identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C38794FFEF080D53E4FAEFBF2DFB19.text	03C38794FFEF080D53E4FAEFBF2DFB19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Richardoestesia gilmorei Currie et al. 1990	<div><p>Richardoestesia aff. R. gilmorei Currie et al., 1990</p> <p>Referred material. ML 939 (Fig. 10).</p> <p>Locality and horizon. Cliffs of Valmitão South, Lourinhã, Portugal. Amoreira-Porto Novo Member, Lourinhã Formation, Late Kimmeridgian, Upper Jurassic.</p> <p>Description. The crown is entirely preserved but shows an important spalled surface extending on the apical part of the mesial margin of the tooth. A small piece and some denticles of the distal carina are missing but most of them are intact and well-preserved. The tooth only preserved the basal part of the root.</p> <p>Crown. The crown is small (CH of 5.1 mm), slightly elongated (CBH of 1.82) and strongly compressed labiolingually (CBR of 0.5; Table 3). The tip is strongly recurved distally and the apex is pointed, mostly due to the wear facet. The mesial carina is missing and might have been worn on the tip of the crown. The distal carina is serrated and bears denticles from the cervix to the apex.</p> <p>In lateral view, the crown is straight along the basal part, then abruptly curves distally at two-thirds of its height at an angle of 55° to the vertical, forming an acute backward tip. The most basal part of the crown is slightly constricted mesio-distally, but the constriction only occurs on the mesial margin of the crown, the distal margin being straight along the first fourth of the crown. The distal carina is universally concave, but the carina curves above the straight basal margin, and the distal part of the carina is straight. The mesial margin is convex above the cervix only on the basal half of the crown, the other half remaining flat due to the wear facet. A convex surface delimited by a longitudinal groove mesially and a flattened or slightly concave surface distally appears on both lingual and labial faces. This large mesial ridge follows the same curvature of the crown and its mesio-distal width decreases towards the tip. It starts one-third of the way from the base of the crown on the labial face and from the apical part of the root on the lingual surface. Both lingual and labial grooves are narrow and reach the wear facet at the tip.</p> <p>In mesial view the crown tip is straight and curves neither labially nor lingually. Both labial and lingual faces are weakly convex and the crown-base width is slightly narrower than the mid-crown width. The crown remains, however, strongly compressed labio-lingually all along its height, and the crown width slightly decreases from the mid-crown to the tip.</p> <p>In distal view, the most basal part of the serrated carina is straight and vertical but then curved all along the rest of the crown with the bow directed lingually. The distal carina is slightly oriented labially (we regarded the labial face of the crown as the face towards which the distal carina was displaced, at it is almost always the case in theropods; pers. obs.), and the labial face adjacent to the carina is flat whereas the lingual surface near the carina is concave.</p> <p>In apical view, the basal part of the mesial margin is strongly convex and the wear facet situated on the distal part forms a narrow flat surface revealing the enamel and the dentine layers. In basal view, the crown-base forms an “eight-shaped” in cross section (Fig. 10G) due to the basal concavity on both labial and lingual side of the crown. The concave surface on the lingual face is shallow, triangular in shape and extends on one-third of the crown whereas the one on the labial face is slightly deeper and ends at the cervix level. The mesial part of the crown is labio-lingually wider (1.2 mm) than the distal part (1 mm). The dentine layer is thicker in the centre of both labial and lingual sides, giving an even well-pronounced “eight-shaped” to the pulp cavity, thinner distally.</p> <p>Denticles. Only the distal carina is preserved and serrated, and the morphology of the denticles varies along the carina. With 10 denticles per 1 mm basally and at the mid-crown and 9 apically, the denticles slightly increase in size near the apex. The basal denticles are longer mesio-distally than baso-apically. In lateral view, they are tongue-shaped with their external margin strongly convex, parabolic and symmetrically rounded or slightly pointing towards the tip of the crown (Fig. 10I), giving them an asymmetrical outline. Although the basal denticles become mesio-distally shorter towards the root and the mid-crown, they share a same baso-apical width than denticles at mid-height of crown. On the other hand, the apical denticles are short and baso-apically larger than the basal ones. The most apical denticles are cartouche-shaped with their external margin symmetrically or asymmetrically convex. These denticles are also mesio-distally short and just form a small symmetrical bump at the apex in lateral view. In apical view, the lingual and dorsal surfaces of the body of the denticles are convex, and the denticle tip is chisel-like in shape.</p> <p>The interdenticular sulci of basal denticles are absent or very short. When present, they are shallow and straight, extending perpendicular to the distal margin on the labial and lingual faces from between the denticles. The interdenticular sulci are totally absent in the apical denticles. The interdenticular space of distal denticles is narrow, slightly larger in the apical denticles, and usually filled with sediment.</p> <p>Surface. The enamel texture of the crown surface is irregular and shows finely wrinkled non-oriented structures on both sides (Fig. 10H). Except for the presence of those microscopic sculptures, there is no other ornamentations on the crown surface.</p> <p>Discussion. ML 939 is interpreted as a shed tooth as it lacks most of the root and the pulp cavity is slightly excavated.</p> <p>The presence of a basal constriction between the crown and root has been observed in basal most theropods like Eoraptor lunensis (Sereno et al. 1993) and many coelurosaurs such as the tyrannosauroid Proceratosaurus (Rauhut et al. 2010), the compsognathid Compsognathus (Zinke &amp; Rauhut 1994), the ornithomimosaur Pelecanimimus (Pérez-Moreno et al. 1994), alvarezsaurids (Perle et al. 1993), basal oviraptorosaurs (Osmólska et al. 2004), therizinosaurs (e.g., Russell &amp; Dong 1993; Zhao &amp; Xu 1998; Kirkland et al. 2005), troodontids (e.g., Currie et al. 1990; Baszio 1997; Norell et al. 2000; Currie &amp; Dong 2001; Sankey et al. 2002; Averianov &amp; Sues 2007), the dromaeosaurids Microraptor (Xu et al. 2000), and many basal avialans such as Archaeopteryx and Cathayornis (Hou 1997; Feduccia 2002).