identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AFF1B59AE64D5FE5BFC42D6D39A90920.text	AFF1B59AE64D5FE5BFC42D6D39A90920.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clavaspis selvatica Wei, Schneider, Normark & Normark 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Clavaspis selvatica Wei, Schneider, Normark &amp; Normark sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figure 1</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: Panama • 1 adult female; Parque  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.9754/lat 9.2802)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.9754&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.2802">Nacional San Lorenzo Canopy Crane</a>
                 ,  Colón ; 9.2802°N, 79.9754°W; 15.i.2015; DA Peterson, GE Morse, H Shapiro, S Trujillo leg.; on  Embothrium coccineum ; MIUP (D6581C)  .  Paratypes: • 1 adult female with second-instar exuviae; same data as holotype; USNM (D6581A) ; •  2 adult females; same data as holotype; UMEC (D6581B, D6581E) . 
            </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> (N = 4). Adult female not pupillarial. Appearance in life not recorded. Slide-mounted adult female 670-1450  μm long (holotype 670), 560-1100  μm wide (holotype 560), broadest at mesothorax or metathorax. Body outline turbinate to nearly oval. Derm membranous throughout at maturity except for pygidium. Antennae simple, each with one long seta. Distance between antennae 100-180  μm . Without disc pores associated with anterior or posterior spiracles. Lobes. L1 well developed, slightly wider than long, inner margins near parallel, with 1 notch on each side or without notches, rounded apically; space between lobes approximately 0.25 times width of L1. L2 and L3 absent. Plates cylindrical, narrow, pointed at apex, simple or with a few fine tines, about as long as L1; 2 plates present in first space, often with 1 or 2 tines near apex giving bifurcate or trifurcate appearance; 1 or 2 plates present in second space, simple or with minute tines; plates absent between L1. Ducts. Dorsal macroducts of 1-barred type, with 2-3 macroducts arising from first space, 8-10 arising from second space, and 7-8 arising from third space in singular rows. Series of marginal macroducts with wide orifices extending from mesothorax to abdominal segment II; at least two present per segment. Groups of ventral submarginal microducts occurring on head, thorax, and abdominal segments I-V. Paraphyses. With 1 pair of paraphysis-like basal scleroses near mesal margins of L1; 1 pair of paraphyses in first space, paraphysis arising from lateral margin of L1 slightly longer than paraphysis arising from medial margin of L2, both mushroom-like in shape with distinctive dome or cap at anterior end; 1 pair of small clavate paraphyses in second space. Anal opening longer than wide, 11-14  μm long, 5-7  μm wide, positioned 17-25  μm (1.5-2 anal lengths) from the base of L1, located within posterior third of pygidium. Perivulvar pores few, 2-6 pores in total, divided into 2-4 groups, with 1-4 in each group. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> This new species is most similar in appearance to  C. coursetiae (Marlatt) with subtle differences distinguishing the two. Submarginal groups of microducts form a semicircle around the head, thorax, and pre-pygidial abdominal segments of  C. selvatica but are more diffusely scattered in  C. coursetiae , not organized in an obvious semicircular ring. In  C. selvatica , at least two large macroducts are present on the mesothorax, while in  C. coursetiae only one at most is present, falling near the posterior margin of the mesothorax. The plates are nearly as long as L1 and fringed in  C. selvatica but are short and simple in  C. coursetiae . This species is also similar to  C. subsimilis (Cockerell) in body shape and the shape of L1 but can be distinguished by possessing perivulvar pores on the pygidium (absent in  C. subsimilis ). </p>
            <p>Host plant.</p>
            <p> Apeiba aspera Aubl. (family  Malvaceae ). </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> The epithet  Clavaspis selvatica is the Latin adjective meaning wild, literally "of the forest" (selva). Our choice of this name is influenced by the fact that in modern Spanish, the word selva is identical to its Latin ancestor in form, but now refers specifically to tropical rainforest. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Panama (  Colón ). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AFF1B59AE64D5FE5BFC42D6D39A90920	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wei, Jiufeng;Schneider, Scott A.;Normark, Roxanna D.;Normark, Benjamin B.	Wei, Jiufeng, Schneider, Scott A., Normark, Roxanna D., Normark, Benjamin B. (2021): Four new species of Aspidiotini (Hemiptera, Diaspididae, Aspidiotinae) from Panama, with a key to Panamanian species. ZooKeys 1047: 1-25, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409
6755DF261264523295C2BAF943BE77AC.text	6755DF261264523295C2BAF943BE77AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clavaspis virolae Wei, Schneider, Normark & Normark 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Clavaspis virolae Wei, Schneider, Normark &amp; Normark sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figure 2</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: Panama • 1 adult female; Parque  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.9754/lat 9.2802)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.9754&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.2802">Nacional San Lorenzo Canopy Crane</a>
                 ,  Colón ; 9.2802°N, 79.9754°W; 17.i.2015; DA Peterson, GE Morse, H Shapiro, S Trujillo leg.; on  Virola multiflora ; MIUP (D6676B)  .  Paratype: • 3 adult females; same data as holotype; USNM (D6676A, D6676D, D6677A) ; •  3 adult females; same data as holotype; UMEC (D6674G, D6676C, D6677C) . 
