taxonID	type	description	language	source
1F589DD5A96953728199B77C0857EAD8.taxon	materials_examined	Type. India. Kashmir: ' In itinere ad Cashmere', Royle, 21 (Holotype: K! [K 000872738]). Undershrubs, up to 100 cm tall. Stem striate, pubescent along one narrow line throughout the stem or alternating along two lines, sometimes both single and double lines found, internodes 0.5 - 10 cm long. Leaves usually opposite, rarely 3 - 4 whorled; petioles 2 - 13 mm long, pubescent along adaxial channel, abaxially glabrescent, rarely pubescent all around; lamina discolorous, narrowly ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 3 - 13 x 1 - 3.5 (- 5) cm; apex acute to narrowly acute; base obtuse; veins visible on both sides, sometimes inconspicuous, secondary veins 8 - 10 (- 14) on each side of midvein; both surfaces and abaxial veins glabrous, adaxial veins pubescent; margins sparsely pubescent. Inflorescences sessile, very rarely pedunculate; peduncles up to 1.5 cm long, pubescent; bracts linear with ciliate margins, + / - 1 mm long; pedicels 1 - 5 mm long, pubescent along single or double lines, sometimes glabrous. Flowers 4.5 - 5.5 x 2 - 3 mm; sepals gradually tapering to narrowly acute or acuminate apices, up to 2 mm long, margins ciliate, sometimes pubescent on abaxial surface; calycine colleters 5 or 10, unequal in length when paired; corolla dark purple, corolla tube ca. 1 mm long, lobes twisted clockwise, bearded over the whole surface within except for the lateral margin, oblong, gradually tapering to the apex, 2.5 - 4 x 1 - 2 mm; corona deltoid-rhomboid, broader than long, 0.6 - 0.8 x 0.8 - 1 mm, reaching the bases of the staminal appendages in length or rarely equalling the gynostegium, divergent. Follicles fusiform, 4 - 7.5 x 0.8 - 1 cm, apex acuminate, surface glabrous, striations inconspicuous. Seeds reddish brown, 6 - 8 x 3 - 4.5 mm, wings up to 1 mm broad, brown dots rarely distantly present; coma up to 2 cm long.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
1F589DD5A96953728199B77C0857EAD8.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Based on the number of past collections and our field observations, this is the most commonly occurring species of Vincetoxicum in southern Asia. It is strictly western Himalayan in distribution and found in India (Himachal Pradesh), Kashmir and Pakistan (Azad Jammu, Kashmir and Hazara Division). It is a deep rooted plant with a thick root stock found on open, sunny mountain slopes in association with grasses or other herbaceous flora. Its elevation ranges from 750 to 2800 m.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
1F589DD5A96953728199B77C0857EAD8.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. India. Masrund, Chamba State, 21 June 1917, 5000 ft., R. R. Stewart 2317 (RAW; MO); Bank of Ravi between Tiari & Siunn in dry places, Chamba State, 5000 ft., 04 July 1919, R. N. Parker s. n. (GH). Pakistan. Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK): Mountain slope near Deri Nala, 2500 ft., 06 May 2015, S. A. Shah & B. Ali SAS- 4 (RAW); Mandi, Kotli, 27 April 1954, A. Rashid, E. Nasir, R. R. Stewart 27007 (RAW; BM); Kotli (Azad Kashmir), + / - 2700 ft., 03 June 1977, Shahzad & Nisar 54346 & 54347 (ISL); Kotli (Azad Kashmir), 27 April 1954, J. Muhammad 16636 (ISL); Doongi (Kotli), + / - 2500 ft., 01 June 1977, Shahzad & Nisar 54341 & 54342 (ISL); Mausooh (Kotli, Azad Kashmir), 30 April 1977, Shahzad & Nisar 50160 - 50162 (ISL); Nawal Nadi, Poonch, + / - 2700 ft., 18 June 1977, Shehzad & Nisar 56415 & 56416 (ISL); Khohi Ratta (Kotli), 01 June 1977, Shahzad & Nisar 54344 & 54345 (ISL); Muzaffarabad, + / - 3200 ft., 12 December 1975, J. Muhammad 34527 (ISL); Zamanabad (Muzaffarabad), 25 April 1978, S. Iqbal & W. Rehman 89644, 89646 & 89647 (ISL); Datta to Rara, (Muzaffarabad), 27 April 1978, S. Iqbal & W. Rehman 89650 & 89651 (ISL); Kashmir: B- 8 Pahlgam, ca. 8000 ft., s. d., R. R. Stewart 5357 (K); Kashmir, Kullogam, s. d., H. Falconer 2743 (K); Kashmir, Shapiyon, 7000 ft., s. d., C. B. Clarke 28584 A, C (K); Near Shapiyon, 6000 ft., s. d., J. R. Drummond 13948 (K); Hab River banks, Lidar Valley, Kashmir, 06 June 1939, 7000 ft., J. F. Ludlow 74 (BM); Mountains above Istahal River [Kashmir], 1915, 5000 ft., Mrs. P. Decie s. n. (BM); Tanmarg [Kashmir], s. d., A. R. Naqshi 6343 (KASH); Sonamarg, Kashmir, 9200 ft., August 1928, R. R. Stewart 13101 (MO); Kashmir, s. d., H. Falconer [?], s. n. (GOET [GOET 020086]); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Darra, mountain slope, 3940 ft., 27 September 2016, Faizan, A. Majid & S. A. Shah SAS- 47 (RAW, US); Balakot (Kaghan valley), 6 July 1954, Ch. S. Ali s. n. (RAW); Balakot-Shogran Road, 28 June 1952, I. I. Choudhri 13511 (RAW); Abbottabad, ca. 4500 ft., 01 June 1928, R. R. Stewart 295 (KUH); Parhana [Abbotabad, KPK], 11 May 1976, Shaukat & Nisar 18472 (ISL); Parhana, Hazara, 08 May 1976, M. A Siddiqi, Shahzad, Ashraf, Manzoor, Maqsood & Dilawar 22587, 22588 & 22589 (ISL); Nari, 4 miles from Abbottabad, [KPK], 29 May 1976, M. N. Chaudhri, M. A. Siddiqi, Shehzad, Ashraf, Maqsood, Lal & Akram 22597, 22598 & - 22599 (ISL; GH [Col. No. 1122]); Bhonja [Mansehra], Hazara, 12 June 1976, Shaukat & Nisar 22600 & 22601 (ISL); Balakot, Hazara, 22 April 1978, S. Iqbal & N. Ahmad 89641 (ISL); Shinkiari [Mansehra], 3500 ft., 30 May 1967, E. Nasir, Siddiqi & Zaffar 4422 (KUH).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
F15321EA492059FA98D0109861D6339A.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Afghanistan. On Mt. Babour, 1800 m, 1 May 1929, Manger s. n. " flowers yellowish-green, inconspicuous " (holotype B., destroyed). Neotype, designated here: Afghanistan. Paghman, 7500 ft., dry slope; clumps; 3 ft. high; flr. greenish, often tinged madder; 26 June 1937, W. Koelz 12076 (US! [US 03264725]). Undershrubs, ca. 45 cm tall. Stem striate, sub-canescent all around, internodes 2.5 - 7 cm long. Leaves subsessile, rarely petiolate; petioles 3 - 8 mm long, sub-canescent all around; lamina discolorous, narrow to broadly ovate, 3 - 7 x 2 - 4.5 cm, both surfaces including veins and margins sub-canescent; apex acuminate; margins smooth; base sub-cordate-round; veins visible on both surfaces, secondary veins up to 8 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences sessile or pedunculate; peduncles 1 - 2 cm long; bracts minute, ca. 1 mm long, margins ciliate; pedicels 3 - 6 mm long, sub-canescent; sepals tapering to acute apices, sub-canescent, ca. 1 mm long; corolla purple, corolla tube 1 mm long, lobes oblong-ovate, straight, 2 - 2.5 mm x 1 - 1.5 mm, pubescent within; corona lobes obovate, ca. 0.7 - 1 x 0.5 mm, divergent, as long as gynostegium. Follicles fusiform, ca. 5.3 x 1.3 cm. Seeds not seen.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
F15321EA492059FA98D0109861D6339A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Endemic to northern Afghanistan. The data on herbarium labels suggest that V. cabulicum grows in clumps on dry slopes of mountains. The elevation range is 1500 to 2800 m.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
F15321EA492059FA98D0109861D6339A.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Afghanistan. Kabul: Paghman, near Kabul, 7000 ft., 193 [0 s], F. Howland specimen B. (US [US 03264726); Westhang des Koh-i-Sher Darwasa bei Kabul, 2100 m, 10 July 1969, D. Podlech 15814 (RAW); Chandau, 8000 ft., 07 June 1937, W. Koelz 11764 (US); In Valle Paghman, Kabul, ca. 34 ° 36 ' N, 68 ° 56 ' E, 2300 - 2800 m, s. d., K. H. Rechinger 17141 (US, MO); Kabul, in declivibus borealibus montis Scher Darwasa, ca. 34 ° 30 ' N, 69 ° 10 ' E, 1800 - 1900 m, s. d., K. H. Rechinger 16986 (US); Paghman, 8000 ft., 22 June [19] 35, W. R. Henry 273 (K); Badakhshan: Faisabad district, 5000 ft., 22 May 1964, P. Furse 6247 (K).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
61230A9299065E07A18FB8C593517ED1.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Afghanistan. Jaji, in declivibus jugi Narai Kotal versus Chakmani, in apertis quercetorum (Qu. baloot), substr. serpentin., 2100 m, 5 June 1967, K. H. Rechinger 35614 (Holotype: WU online [WU 1969 - 0013837], Isotypes: B online [B 10 0365 118], US online [00112305]). Small herbs to undershrubs, up to 40 cm tall. Stems striate, mostly pubescent along one or two lines, sometimes glabrous, internodes 1 - 4 cm long. Leaves dense, pendent; petioles 2 - 10 mm long, pubescent all around, sometimes only adaxial channel pubescent; lamina discolorous, narrowly lanceolate-ovate, 3 - 7 x 0.6 - 2 cm, both surfaces glabrous; apex acute to sometimes narrowly acute; base mostly obtuse; veins visible on both sides, sometimes inconspicuous, secondary veins up to 8 (- 10) on each side of midvein, adaxial veins sparsely to densely pubescent, abaxial veins glabrous to glabrescent; margins sparsely pubescent. Inflorescences both