested dermal layer present around base. Tubercles present along carinal, adradial, marginal and other plate series. Tubercle abundance increases distally with many more present around the latter half of each arm. Tubercles alternating with a flatter, shorter, granule-invested, dermal layer connecting ossicle present between those plates bearing dome-like tubercles. Madreporite badge-shaped, irregularly polygonal with shallow sulci. No pedicellariae observed.</p> <p>Marginal series, although present, direct sequence does not clearly track on all arms, with the series becoming more irregular distally. As indicated earlier, both superomarginal and inferomarginal plates with a dome-like tubercle on plates alternating with a flattened, cylindrical plate covered by the fine granular dermis. Distinct papular pores, each bearing 10–30 papulae, present inter-marginally. Superomarginals, inferomarginals approximately 60– 70 per interradius (arm tip to arm tip, 30–35 per side). No pedicellariae observed. Terminal plate, round, smooth.</p> <p>Actinal surface composed of one complete and one incipient papular row, each containing 5 to 30 papulae. Surface covered by closely articulated granule-covered dermal layer forming transversely oriented, rectangular segments, approximately 65–70 from interradius to arm tip. Inferomarginal series, dome-like tubercles irregularly intergrading with actinal series, with tubercles tracking to terminal plate but dropping out on smaller plates adjacent to terminus. Actinal plate surface adjacent to oral region with one large subambulacral-like spine projecting into each interradius.</p> <p>Two furrow spines per adambulacral, blunt and thickened, each spine triangular in cross section with round edges, each spine slightly offset on the plate so that they each compliments the other. Subambulacral spine enlarged each approximately twice the width and three times the length of each furrow spine. Subambulacrals blunt, rounded set of from the furrow spines by a discrete space, approximately one or two subambulacrals per actinal segment. Subambulacrals shorter and closer in size to furrow spines distally along arm. No pedicellariae observed. Oral spination crowded, densely packed. Approximately two to three furrow spines on oral plate with one blunt spine projecting into mouth. Two blunt spines, similar to furrow spines present on oral plate surface (determination is difficult due to crowded oral region).</p> <p>Color in life was light pink with darker red-orange bands on the middle to proximal arm regions and on primary circlet (i.e., central disk). White mottled highlights present throughout disk and arms. Bald dome like tubercles grey to white.</p> <p>This species was observed on a rocky bottom among hydroids and algae.</p> <p>Material described. Holotype: CASIZ 22378. Motu Nui (Isla de Pascua), Rapa Nui, 82 m. Coll. Bart Shepherd, Tyler Phelps and Luis Rocha, 6 March 2017, CAS Rapa Nui Expedition. 1 wet spec. R =9.9, r=1.7.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790033C3912C5BA41867A11AC1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003323912C5BA43A77D5DAD4C.text	03CC879003323912C5BA43A77D5DAD4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteronardoa Hayashi 1973	<div><p>Heteronardoa Hayashi, 1973</p> <p>Hayashi 1973a: 6, 1973b: 65; Rowe 1976: 85.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003323912C5BA43A77D5DAD4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003323913C5BA42147ECFA8BB.text	03CC879003323913C5BA42147ECFA8BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteronardoa carinata (Koehler 1910)	<div><p>Heteronardoa carinata (Koehler, 1910)</p> <p>Figure 10A–D</p> <p>Koehler 1910: 165 (as Nardoa).</p> <p>Koehler 1910: 168; Fisher 1919: 383 (as Nardoa squamulosa).</p> <p>H.L. Clark 1921: 56; A.M. Clark 1967: 186 (as Certonardoa carinata).</p> <p>H.L. Clark 1921: 56 (as Certonardoa squamulosa).</p> <p>Macan 1938: 408 (as Narcissia mohamedi).</p> <p>Hayashi 1973a: 6; 1973b: 65 (as Heteronardoa sagamina).</p> <p>Rowe 1976: 86; Jangoux 1986: 134 (as Heteronardoa).</p> <p>Comments. Heteronardoa was reviewed by Rowe (1976), who recognized two species, Heteronardoa carinata, which possessed adradial plates extending to the arm tip and Heteronardoa diamintinae which was characterized by an incomplete series of adradial plates and a higher number of furrow spines.</p> <p>Occurrence. Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Maldives, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Andaman Islands, off northwestern Australia, Aru Islands, Philippines, Macassar Strait, Indonesia, Japan. New Caledonia, Coral Sea. 31– 252 m.</p> <p>Material examined. MNHN IE-2013-5988. New Caledonia, 19º03′67″S, 163º 28′05″E, 358– 252 m. Coll. BATHUS 4, St. 936, 8 Aug. 1996, 1 wet spec. R =6.6, r=1.0. MNHN IE-2013-12143. New Caledonia, 19º8′54.5388″S, 163º29′22.812″E, 170– 190 m. Coll. BATHUS 4, st. 932, 8 Aug. 1996. 1 wet spec. R =6.6, r=1.4. MNHN IE-2013- 9388. New Caledonia, 22°41′S, 167°4′E to 22°40 ′S, 167°3′E, 181– 240 m. Coll. KANACONO, DW 4726, 20 Aug. 2016, 1 wet spec. R =8.1, r=1.1.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003323913C5BA42147ECFA8BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003333913C5BA41737FECAD31.text	03CC879003333913C5BA41737FECAD31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Linckia columbiae Gray 1840	<div><p>Linckia columbiae Gray, 1840</p> <p>Figure 11A–F</p> <p>Gray 1840: 285; Fisher 1911: 242; Ziesenhenne 1937: 216; Maluf 1988: 37, 120 (as L. columbiae).</p> <p>Müller &amp; Troschel 1842: 33; Dujardin &amp; Hupe 1862: 364 (as Ophidiaster).</p> <p>Comments. This synonymy extends the occurrence of this species westward from the coast along Baja and Central America to Malpelo Island at 36.5–48.7 m depth.</p> <p>Occurrence. Southern California, Baja California, to northern Peru, westward to Malpelo Island. intertidal to 156 m (according to Maluf 1988).