            </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> (N = 7). Adult female not pupillarial. Appearance in life not recorded. Slide-mounted adult female 475-900  μm long (holotype 860, median 565), 410-630  μm wide (holotype 620, median 460), broadest near mesothorax and metathorax. Body outline oval, nearly circular in smaller individuals (&lt;600  μm long), becoming elongate-oval in larger individuals. Derm membranous throughout at maturity except for pygidium. Antennae simple, each with one long seta. Distance between antennae 40-100  μm . Without disc pores associated with anterior or posterior spiracles. Lobes. Pygidium with 2 pairs of lobes; L1 well developed, separated by space about one-fifth width of L1, lobes slightly wider than long, inner margins near parallel, with 1 medial and 1 lateral notch, rounded apically; L2 forming sclerotized point, about one-quarter to one-third size of L1, with 1 lateral notch; L3 absent, indicated at most by small, lightly sclerotized projection of pygidial margin. Plates. All plates simple; with or without fine plates in slight space between L1; with 2 pointed plates in first space; plates absent in second space; five simple microduct-bearing plates present laterad of L3, nearly as long as L1. Ducts. Dorsal macroducts of 1-barred type, slender, with orifices narrower in diameter than ventral microducts, restricted primarily to margin with one submarginal duct anterior to seta marking segment VI; 1 between L1, with 3-4 marginal ducts in first space, 2 marginal ducts in second space; with few short macroducts occurring on submarginal areas of pre-pygidial segments. Ventral microducts slightly wider in diameter than dorsal macroducts and present in small submarginal groups on pre-pygidial abdominal segments and segment V. Paraphyses. L1 each with a paraphysis-like basal sclerosis toward medial margin, slightly smaller than lobe; in first space, 1 clavate paraphysis arising from lateral angle of L1, 1 arising from mesal angle of L2, posterior-most paraphysis slightly longer than L1; 2 smaller clavate paraphyses arising from mesal margin of L3. Anal opening oval, 8-13  μm in length, 4-6  μm in width, positioned 20-23  μm from base of L1, located within posterior third of pygidium. Perivulvar pores absent. </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> This species is placed in the genus  Clavaspis MacGillivray on the basis of the robust clavate paraphyses, small anal opening, and basal sclerosis of L1, resembling that of  Clavaspis ulmi (Johnson). The paraphyses are not as elaborately developed as those of most  Clavaspis species, but they are more developed than some species that have recently been recognized as members of  Clavaspis on the basis of molecular phylogenetics -  C. perseae (Davidson) and  C. patagonensis Schneider, Claps, Wei, Normark &amp; Normark (Normark et al. 2014; Schneider et al. 2020).  Clavaspis virolae is similar to  Clavaspis ulmi , but differs in having L2 present, plates fewer, dorsal macroducts fewer, medial paraphysis of first space less developed, and ventral macroduct orifices larger than those of dorsal macroducts.  Clavaspis virolae also resembles species of  Hemiberlesia Cockerell, especially  H. ignobilis Ferris and  H. ocellata Takagi &amp; Yamamoto, but differs in having a smaller anal opening and fewer plates. It further differs from  H. ignobilis in having L2 present and ventral macroduct orifices larger than those of dorsal macroducts, and from  H. ocellata in having 2 pairs of conspicuous paraphyses present, L3 absent, and notching of L1 and L2 less deep. Yet another genus that  C. virolae resembles is  Diaspidiotus Berlese: the axes of L1 and L2 seem to converge slightly, causing the species to key out as  Quadraspidiotus MacGillivray, now a synonym of  Diaspidiotus , in  Ferris’s (1942) key. But this is not as good a fit, as  Diaspidiotus species lack basal scleroses of L1. It is also biogeographically less plausible, as  Diaspidiotus is overwhelmingly a temperate Holarctic group. There exist Neotropical species assigned to  Diaspidiotus , but these may be misplaced. The only such species reported from Panama,  D. crescentiae Ferris, has a large anal opening and basal scleroses of L1, and is best regarded as  Hemiberlesia crescentiae (Ferris), new combination. </p>
            <p>Host plant.</p>
