taxonID	type	description	language	source
577B12C97ED95AC3AA23EB0CCC801737.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Among numerous aphaenopsoid and semi-aphaenopsoid genera of China, the new genus is distinct in having the following set of character states: frontal furrows incomplete; two basal tarsomeres dilated in males; rather homogeneous though very short pubescence of the body surface, two supraorbital setiferous pores on each side of head; labial suture distinct; six longer submental setae and one or two shorter setae in the same row (thus, altogether seven or eight submental setae); both labial and maxillary palpi with distinct and relatively long setae (except for the ultimate segments which are completely glabrous); only one lateral pore of pronotum (posterior one absent), elytra with two discal and one preapical setiferous pores in stria 3; two apical pores in addition to the preapical pore on apical slope; umbilicate series with pore 1 not shifted inwards, pores 1, 2 and 8 nearly attached to lateral groove, pores 4, 5, and 7 clearly removed from it and pores 3 and 6 in intermediate position; pore 5 located much closer to pore 6 than to pore 4, in other words, the median group clearly separated from the humeral group. Additionally, the shape of the tooth on the right mandible is worth noting: it is tridentate, but without isolated premolar, of triangular shape with basal denticle much longer than others. Such subtriangular shape is unusual for Chinese Trechini and, to some extent, resembles teeth of some species of the Caucasian genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928 but in the latter case, the distal denticle is completely reduced (Belousov 1998).	en	Belousov, Igor A., Kabak, Ilya I. (2021): Yalongaphaenops erwini gen. et sp. nov., the world's most high-altitude hypogean trechine beetle from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 1044: 197-220, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572
577B12C97ED95AC3AA23EB0CCC801737.taxon	description	Description. Body medium-sized for hypogean trechines, apterous, depigmented (Fig. 1). Eyes completely reduced. All body surface sparsely, very shortly and evenly pubescent, hairs mostly suberect, more distinct and denser on anterior part of head, where they directed anteriad, nearly indistinguishable on occiput, more distinct and directed posteriad on most part of both pronotum and elytra except for their anterior portions, where hairs are erect and even directed slightly anteriad. Forebody rather narrow (Fig. 2), head nearly as wide as pronotum, elytra much wider, regularly ovate, with gently convex disk, their maximum width slightly behind mid-length, humeri distinct though rounded. Antennae and legs rather thin, moderately elongate, antennae slightly longer than elytra, third antennomere approximately twice as long as the second one. Color reddish amber, with paler testaceous elytra and three or four distal antennomeres. Head very large, subparallel-sided, barely narrower and much longer than pronotum (Fig. 2). Frontal furrows incomplete (normally not reaching posterior supraorbital seta), undulated, rather irregular and unevenly impressed, markedly approaching at level before anterior supraorbital pore. Frons moderately convex, with few shallow transverse impressions; occiput markedly convex. Tempora very long, rather flat, only slightly convex in posterior third, covered with sparse and evenly distributed setae which are slightly longer that other hairs of the body surface. Two supraorbital setae on each side of head located in lines faintly convergent posteriad (Figs 7, 8). Two clypeal setae on each side. Labrum subrectangular, markedly transverse; anterior margin nearly straight, with six setae. Mandibles short compared with head, rather stout, distinctly curved at their apical portions. Tooth on right mandible (Fig. 3) tridentate, with basal margin rather long; proximal denticle (on site of premolar) longest, not completely isolated from the median denticle which is shortest, distal denticle medium in length, removed from both proximal denticles and separated from these by a deep and rather long emargination. Thus, the tooth is largely triangular shaped, with more prominent proximal part. Tooth on left mandible bidentate. Maxillae slender, evenly arcuate. Glossa gently produced medially, with tapered apex, and a pair of very long and thick median setae and three pairs of thinner and shorter lateral setae on each side of glossa. Paraglossae markedly projected beyond anterior margin of glossa, slightly curved, with relatively long, tiny hairs on their inner margins. Labium with deeply emarginate anterior margin, markedly produced epistomes and distinct and relatively narrow labial tooth, directed mostly anteriad and blunt or cleft at apex, its ventral surface with a callosum-like convexity proximally and oblong impression in median and distal portions. Median part of labial disk convex, bearing a couple of long and closely located setae, its proximal part deeply impressed in semi-circle, with two sensorial pores, which are only marginally larger than pores of labial setae. Labial suture distinct, clearly visible even in reflected light, nearly straight in median part and sinuate laterally. 