taxonID	type	description	language	source
0380F37CFFC87F2399A6E189D610FB81.taxon	diagnosis	Rhachis crassa, squamis persistentibus, aphlebiis trimeris provisa, perfecte pectinata. Gemma apicalis magna, perspicue squamata. Indumentum segmentorum paginae abaxialis densum (praecipue ad costam, sparse ad venulas), squamae longe lanceolatae, concolores pallide aurantiacae, hyalinae, membranaceae, cellulis rectangularibus ad linearibus, apice fimbriata, marginibus ciliatis.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFC87F2399A6E189D610FB81.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ST. VINCENT. Richmond Peak, Morne Garou Mountains, 900 – 1050 m, 15 April 1947, C. V. Morton 4946 (holotype US!). Rhizomes unknown. Petioles 3 – 5 mm thick, castaneous. Rachises ca. 15 cm long between pinnae, the scales large, pale orange; aphlebiae trifoliate. Fiddleheads l. 5 – 2.0 cm in diameter, covered with large and usually concolorous pale orange scales. Buds large, ascending and opening rapidly, the scales narrowly-long lanceolate, basally rounded, apically fringed, 2.5 – 4.0 × 0.5 – 0.8 mm, gradually bicolorous, brown to matte with whitish margins, usually the darkened cells are restricted to the bases but sometimes found in the scale center, the margins translucent with numerous, delicate cilia 1 / 8 of the scale length, rigid, translucent, basally usually darkened, the cells hexagonal to linear, forming a linear to ill-defined texture; the shape and size of the bud scales are quite consistent in a given plant. Pinnae 35 – 40 cm long, 2 – 3 - forked, 1 st branch 3.5 – 6.0 cm long and 2 – 3 mm thick, usually shorter than the 3 rd, not pectinate, 2 nd branch 5 – 6 cm long and 2.0 – 2.5 mm thick, pectinate, usually with short aphlebiae, 3 rd and distal branch (10 –) 25 – 30 cm long and 1.0 – 1.5 mm thick, pinnatisect, 4 – 7 cm wide with segments, lanceolate, with 2.5 – 3.0 segments per cm, proximal internal segments gradually reduced and overlapping; scales adaxially mixed, one type stellate, 0.1 mm in diameter, lax, the margins with a few cilia 1 – 2 times the scale length, the second type linear, ca. 2.0 × 0.1 mm, the margins with few, short cilia; abaxially and laterally densely scaly, the scales lanceolate, basally shortened, apically fringed, 1.5 – 3.0 × 0.2 – 0.6 (– 1.0) mm, the shorter ones usually on the abaxial surfaces and the larger and narrower ones lateral, pale orange, the margins with unequal and thin cilia 1 / 10 of scale length, cell texture matte-translucent, the cells narrowly hexagonal to linear, sometimes ill-defined, forming vermiculate surfaces. Segments 2.5 – 4.5 cm × 2.0 – 2.5 mm, linear, semi-chartaceous with margins narrowly revolute; adaxially glabrous; abaxially with slightly raised veinlets, glabrous or sparsely scaly, the scales spreading, lax, stellate, whitish, translucent; midveins densely scaly, the scales proximally linear-lanceolate and distally round-lanceolate, apices long-fringed, 0.8 – 1.5 × 0.2 – 0.5 mm, pale orange, the margins with straight, thin cilia 1 / 4 of length of scale, cell texture translucent with rectangular to irregular cells. Sori medial, not reaching the segment apices, not nested within scales, 10 – 15 pairs per segment, 3 – 5 (– 6) sporangia per sorus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFC87F2399A6E189D610FB81.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Mountains of Honduras (900 – 2000 m) and the Caribbean islands of St. Kitts, Nevis, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, and Grenada (600 – 1100 m). Locally common in humid montane forests, often found in mossy ridge forests and along banks. Specimens examined (paratypes): — HONDURAS. Morazán: Cerro de Uyaca, 900 – 1100 m, 31 March 1951, Morton 1556 (US); La Tigra, 20 km NE of Tegucigalpa, 2000 m, 13 May 1984, López 183 (NY). ST. KITTS AND NEVIS. Mount Misery, 8 September – 5 October 1901, Britton 526 (NY, US); Nevis Peak, 900 – 1095 m, 11 April 1956, Proctor 10548 (BM, US). GUADELOUPE. 