taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E887F86A1414175D7F5ED428090EA6.taxon	description	(Fig. 1)	en	Blakemore, R. J. (2004): First record of Dendrobaena pygmaea (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Asia (Yokohama, Japan). Zootaxa 487 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.487.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.487.1.1
03E887F86A1414175D7F5ED428090EA6.taxon	description	Allolobophora minima Rosa, 1884: 39 [non Al. minima Muldal, 1952: 463 (= Murchieona muldali (Omodeo, 1956: 179) nom. nov.)]. From Piemonte, Italy. Types unknown. Octolasion minimum. — Örley, 1885: 22. Lumbricus (Octolasion) minimus. — Vaillant, 1889: 113. Lumbricus (Dendrobaena) pygmaeus. — Vaillant, 1889: 120. Allolobophora [(Dendrobaena)] pygmea (lapsus) et A. pygmaea. — Rosa, 1893: 424, 436.	en	Blakemore, R. J. (2004): First record of Dendrobaena pygmaea (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Asia (Yokohama, Japan). Zootaxa 487 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.487.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.487.1.1
03E887F86A1414175D7F5ED428090EA6.taxon	description	Dendrobaena pygmaea. — Zicsi, 1959: 96; Gerard, 1964: 37.	en	Blakemore, R. J. (2004): First record of Dendrobaena pygmaea (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Asia (Yokohama, Japan). Zootaxa 487 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.487.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.487.1.1
03E887F86A1414175D7F5ED428090EA6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 10 – 45 mm. Light reddish anterior dorsum or unpigmented. Prostomium epilobous. Setal pairs widely separate. Dorsal pores absent or from 4 / 5 – 6 / 7. Spermathecal pores absent or dorsally in 9 / 10 / 11 / 12. Clitellum 33 – 37 or 32,33 – 36,37,38. Tubercula pubertatis absent or narrow ridge below b lines in 35 – 37. Genital setal tumescences absent.	en	Blakemore, R. J. (2004): First record of Dendrobaena pygmaea (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Asia (Yokohama, Japan). Zootaxa 487 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.487.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.487.1.1
03E887F86A1414175D7F5ED428090EA6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In Europe known from Britain (Cumbria, Devon, Hampshire and Suffolk), Germany (e. g. Graff, 1955), France, Spain (e. g. as D. pygmaea cognettii from Galicia or D. cognettii from Valencia), Portugal [as D. cognetti (sic)], Switzerland and Austria [as D. cognettii e. g. Christian & Zicsi (1999)], Italy, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia (as D. pygmaea, D. cognettii cognettii and? D. cognettii gallurensis), Greece [as D. cognettii e. g. Zicsi (1973)], Madeira and Tenerife (as D. cognettii), Hungary [as D. cognettii e. g. Csuzdi & Zicsi (2003)], Romania, Bohemia in the Czech Republic [as D. pygmaea by Pizl (2000, 2002, 2003)]; also a single record from Constantine, Algeria [by Rouabah & Descamps (2001)]; in America from San Francisco, California [cited by Reynolds (1995: 11, 27) possibly from study by Gates (1975)], noted from Chile [by Csuzdi & Zicsi (2003: 115)]; and now from Asia (Yokohama, Japan). As yet unrecorded from Australasia / Oceania.	en	Blakemore, R. J. (2004): First record of Dendrobaena pygmaea (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Asia (Yokohama, Japan). Zootaxa 487 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.487.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.487.1.1
03E887F86A1414175D7F5ED428090EA6.taxon	description	Description. Compiled from pers. obs. and from various sources in synonymy above. Collection and Locality. Collected by R. J. Blakemore, 9 – 10 th May, 2003 from YNU campus, Tokiwadai, Yokohama, Kanagawa­ken, Japan (35 º 26 ' 00 " N. 139 º 39 ' 00 " E, 57 m). Other specimens collected from YNU campus in May – June 1999 by Tomoko Uchida.	en	Blakemore, R. J. (2004): First record of Dendrobaena pygmaea (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Asia (Yokohama, Japan). Zootaxa 487 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.487.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.487.1.1