7 - 8 submental setae, of which the subangular setae are rather short and located just in lateral angles of submentum at level clearly before other setae, the lateral ones longest and the median 1 - 2 setae shortest, only marginally longer than background hairs of the underside. All pores between lateral pores arranged in more or less regular transverse row. Both maxillary and labial palpi long and slender, their apical segments glabrous, similarly shaped, long, subfusiform, not depressed, with maximum width in basal third and attenuate apically. Penultimate segment of maxillary palpi very short (only 0.60 length of ultimate segment), with narrow basal portion and markedly dilated apical part, where it is approximately as wide as ultimate segment. Second segment of maxillary palpi clearly longer than ultimate segment and much thicker than other segments; its exterior margin evenly convex except for basal extremity, inner margin sinuate. All segments of maxillary palpi, except for ultimate one, distinctly pubescent, setae rather long, becoming denser and longer on the exterior surface and toward the segment apices; the inner surface of the penultimate segment with a few long setae; that of the second segment with only one long seta located slightly closer to the segment apex and a few very short hairs. Ultimate and penultimate segments of labial palpi of subequal length, penultimate being much thicker and clearly depressed, with maximum width in apical quarter, with four setae (proximal seta located near mid-length of the segment). Upper side of head with even and sparse pubescence lacking only in posterior part of occiput, hairs rather long, directed mostly forwards, especially in anterior part of head, becoming more erect in posterior part of head. Underside pubescent, hairs suberect, rather long and sparse much similar to those on tempora. Pronotum long and narrow, much longer than wide, with maximum width in apical fifth; propleura clearly visible from above. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded in anterior part, rectilinearly convergent posteriad, slightly undulated for most of their length, without distinct sinuation before hind angles. Lateral border complete, lateral groove very narrow. Front angles barely produced. Hind angles small and obtuse, pointed apically, lateral margins near hind angles markedly reflexed upward. Basal margin rectilinear medially, obliquely truncate laterally. Basal foveae small but distinct, prebasal transverse impression well developed. Only one lateral seta located in anterior fifth of pronotum, posterior one absent (Figs 7, 8). Lateral margins ciliated, more distinctly in anterior portion of pronotum, but even here cilia more than twice shorter than cilia on lateral margins of elytra. Elytra with humeri rounded but distinguishable. Elytral disk subconvex; basal part of elytra with distinct impression. Lateral margins distinctly undulated and clearly ciliated, their humeral area smooth, not serrate. Marginal groove average in width, distinctly narrowed before humeri, widened in apical part. Discal striolation reduced, only inner striae continuous though shallow, at most, very slightly punctured. Apical recurrent striole short, nearly straight, directed anteriad, bordered by a short and thick carinula exteriorly. Parascutellar striole barely visible. Parascutellar setiferous pore present. Two long and thick discal setae and one similar preapical seta on each elytron, discal pores located in stria 3, preapical one in the apical cross of striae 2 and 3 markedly anteriad of anterior termination of apical recurrent striole (Figs 7, 8). Apical triangle of setae complete: both exterior pore and angulo-apical pore present, the former being markedly removed from apical recurrent striole and the latter attached to apical border. Umbilicate series consisting of typical fixed eight setiferous pores, divided into three groups: humeral (4 pores), median (2) and preapical (2), of which the median group is clearly shifted posteriad. Umbilicate pores 1 - 3 of the humeral group subequally distributed along the lateral groove and located approximately at the same distance from lateral margin while pore 4 markedly removed from pore 3 and shifted medially from lateral margin quite similarly to pore 5, which is approximately twice as distant from the lateral margin as pore 6. In the preapical group, pore 7 also shifted inward and located at level markedly before anterior termination of the apical recurrent striole. Hairs of elytral pubescence arranged mostly in one irregular longitudinal row on each interspace, all hairs suberect, becoming more adpressed posteriorly. Prosternal processus not margined, with a few rather long setae. Abdominal sternites pubescent mostly along their posterior margins, more widely in median parts of sternites, glabrous elsewhere. One pair of long paramedian setae on each abdominal sternite and one pair of setae on last visible sternite (sternite VII) in all known male specimens markedly more spaced than paramedian setae on adjacent sternites. Metepistenites clearly longer than wide. Legs long, thin, and only slightly curved. Front tibiae without deep groove on exterior surface, only depressed there, their entire surface evenly and densely pubescent. Underside of anterior femora not grooved, without tubercle in proximal part, with three longer setae along anterior margin in their basal half and several setae along posterior margin; most of the latter are located in the basal half and one seta in distal third of femora. Male protarsi with two basal segments dilated and provided with adhesive appendages beneath, inner denticle medium-sized in first tarsomere, small in second tarsomere. Fourth tarsomeres of anterior and middle legs with a small ventral apophysis surmounted by a lanceolate hyaline appendage, strongly curved apically, this appendage markedly shorter and narrower than the fifth tarsomere. Microsculpture of body surface well developed (Figs 4 - 6), upper side rather matt. Male genitalia (Fig. 9) of peculiar shape: its distal portion markedly attenuated, curved ventrally and slightly dilated apically in lateral view. Endophallus armature rather large, well sclerotized, consisting of parietal mesh and a rather large spatulate copulatory piece concave basally and rounded apically which is located in the distal half of the median lobe (without apical lamella). Parameres of medium length, rather thin and straight, left one clearly longer, each bearing four apical setae, ventral apophysis faintly protruding.	en	Belousov, Igor A., Kabak, Ilya I. (2021): Yalongaphaenops erwini gen. et sp. nov., the world's most high-altitude hypogean trechine beetle from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 1044: 197-220, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572