sessile and shortly pedunculate; peduncles up to 6 mm long; bracts narrow, up to 4 mm long, margins ciliate; pedicels 2 - 5 mm long, pubescent along one line. Flowers 2.5 - 3 x 1.5 - 2 mm, pendent; sepals tapering to acute apices, up to 1 mm long, laterally sparsely ciliate, calycine colleters paired (10 / flower); corolla yellowish-green, campanulate, corolla tube prominent, 1 to 1.5 mm long, lobes oblong-ovate with obtuse apices, 1 - 1.5 x 1 mm; corona clavate, ca. 0.7 x 0.6 mm, slightly exceeding the gynostegium in length, divergent. Follicles ovate-lanceolate to narrowly fusiform, up to 7 x 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrous. Seeds dark brown, ca. 7 x 3 mm, wings up to 1 mm broad; coma up to 2 mm long.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
61230A9299065E07A18FB8C593517ED1.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Two collections of this species are from Shalozan, Kurram valley, Pakistan. This place is located on the eastern border of Afghanistan. The type specimen is collected from Khost, Afghanistan, which is located nearby Kurram Valley. The habitat of the plant is open mountain slopes consisting of small stones and gravel. Elevation ranges from 2100 to 2200 m.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
61230A9299065E07A18FB8C593517ED1.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kurram Valley, 1894, Harsukh 15402 (RAW, K); Parachinar: near Khaiwas in Shalozan valley, 2200 m, 07 August 2016, S. A. Shah, W. Hussain, M. Hussain, M. Ullah SAS- 40 (RAW, US).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
8A68959E37195A94A671391CF3B51519.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Nepal. Chandaghir, 5 May 1821, N. Wallich 133 [cat. #. 8229 A] (lectotype: designated by Hara (1982), pointing generally to the set of syntypes: Asclep 133 and cat. # 8229 A, specimen not chosen from syntypes); lectotype (designated here: K online [K 000894587]; isolectotypes K online [K 001129297, K 000894586]; E online [E 00179664, E 00179665]). Undershrubs, up to 40 cm tall. Stem striate, pubescent all around, internodes 1 - 6.8 cm long. Leaves petiolate; petioles 3 - 11 mm long, pubescent all around; lamina different shaped: narrowly ovate, oblong-ovate, elliptic ovate, lanceolate-ovate, 4 - 9.2 x 1.3 - 3.8 cm; margins smooth; apex acute to obtuse or sometimes mucronulate; base round or cuneate; veins visible on both surfaces, secondary veins 8 - 12 on each side of midvein; adaxial surface sub-glabrous, adaxial veins densely pubescent; abaxial surface glabrous to sub-glabrous, abaxial veins especially midrib pubescent; margins pubescent. Inflorescences sessile; bracts linear, ciliate; sepals tapering to acute apices, 1.5 mm long with ciliate margins; pedicels 1 - 3 mm long, pubescent; calycine colleters 5, exceeding the corolla tube in length; corolla green, not twisted, corolla tube 1 mm long, lobes tapering to pointed apex, 2 x 1 mm, bearded within; corona lobes longer than broad, 1 x 0.8 mm, exceeding the length of the gynostegium, base narrow, apex broad, toothed, divergent; staminal appendages obtuse; pollinaria deeply embedded in the gynostegium. Follicles and seeds not seen.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
8A68959E37195A94A671391CF3B51519.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Endemic to eastern Himalayas including India and Nepal and occurring at an elevation of over 2000 m. Herbarium label on W. Dudgeon & L. A. Kenoyer 56 (MO) indicates its habitat to be open grassy places.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
8A68959E37195A94A671391CF3B51519.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. India. Uttarakhand: Landour, open grassy places, 7000 ft, 24 May 1920, W. Dudgeon & L. A. Kenoyer 56 (MO [MO- 2321710]); Nepal, s. d., N. Wallich cat. # 8229 A (K [K 001129296]); Kumaon / Tranquebar, India, s. d., N. Wallich cat. # 8229 B (K [K 001129299]).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