</p> <p>Nevertheless, the presence of an eight-shape outline of the crown-base in cross-section is a common feature of many deinonychosaurs such as Saurornitholestes (Currie et al. 1990; Sankey et al. 2002), Tsaagan (Norell et al. 2006), Pyroraptor (Allain &amp; Taquet 2000; Gianechini et al. 2011b), Buitreraptor (Gianechini et al. 2011b) and the enigmatic theropod Richardoestesia gilmorei (Currie et al. 1990). With perhaps the exception of Berberosaurus (MNH Pt339), the base crown of non-maniraptoriform theropods like coelophysoids, ceratosaurs, megalosauroids, allosauroids and most of tyrannosauroids can be subcircular, ovoid, elliptical, lenticular or bean-shaped but not eight-shaped (pers. obs.). This also seems to be the case in more derived coelurosaurs such as Compsognathidae (e.g., Zinke 1998: fig. 2; Dal Sasso &amp; Maganuco 2011: fig. 44 to 48), therizinosaurs (Clark et al. 1994: fig. 12; Zhao &amp; Xu 1998: fig. 1), Oviraptorosaurs (Balanoff et al. 2009: fig. 2-7) and perhaps Ornitholestes hermanni (AMNH 619). The latter possesses a median concave surface on the labial surface of some crowns, but does not seem to have any on the lingual one, giving a bean-shaped outline of the crown base in cross section (pers. obs.). The tyrannosaurid Alioramus altai (IGM 100-1844) and the neovenatorid Orkoraptor burkei (Novas et al. 2008; Benson et al. 2010) are two exceptions; the latter possesses a particularly developed median depression on both labial and lingual sides of the crown. To our knowledge, it represents the second non-coelurosaurian theropods with an eight-shaped cross section of the crown (the other one being Berberosaurus), and other neovenatorids such as Neovenator (MIWG 6348), Aerosteon (Sereno et al. 2008), Fukuiraptor (Azuma &amp; Currie 2000; Currie &amp; Azuma 2006; Molnar et al. 2009) and Australovenator (Hocknull et al. 2009) do not display this peculiarity. An eight-shaped outline of the base crown was also reported in the coelophysoid Liliensternus by Gianechini et al. 2011 (Fig. 3c). Nevertheless, based on the crown morphology of this taxon, it is more likely that the eight-shaped outline corresponds to a cross section in the root rather than at the base-crown. ML 939 has a low crown with small denticles and a mesiodistal constriction at the base and therefore contrasts with the elongated teeth of Neovenatoridae and Tyrannosauridae which bear large denticles and never show a mesio-distal constriction at the base crown (pers. obs.). Therefore, it is unlikely that this shed tooth belongs to a non-maniraptoriform theropod.</p> <p>ML 939 serrations are particularly minute and the distal carina bears nine to ten denticles per one millimetre. Among deinonychosaurs, such condition only exists, to our knowledge, in the taxa Richardoestesia gilmorei and Richardoestesia isosceles (e.g., Currie et al. 1990; Sankey 2001; Sankey et al. 2002; Baszio 1997; Sankey 2008; Larson 2008; Larson &amp; Currie 2013) but the dental morphology of the latter (i.e., teeth with no constriction, straight to slightly recurved, crown subtriangular in outline) strongly differs with that of ML 939. The external margins of the denticles are symmetrically rounded or slightly curved towards the tip of the crown, and the basal and mid-crown denticles have similar size on the distal carina, two conditions shared by Richardoestesia gilmorei (Currie et al. 1990 fig. 8.4; Baszio 1997; Larson 2008). Although the presence of a longitudinal groove mesially positioned on the crown has never been noticed in Richardoestesia gilmorei, this feature seems to be present in some specimens assigned to this species (see Baszio 1997: Plate IV fig. 47; Sankey et al. 2002: fig. 5 n°6), and longitudinal grooves have already been observed in the genus Richardoestesia (Currie et al. 1990; Sankey 2001; Rauhut 2002). Nevertheless, several differences exist between ML 939 and the teeth of the holotype of Richardoestesia gilmorei, namely, the presence of interdenticular sulci and mesio-distally elongated distal denticles, and the absence of a mesial carina reaching the cervix in ML 939. Although the mesial serration are usually restricted to the apicalmost part of the crown in R. gilmorei, the mesial carina always reaches the cervix in this taxon (Derek Larson pers. comm.).</p> <p>With a strongly labiolingually compressed profile of the crown, ML 939 was coded as a lateral tooth. The cladistic analysis performed on the dentition-based dataset recovered ML 939 as a close relative of Richardoestesia gilmorei (Fig. 1). The clade encompassing those two taxa is defined by two ambiguous synapomorphies: a weak constriction occurring at the base crown (characters 63) and subequal number of distal denticles basally and at the mid-crown (character 99). The analysis performed on the supermatrix recovered it as a Dromaeosauridae along with Richardoestesia (Fig. 2; Appendix, Fig. A10).</p> <p>Richardoestesia gilmorei is a common species in the Late Cretaceous of Northern America and teeth belonging to this taxon, or referred to it, have been found in the Santonian Milk River Formation, the Campanian Belly River Group, the Campanian-Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and the Maastrichtian Scollard Formation of Alberta, the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan (Canada), the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and the Lance Formation of Wyoming (e.g., Currie et al. 1990; Baszio 1997; Longrich 2008; Sankey 2008; Larson 2008; Larson et al. 2010; Larson &amp; Currie 2013). Given the results of the cladistic analysis, R. gilmorei likely belongs to Dromaeosauridae than any other theropod clade.</p> <p>Small theropod teeth from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal have already been assigned with caution to the genus Richardoestesia by Zinke (1998). Nevertheless, they strongly differ from ML 939 by being extremely elongated and weakly recurved, resembling the elongated and subtriangular teeth assigned to Richardoestesia sp. by Baszio (1997), and Richardoestesia isosceles by Sankey (2001). Following the cladistic analysis and the diagnosis of teeth belonging to Richardoestesia sp. (and R. gilmorei in particular) given by Currie et al. (1990), Baszio (1997) and Longrich (2008), and since the presence of teeth similar to those of Richardoestesia isosceles has already been reported in the Late Jurassic of Portugal (Zinke 1998), ML 939 is ascribed to the possible dromaeosaurid Richardoestesia, which extends the stratigraphic range of the taxon back to the Jurassic. ML 939 is similar to R. gilmorei teeth in many aspects, but this taxon has only been recorded in the Late Cretaceous of North America, more than 90 million years after the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. We therefore consider that ML 939 belongs to a close relative of Richardoestesia gilmorei.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38794FFEF080D53E4FAEFBF2DFB19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hendrickx, Christophe;Mateus, Octávio	Hendrickx, Christophe, Mateus, Octávio (2014): Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth. Zootaxa 3759 (1): 1-74, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1