            <p> Virola multiflora (Standl.) A.C.Sm. (family  Myristicaceae ) </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> The specific epithet is the Latin genitive of the host plant genus,  Virola . </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Panama (  Colón ). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6755DF261264523295C2BAF943BE77AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wei, Jiufeng;Schneider, Scott A.;Normark, Roxanna D.;Normark, Benjamin B.	Wei, Jiufeng, Schneider, Scott A., Normark, Roxanna D., Normark, Benjamin B. (2021): Four new species of Aspidiotini (Hemiptera, Diaspididae, Aspidiotinae) from Panama, with a key to Panamanian species. ZooKeys 1047: 1-25, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409
AF12E3F1DF685462846C5FF31919BEA1.text	AF12E3F1DF685462846C5FF31919BEA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Davidsonaspis tovomitae Wei, Schneider, Normark & Normark 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Davidsonaspis tovomitae Wei, Schneider, Normark &amp; Normark sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figure 3</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: Panama • 1 adult female; Parque  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.9754/lat 9.2802)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.9754&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.2802">Nacional San Lorenzo Canopy Crane</a>
                 ,  Colón ; 9.2802°N, 79.9754°W; 12.vi.2012, GE Morse &amp; BB Normark leg.; on  Tovomita longifolia ; MIUP (D3919A)  .   Paratype: Panama • 1 adult female; Parque  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.9754/lat 9.2802)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.9754&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.2802">Nacional San Lorenzo Canopy Crane</a>
                 ,  Colón ; 9.2802°N, 79.9754°W; 15.i.2015; DA Peterson, GE Morse, H Shapiro, S Trujillo leg.; on  Tovomita longifolia ; UMEC (D6433A)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> (N = 2). Adult female not pupillarial. Appearance in life not recorded. Slide-mounted adult female 870-1060  μm long, 670-790  μm wide, broadest at mesothorax. Body outline broadly obovate. Antennae simple, each with one conspicuous long seta. Distance between antennae 160  μm . Without any disc pores associated with anterior or posterior spiracles. Lobes. Pygidium with 3 pairs of lobes extending out from posterior margin, well sclerotized. L1 large, apically convergent, each lobe oval in shape, with minute notch near midpoint of outer margin; L2 distinctly smaller than L1, with 1 or 2 small notches on outer margin; L3 similar in size and shape to L2, with 1 or 2 notches on outer margin and 0 or 1 notch on inner margin. Plates. Without plates between L1; with 2 plates between L1 and L2, flabellate, apically fringed, each slightly longer than L1, much longer than L2; three between L2 and L3, flabellate, apically fringed, each plate longer than L3; three anterior to L3, branched and elaborately fringed on apical and lateral margins, much longer than L3, each with internal microduct. Ducts. Dorsal macroducts of 1-barred type, dorsal submarginal macroducts about same size as marginal macroducts, long (120-140  μm ) and narrowly ribbonlike, with minute orifices, few, only 10-15 on each side of pygidium. Also, with faux duct orifice on dorsum immediately anteriad of L1 - circular structure slightly larger than duct orifices, but without duct. Pre-pygidial dorsal macroducts few, shorter than those on pygidium, confined to margin and submargin, absent on segments III and IV, two present on each side of segments II, I, metathorax, and mesothorax. Ventral microducts shorter and thinner than dorsal macroducts, with a few present on submargin of each segment from abdominal segment V to prothorax. Paraphyses. Three pairs of paraphyses present on each side of pygidium, variable, with lateral member of each pair often minute or absent. Medial pair of paraphyses anteriad of L1, medial member of pair arising from near inner angle of L1, extending nearly to anus and terminating in rounded knob, lateral member of pair minute, forming part of sclerotized rim of faux duct orifice; pair of paraphyses between L1 and L2 also with medial paraphysis much larger than lateral paraphysis; pair between L2 and L3 usually about equal to each other in length, lateral member of pair sometimes obsolete. Anal opening nearly circular, maximum diameter 8  μm , located 23-25  μm (about 3 times diameter) from base of L1. Perivulvar pores absent. </p>
            <p>DNA sequences.</p>
            <p> DNA sequences from 3 loci of the holotype of  Davidsonaspis tovomitae have been published: the large ribosomal subunit (28S; GenBank accession number KY219920), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α; KY221745), and carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CAD; MH916177). The small ribosomal subunit (16S) sequences of the primary bacterial endosymbiont,  Uzinura diaspidicola , of the holotype has also been published (KY220578). </p>