</p> <p>Synonymy of Tamaria stria Downey. Examination of the holotype of Tamaria stria Downey (1971) revealed that its morphology was identical and is a synonym of Linckia columbiae Gray, 1840. Tamaria is characterized by six linear papular rows. The holotype and paratypes of Tamaria stria show four distinct rows with the top two rows of plates showing consistently irregularly developed patterns along the central or carinal region. The arrangement and morphology of the furrow and subambulacral spines are identical, with specimens showing distinctly thickened and round subambulacrals in direct contact with furrow spines showing oval to round shape in cross-section and with a third irregular to weak developed series of enlarged granules outside but located near but away from the subambulacrals.</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype (Tamaria stria): USNM E11838. Isla de Malpelo, Colombia, 36.5–48.7 m. Coll. C. Birkeland, March 1972. 1 dry spec. R =4.4, r=0.8.</p> <p>Paratypes (Tamaria stria): USNM E12431. Isla de Malpelo, on rubble near base of vertical rock wall, Colombia, 36.5–48.7 m. Coll. C. Birkeland, March 1972. 1 dry spec. R =2.9, r= 0.4 cm. USNM E11839. Isla de Malpelo, Colombia, 36.5–48.7 m. Coll. C. Birkeland, March 1972. 3 dry spec. R =4.4, r= 0.8 cm; R =3.8, r=0.5; R =2.3, r=0.4.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003333913C5BA41737FECAD31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003333913C5BA46477CF3A9AF.text	03CC879003333913C5BA46477CF3A9AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Linckia Nardo 1834	<div><p>Linckia Nardo, 1834</p> <p>Nardo 1834: 717 (as Linkia).</p> <p>Gray 1840: 284 (Name corrected); Verrill 1870: 285; Perrier 1875: 135 (399); Fisher 1906: 990; 1919: 400; H.L. Clark 1921: 62; Downey 1968: 144; 1973: 66; Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 274 (as Linckia).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003333913C5BA46477CF3A9AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003363917C5BA45F67B2CAD88.text	03CC879003363917C5BA45F67B2CAD88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Linckia profunda Mah 2021	<div><p>Linckia profunda n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 12A–G</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet “ profunda ” alludes to the deep bathymetric range of this species.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species is characterized by irregular plate patterns along abactinal arm surface, ranging from a flattened to convex (bumpy) surface, displaying 8 to 15 papular pores. Ambulacral furrow spines two per plate, alternating large and small along the length of the arm. Subambulacral spines set off from furrow spines by distinct junction, widely spaced by approximately the distance of the small furrow spine between the two larger ones. Arms elongate, R/r=R/r=6–12.5, mostly 10–12.5. Color in life is bright orange to dark reed with dark highlights on the abactinal side, yellow to light orange on oral surface. Furrow spines are white to straw colored.</p> <p>Comments. This species displays closest resemblance to Linckia gracilis Liao, 1985, sharing an identical irregular, abactinal plate surface and plate type, a comparable number and marginal plate shape as well as a similar number of papulae, a single madreporite and furrow and subambulacral spines that are similar in shape.</p> <p>Linckia profunda n. sp. however differs in several respects, the furrow spines are heterogeneously (small and large) sized along most of the arm versus L. gracili s which possesses homogeneously sized furrow spines along its arm length. Linckia profunda n. sp. lacks the scale-like granules which form the periphery around each adambulacral plate observed in L. gracilis.</p> <p>Linckia profunda n. sp. also invites comparison with Linckia guildingi, which shows similar subambulacral spine morphology and location (subambulacrals directly adjacent to the furrow spines). Similar to L. guildingi, L. profunda n. sp. also has furrow spines, which are alternatively large and small, but only a single row of subambulacral spines which are circular in outline, whereas L. guildingi has two subambulacral spine series, which are more oval to bean-shaped in outline.</p> <p>The Atlantic Linckia bouvieri shows adambulacral spination similar to that observed in Linckia profunda n. sp. with alternating large and small furrow spines and a single series of large-sized subambulacral spines. However, the subambulacrals in L bouvier are much more elongate and have more distinct, flattened abactinal plates than those on L. profunda n. sp.</p> <p>Habitat comparisons. Linckia profunda n. sp. is one of the deepest known species of a genus known primarily from shallow water settings. It is perhaps surprising, that in spite of the popular association of species such as Linckia laevigata with shallow-tropical Pacific reef habitats, in fact, most species of Linckia actually occur at relatively deep depths. Linckia gracilis from the East China Sea is known from 100– 200 m. The Atlantic species, Linckia nodosa and L. bouvieri occur between 9 and 475 m. The most widely occurring species, Linckia guildingi from both Atlantic and Indo-Pacific oceans has been recorded from between intertidal to 298 m depths (Clark &amp; Downey 1992). Shallow water Linckia., including L. columbiae, L. laevigata and L. multifora generally occur at depths shallower than 50 m.</p> <p>Description. Body strongly stellate (R/r=6–12.5, mostly 10–12.5) but arms unequal in length among specimens examined. Disk small, thick, arms tapering, round in cross-section. Interradial arcs acute.</p> <p>Abactinal plates abutted, individual plates flattened to convex (bumpy). Carinal series indistinct, abactinal plates irregularly arranged throughout most of arm distance with plates along distalmost arm tip forming ordered or weakly ordered rows. Distalmost plates also with most strongly convex plates. Papular pores 3 to 20, mostly 8 to 15 present irregularly throughout abactinal arm surface between convex plates. Abactinal, marginal, actinal surface covered by close-set polygonal granules, approximately 5–7 counted along a 1.0 mm line, occurring as a dense, continuous layer obscuring plate boundaries. Madreporite single, variably quadrate to peanut shaped in outline, flanked by 4 to 8 abactinal plates. Pedicellariae not observed. Anus located on raised region, centrally on disk flanked by approximately four to five granules, then approximately eight plates.