03C38794FFFA080653E4FE8ABDAFF89D.text	03C38794FFFA080653E4FE8ABDAFF89D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Abelisauridae Bonaparte & Novas 1985	<div><p>Abelisauridae Bonaparte &amp; Novas, 1985</p> <p>Gen. and sp. indet.</p> <p>Referred material. ML 327 and ML 966 (Figs. 3–4).</p> <p>Locality and horizon. Cliffs of Lourinhã, Lourinhã, Portugal. Lourinhã Formation, Kimmeridgian-Tithonian, Upper Jurassic.</p> <p>Description. ML 327 lacks the lowermost part of the crown, a small piece of the mesial carina on the lingual face and a few denticles on the distal carina. However, the crown is well preserved and most of the denticles are intact. The apical part of the distal carina of ML 966 is also missing; otherwise this tooth is relatively wellpreserved, with some part of the enamel cracked and missing.</p> <p>Crown. The teeth are slightly elongated baso-apically (CHR of 1.58 in ML 327 and 1.95 in ML 966) and ziphodont in shape. Both crowns are only weakly curved distally, and the apex has been worn.</p> <p>In lateral view, the distal carina is slightly concave, almost straight. The axis passing through the basal part of distal carina is perpendicular to the transversal plane of the crown. The mesial margin of the crown is much more recurved than the distal margin and the curvature is more important apically than basally. The apex is not acute and pointed but slightly rounded. In ML 327, it shows a small spalling surface on the labial face and a large wear facet (Fig. 3A) corresponding to an elongated tongue-shaped surface bearing diagonal striations and inclined mesiobasally on the two-thirds of the lingual side. The spalling surface on the lingual side of the crown in ML 966 is rather subtriangular and only limited to the apex. Both mesial and distal carinae are serrated from the base to the tip of the crown. The lingual surface of ML 327 bears a prominent longitudinal depression on its mesial part, 4 mm from the mesial carina at the mid-crown. This narrow groove (Fig. 3H) of 1.5 mm width extends from around 8.5 mm above the cervix dentis (or neck of the tooth, here referred to as 'cervix' sensu Smith &amp; Dodson 2003) and ends at a distance of 8 mm from the apex. The longitudinal depression roughly follows the curvature of the crown, is closer to the mesial carina at its basal and apical endings, and almost contacts the large wear facet apically. No longitudinal groove is present on the labial face of the crown in ML 327 and on both labial and lingual sides of the tooth in ML 966.</p> <p>In mesial view, the mesial carina of both teeth is concave and inclined baso-lingually. The carina remains medially positioned on the tip of the crown but twists lingually towards the root more basally and extends mesiolingually to the cervix (Figs. 3B and 4B). The crown apex remains straight and follows the general curvature of the crown. The lingual surface is slightly baso-apically sigmoid with the basal part of the crown concave and the apical one convex. On the other hand, the entire labial surface of the crown is strongly convex baso-apically. There is a flattened surface at the base of the mesial margin which is delimited lingually by the mesial carina in ML 327. This flattened surface, which appears above the cervix, extends on the first third of the crown. In ML 966 however, the surface at the base of the mesial margin is strongly convex.</p> <p>In distal view, the distal carina is weakly sigmoid with a large bow oriented lingually along the basal two-thirds of the crown while the apical part of the distal carina is straight. The carina is slightly lingually positioned on the distal margin of the crown but moves medially at the tip.</p> <p>In apical view, the tip of both crowns is distally positioned, with no curvature on the lingual or labial sides. The labial margin is globally convex but the distal surface is rather flattened or weakly convex. On the contrary, the surface adjacent to the distal carina on the lingual margin is rather slightly concave. In ML 327, the mesial part of the labial face is strongly convex whereas the mesial part of the lingual surface has a double curvature due to the presence of the longitudinal depression. In both teeth, the distal carina is angular whereas the mesial carina forms a low but pointed ridge which strongly displaces lingually towards the root.</p> <p>In basal view, the cross-section outline of the crown base is elliptical and slightly lanceolate (i.e., mesial margin convex and distal margin pointed) in ML 327 (Fig. 3G) whereas ML 966 has a well-marked lanceolate outline of the crown base (Fig. 4G). In ML 327, the mesial part is roughly triangular in shape with the tip of the triangle pointed mesio-lingually whereas the mesial part of ML 966 is strongly subtriangular with the tip of the triangle medially positioned. In both crowns, the distal margin of the crown forms a semicircle. The distal margin bears the superficial ridge of the distal carina which is mesio-lingually positioned. The labio-lingual width of the base of the crown is bigger mesially (CBW of 10.69 in ML 327 and 12.94 in ML 966). With their rather flattened bases, the middles of the lingual and labial faces are almost parallel. The middle of the labial surface remains roughly flat towards the tip while the lingual surface becomes strongly convex apically. In ML 327, the dentine layer is thin (1 mm on the labial margin) and becomes thicker in the distal part of the crown (1.9 mm). Although the lingual margin has been damaged in this tooth, the pulp cavity seems to share the same lanceolate outline of the crown-base, but there is a weak labio-lingual constriction of the cavity 8 mm below the extremity of the distal carina.