            <p>Informal synonyms.</p>
            <p> The holotype of  D. tovomitae has appeared in published phylogenetic trees, where it was labeled "  Davidsonaspis ud3919" (Schneider et al. 2018) or "  Davidsonaspis undescr" (Normark et al. 2019). </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The only other known species in this genus is  Davidsonaspis aguacatae (Evans, Watson, and Miller), found on avocados in Mexico.  D. aguacatae had originally been assigned to  Abgrallaspis Balachowsky (Evans et al. 2009), but was later reassigned to a new genus  Davidsonaspis Normark (Normark et al. 2014). The new species can be distinguished from  D. aguacatae in having a series of 3 plates anterior to L3, each as broad as L3 and elaborately fringed on apical and lateral margins; in  D. aguacatae , plates anterior to L3 are narrower than L3 and only slightly fringed.  D. tovomitae otherwise closely resembles  D. aguacatae , and the two species form a clade in published molecular phylogenetic trees (Schneider et al. 2018; Normark et al. 2019). The structure we refer to as a faux duct orifice anteriad of L1 is illustrated by Evans et al. (2009) but not mentioned in their description. In one of their 2 illustrations of the pygidium of  D. aguacatae the structure is shown with a central dot, as if it were the circular base of a seta, but in  D. tovomitae no seta is present there. </p>
            <p>Host plant.</p>
            <p> Tovomita longifolia (Rich.) Hochr. (family  Clusiaceae ) </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> The specific epithet is the Latin genitive of the host plant genus,  Tovomita . </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Panama (  Colón ). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF12E3F1DF685462846C5FF31919BEA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wei, Jiufeng;Schneider, Scott A.;Normark, Roxanna D.;Normark, Benjamin B.	Wei, Jiufeng, Schneider, Scott A., Normark, Roxanna D., Normark, Benjamin B. (2021): Four new species of Aspidiotini (Hemiptera, Diaspididae, Aspidiotinae) from Panama, with a key to Panamanian species. ZooKeys 1047: 1-25, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409
5DFB5CD3832250439D6CCA4FF1DF05D6.text	5DFB5CD3832250439D6CCA4FF1DF05D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rungaspis neotropicalis Wei, Schneider, Normark & Normark 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Rungaspis neotropicalis Wei, Schneider, Normark &amp; Normark sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figures 4, 5</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: Panama • 1 adult female; Parque  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.9754/lat 9.2802)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.9754&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.2802">Nacional San Lorenzo Canopy Crane</a>
                 ,  Colón ; 9.2802°N, 79.9754°W; 20.vi.2012; GE Morse &amp; BB Normark leg.; on  Marila laxiflora Rusby; MIUP (D4168I)  .  Paratypes: • 4 adult females; same data as holotype; USNM (D3953K, D4168B, D6550C, D6552B) ; •  5 adult females; same data as holotype; UMEC (D3953J, D3953P, D3995B, D4168E, D6703C) . 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Adult female (N = 10) in some cases pupillarial, enclosed within sclerotized cuticle of 2nd instar; some individuals non-pupillarial. Appearance in life not recorded. Slide-mounted adult female 350-610  μm long (holotype 540  μm , median 540  μm ), 280-500  μm wide (holotype 410  μm , median 420  μm ), broadest at mesothorax. Body outline broadly oval, with slight indentation between prothorax and mesothorax. Derm membranous throughout at maturity in pupllarial individuals; cephalothorax and pygidium becoming sclerotized at maturity in some non-pupillarial individuals. Antennae simple, each with one long seta. Distance between antennae 51-73  μm . Eye a submarginal dorsal tubercle on prothorax. Without disc pores associated with anterior or posterior spiracles. Venter of mesothorax with about 6 transverse, irregular rows of sclerotized spicules in submedial area, posterolaterad of mouthparts. Lobes. Pygidium with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes; L1 well developed, subquadrate, with parallel inner margins separated by exceedingly narrow space, lobes slightly longer than wide, rounded apically, with 1 large notch near apex on lateral margin and 0-1 notch near apex on medial margin; L1 each with well-developed basal sclerosis, slightly narrower and longer than lobe; L2, when fully developed, forming a small, sclerotized projection, about