F0417E9CEF2758D7AA121685442084C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type. India. Kenour, Royle 18 (Holotype K! [K 000872737]). Undershrubs, up to 1 m tall. Stem pubescent all around or along 2 dense lines, internodes 2 - 13 cm long. Leaves opposite; petioles 1 - 10 (- 14) mm long, equally pubescent all around or sometimes denser along adaxial channel, lamina strongly discolorous, narrow to broadly ovate, 4 - 10 x 1.8 - 6.5 cm; apex narrowly acute to very shortly acuminate; base round to sub-cordate to sub-truncate; venation including tertiary and quaternary veins prominent, more prominent and raised on abaxial surface, secondary veins up to 14 on each side of midvein, trichomes absent on both surfaces, sometimes sparsely present on tertiary and quaternary veins, midrib and secondary veins densely pubescent on both surfaces, margins pubescent. Inflorescences mostly sessile, rarely both sessile and short-pedunculate inflorescences present on the same plant, peduncles up to 1.5 cm; bracts linear, up to 2 mm long, pubescent; pedicels 2 - 8 (- 10) mm long, pubescent all around, sometimes pubescent along one or two longitudinal lines. Flowers yellowish-green to green, 4 - 5 x 2 - 2.5 mm; sepals tapering to acute or narrowly acute apices, up to 2 mm long, margins sparsely ciliate, calycine colleters 5 or 10 per flower; corolla tube ca. 1 mm long, lobes oblong with obtuse apices, 3 - 3.5 x 1 - 2 mm, glabrous within or sparse caducous trichomes present; corona lobes long-triangular with acute apex, slightly divergent, ca. 1 x 0.8 mm, exceeding slightly the length of the gynostegium. Follicles fusiform, up to 7 x 1 cm, apex long-acuminate, surface glabrous, slightly striate. Seeds brown, 6 - 7 x 3 - 3.5 mm, wings less than 1 mm broad; coma 2 - 3 mm long.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
F0417E9CEF2758D7AA121685442084C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Endemic to a long geographic range in the Hindukush Himalayas from Bhutan in the east to Pakistan in the west. The western limit of this species is district Swat (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province), Pakistan. It occurs on higher elevations between 1500 and 3000 m. The habitats of the species are commonly the Himalayan moist temperate forests (evergreen forests of conifers between 1500 to 3000 m elevations), rarely subalpine or open alpine lands (above 3000 m). We collected it from open stony alpine slopes and stream side slopes in a V-shaped mountain valley. The associated vegetation was either alpine herbs or conifers, and herbaceous to shrubby flora.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
F0417E9CEF2758D7AA121685442084C3.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bhutan. Thimpu: Paro (West Bhutan), 7800 ft., 27 June 1933, F. Ludlow & G. Sherriff 158 (BM [BM 001119300]). India. Uttarakhand: Garhwal, Mussoorie, Kidar Kantha, 13000 ft., 09 April 1952, J. R. Drummond 22753 (K); Hab. Sikkim, 7000 - 10,000 ft., s. d., J. D. H [ooker] s. n. (GH, [GH 01147527]); Daya-Balsan state, Simla hills, 7500 feet, 12 June 1937, G. E. Parkinson 7386 (RAW); Dharmsala [India], 17 June 1929, [R. R. Stewart] s. n. (RAW [acc. # 1004]); s. loc., s. d., H. Falconer s. n. (GH [GH 01147530]); Himalaya Bor. Oce., 4000 - 5000 ft., s. d., W. Griffith 3760 (GH [GH 01147532]). Kashmir: B- 8 above Gulmarg, 9000 - 10,000 ft., 31 July [18] 92, J. F. Duthie s. n. (K); Basaoli, 8000 ft., s. d., C. B. Clarke 31523 A (K); Tanmarg near Gulmarg, Kashmir, 02 September 1929, R. R. Stewart 13100 (RAW); Sonamarg, 9000 ft., s. d., R. R. Stewart 7306 (K); Below Sonamarg, Sindh Valley, 8000 - 9000 ft., 02 September 1940, R. R. Stewart 21328 (RAW, US); Gulmarg to Khaipur, 21 July 1890, J. F. Duthie s. n. (RAW [acc. # 1005]); Duksum-Kokernagh [Kashmir], 3000 m, s. d., G. A. Shapu 201 (KASH); Slopes above Harwan [Kashmir], 2300 m, s. d., G. Singh 833 (KASH). Nepal. Gandaki Zone: Manang Distr. Pisang (3090 m), Humre (340 m), Manang (3360 m), 16 August 1994, M. Mikage, N. Fujii, T. Kajita, N. Kondo, S. Noshiro & K. Yoda, 9485444 (GH); Mustang District: Gnyu Pass (4100 m), Chhengar (3700 m), Muktinath (3650 m), 14 July 2000, Y. Lokawa, M. N. Subedi, Y. Takashi & K. Kano 20020202 (GH); On descendant and l'lmja-Khola, 3100 m, 09 April 1952, A. Zimmermann 714 (K); Baghmati zone, before Syarpagaon, north side of Lantang River, 2600 m, 19 September 1966, D. H. Nicolson 2445 (US); Bagmati zone: south of Gossainkunde, Blumche, 2500 m, 12 May 1967, D. H. Nicolson 3339 (US). Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: B- 7 Hazara, Kaghan valley, 9800 ft., 09 July 1897, Inayat 19940 (K); Nathia, July 1907, H. Deane s. n. (K); Mundi, UNA forest, Siran Valley, District Mansehra, 13 June 1994, Q. Marwat 425 (RAW); C- 7 Murree Hills Changlagali, 8000 ft., M. Nath 336 (RAW); Azad Jammu and Kashmir: Bagh, 19 June 1956, collector unknown 1507 (KUH); Bagh, Sudhan Gali to Ganga Choti, 2500 - 2800 m, 01 August 2016, S. A. Shah & L. Ahmad SAS- 37 (RAW, US); Bagh, Poonch, 19 June 1956, M. A. Kazmi 1507 (RAW); C- 8 Azad Kashmir, Poonch, near Trappar, below Kali, 17 September 1952, A. R. Khan s. n. (RAW [acc. # 998]); Raikot to Aliabad (Azad Kashmir), + / - 7000 [ft], 28 June 1952, R. R Stewart & E. Nasir 23868 (KUH); Azad Kashmir, 8000 ft., 9 August 1969, Shariq 8102 (PFI); Pir Kanthi, Uri Range, 9000 ft., 17 October 1955, J. Mohammad s. n. (RAW).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differing from V. stocksii by having broader (2.5 - 4.7 x 1 - 4.5 cm), ovate leaves with lamina glabrous to inconspicuously puberulent, green flowers, internally glabrous corolla lobes, and small, ca. 0.7 mm long, usually rhomboid corona lobes. In V. stocksii, leaves are narrowly ovate to narrowly or broadly lanceolate, rarely elliptic-ovate (3 - 6 x 1 - 2 cm) with lamina sparsely pubescent on both sides, flowers bicolored, corolla lobes pilose within, and corona lobes subulate and longer than the gynostegium (ca. 1 mm long).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Pakistan. Razmak [North Waziristan], 193 [0 s], N. Ali 1035 (Holotype: RAW). Undershrubs, ca. 50 cm tall. Stem striate, pubescent along one or two lines, rarely all around, internodes 2 - 7 cm long. Leaves opposite; petioles 4 - 15 mm long, pubescent all around or only along the adaxial channel; lamina discolorous, sometimes seemingly unifacial, lanceolate-ovate to ovate, 2.5 - 4.7 x 1 - 4.5 cm, spreading, sometimes pendent; apex acute to narrowly acute to shortly acuminate; base round or sub-cordate; veins prominent on both surfaces, secondary veins 8 - 10 (- 14) on each side of midvein, both adaxial and abaxial surfaces mostly glabrous to inconspicuously puberulent, adaxial veins densely pubescent, abaxial veins and lamina margins glabrescent. Inflorescences long-pedunculate in the lower nodes to sessile in the upper nodes; peduncles up to 2.5 cm long, puberulent all around or along 1 - 2 lines; bracts linear, 2 mm long. Flowers green, ca. 3 x 2 mm; pedicels 2 - 5 mm long; sepals tapering to acute or narrowly acute apices, ca. 1.5 mm long, margins ciliate, abaxial surface sometimes pubescent, calycine colleters 10 per flower; corolla tube ca. 1 mm long, lobes oblong-ovate with obtuse or emarginate apex, 1.5 - 2.5 x 1 - 1.3 mm, glabrous within; corona lobes rhomboid, sometimes variable shapes found: conical-rhomboid, deltoid-rhomboid, rarely elongated, almost equal in length and width, 0.4 - 0.7 x 0.4 - 0.8 mm, reaching the base of the staminal appendages, erect to slightly divergent; staminal appendages obtuse. Follicles fusiform, 5 - 8 x 0.4 - 0.7 cm, apex acuminate, surface glabrous to glabrescent, striate. Seeds light brown, ca. 4 x 2.2 mm, wings less than 1 mm broad; coma up to 2 cm long.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Endemic to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. So far, it has been recorded from North & South Waziristan and Kohat districts. The elevation ranges from 1500 to 2000 m. Its habitat is open rocky slopes consisting of small stones and gravel and stream beds.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is based on smooth, mostly glabrous, leaves of the species.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kaniguram [South Waziristan], 13 May 1895, J. F. Duthie 15766 (RAW); Paryat (N. Waziristan), + / - 5000 ft., 01 June 1979, M. Zubair & S. Khan 114964 & 114967 (ISL); Enger (North Waziristan), 21 June 1977, H. Ullah & Ayaz 56417 & 56418 (ISL); North Waziristan: Razmak, sandy slope on roadside near Razmak bazaar, 7545 ft., 08 September 2016, S. A. Shah SAS- 44 (RAW US); Razmak, 29 May 1979, M. Zubair & Dilawar 112288 (ISL); Razmak, + / - 6500 ft., 29 May 1979, M. Zubair & S. Khan 112298 (ISL); Razmak [North Waziristan], 193 [0 s], N. Ali 1029 (RAW!); Togh Sarai, Kohat [KPK], 31 March 1979, M. Zubair & S. Khan 113954 (ISL).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
DFEC6FF3779A55ABA8D768789DD8D85A.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Pakistan. Balochistan: " Balochistan ", 3500 - 5500 feet, [1849], [Stocks] 721 (Holotype K! [K 001235295], isotypes: K! [K 001235294], [K 001235296]). See more details in Shah et al. (2018).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