</p> <p>Denticles. The mesial carina of ML 327 bears 11 denticles per 5 mm at the tip, 13 at the mid-crown and 20 near the cervix. In ML 966, the mesial carina shows 15 denticles at mid-crown, and 19 denticles at the base, the mesioapical denticles having been worn off. (Table 3). In both crowns, the denticles decrease in size towards the root at two-thirds of the crown and the most basal denticles are minute. In lateral view, the mesial denticles are longer baso-apically than mesio-distally, which give them a subrectangular (or 'cartouche-like' sensu Harris 1998) outline. Since the denticles are inclined towards the tip of the crown and the main axis of the denticle is not perpendicular to the mesial margin of the crown, the shape of the denticle is rather parallelogram-shaped. The external margin of the mesial denticles is rounded and sometimes asymmetrically convex, with the concavity positioned slightly apically. In both teeth, the lingual and labial surfaces of the denticles are convex and the interdenticular space is shallow. In mesial view, the denticles are not labio-lingually large, they are roughly chisellike in shape but their external margin is rounded, and the main body of the denticles is almost cylindrical. There is no interdenticular sulcus between the mesial denticles in both teeth.</p> <p>The distal carina of ML 327 has 12 denticles per 5 mm at the apex, 13 at the mid-crown, and around 15 at the crown base (but not near the cervix, this part being missing) so that they are similar in size to mesial denticles (DSDI of 1.14). In ML 966, 14, 12 and 14 denticles per 5 mm can be observed at the apex, mid-crown and base of the crown, respectively, and this tooth also share a DSDI close to one (Table 3). Unlike the mesial denticles, the distal denticles of both crowns are longer mesio-distally than baso-apically, except in the apical denticles which are squared-like in shape, and the main axis of the denticles is perpendicular to the distal margin. In lateral view, some distal denticles of ML 327 show an external margin pointing slightly towards the tip of the crown (Fig. 3E), so that the apical margin of the denticles is weakly concave whereas the basodistal margin is strongly convex. In all other distal denticles of ML 327 and all distal denticles of ML 966, the external margin is asymmetrically convex, with the denticle apex slightly apically positioned (Fig. 4I). In both teeth, the labial and lingual surfaces of the denticle body are convex. The distal denticles also have a deeper interdenticular space than the mesial ones and their external margin is more acute, giving them a real chisel-like shape in distal view. In ML 327, the enamel layer is thicker than in the mesial denticles and, in both teeth, most of denticles show an elongated interdenticular sulcus diagonally oriented basally away from the denticles (Figs. 3E and 4E). These shallow grooves are parallel to each other and extend from the base of the interdenticular space and run on both labial and lingual faces of the crown. They are shorter in the apical denticles, and completely absent in the most apical one, both on the labial and lingual surface. Their inclination also tends to be reduced towards the root with interdenticular sulci being almost perpendicular to the distal margin in the basal denticles.</p> <p>Surface. The enamel surface of both crowns is very well preserved and shows perfectly a granular and irregular texture on both lingual and labial faces. Besides the large longitudinal depression present on the lingual face, transversal and shallow undulations are present on both lingual and distal surfaces in ML 327 (Fig. 3I). On the labial face of this tooth, they form large parabolic furrows curving apically near the distal carina, disappearing on the mesial part of the labial face due to the strong curvature of the crown. On the lingual face of this crown, they are visible distally, near the distal carina, and also in the middle of the crown, in the mid-crown surface. The undulations are absent on both convex surface adjacent to the mesial carina and the longitudinal depression. Unlike the labial wrinkling, these undulations do not bent towards the tip of the crown near the carina. In ML 966, the transversal undulations are also clearly visible on both sides of the crown (Fig. 4A). They are particularly pronounced close to the distal carina on the labial margin where they also curve apically adjacent to the distal carina (Figs. 4E, H). As in ML 327, the transversal undulations are large, parabolic and shallow on the lingual side of the crown, and they do not curve toward the apex close to the carinae. In both teeth, these undulations are parallel and irregularly spaced and there are approximately 3 to 4 wrinkles per 5 mm on both faces of those crowns.</p> <p>Discussion. Since the root is absent, ML 327 and ML 966 are most likely shed teeth. The labio-lingual compression of these moderately large teeth (CH&gt; 30 mm), associated with serrated mesial and distal carinae and curvature of the tip distally, is a plesiomorphic condition seen in theropod dinosaurs. Among known large terrestrial Jurassic groups of vertebrates, this combination of characters is only seen in theropods.</p> <p>Although ML 966 is slightly bigger than ML 327 (Table 3), both teeth can confidently be associated to the same taxon as they share the same outline, CBR, DSDI, and the following features: presence of well-developed interdenticular sulci pointing basally, transversal undulations on both labial and lingual faces, a mesial carina offset, strongly twisted lingually towards the root and reaching the cervix, a distal carina slightly sigmoid and lingually positioned, a lingual face baso-apically concave and a labial surface baso-apically sigmoid, and a lanceolate outline of the base-crown in cross-section. Nevertheless, some denticles of ML 327 differ from ML 966 as their external margins are pointing apically and are not asymmetrically convex on their entire distal margins. However, denticle recurvature can vary in tooth row (Fanti &amp; Therrien 2007; see below). The interdenticular space of the distal denticles is wider in ML 966, and the crown is also slightly more elongated than ML 327 (CHR of 1.95 and 1.58) but elongation of the crown also varies greatly along the tooth row in theropods (e.g., Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Proceratosaurus, Tyrannosaurus).</p> <p>One of the most striking features in these two isolated teeth is the presence of tenuous to well-marked transversal undulations ('enamel wrinckles' sensu Brusatte et al. 2007) on the crown. Thought to be a possible tetanuran synapomorphy (Brusatte et al. 2007), transversal undulations are present on the crown of many theropods, from basal to derived forms, as well as metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs (Andrade et al. 2010) and rauisuchian crurotarsans (Brusatte et al. 2009b), and this feature cannot therefore be considered as a reliable tool alone for identifying teeth. In theropods, they have indeed been observed in basalmost theropods such as Sanjuansaurus gordilloi (PVSJ 605) and Eodromaeus murphi (PVSJ 561), ceratosaurs such as Ceratosaurus nasicornis (USNM VP 4735), Berberosaurus liassicus (MNHN Pt369), Genyodectes serus (MLP 26–39), Abelisaurus comahuensis (MPCA 1, 229, 687), Aucasaurus garridoi (MCF-PVPH 236) and Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2278), all non-Maniraptoriformes tetanurans (see Brusatte et al. 2007), and some deinonychosaurs like Troodon formosus (DMNH 22337) and Dromaeosaurus albertensis (AMNH 5356).