</p> <p>Marginal plates comprised of superomarginal, intermarginal and inferomarginal plate series. Although marginal plate series are mostly complete, approximately two arms (four lateral arm surfaces) display prominent disjunctions with all marginal plate interruptions formed by irregular jumbles of abactinal and marginal plate series. Superomarginals round in shape, convex, approximately 120–160 per interradius (60–80 per arm), abutted along arm series, in direct contact proximally becoming separated and interrupted by granular plates more distally</p> <p>Intermarginal papular regions offset from superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, 120–160 per interradius (60–80 per arm) each contain 0 to 12 papulae, each pore, circular in shape. Intermarginal surface relatively flat compared to convexity observed on superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. Papulae abundance highest proximally decreasing to one and then no papulae adjacent to terminal plate. Inferomarginal plates identical in shape and number with superomarginals, running in direct parallel with superomarginal plates. Terminal plate broadly diamond shaped with rounded edges, weakly convex, with smooth surface.</p> <p>Actinal surface composed of 4 to 6 linear series, crossed by transverse depressions forming a wrinkled appearance around the oral and proximal arm regions. Every two transverse depressions aligned with an inferomarginal plate extending to adambulacral region. Actinal granulation part of continuous granular cover present on abactinal and marginal surface, relatively coarse formed by approximately 3 granules along a 1.0 mm line. Individual actinal plates weakly convex, quadrate in shape, but plate boundaries are obscured by granulation. Granulation along adambulacral plates/adjacent to adambulacral spination forms linear grain parallel to tube foot groove relative to granulation along actinal surface which occurs in perpendicular/transverse quadrate series. Adambulacral granulation mostly homogeneous, but at approximately the 40th–50th adambulacral plate a large smooth granule-like tubercle, approximately two to three times the ambient granules is present.</p> <p>Furrow spines two per adambulacral plate, inset along tube foot furrow so that spines sit within the furrow with only tips extending to body surface, each spine blunt, quadrate in shape, broadly rectangular in cross-section. Proximal spines identical in size, each spine broadly identical with subambulacrals in size, but beginning at approximately the fifth or sixth adambulacral spine, furrow spines are sharply heterogeneous in shape with the proximalmost spine becoming approximately 50% the thickness of the other furrow spine on the plate. Furrow spines alternate small and large along arm series to the terminus. Subambulacral spines, broadly quadrate in cross-section with round edges, blunt tipped, low. Each subambulacral spine similar in size to larger of the two furrow spines per plate. Subambulacral spines adjacent to furrow spines variably closely adjacent (in CASIZ 222377) or slightly distant or offset (in CASIZ 222374). It is unclear how mobile these spines are or if their relative distance is related to size. Approximately two or three blunt spines on oral plate with a single spine projecting into mouth. Three large, thick but smooth spines present on oral plate surface. Some subambulacral spines present on actinal intermediate region on granular regions adjacent to oral plate surface.</p> <p>Color in life is bright orange to dark reed with dark highlights on the abactinal side, yellow to light orange on oral surface. Furrow spines are white to straw colored.</p> <p>Material described. Holotype: CASIZ 222374. Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua), off Hanga Piko, 110 m. Coll Bart Shepherd, Tyler Phelps &amp; Luis Rocha, 3–7 March 2017. 1 wet spec R =6.4, r=0.6.</p> <p>Paratypes: Rapa Nui: CASIZ 222376. Moto Nui, Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua), 82.2 m. Coll. Bart Shepherd, Tyler Phelps &amp; Luis Rocha, 6 May 2017, 2 wet specs. R =6.6, r=0.8; R =7.8, r=1.3. CASIZ 222377. Moto Nui, Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua), 76.2 m. Coll. Bart Shepherd, Tyler Phelps &amp; Luis Rocha, 5 May 2017. 1 wet spec. R =12.5, r=1.0. New Caledonia: MNHN IE-2016-1535 (EcAs 12470). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.01666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.01666/lat -23.733334)">Norfolk Ridge</a>, New Caledonia, 23º44′S, 168º01′E, 229– 428 m. Coll. B. Richer, ORSTOM 23 Nov. 1996, 1 wet spec. R =9.9, r=0.8. MNHN IE-2016-1536 (EcAs 12455). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.13834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.778334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.13834/lat -24.778334)">Kaimon Maru Bank</a>, South New Caledonia, 24º46.7′S, 168º08.3′E, 254– 283 m. Coll. LITHIST DW 11, Coll. Richer, IRD, 11 Aug. 1999, 1 dry spec. R =4.5, r=0.4 (arms of varying lengths). MNHN IE-2016-1537 (EcAs 12451). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.01666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.01666/lat -23.3)">Antigonia Bank</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 23º18′S, 168º01′E, 540 m. Coll. NORFOLK 1 DW 1722, Coll., Lozouet, Boisselier &amp; Richer, IRD, 26 June, 2001, 1 dry spec. R =4.5, r=0.5. MNHN IE-2016-15378 (EcAs 12452). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.03334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.03334/lat -23.383333)">Antigonia Bank</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 23º23′S, 168º02′E, 180– 250 m. Coll. NORFOLK 1 DW 1712, Coll., Lozouet, Boisselier, Richer, IRD, 26 June, 2001, 1 dry spec. R =10.0, r=1.0 (2 arms damaged). MNHN IE-2016-1531. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.7/lat -22.3)">New Caledonia</a>, 22°18′S, 168°42′E, 340 m. Coll. EXBODI CP 3898, 20 Sept. 2011, 1 wet spec. R =10.6, r=1.1. MNHN IE-2016-1542 (ex EcAh 4832). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.01666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.01666/lat -23.666666)">Jumeau-West Bank</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 23º40′S, 168º01′E, 234– 261 m. Coll. by Lozouet, Boisseller, Richer, IRD, st. CP 1668, 21 June 2001, 3 wet spec. R =3.7, r=0.5; R =2.9, r=0.4; R =8.3, r=0.8. MNHN IE-2016-1541 (ex EcAh 4799). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.05/lat -23.366667)">Antigonia Bank</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 23º22′S, 168º03′E, 257– 269 m. Coll. Lozouet, Boisselier, Richer, IRD, NORFOLK 1 DW 171426 June, 2001. 7 wet specs. R =6.1, r=0.6; R =4.6, r=0.4; R =5.5, r=0.5; R =6.3, r=0.7; R =3.5, r=0.4; R =2.3, r=0.3; R =2.1, r=0.3. MNHN IE-2016-1540 (ex EcAh 4822). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.03334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.03334/lat -23.366667)">Antigonia Bank</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 23º22′S, 168º02′E, 204– 216 m. Coll. NORFOLK 1 DW 1713, Coll., Lozouet, Boisselier, Richer, IRD, 26 June, 2001, 1 wet spec. R =7.6, r=0.8. MNHN IE-2016-1539 (ex EcAh 5019). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.15/lat -24.75)">Kaimon Maru Bank</a>, South New Caledonia, 24º45′S, 168º09′E, 231– 233 m. Coll. Lozouet, Richer, IRD, NORFOLK 1, DW 167522 June 2001, 2 wet specs. R =7.3, r=0.9; R =5.1, r=0.8. MNHN IE-2016-1543 (ex EcAs 12129). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.01666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.01666/lat -23.683332)">South New Caledonia</a>, 23º41′S, 168º01′E, 240– 300 m. Coll. BERYX 11, DW40, B. Richer ORSTOM aboard N/O Alis. 20 Oct. 1992. 1 dry spec. R =5.2, r=0.6. MNHN IE-2016-1544 (ex EcAs 12129). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.01666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.01666/lat -23.666666)">South New Caledonia</a>, 23º40′S, 168º01′E, 270– 290 m. Coll. B. Richer ORSTOM, BERYX 11, CP45 aboard N/O Alis. 20 Oct. 1992. 1 dry spec. R =9.8, r=1.0. MNHN IE-2013-9434. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.61667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.61667/lat -22.916666)">New Caledonia</a>, 22°53′S, 167°37′E to 22°55′S, 167°37′E, 290– 310 m. Coll. KANACONO, DW4744, Coll. 23 Aug. 2016, 1 wet spec. R =6.1, r=0.6.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003363917C5BA45F67B2CAD88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC879003353915C5BA45F67B6DA829.text	03CC879003353915C5BA45F67B6DA829.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophidiaster Agassiz 1836	<div><p>Ophidiaster Agassiz, 1836</p> <p>Nardo 1834: 717 [as Linckia (pt)].</p> <p>Agassiz 1836b: 191; Gray 1840: 283; Müller &amp; Troschel 1842: 28 (pt); Lütken 1864: 163; Perrier 1869: 59; Lütken 1871: 265; Perrier 1875: 120 (384), 1884: 221; Sladen 1889: 401; Perrier 1894: 330; Sluiter 1895: 60; Perrier 1896: 43; Ludwig 1897: 299; Acloque 1900: 459: Fisher 1906: 1076; Koehler 1914: 200; Verrill 1915: 89; H.L. Clark 1921: 80; Walenkamp 1976: 17; Carrera-Rodriguez &amp; Tommassi 1977: 98; Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 278 (as Ophidiaster).</p> <p>Comments. Ophidiaster is a widely occurring genus containing 24 species in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Ophidiaster has been historically identified by its characteristic eight longitudinal rows of granule covered abactinal plates. This character has created problematic overlap with Tamaria and Hacelia, which are also identified based on the number of longitudinal rows along their arms. Partial rows have been observed and their role in the taxonomic definitions of these genera awaits further study.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879003353915C5BA45F67B6DA829	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC87900335392BC5BA47F97B8FAFF2.text	03CC87900335392BC5BA47F97B8FAFF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophidiaster colossus Mah 2021	<div><p>Ophidiaster colossus n. sp.</p> <p>Figure 13A–E</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is colossus for “large” in reference to this species’ great size.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Strongly stellate species (R/r=5.2–6.6) with tapering arms, thick body, arms and disk massive, with a continuous granular abactinal cover. Papular pores 10–50, 20–30 on most. Enlarged madreporite. Pedicellariae paddle-like with teeth like projections along edge of each valve sitting in hourglass shaped pit. Two furrow spines per adambulacral plate with one enlarged subambulacral spine for every two furrow spines. R up to 14.7 cm.</p> <p>Occurrence. New Caledonia, 380–480 m</p> <p>Taxonomic comments. Ophidiaster colossus n. sp. shares most similarity with other massive deep-sea Ophidiaster -like and some Tamaria species. Among these Ophidiaster spp., this includes the Atlantic Ophidiaster reyssi Sibuet, 1977, which occurs at 350 m in the Azores. It shares a general resemblance in that it displays the same massive arm and disk and similar plate shape and abactinal and papular pore arrangement. Subambulacral spines of Ophidiaster reyssi are more circular in shape than those in O. colossus which are more teardrop in outline.</p> <p>This species also invites comparison with the South Pacific Tamaria giffordensis, which co-occurs with Ophidiaster colossus n. sp. in the New Caledonia region. This latter species differs in the number of papular rows (six versus eight in Ophidiaster colossus n. sp.) but also in pedicellariae shape, with T. giffordensis, bearing forceps-like pedicellariae in alveolar pits versus the more paddle-like pedicellariae in O. colossus n. sp. which sit in hourglassshaped pits. Pedicellariae in T. giffordensis are also highly abundant, occurring on nearly every abactinal plate and adjacent to the adambulacral plates, whereas those in Ophidiaster colossus n. sp. are present only on a minority of plates, occurring irregularly on abactinal papular regions and elsewhere (see description). Granulation is much coarser in Ophidiaster colossus (4 to 8 along a 5.0 mm line) than in T. giffordensis (6 to 10 along a 5.0 mm line). There are fine striations in the actinal granulation in T. giffordensis, absent in O. colossus.