AD7FA519AF415E2E9EDBAE658604AB98.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Pakistan. Punjab: C- 7 Sargodha Dist.: Sakesar hills, in protected area, 15.8. [19] 72, M. Qaiser & A. Ghafoor 4524 (Holotype: KUH!). Undershrubs, ca. 55 cm tall. Stem striate, pubescent along single or double lines, sometimes pubescent all around, internodes 1 - 7 cm long. Leaves opposite; petioles up to 8 mm long, pubescent along adaxial channel, sometimes sparsely pubescent abaxially; lamina narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 3 - 11 x 1 - 3 cm; apex acute to narrowly acute; base round to sub-cuneate, veins visible on both sides, secondary veins 6 - 7 (- 12) on each side of midvein, both adaxial and abaxial surfaces and abaxial veins glabrous, adaxial veins pubescent, margins sparsely pubescent. Inflorescences sessile, rarely small peduncles up to 2 mm present; bracts with a few basal trichomes or completely glabrous. Flowers dark purple except sepals, 4 x 2.5 mm; pedicels 2 - 5 mm long, puberulent; sepals up to 2 mm long, tapering into narrowly acute to acuminate apices, margins ciliate, abaxial surface sometimes pubescent, calycine colleters 10 / flower; corolla tube up to 1 mm long, lobes 2.5 x 1 mm, twisted clockwise, gradually tapering to the apex, inner surface of corolla lobes bearded except one lateral margin; corona lobes deltoid, longer than wide, 0.6 x 0.5 mm, almost reaching the bases of the staminal appendages, divergent. Follicles fusiform, 5.5 - 6.5 x 0.7 cm, apices acuminate, surface inconspicuously striate, glabrous. Seeds not seen.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
AD7FA519AF415E2E9EDBAE658604AB98.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Endemic to a protected area in Soon Sakesar Valley, a small mountainous valley in northern Punjab, Pakistan. The maximum elevation is 1500 m.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
AD7FA519AF415E2E9EDBAE658604AB98.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Pakistan. Punjab: Sakesar, 29 September 1951, A. Rahman 287 (KUH); Sakesar, 27 April 1977, M. Ajab & M. Ashraf 50159 (ISL); Sakesar, 05 May 1978, M. Ajab & M. Ahmad 83837 (ISL); Sakesar, 27 April 1977, M. Ajab & M. Ashraf 50158 (ISL); Ouchali, 28 April 1977, M. Ajab & M. Ashraf 48440 (ISL); Sakesar, 01 August 1954, I. Ahmad 27821 (RAW).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
97294066A90152FC802E8D87DEA92572.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differing from V. arnottianum by having retrorse indumentum on the stems, ovate to elliptic-ovate leaves, light purple flowers, and large rhomboid (1 x 1 mm) corona lobes that exceed the gynostegium in length. In V. arnottianum, the indumentum is extrorse on the stems, leaves are mostly narrowly ovate or lanceolate-ovate, flowers dark purple, and corona lobes are deltoid-rhomboid and do not exceed the gynostegium in length.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
97294066A90152FC802E8D87DEA92572.taxon	materials_examined	Type. India. Uttarakhand: Landour, Mussoorie, 6 - 7000 ft. 8 August 1938, R. R. Stewart 16709 (Holotype: RAW!). Undershrubs, ca. 50 cm tall. Stem striate, pubescent all around, trichomes retrorse, internodes 1.5 - 5 cm long. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petioles 2 - 15 mm long, sparsely pubescent all around; lamina discolorous, ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 5 - 7.5 x 2 - 3 cm; apex acute to obtuse sometimes mucronulate; base obtuse to sub-obtuse; veins visible on both sides, secondary veins 8 - 14 on each side of midrib, both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of lamina glabrous to sometimes sub-glabrous, veins on both surfaces and margins pubescent. Inflorescences sessile; pedicels 2 - 3 mm long, pubescent along a narrow longitudinal line; bracts narrow tapering, pubescent. Flowers light purple, ca. 5 x 2 mm; sepals tapering to acute apices, up to 2 mm long with ciliate margins, calycine colleters single; corolla tube ca. 1 mm long, lobes oblong, narrowly tapering, ca. 3 x 1 - 2 mm, bearded within; corona lobes rhomboid, ca. 1 x 1 mm, exceeding the length of the gynostegium, divergent. Follicles and seeds unknown.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
97294066A90152FC802E8D87DEA92572.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Endemic to eastern Himalayan Mountains of India. The elevation range is 6000 to 7000 m. The limited herbarium materials do not provide more information.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