</p> <p>ML 966 also displays pronounced undulations adjacent to the distal carina. Short and marginal undulations close to carinae are a well-known feature of carcharodontosaurids teeth (Sereno et al. 1996; Coria &amp; Currie 2006) as they appear on the teeth of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (SGM Din-1; UC PV6), Mapusaurus roseae (MCF- PVPH 108) and Giganotosaurus carolinii (MUCPv-CH-1). However, marginal undulations have also been reported among non-carcharodontosaurid theropods such as the abelisaurid Skorpiovenator bustingorryi (Canale et al. 2009). They actually seem to be present in a large range of non-coelurosaur averostrans as they have also been noticed in other ceratosaurs such as Ceratosaurus nasicornis (USNM 4735), Abelisaurus comahuensis (MPCA 5) and Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH 2100), megalosaurids like Afrovenator abakensis (UC UBA1), Megalosaurus bucklandii (NHM R.234; OUMNH J.23014) and Torvosaurus tanneri (ML 1100), spinosaurids such as Baryonyx walkeri (NHM R.9951), Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN G35-9), and Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022), and other allosauroids like Allosaurus fragilis (USNM 8335), Neovenator salerii (MIWG 6348) and Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345).</p> <p>Both teeth also possess a slightly curved distal profile of the crown, with the apex of the teeth located just apical to the most distal point of the crown at the cervix. This feature was considered to be a potential synapomorphy for Abelisauridae by Smith (2007) as a straight or slightly curved distal profile of the crown exists in Majungasaurus crenatissimus, Indosuchus raptorius, Rugops primus, Kryptops palaios, Aucasaurus garridoi (Smith &amp; Vechia 2006; Smith &amp; Lamanna 2006; Smith 2007; Candeiro 2007; pers. obs.) and many indeterminate abelisaurids (e.g., UCPC 10; MNHN MRS 1619, MRS 1620). Although the distal profile of the crown displays a strong curvature in most other theropods (Ezcurra 2009; pers. obs.), a weak curvature of the distal profile can also occur in some teeth of basalmost theropods (PVSJ 512), ceratosaurids (USNM 4735; MLP 26-39), noasaurids (PVL 4061), allosauroids (SGM Din1; MCF-PVH 108.43), tyrannosauroids (MIWG 1997.550; USNM 12814; FMNH PR 2081) and some coelurosaurs (Currie et al. 1990: fig. 8.5A; Sankey et al. 2002: fig. 4.10); therefore, the systematic utility of this feature requires association with other characters.</p> <p>Nevertheless, the presence of strongly developed and elongated interdenticular sulci between distal denticles seems to be a condition genuinely shared by non-maniraptoriform averostrans. This feature has been observed in the abelisaurids Kryptops palaios (MNN GAD1−1) and Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2100, 2278), the megalosauroid Piatnitzkysaurus floresi (PVL 4073), the megalosaurids Megalosaurus bucklandi (OUMNH J13506) and Torvosaurus tanneri (ML 1100), the carcharodontosaurids Giganotosaurus carolinii (MUCPv-CH-1) and Mapusaurus roseae (MCF-PVPH-108), and the tyrannosaurid Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR2081). However, an irregular texture of the enamel (i.e., no specific orientation of the enamel wrinkling texture) seems to be present in most non-tetanurans theropods such as Coelophysoidea and Abelisauroidea, some tyrannosaurids and many primitive coelurosaurs, Compsognathidae and Deinonychosauria (pers. obs.). On the other hand, a braided/veined oriented texture of the enamel has been observed in Ceratosauridae, Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea and Tyrannosauroidea and it is therefore unlikely that ML 327 and ML 966 belong to one of those clades.</p> <p>A peculiar anatomical feature of ML 327 is also the presence of distal denticles with an apex pointing towards the tip, a feature present in the teeth of some abelisauroids such as Masiakasaurus knopfleri (FMNH PR 2221, 2296), Kryptops palaios (MNN GAD1−1), Rugops primus (MNN IGU1), Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2008, 2100, 2278) and other abelisaurid taxa (e.g., MUCPv 482; MUCPv 641). Among large theropods like ceratosaurids, megalosauroids, allosauroids and tyrannosauroids, the denticles are symmetrically rounded or slightly asymmetrically convex in lateral view but never hooked apically (contra Bakker &amp; Bir 2004 for ceratosaurids and allosaurids, and Smith 2007 for tyrannosaurids; Currie et al. 1990; Abler 1992; pers. obs.). Slightly to strongly hooked distal denticles can also be observed in the basal saurischian Eoraptor lunensis (e.g., third right premaxillary tooth; PVSJ 512) and many Troodontidae (e.g., Currie 1987; Currie et al. 1990; Holtz et al. 1998; Longrich 2008; pers. obs.) and Dromaeosauridae (e.g., Currie et al. 1990; Currie &amp; Varricchio 2004; Baszio 1997; Longrich 2008; pers. obs.). Deinonychosaurs, however, possess either very large and well-separated serrations, as in troodontids and Saurornitholestes, or a number of denticles per five millimeters higher than 14 on the distal carina (Smith et al. 2005). Likewise, both dromaeosaurids and Masiakasaurus tend to have distal denticles larger to mesial serrations (Currie et al. 1990; Currie &amp; Varricchio 2004; Norell et al. 2006; Longrich 2008; pers. obs.). To our knowledge, neither noasaurids nor deinonychosaurs display a combination of pronounced and elongated interdenticular sulci and short marginal undulations on the crown.</p> <p>Interestingly, ML 966 lacks hooked denticles on the distal carina as all denticles are either symmetrically or asymmetrically convex. This would therefore suggest that apically recurved denticles might not be present in all teeth along the tooth row. Denticle recurvature seems indeed to vary in the dentition of Majungasaurus crenatissimus as strongly recurved denticles are present in lateral and mesial dentary teeth and slightly recurved to symmetrically rounded denticles exist in some lateral and premaxilla teeth (Fanti &amp; Therrien 2007; pers. obs.).