</p> <p>Description. Body strongly stellate (R/r=5.2–6.6), Arms tapering, dome-like to polygonal in cross-section. In largest specimen (R=14.7) arms and disk are massive with heavily developed skeleton. Interradial arcs acute forming narrow “fold” between arms. Surface covered by granulated integument. Skeleton tessellate, papulae in eight distinct serial rows.</p> <p>Disk strongly convex. Serial papular rows converge on disk forming primary circlet, surrounding anus. Papular serial rows forming more irregular network on disk. Granules coarse and densely spaced, eight to ten along a 1.0 cm line. Papulae 10–50 per region on disk (20–30 on most) with larger specimens displaying, on average higher numbers of papulae in larger papular regions. Anus centrally located, flanked by 14–16 blunt spines, triangular in crosssection surrounded by granules coarser than others on disk. Madreporite large (0.7–1.0 cm diameter in specimens examined) with extensive, well-developed sulci, raised above disk surface. Numerous paddle-shaped pedicellariae (approximately 0.5 mm in length) present on disk and arm surface, residing in hourglass-shaped pits on abactinal surface.</p> <p>Arms displaying eight, serial papular rows with papulae present in similar numbers (20–30 per papular region, but greater in larger specimens). In the largest specimen examined (R= 14.7 cm) the papular arm series become extremely irregular especially as they continue onto plates on the disk. Abactinal arm plates round, irregular to scalar in shape. Lobate plates with three to four lobes. Granules round to polygonal, dense, present at identical densities with those on disk. Pedicellariae, identical to those on disk present on nearly every papular region on arm and covering over papular regions. Pedicellariae densities heaviest interradially between “folds” of tegument between disk and arms and along actinolateral edge adjacent to actinal plate series.</p> <p>Actinal region broad. Three to four series of actinal plates present on individuals with R&lt;9.0 cm versus the large individual (R= 14.7 cm) showing up to eight series present. On that largest specimen, the number of plates decreases as one progresses more distally along the arm gradually declining to a single series about halfway along the arm. Granules on actinal surface coarser than those on other surfaces, with three to six present along a 1.0 mm line. Granules disk broader still with only two or three present along a 1.0 mm line. Large paddle shaped spines present in moderate abundance on actinal regions, similar in appearance to subambulacrals, approximately one per plate, but up to 20 per interradial region on some individuals (on MNHN IE-2013-6655). Paddle-shaped pedicellariae, similar to those on other surfaces but larger 0.7 mm with four to five teeth per valve, present in regular series along plate series adjacent to adambulacral plates. When present, pedicellariae most abundant proximally on actinal surface disappearing along about 60% of arm length. Pedicellariae sit in corresponding, but deep grooves on the actinal surface with hourglass-like shape. Pedicellariae largest proximally becoming smaller in size along arm. Pedicellariae presence and frequency variable among individuals. The largest individual (R=14.7) shows much fewer pedicellariae present than other smaller individuals (e.g., MNHN IE-2013-6655). Furrow spines, blunt, quadrate in shape with round to angular edges, two per adambulacral plate, quadrate in cross-section. Furrow spines variably offset along series with some showing furrow spines as longer and shorter but with some furrow spines displaying identical height. Approximately one subambulacral present for every two furrow spines.</p> <p>Adambulacral granulation/spination set away from furrow and subambulacral spines by distinct space, approximately three to five spines/granules present. Pedicellariae paddle-like with wide valves (length=~1.0–2.0 mm) each with rough edges.</p> <p>Oral plate region weakly convex, rising standing above actinal surface. Furrow spines on oral plate number identically with those on adambulacral plates. Two blunt but pointed spines, quadrate to polygonal in cross-section projecting from oral plate into mouth. Oral plate surface covered by large, coarse granules and three to four paddlelike spines identical to those on other actinal plate regions.</p> <p>Based on examination of differently sized specimens, smaller (R&lt;8.0) individuals appear to show more conventional ophidiasterid appearance with more cylindrical arms and flattened disk. Larger individuals (R&gt; 9.0) show more convex and irregular disk shape with thicker arms and more strongly expressed deformation on proximal arm regions.</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype: MNHN IE-2013-4683. New Caledonia, 24° 55′S, 168° 22′E, 505–514 m. Coll. NORFOLK 2, CP 2082, 28 Oct. 2003. 1 wet spec. R =14.7, r=2.8.</p> <p>Paratypes: MNHN IE-2013-6655. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.72" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.27/lat -23.72)">South</a> New Caledonia, banc Jumeau Ouest, 23º43.2′S, 168º16.2′E, 379– 391 m. Coll. Richer, IRD aboard N/ O Alis, campagne LITHIST, St. CP 16. 12 Aug. 1999. 1 dry spec. R =9.5, r=1.8. MNHN IE-2013-6656 (ex EcAh 4998). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.28334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.28334/lat -23.733334)">Norfolk Ridge</a>, New Caledonia. 23º44′S, 168º17′E, 383– 394 m. Coll. Lozouet et al. aboard NORFOLK 1 St. CP 1706. 25 June 2001. 1 wet spec. R =9.9, r=1.5. MNHN IE-2013-6657 (EcAs 12417). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.98334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.98334/lat -23.05)">South</a> New Caledonia, 23º03′S, 166º59′E, 464– 480 m. Coll. Richer et al. aboard N/ O Alis, campagne HALIPRO 1, CP 877. 