one-third length of L1 and much narrower, without notches; L2 often absent or represented by a membranous projection or low, sclerotized point; L3 absent. Plates. With 2 narrow, elongate plates in first space, slightly fringed, with a few tines, and 1 or 2 simple plates laterad of position of L2; no other plates present. Ducts. Dorsal macroducts of 1-barred type, slender, much broader than ventral microducts, few in number, restricted to margin of pygidium; with 1-3 (usually 2) ducts in first space, 0-2 (usually 1) immediately laterad of L2, and 0-1 (usually 0) laterad of seta marking segment VI, making a total of only 1-4 ducts (usually 4) on each side of pygidium. Ventral microducts exceedingly narrow, present along pygidial margin and scattered in submedial areas of other segments. Paraphyses absent. Anal opening subcircular, 8-11  μm in length and width, positioned 17-37  μm from base of L1, located within posterior half of pygidium. Perivulvar pores absent. </p>
            <p> Second-instar female (N = 8) Appearance in life not recorded. Slide-mounted second-instar female 340-620  μm long (median 460  μm ), 270-400  μm wide (median 340  μm ), broadest at mesothorax. Body outline oval. Antennae simple, each with one long seta. Distance between antennae 54-96  μm . Without disc pores associated with anterior or posterior spiracles. Lobes. Pygidium with 3 pairs of well-developed lobes; L1 subquadrate, with parallel inner margins separated by exceedingly narrow space, lobes slightly longer than wide, rounded apically, with 1 large notch near apex on lateral margin and 0-1 notch near apex on medial margin; L1 each with well-developed basal sclerosis, slightly narrower and longer than lobe; L2 nearly as long as L1 but much narrower, rounded at apex, without notches or with slight notch on lateral margin; L3 subtriangular, slightly narrower and shorter than L2, without notches. Plates. Without plates between L1. With 2 narrow plates in first space, 2 broader plates in second space, and a series of 5 or 6 plates laterad of L3. All plates similar in length to adjacent lobes and fringed at apex, with plates anterior to L3 becoming progressively lower and less fringed anteriorly. Plates of the first and second spaces subtended by conspicuous ducts, about a third as wide as dorsal macroducts and nearly as long, much wider and longer than ventral microducts. Ducts. Dorsal macroducts of 1-barred type, broad, all submarginal; with 2 ducts in a short row arising from first space, 2 in the second space, and 1 laterad of L3, making a total of 5 on each side of pygidium. Ventral microducts exceedingly narrow, short, present along pygidial margin and scattered in submedial areas of other segments. Paraphyses absent. Anal opening oval to subcircular, 8-14  μm in length, 7-8  μm in width, positioned 23-40  μm from base of L1, located within posterior half of pygidium. </p>
            <p>DNA sequences.</p>
            <p> Several DNA sequences of  Rungaspis neotropicalis have been published, including fragments of 3 gene regions: the large ribosomal subunit (28S; D3953H, D3953J, D3953R, D3953V, D4168B, D4168E,D4168I, D4168J, D4249H, D4249L; Genbank accession numbers MT677181-MTT677184, MTT677266-MTT677296, MT677294), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α; D3953J, D3953V, D3953W, D3995B; D4168A, D4168B, D4168E, D4168J, D4249H, D4249L; KY221749, MH915953, MH915954, MT64783, MT642022, MT642025-MT642029, MT642031, MT642032), and cytochrome oxidase I and II (COI-II; D3953H, D3953J, D3953R, D3953V, D3995B, D4168A, D4168B, D4168E, D4168I, D4168J, D4249G, D4249H, D4249L; KY221137, MH916549, MT676875-MT676878, MT676946-MT676950, MT676971, MT676972, MT676974). </p>
            <p>Informal synonyms.</p>
            <p> Specimens of  R. neotropicalis have appeared in published analyses and phylogenetic trees, where they were labeled "UG3995 ud3995" (Schneider et al. 2018; Normark et al. 2019), "UG3953 ud3953" (Schneider et al. 2018), or "  Rungaspis ud3995" (Peterson et al. 2020). </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p>This is an unusual species both in its life history, showing intraspecific variation in the pupillarial habit, and in its biogeography, having affinities to African species. Some slide-mounted specimens are unequivocally pupillarial, having well-developed 1st instars inside of adult females that are themselves inside of 2nd-instar cuticles. More often than not, these adult females are flipped inside their puparia, with their head at the posterior end of the puparium. Other specimens are apparently non-pupillarial, and some of these have a sclerotized cephalothorax, a feature not seen, to our knowledge, in adult