</p> <p>The presence of an elongated and deep groove adjacent to the mesial carina on the lingual side of the crown in ML 327 is another peculiar feature that, to our knowledge, has not been observed in any teeth belonging to a large theropod (crown with CH&gt; 30 mm), and might therefore represent an autapomorphy. A concave surface adjacent to the mesial carina can be observed in the mesialmost teeth of many abelisaurids such as Rugops primus (MNN IGU1), Indosuchus raptorius (AMNH 1753) and Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2100), but also in Allosaurus fragilis (AMNH 851), some tyrannosauroids such as Proceratosaurus bradleyi (NHM R 4860) and Eotyrannus lengi (MIWG 1997.550), and some dromaeosaurids like Dromaeosaurus albertensis (AMNH 5356). However, the surface adjacent to the mesial carina in ML 327 is convex and the concave area formed by the longitudinal groove is narrow. Longitudinal grooves running along the crown surface can also be observed in several theropod taxa such as Scipionyx samniticus (Dal Sasso &amp; Maganuco 2011), Buitreraptor gonzalezorum and Austroraptor cabazai (Gianechini et al. 2011b), and there are two grooves separated by a large medial ridge (Gianechini et al. 2011a; Gianechini et al. 2011b; pers. obs.). Likewise, the mesial groove present in ML 327 cannot be confused with the large medial concavity (‘supradental groove' of Gong et al. 2010) present on the crown of many theropods like Orkoraptor burkei (Novas et al. 2008) and Sinornithosaurus (Gong et al. 2010), or the numerous flutes visible on the teeth of Coelophysis bauri (Buckley 2009), Masiakasaurus knopfleri (Carrano et al. 2002), Ceratosaurus nasicornis (Madsen &amp; Welles 2000), spinosaurids (e.g., Charig &amp; Milner 1997; Sereno et al. 1998; Sues et al. 2002), Paronychodon lacustris (e.g., Cope 1876; Sankey et al. 2002; Baszio 1997; Sankey 2008) or Velociraptor mongoliensis (AMNH 6515).</p> <p>On the basis of the combination of several important features in ML 966 and ML 327, a large crown (CH&gt; 30 mm), an almost straight distal profile of the tooth, transversal and short marginal undulations on the crown, denticles with strongly developed interdenticular sulci, a DSDI close to one, an irregular enamel texture and the presence of apically pointed denticles on the distal carina in ML 327, these two teeth are assigned to a member of the Abelisauridae. Within this clade, ML327 and ML 966 only differ from other abelisaurids by having a strongly twisted mesial carina. However, this feature is also present in some basal abelisaurids such as Abelisaurus (MPCA 685). Also, ML 327 has a labially displaced distal carina which contrasts with the centrally positioned carina on the distal margin of the crown of abelisaurids (pers. obs.).</p> <p>Bivariate plots of CBR and CHR reveal that ML 966 and ML 327 mainly occupy the same area of values as Abelisauridae (Majungasaurus + indeterminate abelisaurids), Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Acrocanthosaurus and Gorgosaurus teeth (Fig. 5). However, bivariate plots with MAVG or DAVG clearly show that the two teeth possess smaller mesial and distal denticles than any abelisaurids represented, with a number of denticles per five mm situated among the values of Allosaurus, Acrocanthosaurus and Berberosaurus (Figs 6–8). The number of denticles per five mm of ML 966 and ML 327 are indeed situated between 13 to 16, a higher number than in Majungasaurus, Indosuchus, Rugops and UCPC 10 (Smith 2007; Sereno &amp; Brusatte 2008; pers. obs.) but comparable to that of the most basal abelisaurid Kryptops (Sereno &amp; Brusatte 2008) and Abelisaurus (pers. obs.).</p> <p>Due to the relatively important labiolingual compression of the base crown (CBR close to 0.5), ML 966 and ML 327 are most likely lateral teeth and have therefore been coded as such in our datasets. When the two isolated teeth are included in the dentition-based data matrix, the resulting consensus tree of the cladistic analysis retrieved both teeth together in a well-supported clade (Bremer support of 4) nested among abelisaurid theropods (Fig. 1). Both isolated teeth form the sister taxon of a clade encompassing the abelisaurids Rugops, Kryptops and Majungasaurus, and the monophyletic group formed by ML 966, ML 327 and these three abelisaurids is supported by two ambiguous synapomorphies: the long and well-developed interdenticular sulci of basal and mid-crown denticles on the distal carina (char. 105 and 106). When incorporated into the supermatrix, the cladistic analyses resulted in a poorly resolved consensus tree in which ML 327 and ML 966 were found as sister-taxa among the clade of Abelisauridae (Appendix, Fig. A10). The deletion of the wildcard taxa Erectopus and Piatnitzkysaurus resulted in a better resolved consensus tree in which ML 327 and ML 966 are still nested in the same clade within Abelisauridae (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Tetanurae Gauthier, 1986</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38794FFFA080653E4FE8ABDAFF89D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hendrickx, Christophe;Mateus, Octávio	Hendrickx, Christophe, Mateus, Octávio (2014): Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth. Zootaxa 3759 (1): 1-74, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1
03C38794FFE2080A53E4FE8AB978FC7F.text	03C38794FFE2080A53E4FE8AB978FC7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Torvosaurus tanneri Galton & Jensen 1979	<div><p>Torvosaurus tanneri Galton &amp; Jensen, 1979</p> <p>Referred material. ML 962 (Fig. 9).</p> <p>Locality and horizon. Cliffs of Praia da Area Branca North, Praia da Area Branca, Lourinhã, Portugal. Bombaral Member, Lourinhã Formation, Tithonian, Upper Jurassic.</p> <p>Description. ML 962 is an elongated tooth lacking the mesial part of the tip. Although most of the mesial and distal denticles are damaged and missing, their bases are still present so that it was possible to count the number of denticles basally, apically and at the mid-crown.</p> <p>Crown. The tooth is particularly large, (CH of 85 mm) and the general shape of the tooth resembles the ‘typical' blade-like theropod tooth by being labiolingually compressed, distally curved and having serrated carinae. However, the base is particularly narrow mesio-distally (CBL of 31.5 mm) and quite large labio-lingually (CBW of 20.2 mm) so that the crown-base has an ovoid cross-section (CBR of 0.64).</p> <p>In lateral view, the mesial and distal margins of the root and basal half of the crown are roughly straight whereas the distal half of the crown is bent distally. The curvature of the crown is larger mesially than distally and the base of the crown is slightly larger than the mid-crown mesio-distally.</p> <p>In distal view, the distal carina is medially positioned, slightly curved and bowed labially. The carina bears denticles all along the crown edge, from the preserved tip of the crown to the cervix.</p> <p>In mesial view, the mesial carina, on the other hand, appears at the mid-crown, approximately 30 mm from the cervix, the basal part of the crown remaining smooth and rounded (Fig. 9D). The carina is labially positioned and weakly offset apically but slightly curves lingually towards the root, becoming medially positioned on the mesial margin of the crown. Both lingual and labial surfaces are baso-apically concave and the root surface remains almost straight.