31 March 1994. 1 dry spec. R =7.8, r=1.1. MNHN IE-2013-6658 (ex EcAh 5107). New Caledonia, 22º51′S, 167º13′E, 445– 460 m. Coll. C. Vadon aboard N/O Alis, campagne, MUSORSTOM 4 DW 229, 30 Sept. 1985. 1 wet spec. R =7.7, r=1.6. MNHN IE-2013-6806 (EcAs 12417). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.68333/lat -23.616667)">Stylaster Bank</a>, South New Caledonia, 23º37′S, 167º41′E, 447 m. Coll., LITHIST CP 3, Richer IRD, aboard N/O Alis, 1 dry spec., R =6.7, r=1.0. MNHN IE-2013-9192. New Caledonia, 22°45′S, 167°4′E to 22°46′S, 167°5′E, 275– 291 m. Coll. KANACONO DW 4729, 20 Aug. 2016, 1 wet spec. R =9.6, r=1.7. MNHN IE-2013-9508. New Caledonia, 22°45′S, 167°4′E to 22°46′S, 167°5′E, 275– 291 m. Coll. KANACONO, DW 4729, 2 wet specs. R =3.5, r=0.5; R =3.4, r=0.5.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87900335392BC5BA47F97B8FAFF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790030B3929C5BA408F7D20AC8E.text	03CC8790030B3929C5BA408F7D20AC8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophidiaster agassizi Perrier 1881	<div><p>Ophidiaster agassizi Perrier, 1881</p> <p>Figure 14 A–D</p> <p>Perrier 1881: 10; H.L. Clark 1921: 83; Deichmann et al. 1924: 387; Codoceo 1976: 94 (as Ophidiaster agassizi). Ziesenhenne 1963: 461 (as Ophidiaster easterensis).</p> <p>Comments. The first occurrence records of this species were made from relatively deep-water [40–73 m (22–40 fathoms)] with subsequent records showing a much wider and shallower range up to intertidal or shoreline depths. New specimens also show occurrence from the nearby Juan Fernandez Islands. Mecho et al. (2019) has presented in situ observations of O. easterensis from between 160–180 m on rocky bottoms. These individuals were orange in color.</p> <p>Synonymy of Ophidiaster easterensis Ziesenhenne, 1963. Numerous characters strongly support Ophidiaster easterensis Ziesenhenne 1963 as a synonym of Ophidiaster agassizi Perrier 1881. Specimens of the latter (USNM E4662) were compared with specimens of the former. Both specimens displayed pedicellariae valves with identical pointed tips as well as identical subambulacral morphology and positions of the furrow spination. Ziesenhenne (1963) compared the two species claiming they were distinct based on body shape, pedicellariae, alternation of large oval actinal spines, interlocking arrangement of the furrow spines and tubercles on the terminal plate.</p> <p>The interlocking arrangement of furrow spines is a post-mortem artefact which likely occurred as the animal was assuming a defensive position and was frozen as such during preservation. Pedicellariae morphology, contrary to Ziesenhenne’s statements were identical. The “actinal spines” described by Ziesenhenne (1963: 463) occur on the adambulacral plates and are correctly identified as subambulacral spines. They are similar if not outright identical to those figured by Ziesenhenne as well as in other compared specimens from Rapa Nui. The body shape differences were observed but this appeared to be variable with area and with size with larger individuals showing more rounded arm tips. Finally, the tubercles present on the terminal plate were observed on O. easterensis are absent on specimens identified as O. agassizi but these could represent phenotypic variation.</p> <p>The type locality of Ophidiaster agassizi was listed without a specific locality in Perrier (1881) a monograph that primarily documents species from the Gulf of Mexico and the tropical Atlantic. A note accompanying the type in the MNHN identifies the locality as “ Chili ” (= Chile) making the specimen consistent with modern published accounts [e.g., H.L. Clark (1921)] indicating that the species was found only in the Juan Fernandez Islands.</p> <p>This species shares the identical type of curved, pointed pedicellariae observed in the New Zealand species Ophidiaster macknighti and, with one or two character differences, is very similar to O. macknighti.</p> <p>Occurrence. Juan Fernandez Islands, Rapa Nui (La Perouse Bay, Anakena, Motu Tautara, Isla de Pascua), 0–73.1 m.</p> <p>Small sized specimen description. Body stellate (R/r=5.0), interradial arcs acute.</p> <p>Carinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plate series present. Carinal series composed of eight quadrate abutted plates extending from disk to arm terminus. Elongate, diamond-shaped adradials, approximately seven or eight present along arm series. Primary circlet on disk evident. Surface covered by coarse granules, six to eight along a 1.0 mm line. Anal region on disk with slightly coarser granules, unevenly arranged. Body showing two fully developed, two partially developed intermarginal papular rows. The former extending from the interradius to the arm terminus, the latter with only one or two papular pores present along the serial rows along the arm.</p> <p>Superomarginals, approximately 10 per arm, 20 per interradius (arm tip to arm tip), plates quadrate. Superomarginals large with upper lateral plate forming a prominent edge visible on the abactinal side, covered by large numbers of coarse granules with larger bullet shaped ones present centrally on the plate. Inferomarginals also with identical numbers of plates, covered by large, coarse granules with larger bullet-shaped granules present centrally. Inferomarginals abut directly with adambulacrals.</p> <p>Actinal plates in approximately two series, coarse granules similar to those elsewhere present covering the surface. Furrow spines two, pointed conical in shape. Single subambulacral spine per adambulacral plate, 20 along the arm, each spine paddle-shaped with jagged knife-like tip. Subambulacral spines approximately one or two granule series away from the furrow spines. A further short, pointed spine similar to those on the furrow present between the subambulacral and the furrow spines. Granules, one to six present around the surface of the adambulacral plate around base of the subambulacral spine. Oral region sunken, two furrow spines on the oral plate with one pointing into the mouth along with two spines present on the oral plate surface. Oral plates otherwise bare.