females of any pupillarial species. We had originally intended to describe the pupillarial and non-pupillarial forms as two different species, but the three sequenced gene regions show no differences between them and there are no consistent morphological differences either; therefore, we consider them to comprise a single species that includes both pupillarial and non-pupillarial developmental phenotypes. The second instar has a more completely developed secretory system than the adult, with more ducts, plates, and lobes - a pattern typical of pupillarial species and opposite to what is typical of non-pupillarial species. This may imply that this species is derived from a pupillarial ancestor and that the non-pupillarial form represents a secondary loss of the pupillarial habit.</p>
            <p> Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that  R. neotropicalis has affinities with African species. Probably the best analysis is a recent study of  Aspidiotini (Schneider et al. 2018), which shows  R. neotropicalis nested within a clade of African  Aspidiotus species (  A. fularum Balachowsky,  A. elaeidis Marchal, and an undescribed species from Uganda), with  R. neotropicalis sister to  A. fularum .  R. neotropicalis was also included in a broader study of  Diaspididae (Normark et al. 2019), where it appears in a clade that consists mostly of African species (  A. elaeidis ,  Selenaspidus kamerunicus Lindinger,  S. articulatus Morgan,  Dynaspidiotus rhodesiensis (Hall), and  Entaspidiotus lounsburyi (Marlatt)) but that also includes one other New World species (  Rugaspidiotus arizonicus (Cockerell)). It is possible that  R. neotropicalis is an African species that is invasive in the Neotropics, similar to  Selenaspidus articulatus , which is the single most abundant diaspidid species at the site where  R. neotropicalis was collected (Peterson et al. 2020). But if this species is from Africa, it does not seem to have ever been found there. Based on the available evidence we regard it as a native Neotropical species, perhaps one resulting from an ancient trans-Atlantic dispersal event. </p>
            <p> We tentatively place this species in the genus  Rungaspis Balachowsky.  Rungaspis presently comprises four species distributed in Africa and the southwestern Palearctic.  Rungaspis neotropicalis resembles the other species of  Rungaspis in having large basal scleroses of L1, reduced L2 and L3, cephalothoracic sclerotization at maturity (in non-pupillarial specimens), dorsal ducts with sclerotized orifices, and simplified plates located only in the first and second interlobular spaces. African  Rungaspis species differ from  R. neotropicalis in having conical plates without fringes (vs. slightly fringed) and numerous narrow dorsal ducts (vs. few broad ducts). We considered three other possible placements for the species. One was the genus  Aspidiotus Bouché .  Rungaspis neotropicalis resembles  Aspidiotus species in having basal scleroses of L1 and fringed plates, and molecular evidence indicates that its closest known relative is an African species of  Aspidiotus . But we concluded that  R. neotropicalis shares a greater number of characters with  Rungaspis . Furthermore,  Aspidiotus is radically non-monophyletic, and the mostly African clade to which  R. neotropicalis belongs should probably be recognized as a distinct genus anyway (Schneider et al. 2018). Another possible placement we considered was the genus  Helaspis McKenzie.  Helaspis is a New World genus that "appears to suggest  Aspidiotus more strongly than any known genus" (McKenzie 1963). With  R. neotropicalis it shares basal scleroses of L1 and a sclerotized cephalothorax. But  Helaspis has other extraordinary features - conical plates and bilobed L3 - that seem to indicate an affinity with the tribe  Gymnaspidini rather than  Aspidiotini (Normark et al. 2019).  Rungaspis neotropicalis lacks these characters and is clearly a member of  Aspidiotini . We also considered erecting a new genus for  R. neotropicalis - this is the course taken by many diaspidid systematists faced with such an unusual species - but we concluded that that was not appropriate in this case given the evidence for affinity with  Rungaspis . </p>