577B12C97ED95AC3AA23EB0CCC801737.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus epithet derives from the genus Aphaenops Bonvouloir, 1862 and the river Yalong.	en	Belousov, Igor A., Kabak, Ilya I. (2021): Yalongaphaenops erwini gen. et sp. nov., the world's most high-altitude hypogean trechine beetle from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 1044: 197-220, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572
2EF397CF51195E4989F4714A1871480E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: China • 1 (1) male, with label data " China, Sichuan Province, SW Mianning Town; 28 ° 15 ' 27 " N, 101 ° 43 ' 51 " E; H = 3805 m a. s. l.; 11.07.2011; Belousov & Kabak leg. " (ZIN). Paratypes. 2 (1) males (one male teneral) with same data as holotype (CBK).	en	Belousov, Igor A., Kabak, Ilya I. (2021): Yalongaphaenops erwini gen. et sp. nov., the world's most high-altitude hypogean trechine beetle from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 1044: 197-220, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572
2EF397CF51195E4989F4714A1871480E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Since Y. erwini gen. et sp. nov. is the only known species of the genus, and it is difficult, for the moment, to give a consistent species diagnosis different from that of the genus. However, the combination of the highly specialized, barrel-like shape of pronotum with rather short appendages (antennae only marginally longer than elytra), and only one pair of pronotal setae may be of major importance for species identification.	en	Belousov, Igor A., Kabak, Ilya I. (2021): Yalongaphaenops erwini gen. et sp. nov., the world's most high-altitude hypogean trechine beetle from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 1044: 197-220, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572
2EF397CF51195E4989F4714A1871480E.taxon	description	Description. Body length 5.15 - 5.21 mm. Forebody narrow, head slightly narrower and much longer than pronotum, elytra rather large, with distinct humeri and subconvex disk (Fig. 1). Legs and antennae thin and rather long. Amber-reddish with paler testaceous elytra and three or four distal antennomeres; 4 - 6 basal antennomeres rather dark. Legs reddish amber, with vaguely obscured femora; first tarsomere of all legs noticeably darker than the ultimate one, which is rather pale yellowish. Microsculpture of dorsum distinct, surface matte. Mesh pattern of microsculpture strongly varying on different parts of head from large shallow isodiametric cells on convex parts of frons and occiput (Fig. 4), to markedly transverse coarse cells in impressed portions of head. Pronotum with rather regular microsculpture consisting of clearly transverse meshes (Fig. 5). Microsculpture of elytra (Fig. 6) more irregular, consisting of shallow very transverse cells, strongly varying in shape depending on their location in respect to striae and setiferous pores. Microsculpture of underside rather shallow, consisting of transverse meshes. Proportions of the body are given in Table 1. Head (Fig. 2) very large, subparallel-sided, with maximum width markedly before mid-length, gradually narrowed posteriad. Frontal furrows incomplete, reaching approximately level of posterior supraorbital setae, unevenly arcuate and impressed, becoming deeper near clypeal and parietal impressions, the latter distinct. Usually two supraorbital pores on each side of head, in the holotype: two posterior supraorbital pores on the right side (thus, three pores on one side and two on the other); anterior supraorbital pore moderately foveolate, posterior one slightly so, located in lines barely convergent posteriorly (Figs 7, 8). Labrum subrectangular, distinctly transverse, its anterior margin nearly straight (lateral lobes barely produced), six setae. Mandibles rather short compared to head, more distinctly curved apically, tooth on the right one with rather long base, with proximal denticle much larger than others (Fig. 3). Maxillary palpi long and slender, penultimate segment more than 1.5 times longer than two adjacent segments. Antennae long. The second antennomere is shortest, the third one the longest; antennomeres 4 - 10 becoming gradually shorter, beginning with antennomere 8 not longer than the first segment (scapus); antennomere 11 approximately as long as each of antennomeres 4 and 5 and clearly longer than antennomere 10. For ratios of second and third antennomeres see Table 1. Pronotum (Fig. 2) clearly longer than wide, moderately constricted to base, with lateral margins shortly rounded in apical fifth, then rectilinearly convergent posteriad, though more or less regularly undulated for most of their length, without distinct sinuation before hind angles. Basal margin rectilinear or slightly concave medially, obliquely