</p> <p>Material described. Rapa Nui: CASIZ 220291. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.07" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.32/lat -27.07)">Anakena</a>, Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua), 27.07ºS, 109.32ºW, 0–14.6 m. Coll. T.M. Gosliner, 6 March 2017, 1 wet spec. R =1.2, r=0.2. CASIZ 221594. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.44/lat -27.15)">Frente de Hotel</a> dive site, Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua), 27.15ºS, 109.44ºW, 20 m, 5 March 2017. 1 wet spec. R =2.3, r=0.3. USNM E33994. Motu Tautara, Rapa Nui, 30 m. Coll. Feb. 1984, 5 dry specs. R =2.6, r=0.3; R =2.1, r=0.3; R =1.1, r=0.2; R =1.4, r=0.3; R =0.7, r=0.1 (6 arms); R =0.3, r=0.5. CASIZ 224117. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.07" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.32/lat -27.07)">Anakena</a>, Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua). 27.07ºS, 109.32ºW, 0–14.6 m. Coll. T.M. Gosliner, 6 March 2017, 1 wet spec. R =0.5, r=0.1.</p> <p>Juan Fernandez Islands: USNM E46260. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.81389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.63889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.81389/lat -33.63889)">Robinson Crusoe Island</a>, Juan Fernandez Islands, South Pacific, Chile, 33º38′20″S, 78º48′50″W, 6– 11 m. Coll. R / V Anton Bruun, Cru. 12, 11 Dec. 1965. 1 dry spec. R =8.6, r=1.0. USNM E46261. Juan Fernandez Islands, South Pacific, Chile., 28 m, Coll. R / V Anton Bruun, 16 Dec. 1965, 2 dry specs. R =5.2, r=0.6; R =8.6, r=1.2.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790030B3929C5BA408F7D20AC8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC87900309392EC5BA42537B40ABE6.text	03CC87900309392EC5BA42537B40ABE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophidiaster macknighti H. E. S. Clark 1962	<div><p>Ophidiaster macknighti H.E.S. Clark, 1962</p> <p>H.E.S. Clark 1962: 2; McKnight 1993: 171; A.M. Clark 1993: 349; Rowe &amp; Gates 1995: 92. H.E.S. Clark &amp; McKnight 2001: 168.</p> <p>Comments. The New Caledonia specimens agree with most characters as summarized by H.E.S. Clark (1962). This species is very similar in appearance to O. agassizi Perrier, 1881. Pedicellariae are identical in specimens from both regions, showing recurved valves with fine, hyaline tips. This species differs from O. agassizi in that the furrow spines are relatively free from granular cover but subambulacral spines are similar in appearance.</p> <p>Occurrence. New Caledonia. Northeaster New Zealand, Wanganella Bank, New South Wales. 20– 250 m.</p> <p>Specimen records. New Caledonia: MNHN IE-2013-9781. New Caledonia, 25°21′S, 159°45′E, 25°22′S, 159°43′E, 108 – 130 m. Coll. KANADEEP DW 4945, 1 wet spec. R=7.0, r=0.8. MNHN IE-2016-1527. New Caledonia, 22°21′S, 168°42′E, 240– 250 m. Coll EXBODI DW 3897, 1 wet spec. R=5.7, r=0.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87900309392EC5BA42537B40ABE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790030E392FC5BA41747CB2AABA.text	03CC8790030E392FC5BA41747CB2AABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tamaria giffordensis McKnight 2001	<div><p>Tamaria giffordensis McKnight, 2001</p> <p>Figure 15A–D</p> <p>McKnight 1975: 56 (as Ophidiaster sp.).</p> <p>McKnight in Clark &amp; McKnight 2001: 177.</p> <p>Taxonomic comments. Specimens of this species examined below from New Caledonia display an R/r of up to 6.6, which differs from McKnight’s description showing a more stellate body form which was calculated in the description as R/r=5.08 and indicated as less than 4 in the diagnostic key. However, measurements of this species from McKnight’s other figures (2001: plate 89) shows a more consistent value of R/r=6.1.</p> <p>Occurrence. Gifford and Nova Seamounts in the northern Tasman Sea. New Caledonia, Fiji. 260–470 m.</p> <p>Material examined. New Caledonia: MNHN IE-2013-6698. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=165.47&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.853333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 165.47/lat -20.853333)">East</a> coast New Caledonia, 20º51.2′S, 165º28.2′E, 450– 470 m. Coll. Bouchet &amp; Richer, BATHUS 1, CP 671, 14 March 1993. 2 dry specs. R =5.2, r=1.0; R =6.2, r=0.9. MNHN IE-2013-6699. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.58333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.58333/lat -22.9)">Southeast</a> New Caledonia, 22º54′S, 167º35′E, 350–360 m, Coll. ORSTOM AZTEQUE St. Ch. 10, 15 Feb. 1990, 2 dry specs. R =4.8, r=0.8; R =5.3, r=1.0. MNHN IE-2013-6700. New Caledonia, 19º04′S, 163º27′E, 260 m, Coll. C. Vadon et al. aboard N.O. Vauban, MUSORSTOM 4, DW 184, 18 Sept.1985. 1 dry spec. R =5.5, r=0.9. MNHN IE-2013-6701. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.056667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.0/lat -23.056667)">South</a> New Caledonia. 23º3.4′S, 167º00′E, 350–400 m, Coll. Bouchet &amp; Richer ORSTOM BATHUS 2, CP 737, 13 May 1993. 2 dry specs. R =7.0, r=1.3; R =3.9, r=0.8. MNHN IE-2013-6702. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.745&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.821667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.745/lat -22.821667)">South</a> New Caledonia, 22º49.3′S, 166º44.7′E, 300–370 m, Coll. Bouchet &amp; Richer ORSTOM, BATHUS 2, DW 731, 13 May 1993, 1 dry spec. R =4.4, r=0.7. MNHN IE-2013-6703. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=165.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 165.89/lat -20.9)">East</a> coast New Caledonia, 20º54′S, 165º53.4′E, 394–397 m, Coll. Bouchet &amp; Richer ORSTOM, BATHUS 1, CP 670, 2 dry specs. R =7.2, r=1.2; R =6.6, r=1.0. MNHN IE-2013-6704. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.08333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.08333/lat -23.216667)">Banc Aztèque</a>, Southeast New Caledonia, 23º13′S, 168º05′E, 290–460 m, Coll. ORSTOM, AZTEQUE St. CH 01, 12 Feb. 1990, 3 dry specs., R =4.1, r=0.7; R =3.6, r=0.5; R =3.9, r=0.7. MNHN IE-2013-6705. New Caledonia, 19°6′S, 163°30′E, 235 m, Coll. MUSORSTOM 4, DW 185, 2 dry specs. R =5.4, r=1.0; R =6.1, r=1.2. MNHN IE-2013-6706. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.01666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.01666/lat -23.683332)">South</a> New Caledonia, 23º41′S, 168º01′E, 240– 300 m. Coll. B. Richer, ORSTOM, BERYX 11, DW 40, 20 Oct. 1992, 2 dry specs., R =4.0, r=0.7; R =4.3, r=0.8. MNHN IE-2013-6719. New Caledonia, no other data. Coll. NORFOLK 1 DW 1631. 1 wet spec. R =3.9, r=0.7. MNHN IE-2013-6732. New Caledonia, 23°27′S, 167°50′E to 23°26′S, 167°50′E. Coll. NORFOLK 1 DW 1651 2 wet specs. R =4.9, r=1.0; R =4.6, r=0.7. Fiji: MNHN IE-2013-6707. SE Viti <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=178.82333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 178.82333/lat -17.825)">Levu</a>, Fiji, 17º49.5′S, 178º 49.4′E, 302– 310 m. Coll. Bouchet &amp; Richer MUSORSTOM 10, CP 1355, 12 Aug. 1998. 1 dry spec. R =11.1, r=2.0.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790030E392FC5BA41747CB2AABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790030E392EC5BA44BA7A19A9AB.text	03CC8790030E392EC5BA44BA7A19A9AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tamaria Gray 1840	<div><p>Tamaria Gray, 1840</p> <p>Gray 1840: 283; H.L. Clark 1921: 88; Downey 1971: 43; 1973: 64; Clark &amp; Downey 1992: 283.</p> <p>Comments. Tamaria is a genus of Ophidiasteridae defined on the basis of the presence of six longitudinal papular rows. Tamaria currently includes18 species (Mah 2018) and is distributed primarily in the Indo-Pacific, with two species known from the Atlantic. Many Tamaria species occur at relatively deep depths for ophidiasterids (e.g., H.E.S. Clark &amp; McKnight 2001) and occur at mesophotic settings or deeper.</p> <p>H.L. Clark (1921) provided an overview and key to the species of Tamaria. Clark &amp; Rowe (1971) provided a key to the Indo-Pacific species. Work herein synonymizes the East Pacific Tamaria stria with Linckia columbiae and assigns Tamaria passiflora to the new genus Astroglypha. Boundaries for some species in the genus Tamaria have been uncertain due to character variation in papular rows in related genera. For example, some species in the genus Ophidiaster, which is identified on the basis of eight papular rows can be easily confused with Tamaria owing to incomplete papular rows which can be present proximally, but can “pinch out” midway along the arm.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790030E392EC5BA44BA7A19A9AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790030C392CC5BA47B07BAFAE5F.text	03CC8790030C392CC5BA47B07BAFAE5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acheronaster sp.	<div><p>Acheronaster sp.</p> <p>Comments. The Rapa Nui species displays several characters which identify it as Acheronaster, including the high disk, the triangular, sharply sloping arms, the distinct, rolled marginal plate periphery and the complete absence of spination on any of the marginal plate surfaces.</p> <p>Mecho et al. (2019: Fig. 11) reported an oreasterid showing a white body with brick red spines and highlights. This species differs in the absence of distinct, pointed abactinal spination on much of the surface and having larger, flattened primary and abactinal disk plates. Color is also substantially different. Acheronaster tumidus is described as primarily orange with bars and other patterns (H.E.S. Clark 1982: 41). Comparison of this species with that of Acheronaster tumidus, shows it to be a second, likely undescribed, species of Acheronaster.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790030C392CC5BA47B07BAFAE5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
03CC8790030C392CC5BA45BE7DDCA8EF.text	03CC8790030C392CC5BA45BE7DDCA8EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acheronaster tumidus H. E. S. Clark 1982	<div><p>Acheronaster tumidus H.E.S. Clark, 1982</p> <p>Figure 16A–E</p> <p>H.E.S. Clark 1982: 39; H.E.S. Clark &amp; McKnight 2001: 180.</p> <p>Taxonomic comment. This represents the first record of this species since its description by H.E.S. Clark (1982) and extends the range from the Kermadec Islands and Australia to Norfolk Ridge.</p> <p>Occurrence. Kermadec Islands, north of New Zealand and coast of New South Wales, Australia New Caledonia, 110– 300 m</p> <p>Material examined. MNHN IE-2013-6608. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.16437&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.734617" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.16437/lat -24.734617)">Kaimon-Maru Bank</a>, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 24°44′4.6212″S, 168°9′51.7248″E, 269 – 300. Coll. Lozouet, Boisselier &amp; Richer-IRD, aboard N/ O Alis, NORFOLK 1. CP 1678, 22 June 2001, 1 dry spec. R =18.1, r=7.7.</p> <p>Acheronaster sp.</p> <p>Comments. The Rapa Nui species displays several characters which identify it as Acheronaster, including the high disk, the triangular, sharply sloping arms, the distinct, rolled marginal plate periphery and the complete absence of spination on any of the marginal plate surfaces.</p> <p>Mecho et al. (2019: Fig. 11) reported an oreasterid showing a white body with brick red spines and highlights. This species differs in the absence of distinct, pointed abactinal spination on much of the surface and having larger, flattened primary and abactinal disk plates. Color is also substantially different. Acheronaster tumidus is described as primarily orange with bars and other patterns (H.E.S. Clark 1982: 41). Comparison of this species with that of Acheronaster tumidus, shows it to be a second, likely undescribed, species of Acheronaster.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8790030C392CC5BA45BE7DDCA8EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2021): The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions. Zootaxa 4980 (3): 401-450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1