97294066A90152FC802E8D87DEA92572.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the collector Prof. R. R. Stewart.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
97294066A90152FC802E8D87DEA92572.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. India. Himal. Bor. Occ.; Regio temp., s. d., T. Thomson s. n. (GH [GH 01147533]; GOET [GOET 020096]).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
E048150D24115071A434EDE9BB3CAC11.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Pakistan. Balochistan: D- 5 Near Bharat Khel on way to Zhob, erect shrub, l m. tall, 15 May 1978, S. Nazimuddin & S. Abedin 680 (Holotype: KUH!). Illustrated by Ali (1983: 36). Herbs to undershrubs, up to 60 (- 100) cm tall. Stem longitudinally striate, pubescent along two longitudinal lines, sometimes moderately pubescent all around, internodes 1 - 7 cm long. Leaves opposite, decussate, lower and upper leaves smaller than the middle ones, petiolate; petioles 2 - 8 mm long, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, sometimes pubescent along the adaxial channel only; lamina mostly narrowly ovate to narrowly or broadly lanceolate, rarely elliptic-ovate, sparsely pubescent on both sides, 3 - 6 x 1 - 2 cm; apex acute; base mostly obtuse to sometime sub-acute; margins smooth, mostly pubescent; secondary veins 7 - 9 on each side of midvein, visible on both surfaces, sometimes sunken, pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, mostly sessile, often both sessile and short- to long-pedunculate inflorescences present on the same plant; peduncles up to 3 cm; bracts narrow, ca. 1 mm long, pubescent; pedicels 2 - 4 mm long, sparsely or densely pubescent. Flowers bicolored: calyx lobes green, and lower half of corolla lobes purple, upper half green, corona and gynostegium purple; sepals ovate or tapering into acute to narrowly acute apices, ca. 1 mm long, narrowly ovate, ca. 0.5 mm long, a few marginal and surface trichomes present, calycine colleters 5 per flower; corolla tube ca. 1 mm long, lobes oblong-ovate, ca. 2 x 1 mm, pubescent within, apex obtuse or occasionally emarginate; corona lobes subulate, ca. 1 mm long, less than 0.5 mm broad, much longer than gynostegium, apices approaching those of the opposite corona lobes, convergent; staminal appendages obtuse. Follicles narrowly ovate to fusiform, 5 - 9.5 x 1 - 1.5 cm, glabrous, inconspicuously striate, apex acuminate. Seeds 6 - 9 x 4 - 6.5 mm, dorsally dotted, lateral wings less than 1 mm broad; coma white, ca. 1.5 cm long.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
E048150D24115071A434EDE9BB3CAC11.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Endemic to Zhob and Qila Saifullah districts in northeast Balochistan, Pakistan. It is found on dry stream beds made up of soil, stones and gravel. Its elevation ranges from 1300 to 2100 m.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
E048150D24115071A434EDE9BB3CAC11.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Pakistan. Balochistan: Northeast Balochistan: ca. 30 km from Zhob on way to Quetta, 07 July 1988, T. Ali & T. Ahmad 23361 (KUH); Janabad: ca. 33 km from Zhob on way to Qila Saifullah, 1 June 1995, T. Ali & G. R. Sarwar 2754 (KUH); ca. 20 km from Qilla Saifullah on way to Zhob (Fort Sandeman), 19 May 1984, S. Omer & A. Ghafoor 1640 (KUH); Murgha (Balochistan), 25 October 1950, A. H. Khan s. n. (RAW); Lakkaband, 21 May 1896, J. F. Duthie s. n. (RAW); Hindubagh, 7000 ft., 24 October 1969, Shariq 8318 & 8322 (PFI); Quetta, in valle 12 km. N. Murgha Kibsai, 30 ° 48 ' N, 69 ° 25 ' E, substr. Tonschiefer, 1600 m, s. d., K. H. Rechinger 29803 (K); Quetta: Murgha Kibsai to Fort Sandeman, ca. 30 km from Fort Sandeman, stony and sandy plain, ca. 1500 m, 19 May 1965, J. Lamond 1440 (MO); Zhob: 15 km towards Quetta, 1390 m, 17 August 2016, R. Khan, Z. Abedin, N. Khan, B. Gul SAS- 21 (RAW).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
24DCF6373DD45028A2BDB62B91E64738.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differing from V. cabulicum by having distinctly petiolate leaves, green flowers, and clavate corona lobes. In V. cabulicum, leaves are sessile, flowers dark purple, and corona lobes obovate.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
