identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03EC879B383DFFF7FEADA54DE227C601.text	03EC879B383DFFF7FEADA54DE227C601.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parviscala de Boury 1887	<div><p>Subgenus Parviscala deBoury, 1887:11</p> <p>Type species: Scalaria algeriana Weinkauff, 1866 (by original designation)</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC879B383DFFF7FEADA54DE227C601	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, Leonard;Raines, Bret	Brown, Leonard, Raines, Bret (2004): Two new records of Epitoniidae from Easter Island, Chile. Zootaxa 402 (1): 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.402.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.402.1.1
03EC879B383DFFF5FEADA5D4E516C326.text	03EC879B383DFFF5FEADA5D4E516C326.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epitonium (Parviscala) deificum (Melvill & Standen 1903)	<div><p>Epitonium (Parviscala) deificum (Melvill &amp; Standen, 1903)</p> <p>(Figure 1)</p> <p>Scala deifica Melvill &amp; Standen, 1903: 343, pl. VII, fig. 4.</p> <p>Epitonium deificum (Melvill &amp; Standen, 1903): Kaicher, 1980: 2316.</p> <p>Parviscala deifica (Melvill &amp; Standen, 1903): DuShane, 1988: fig. 10; 1990: 8–9, fig. 37–38.</p> <p>Epitonium (Parviscala) deificum (Melvill &amp; Standen, 1903): Weil et al., 1999: 108, fig. 346.</p> <p>Type material: BMNH type collection: 1903.12.15.19 (one syntype) (Trew, 1987).</p> <p>Type locality: Gulf of Oman, 156 fathoms [= 285 m] (by original designation).</p> <p>Distribution: Originally described from the Gulf of Oman, but is known from the Red Sea and the Hawaiian Islands (DuShane, 1990). Now, first reported from Easter Island.</p> <p>Habitat: In sand and rubble collected at 150 m, off the western coastline from Hanga Pico to Orongo, and from sand collected at 100 m from La Perouse Bay.</p> <p>Description: White; 3–4 glassy, smooth protoconch whorls, about 8 teleoconch whorls; sutures deep; about 18 thin erect costae that are hooked below the suture, interspaces are spirally striate; about 21 spiral lines on the body whorl, lip reflected with a small hook; maximum size of approximately 11 mm.</p> <p>Remarks: The complete specimen from Easter Island matches up well with the E. deificum from Mamala Bay, Hawaii, illustrated in DuShane (1990:15, figures 37–38), with the only noticeable difference being the fact that the specimen from Easter Island has 21 costae on the body whorl whereas the Hawaiian specimen appears to have about 16 costae. However, as DuShane (1990) noted, the more costae per whorl, the greater variability there may be. Therefore, we do not consider the difference in the number of costae to be significant. Epitonium deificum (Melvill &amp; Standen, 1903), can be distinguished from E. (P.) cf. gloriolum Melvill &amp; Standen reported from Hawaii by DuShane (1990), because the latter species has fewer, thicker, more widely spaced spiral cords on the teleoconch whorls. Epitonium (P.) gradilis (Jousseaume, 1912), another species reported from Hawaii by DuShane (1990), has much heavier, strongly reflected costae, not at all like the thin erect costae found on E. deificum. Epitonium deificum is represented from Easter Island by one complete specimen and numerous fragments.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC879B383DFFF5FEADA5D4E516C326	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, Leonard;Raines, Bret	Brown, Leonard, Raines, Bret (2004): Two new records of Epitoniidae from Easter Island, Chile. Zootaxa 402 (1): 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.402.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.402.1.1
03EC879B383FFFF5FEADA0C6E70EC05E.text	03EC879B383FFFF5FEADA0C6E70EC05E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Opalia H. & A. Adams 1853	<div><p>Genus Opalia H. &amp; A. Adams, 1853</p> <p>Type Species: Scalaria australis Lamarck, 1822 (subsequent designation by de Boury, 1886).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC879B383FFFF5FEADA0C6E70EC05E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, Leonard;Raines, Bret	Brown, Leonard, Raines, Bret (2004): Two new records of Epitoniidae from Easter Island, Chile. Zootaxa 402 (1): 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.402.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.402.1.1