03E887F86A1414175D7F5ED428090EA6.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Found at YNU in relatively high abundance in loose association with various megascolecids, e. g. Amynthas acinctus (Goto & Hatai, 1899), Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) spp. ­ complex, Amynthas micronarius (Goto & Hatai, 1898), Amynthas vittatus (Goto & Hatai, 1898), Metaphire hilgendorfi (Michaelsen, 1892) spp. ­ complex, and with the endemic lumbricid Eisenia japonica (Michaelsen, 1891). Habitats. Well­drained soil and moist woodland litter, mossy banks of streams (Sims & Gerard, 1999: 73), damp organic sites (Csuzdi & Zicsi, 2003: 115); at YNU in organic layers mainly under stands of non­coniferous evergreen trees Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb., Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thumb.) Oerst., and Pasania edulis Makino (soil pH 6.7); and less frequently under deciduous trees dominated by sakura, Prunus jamazakura F. Sieb. ex Koidz. (soil pH 5.3), in soils classed generally as Andosol with Carbon 14 – 22 % and Nitrogen 5.2 – 6.6 % (Uchida & Kaneko, in press). Behaviour. Sluggish when handled, soil easily adheres to surface mucus; body naturally coils slightly on preservation. Biometry. Length 10 – 45 mm (current unamputated specimens 17 – 33 mm), width 0.5 – 1.2 mm; body cylindrical tapering to tail and, when preserved, gizzard region in 17 – 20 and clitellum are broadest; mean weight 0.03 g (n = 38); segments 90 – 111. Colour. Lightly pigmented reddy / brown anterior and dorsum especially first dozen segments, or unpigmented grey (with gut contents visible through transparent hind­body); clitellum white. Prostomium. Epilobous, furrows sometimes faint to give appearance of pro­epilobous. First dorsal pore. Occasionally reported from 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 but usually absent as in present specimens. Setae (ratio of aa: ab: bc: cd: dd). Eight per segment from 2, widely separate; (1.5: 1: 1: 1: 2). Nephropores. Single row just above b lines from 3, especially obvious on clitellum; (sometimes reported above c lines?). Clitellum. Saddle­shaped 33 – 37 with mid­ventral gap widest on 33, range 32,33 – 37,38; or 32,33 – 36,37 according to Christian & Zicsi (1999). Male pores. Lateral slits in bc on large white­pigmented protuberant pads mostly confined to 15. Female pores. Visible just lateral to b on 14. Spermathecal pores. Reported dorsally in 9 / 10 / 11 / 12, frequently absent as in current specimens. Genital Markings. Tumescences and tubercula pubertatis usually absent, or reported as narrow ridges below b lines in 35 – 37 but this may be artefactual as the nephropores give appearance of separation of lower edges of clitellum. Septa. None especially thick. Dorsal blood vessel. Single (visible through cuticle). Hearts. 7 – 11 (last hearts in 11 seen in present specimens). Calciferous glands. White, moniliform dilations, vascularized with longitudinal striations internally in 11 – 12 and some incursion in 13; (diverticula reported by Csuzdi & Zicsi, not found). Gizzard. Muscular in 17 – 18. Intestine origin. Beginning with the crop in 15 – 16. Typhlosole. Not previously reported, in present specimens commencing after clitellum from about 40 and of simple lamellar type (lamelliform), narrow and only slightly thickened, that in the midbody is about one third of the intestinal diameter deep. Nephridia. Holoic with flattened bladders elongate and ocarina­shaped ducting to nephropores near setal b lines in present specimens; described as ocarina­shaped (Sims & Gerard, 1999: 68) or as bilobate [Csuzdi & Zicsi (2003: 46, 114) — but these authors show this type to actually be elongate ocarina­shaped (fig. 3.15 A, E; fig. 6.18.1) while their " ocarina­shaped " is actually " J " or " S " shaped (fig. 3.15 D)]. Testis / seminal vesicles. Iridescent testis (and sperm funnels) visible through body wall in 10 and 11 in Yokohama specimens suggest that it is not, or not entirely, a parthenogenetic morph; seminal vesicles in (9), 11 and 12 arc around gut, frequently small or absent. Ovaries / ovisacs. Paired in 13, band­like with single egg­string shedding largish non­yolky eggs; egg sacs not found. Prostates. None. Spermathecae. Usually absent, as in present specimens although three (or fewer pairs sometimes reported). Spermatophores. Not found on exterior. Longitudinal muscle layer. Pinnate type (Csuzdi & Zicsi). Gut contents. Dark, colloidal organic soil and litter debris, not much mineral soil. Cocoons. None recorded.	en	Blakemore, R. J. (2004): First record of Dendrobaena pygmaea (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Asia (Yokohama, Japan). Zootaxa 487 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.487.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.487.1.1