24DCF6373DD45028A2BDB62B91E64738.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Pakistan. Dir Upper, Patraak, mountain slope near river, 1600 m, 16 June 2015, S. A. Shah & A. Ullah SAS- 8 A (Holotype: RAW!). Undershrubs, up to 75 cm tall. Stem and other vegetative parts sub-canescent, internodes 1 - 9 cm long, striate. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled on some nodes; petioles 1 - 18 mm long; lamina discolorous, narrow to broadly ovate to sometimes lanceolate-ovate, 3 - 9 x 1.2 - 4.8 cm; apex acute to narrowly acute to shortly acuminate; base rounded to sub-cordate to sub-truncate; veins visible on both sides, more prominent on adaxial side, secondary veins 6 - 12 on each side of midvein, tertiary veins sometimes visible, lamina sub-canescent on both sides. Inflorescences sessile or both sessile and pedunculate inflorescences present on the same plant; peduncles up to 2.5 cm long, sub-canescent; bracts narrow with a few marginal trichomes; pedicels 2 - 7 mm long, pubescent. Flowers green to yellowish-green, 3 - 4 x 2 - 2.5 mm; sepals tapering into acute to narrowly acute apices, pubescent along margins and abaxial surface, up to 2 mm long, calycine colleters single or in pairs; corolla tube ca. 1 mm long, lobes tapering into obtuse apex, 2 - 2.5 x 1 - 1.5 mm, margins appearing wavy in dry flowers, sub-bearded within; corona lobes clavate, 0.5 - 1 x 0.2 - 0.5 mm, reaching the base, the middle or, rarely, the apex of the staminal appendages, divergent. Follicles fusiform, 4.5 - 9.5 x 0.7 - 1 cm, sparsely pubescent, minutely striate, apex narrowly acuminate. Seeds 5 - 6 x 2 - 3 mm, wings up to 1 mm broad; coma up to 3 mm long.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
24DCF6373DD45028A2BDB62B91E64738.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Endemic to Pakistan (Chitral, Dir, Swat and Gilgit Baltistan), Kashmir (Ladakh) and China (Tibet). The habitat of the species is open slopes. Soil type is clay to gravel to large size stones. The elevation ranges from 1600 to 2800 m.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
24DCF6373DD45028A2BDB62B91E64738.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is based on the sub-canescent indumentum on the vegetative parts of the plant.	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
24DCF6373DD45028A2BDB62B91E64738.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. China. Tibet: Hab. Tibet, 10,000 - 12,000 ft., s. d., J. J. s. n. (GOET [GOET 020098; GOET 020099]). Kashmir. Nurla, Ladak, Kashmir. On sandy slope, 28 August 1931, W. Koelz 2707 (RAW, US); North of Kamri Pass, above Shankargarh, ca. 10,000 ft., s. d., R. R. Stewart 22773 (K, US); Kargil, Ladakh, Kashmir, 27 - 28 July 1933, W. Koelz 6132 (US). Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral, Rosh Gol Tirich Mulkhow, 9039 ft., dry hard soil, 08 October 2013, Kifayat 516 (HUP); Chitral to Pirpesh, 8 June 1958, I. I. Choudhri 7 (RAW); Dir [Upper]: Patraak, 13 July 1968, Y. Nasir 5089 (RAW); Swat: Batain above Ushu cliffs, 27 July 1953, R. R. Stewart & A. Rehman 25301 (RAW); Gilgit Baltistan: Satpura Nullah near Skardu, s. d., A. Ghafoor 567 (KUH); Near Rattu above Astor, 21 August 1939, R. R & I. D. Stewart 18834 (RAW); Bagocha to Olding, Indus valley, ca. 8500 ft., 22 August 1940, R. R. Stewart 21009 (RAW); Indus Valley: below Parkutta, 20 August 1940, R. R. Stewart 20908 (RAW); Between Arkote and Biafo base camp, 3200 m, 05 June 1962, Schussalide 1095 (KUH); Astor: + / - 30 km from Pagru on way to Shimshol, + / - 3000 m, 25 June 2007, J. Alam et al. 3941 (KUH); Astor: Gorikot P. R. C, 26 May 2008, A. Noor & Basharat 1489 (KUH); Astor: Peer rant village, bank of cultivated field, 12 September 2004, A. Noor 52 (KUH); Astor: above Rattu, 2642 m, 23 August 2014, A. Sultan SAS- 52 (RAW); Hunza, Gilgit, + / - 35 km from Posu on way to Shimshol, 28 June 2007, J. Alam, Karimuddin & M. Khan 3941 (KUH); Dharkot, 10,500 ft., 19 June 1976, B. Lyon 8144 (KUH); Skardo-Dras, 8800 ft., petals green, acute, s. d., C. B. Clarke 30512 A (K); B- 9 Baltistan, Paskyum, 9600 ft., flowers greenish, s. d., B. B. Osmaston 129 (K); Gilgit: Chamrot, 29 July 1957, M. B. Zaman & D. K. D 1876 (PFI); Gilgit: Passu between lake and glacier, 16 August 1994, S. Z. Hussain, R. A. W. Lowe, M. Shah & L. S. Springate 632 (PMNH).	en	Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed, Mumtaz, Abdul Samad (2021): Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys 179: 35-73, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