truncate laterally. Front angles broadly rounded, barely produced beyond anterior margin, the latter nearly straight or slightly concave medially. Hind angles of pronotum not large but distinct, pointed apically, directed outwards and occasionally posteriad. Both lateral groove and lateral border continuous, becoming very subtle behind anterior lateral seta and slightly widened again toward hind angles (in posterior 4 / 10 of the length). Anterior lateral seta located at broadest point of pronotum, approximately in anterior fifth of length. Posterior seta absent (Figs 7, 8). Prebasal transverse impression rather shallow, especially so in median part, more sharply engraved in basal foveae which are rather small, clearly outlined and well impressed. Base of pronotum smooth, with a few shallow and irregular wrinkles. Apical transverse impression vague and shallow. Median line distinct, becoming much deeper at level of both apical and prebasal transverse impressions. Elytra not large, but rather wide, with well-developed humeri and broadly rounded apex, their maximum width slightly behind mid-length. Preapical sinuation distinct. Lateral margins markedly reflexed, marginal groove rather wide. Basal slope of elytra with only first elytral stria well impressed. Parascutellar striole rudimentary, very short. Discal striation reduced: only striae 1 and 2 rather complete, stria 3 only partially traceable, usually more or less distinct between two discal setiferous pores, clearly extending beyond level of the second discal setiferous pores in one specimen, smooth or vaguely punctate. All interspaces flat. Anterior discal setiferous pore located at level slightly behind umbilicate pore 3 while the second one clearly before umbilicate pore 5 (Figs 7, 8). Preapical pore located in the apical cross at level near or behind umbilicate pore 7. Exterior pore of apical triangle markedly shifted inward and forward, being located at level near middle of the apical striole and equidistant between the latter and angulo-apical pore which is attached to marginal border and subequally distant from elytral suture and apical margin. Inner side of the apical triangle (formed by three apical pores including the preapical pore as a front summit) markedly convergent to the elytral suture posteriad. Apical slope with striae reduced: only stria 1 traceable though shallow, sometimes stria 2 extended posteriad beyond level of the preapical pore. Apical recurrent striole short, nearly straight, directed anteriad, without clear connection with any of discal striae. Umbilicate pore 1 located approximately at level of humerus. For detailed data on position of umbilicate pores see Table 1. Metepisternite clearly longer than wide. Abdominal ventrites shortly pubescent, each with two long paramedian setae (one on each side) and occasionally with still few shorter setae. Legs long and thin; front tibiae barely S-curved; middle tibiae nearly straight, only slightly curved near femoral joint; hind tibiae distinctly S-curved; all tibiae densely pubescent in distal third, middle and hind tibiae on inner surface, front tibiae on anterior and exterior surfaces. First tarsomere of posterior legs very long, not shorter than three following segments combined. Tarsomere 4 on pro- and mesotarsi possess a well-developed ventral tubercle furnished with hyaline appendage, the latter is narrow, curled apically, not reaching the apex of tarsomere 5. Male protarsi with two basal segments dilated: first tarsomere markedly elongate, with inner tooth not large but distinct, second tarsomere subquadrate, approximately as long as wide, with very small inner tooth. Both dilated basal segments of male protarsi with small and pairwise adhesive appendages beneath which are clearly shifted inwards and distally in first tarsomere and inwards and proximally in the second. Aedeagus (Fig. 9) not large (especially compared with the body size), markedly curved, with elongate apical portion, curved ventrally. Sagittal crest small and poorly sclerotized. Basal orifice moderately emarginate. Endophallus armature well developed, heavily sclerotized, with a distinct mesh. Parameres slender, with rather narrow distal portions, left one slightly longer, with a small ventral apophysis, each paramere bearing 4 apical setae. Female: unknown.	en	Belousov, Igor A., Kabak, Ilya I. (2021): Yalongaphaenops erwini gen. et sp. nov., the world's most high-altitude hypogean trechine beetle from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 1044: 197-220, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572
2EF397CF51195E4989F4714A1871480E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China, Sichuan Province, mountains on the right bank of the Yalongjiang River, in its largest bend located SW of Mianning City (Map 1).	en	Belousov, Igor A., Kabak, Ilya I. (2021): Yalongaphaenops erwini gen. et sp. nov., the world's most high-altitude hypogean trechine beetle from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 1044: 197-220, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572
2EF397CF51195E4989F4714A1871480E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Terry Erwin, the great American entomologist in recognition of his invaluable contribution to our knowledge of insect biodiversity as well as taxonomy, ecology, and evolution of carabid beetles.	en	Belousov, Igor A., Kabak, Ilya I. (2021): Yalongaphaenops erwini gen. et sp. nov., the world's most high-altitude hypogean trechine beetle from China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 1044: 197-220, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62572