</p> <p>In apical view, the tip is weakly labio-lingually oriented and medially positioned on the crown. The mesial carina forms just a low ridge whereas the distal carina is more acute, and bends lingually towards the root.</p> <p>In cross section, the basal crown is elliptical (Fig. 9F) with both mesial and distal parts rounded. The labial face shows a short flattened surface in its centre whereas the lingual margin is weakly convex. Both labial and lingual surfaces are strongly mesio-distally convex all along the crown. The dentine layer is thin (0.6 mm in the lingual part) and its thickness is greater on the distal part of the crown (1.7 mm), the mesial part being absent. The length of the pulp cavity is 17.8 mm labio-lingually and around 28 mm mesio-distally.</p> <p>Denticles. The mesial carina has 8 denticles at the mid-crown, and the number of denticles near the apex is unknown due to the missing part of tip of the crown (Table 3). The size of the denticles decreases towards the root from approximately the two-thirds of the crow, a tendency also observable on the distal carina but on a much longer distance.</p> <p>The distal carina bears around 7 denticles per 5 mm at the apex, 8 at the mid-crown and 11 at the base of the crown, the latter being minute near the cervix. The biggest denticles can be found 20 mm below the apex of the crown and are the only denticles entirely preserved on the apical part of the distal carina. They are chisel-like in shape, mesio-distally longer than baso-apically and their main axis is perpendicular to the distal margin (Fig. 9E). A transversal section of the denticles would reveal a triangular shape as their bases are labio-lingually large and their tips are angular.</p> <p>The labial and lingual surfaces of both mesial and distal denticles are slightly convex or completely flattened baso-apically, and only their basal and apical borders are rounded and curved to form the limits of the interdenticular spaces. The latter are deep and narrow and often filled with sediments. Their width tends to decrease towards the tip of the denticles which is slightly wider baso-apically than the base.</p> <p>The external margin of mesial and distal denticles is symmetrically and slightly convex and does not point towards the tip of the crown. The denticle surface is covered by enamel, but the layer of enamel has disappeared in the middle of several denticles surfaces. This might, however, be due to erosion rather than initial wear. A few other denticles are also preserved on the basal part of the distal carina. They are quite different from the apical denticles by having a much more rounded external margin. The denticles are symmetrically rounded in lateral view and their labial and lingual surfaces are strongly convex. The interdenticular space is shallower and also slightly wider than in the apical denticles.</p> <p>The mesial and distal denticles differ in their elongation; the few preserved denticles on the mesial carina are longer baso-apically than mesio-distally. The interdenticular space of mesial denticle is narrow and deep and the external margin of the denticle is slightly convex, almost flat.</p> <p>Short interdenticular sulci appear between the distal denticles, but not in the most apical and basal ones. These shallow grooves running on both labial and lingual surfaces of the crown are inclined towards the root and more pronounced on the lingual face. They are, however, totally absent between the mesial denticles.</p> <p>Surface. The crown surface is rugged and shows many irregularities. Possibly due to erosion and wear, the enamel texture of the crown is completely smooth and does not show any microscopic sculpturing. Two large transversal undulations appear on both labial and lingual surface of the basal part of the crown, but those deep structures do not correspond to the numerous and shallow transversal undulations illustrated by Brusatte et al. (2007) and might be due to deformation.</p> <p>Discussion. Since most of the root is missing and the pulp cavity is excavated and filled with sediment, we interpret ML 962 as a shed tooth (Bakker &amp; Bir 2004). A very large and fairly straight crown showing a labiolingually compression, distinct serrations on mesial and distal carinae, and a slight curvature of the tip distally is a combination of characters observed in theropod dinosaurs only (Buffetaut &amp; Ingavat 1986), especially in the Upper Jurassic of Portugal (pers. obs.).</p> <p>With a crown height of more than eight centimetres (CH of 85.8 mm), ML 962 is a large crown belonging to a particularly large theropod. Although size is a plastic feature and must be used carefully for systematic purpose, this feature has already been demonstrated to be useful for discriminating teeth of different theropod taxa (Smith 2005; Smith et al. 2005; Han et al. 2011). Indeed, to our knowledge, crowns of more than eight centimetres are only borne by non-coelurosaur averostrans and derived Tyrannosauroidea, as they can be found in Ceratosauridae (Ceratosaurus, Genyodectes), Megalosauroidea (e.g., Torvosaurus and Spinosaurus), Allosauroidea (e.g., Carcharodontosaurus, Mapusaurus, Giganotosaurus) and Tyrannosauridae (e.g., Tyrannosaurus, Tarbosaurus).</p> <p>The denticles of ML 962 are also particularly coarse and an average of 8 denticles per 5 mm on both carinae is a condition present in particularly large basal tetanurans. Such feature can indeed be observed in Megalosauridae (Rauhut &amp; Werner 1995; Smith 2007; pers. obs.), Carcharodontosaurinae (Rauhut &amp; Werner 1995; Veralli &amp; Calvo 2004; Corria &amp; Currie 2006; pers. obs.) and Tyrannosauridae (Rauhut &amp; Werner 1995; Smith 2005; pers. obs.). To our knowledge, less than 9 denticles on both mesial and distal carinae is a feature absent in basal Megalosauroidea (e.g., Piatnitzkysaurus), some Megalosauridae (e.g., Eustreptospondylus, Dubreuillosaurus), noncarcharodontosaurine Allosauroidea (e.g., Allosaurus, Neovenator, Acrocanthosaurus), and all Ceratosauridae and Spinosauridae (pers. obs.). Indosuchus raptorius (AMNH 1753, 1955, 1960) is the only abelisaurid possessing less than 8 denticles per 5 mm on both carinae but the teeth are typical of abelisaurids as their crowns are low and weakly recurved distally. It is therefore unlikely that ML 962 belongs to one of these groups of theropods.