            <p> Morphologically,  R. neotropicalis also closely resembles  Aspidiotus rhusae (Brain), a pupillarial species known from South Africa. The two species share a similar overall body shape, L1 with basal scleroses, absence of L3, absence of perivulvar pores, and presence of just a few slightly fringed plates and just a few broad, one-barred dorsal ducts near the pygidial margin. Characters that distinguish  R. neotropicalis from  A. rhusae are as follows (character of  A. rhusae given in parentheses): L2 much narrower than L1 or absent (L2 nearly as broad as L1); space between L1 exceedingly narrow, without plates (space between L1 with pair of apically fringed plates); 4 or fewer dorsal ducts present on each side of pygidium (5 or more ducts present); 1-3 microducts present near each posterior spiracle (cluster of 5 or more ducts in this position); transverse rows of minute spicules present on mesothorax posterolaterad of mouthparts (absent); body margin slightly indented between prothorax and mesothorax (entire); eye a submarginal dorsal tubercle (eye marginal). The Neotropical species that  R. neotropicalis most closely resembles is  Aspidiella rigida Ferris. The two species both have L1 with basal scleroses and closely approximated medial margins, other lobes reduced or absent, cephalothorax becoming sclerotized at full maturity, and perivulvar pores absent. Characters that distinguish  Rungaspis neotropicalis from  Aspidiella rigida are as follows (character of  A. rigida given in parentheses): plates present (absent); dorsal ducts of pygidium broad, much broader than ventral microducts, confined to margin and submargin (narrow, similar to ventral microducts, widely scattered); anus in posterior half of pygidium (anterior half). </p>
            <p> Our study of Neotropical and African species that resemble  Rungaspis neotropicalis has further led us to conclude that  Aspidiella rigida belongs in the genus  Rungaspis , and we transfer it accordingly:  Rungaspis rigida (Ferris) comb. nov. Ferris (1941) remarked, "It is with much doubt that this species is here referred to the genus  Aspidiella . In its pygidial characters it resembles the type genus closely enough except for the entire absence of plates and the absence of the perivulvar pores... In the heavy sclerotization of the entire body it is peculiar and distinctive." In each of these characters it resembles  Rungaspis species more than  Aspidiella species. Ferris further expressed puzzlement that an Oriental and Australian genus such as  Aspidiella would include a species that was apparently native to the Neotropics. A biogeographic connection between the Neotropics and Afrotropics is better documented (by  Rungaspis neotropicalis and in groups such as  Diaspis Bouché ) and less of a surprise. </p>
            <p>Host plant.</p>
            <p> Marila laxiflora Rusby (family  Calophyllaceae ) </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> The specific epithet is a Latin adjective; here it alludes to this  species’ unusual biogeography as a Neotropical member of a mostly African clade. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p> Panama (  Colón ). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5DFB5CD3832250439D6CCA4FF1DF05D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wei, Jiufeng;Schneider, Scott A.;Normark, Roxanna D.;Normark, Benjamin B.	Wei, Jiufeng, Schneider, Scott A., Normark, Roxanna D., Normark, Benjamin B. (2021): Four new species of Aspidiotini (Hemiptera, Diaspididae, Aspidiotinae) from Panama, with a key to Panamanian species. ZooKeys 1047: 1-25, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409
C1CCEC042D3E5AAE81BF36378DBB8C3E.text	C1CCEC042D3E5AAE81BF36378DBB8C3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selenaspidopsis browni Nakahara 1984	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Selenaspidopsis browni Nakahara, 1984: 936. New country record</p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  Panama • 1 adult female;  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.5431/lat 8.9944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.5431&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9944">Parque Metropolitano Canopy Crane</a>
                 ; 8.9944°N, 79.5431°W; 22.i.2015; DA Peterson, GE Morse, H Shapiro, S Trujillo leg.; on  Antirhea trichantha ; MIUP (D6765D)  ; •  1 adult female; same data as previous; UMEC (D6765G) . 
            </p>
            <p>Host plant.</p>
            <p> Antirhea trichantha (Griseb.) Hemsl. (  Rubiaceae ) </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Panama (Parque Metropolitano).</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C1CCEC042D3E5AAE81BF36378DBB8C3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wei, Jiufeng;Schneider, Scott A.;Normark, Roxanna D.;Normark, Benjamin B.	Wei, Jiufeng, Schneider, Scott A., Normark, Roxanna D., Normark, Benjamin B. (2021): Four new species of Aspidiotini (Hemiptera, Diaspididae, Aspidiotinae) from Panama, with a key to Panamanian species. ZooKeys 1047: 1-25, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1047.68409