03EC879B383FFFF3FEADA326E405C68E.text	03EC879B383FFFF3FEADA326E405C68E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Opalia (Opalia) sumatrensis (Thiele 1925)	<div><p>Opalia (Opalia) sumatrensis (Thiele, 1925)</p> <p>(Figure 2)</p> <p>Scala (Nodiscala) sumatrensis Thiele, 1925: 307, pl. XXIII [XI], fig. 26.</p> <p>Nodiscala sumatrensis (Thiele, 1925): Kilburn, 1985: 274.</p> <p>Opalia (Opalia) sumatrensis (Thiele, 1925): Weil et al., 1999: 108, fig. 346. Type material: ZMB type collection: 109.992 (two syntypes).</p> <p>Type locality: Padang, Sumatra (by original designation).</p> <p>Distribution: Previously only known from Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Now, first reported from Easter Island.</p> <p>Habitat: In sand and rubble collected at 100 m, off the western coastline near Orongo.</p> <p>Description: White; 4 smooth white protoconch whorls, about 6 teleoconch whorls; the 12–14 non­lamellar costae are angular in the center of the teleoconch whorls; costae and interspaces are sculptured with raised spiral lines separating rows of small pits; a rounded cord is present on the base; outer lip is thickened; maximum size of 4.0 mm.</p> <p>Remarks: Although the authors were graciously offered the opportunity to examine the type material via loan, we elected not to take any chances since one of the syntypes had already been degraded by Byne's disease (Köhler, 2003, personal communication). However, we did compare our material with the illustration in Thiele (1925), along with a photograph of the other syntype (fig. 3), and note that it matches up very well with both Thiele’s illustration and description, as well as with the photograph. The minor differences seen between our material and the syntype are well within species variation, or are attributable to the fact that the illustrated syntype was a fresher specimen when collected.</p> <p>The presence of the basal ridge sets this species apart from most members of the genus Opalia and lead us to assign this species to the subgenus Opalia rather than the subgenus Nodiscala as Thiele did in his original description of this species. This is consistent with Kilburn (1985), who used the subgenus Nodiscala for Opalia species with a body whorl with a basal angle but no distinct cord, as well as Clench &amp; Turner (1950), who used the subgenus Nodiscala for species without a basal ridge. Furthermore, Clench and Turner (1950) used the subgenus Opalia for species with strong ribs and a well developed basal cord, shell characters present in this species.</p> <p>It is easy to distinguish this species from O. (N.) bicarinata (Sowerby, 1844) and Opalia (N.) crassilabrum (Sowerby, 1844), two Indo­Pacific species lacking a basal ridge. Opalia (O.) burchorum DuShane, 1988 from Hawaii is similar to O. (O.) sumatrensis, but differs in having a dark brown protoconch and the costae are not angular in the center of the teleoconch whorls. Opalia (N.) minervae (Thiele, 1925) from Padang is similar in that it has angular costae and spiral lines, but it lacks the basal ridge that is present in O. sumatrensis. Since there are similarities between the molluscan fauna of Easter Island and the fauna of northern New Zealand, we compared the Opalia species collected from Easter Island with O. (N.) ahiparana (Powell, 1930) and O. (Pliciscala) zelandica (Finlay, 1930), two Opalia species found off the north end of North Island, New Zealand. Opalia (N.) ahiparana (Powell, 1930) not only has nodules on the noticeably biangular body whorl, it lacks a basal ridge. Opalia (P.) zelandica (Finlay, 1930), a species illustrated in Powell (1979), lacks a basal ridge and the angular costae on the teleoconch whorls. Thus, the two Opalia species known from northern New Zealand are easily distinguishable from O. sumatrensis. Opalia sumatrensis is represented from Easter Island by two complete specimens. Outside of the type lot at the ZMB (2 specimens), this is probably the only other known record of this species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC879B383FFFF3FEADA326E405C68E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brown, Leonard;Raines, Bret	Brown, Leonard, Raines, Bret (2004): Two new records of Epitoniidae from Easter Island, Chile. Zootaxa 402 (1): 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.402.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.402.1.1