</p> <p>With an elliptical outline of the crown base in cross-section (CBR of 0.6) and a strong elongation, ML 962 is also very peculiar. In most carnivorous theropods, the lateral teeth are usually strongly medio-laterally flattened, giving a lenticular or lanceolate outline of the base crown in cross-section, and an elliptical outline of the crown base is usually present in mesialmost teeth, i.e., the premaxillary and mesialmost teeth of the dentary and maxilla (pers. obs.). Among basal tetanurans except Spinosauridae (which possess conical and fluted crowns along the tooth row), an ovoid subcircular outline of the crown base can clearly be observed in mesialmost teeth of megalosaurids such as Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R.332), Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (MNHN 1998-13) and Torvosaurus tanneri (Britt 1991) and allosauroids like Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345) and Giganotosaurus carolinii (MUCPv-CH-1; Candeiro 2007). Some tetanurans like Acrocanthosaurus, Giganotosaurus and Tyrannosaurus can also have an ovoid cross-section of the base crown more distally in the jaws (Smith 2005; Candeiro 2007; pers. obs.). Nevertheless, the lateral teeth of those theropods are much more massive and incrassate, the labiolingual width of the crown base being sometimes equal or larger than its mesiodistal length in Tyrannosauridae, giving them the typical ‘banana' shape (Smith 2005; pers. obs.). We therefore interpret ML 962 as a mesialmost tooth of a basal tetanuran.</p> <p>This large crown also possesses a mesial carina medially positioned on the mesial margin of the crown, running slightly diagonally and terminating at the mid-crown, well above the cervix. Among mesialmost teeth of tetanurans, such a combination of features can be observed in Megalosauridae such as Torvosaurus tanneri (BYUVP 2003), Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R.332) and Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (MNHN 1998-13) as well as the carcharodontosaurid Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345). In Allosauridae and Tyrannosauroidea, the mesial carina extends to the cervix of the crown, or very close to it, and either twists lingually like in Allosaurus fragilis (AMNH 851; CM 21703; SMA 0005/02) and Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Rauhut et al. 2010) or faces entirely lingually in more derived tyrannosauroids, giving the typical D-shape crosssection of the base-crown (Smith 2005; Sereno et al. 2009; pers. obs.). The distal carina of ML 962 is also centrally positioned on the distal margin of the crown, a feature visible in the mesialmost teeth of megalosaurids such as Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis (OUMNH J.13558), Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (MNHN 1998-13) and Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R.332). On the other hand, the distal carina of mesialmost teeth of carcharodontosaurids such as Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345) and Giganotosaurus carolinii (MUCPv- CH-1) is slightly to strongly displaced labially on the distal margin of the crown (a similar feature is found in Genyodectes and Dromaeosaurus for instance; Currie et al. 1990; Rauhut 2004; pers. obs.), so that the mesial and distal carinae are not aligned on a same plan like in megalosaurid theropods (pers. obs.). It is, therefore, more likely that ML 962 belongs to Megalosauridae than Carcharodontosauridae.</p> <p>Among Megalosauridae, a very large and strongly elongated crown (CHR&gt; 2.5) with large chisel-like and symmetrically rounded denticles (less than 9 denticles on the distal carina) seems to be a combination of characters only seen in Torvosaurus (pers. obs.). The general shape and outline of ML 962 also resemble very much those of one probable Torvosaurus tanneri shed tooth illustrated by Jensen (1985: fig. 5e) and the first dentary tooth of Torvosaurus (BYUVP 2003). These two teeth share with ML 962 same curvature and elongation as well as a lateral face that is particularly convex. In addition, the outline of the basal crown seems to fit with the mesialmost dentary alveoli of Torvosaurus (Britt 1991: fig. 3f), the premaxillary alveoli being more elongated mesio-distally (or labiolingually for the first alveolus).</p> <p>Both morphological and cladistic analyses support the identification of ML 962 to the taxon Torvosaurus. Bivariate plots of MAVG and DAVG (Fig. 7) show that ML 962 possesses the same number of denticles per five mm as Carcharodontosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and Indosuchus, and close values of denticles as Torvosaurus. However, bivariate plots of CHR and DAVG clearly illustrates the same values of ML 962 and Torvosaurus teeth (Fig. 6), on the opposite of bivariate graphs with CBR, as CBR values of ML 962 and Torvosaurus teeth are significantly different (Figs. 5, 8). This can be explained by the absence of mesial teeth of Torvosaurus in our dataset. As it has been mentioned previously, mesialmost teeth of many theropods are usually labiolingually thicker than lateral teeth, and this is clearly the case in Torvosaurus and Megalosauridae in which mesialmost teeth have an elliptical to rounded cross-section at the crown base instead of a lenticular outline typically present in the lateral teeth of these taxa. Following this observation, characters on mesialmost teeth were only coded in ML 962 in our data matrix.</p> <p>The cladistic analysis performed on the datamatrix of dentition-based characters recovered ML 962 as a megalosaurid theropod, forming a polytomy with all members of this clade (Fig. 1). This lack of resolution can be explained by the absence of mesialmost teeth in Afrovenator and Megalosaurus, and the little information collected from mesialmost dentition of Eustreptospondylus, Duriavenator and Torvosaurus in our dataset. A similar position within the megalosaurid clade was found when the cladistic analysis was performed on the supermatrix, but ML 962 forms a polytomy with the megalosaurids Torvosaurus, Megalosaurus, Afrovenator and Duriavenator that bear large teeth (Fig. 2, Appendix Fig. A10).</p> <p>Following the results of both cladistic and morphological analyses, we identify ML 962 as a mesial tooth, perhaps a dentary tooth, belonging to the species Torvosaurus tanneri. Material of Torvosaurus tanneri are not rare in the Kimmeridgian—Tithonian of Europe and North America and have been reported several times in the Lourinhã Formation previously (Mateus &amp; Antunes 2000b; Mateus 2005; Mateus et al. 2006). Therefore, this referral to Torvosaurus is consistent both stratigraphically and biogeographically.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38794FFE2080A53E4FE8AB978FC7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hendrickx, Christophe;Mateus, Octávio	Hendrickx, Christophe, Mateus, Octávio (2014): Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth. Zootaxa 3759 (1): 1-74, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1