1862, L'Herminier 222 (B, G, GH); 1100 m, 2 November 1937, Stehlé 2415 (US). DOMINICA. Morne Micotrin, 600 m, 17 February 1966, Chambers 2746 (BM, GH, MO, US). MARTINIQUE. L'Aileron, Mt. Pelée, 850 – 950 m, 8 December 1960, Proctor 21742 (GH). ST. VINCENT. Charlotte, Soufriere Mt., above Rabacca, 650 – 950 m, 21 January 1962, Cooley 8212 pp (NY, S, US). GRENADA. October 1890 – May 1891, Sherring s. n. (BM).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFC87F2399A6E189D610FB81.taxon	discussion	Notes: — This species is characterized by a combination of thick branches, fully pectinate, broadly lanceolate distal branches, dense, persistent scales on the rachises, large, trifid aphlebiae, large fiddleheads with conspicuous scales, dense indument abaxially on the segments, densely scaly midveins, and sparse scales on the veinlets. The scales are mostly elongate-lanceolate with fringed apices, concolorous, pale dull orange, translucent with rectangular to linear cells, and densely ciliate margins. Some bud scales have darkened bases. Sticherus albus is most similar to S. pallescens in general aspect and scale pattern, but the latter has glabrous ultimate and penultimate branches, relatively broader scales, and narrower midvein scales. Sticherus albus also resembles S. tomentosus because of its large size, scales, aphlebiae, and scale texture, but S. tomentosus has a much denser indument abaxially, more prominent veinlets, larger, darker midvein scales, and mostly bicolorous scales. In herbaria, specimens of S. albus have usually been identified as Sticherus furcatus. However, we here apply that name to another species, leaving the present taxon without a name. The disjunct geographical distribution of S. albus is striking and has caused us to question our species delimitations. However, morphologically the Antillean and Honduran specimens are essentially identical, and long-distance spore dispersal from the Caribbean islands to the adjacent mainland, or vice versa, is not out of question.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFCA7F3D99A6E7FAD56EFA70.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. La Estrelleta: Sierra de Neiba, 31 – 34 km by road NNW of La Descubierta, 11 – 14 km N of Angel Felix, 1850 – 1900 m, 21 February 1983, Mickel 8748 (holotype NY!). Rhizomes (2 –) 3 – 5 mm thick, dark orange to brown, densely to moderately scaly, the scales narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, 3 – 6 × 0.4 – 0.8 mm, dark orange, the margins with thin setulae, cell texture semirigid with linear cells. Petioles 3 – 6 mm thick, castaneous. Rachises ca. 15 – 25 cm long between pinnae, paleaceous, scales pale orange to whitish or bicolorous with dark orange at the bases; aphlebiae simple or pinnatifid with a long central segment. Fiddleheads ca. 1.5 cm in diameter, densely scaly, the scales large, pale orange to bicolorous. Buds medium sized, the scales appressed, lanceolate with rounded bases, 1.5 – 2.0 (3.0) × 0.4 – 0.6 (1.0) mm, gradually bicolorous with dark orange bases and whitish margins, the margins always translucent with numerous, delicate, slightly curled cilia 1 / 5 – 1 / 8 times the scale length, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture, or with subrigid bases, the cells rectangular to narrowly hexagonal; the shape and size of the bud scales are quite consistent in a given plant. Pinnae 30 – 60 cm long, 3 (– 4) - forked, 1 st branch 6 – 11 cm long and 2.0 – 2.5 mm thick, occasionally with scattered proximal internal segments adjacent to the aphlebiae, 2 nd branch (3.5 –) 6.0 – 15.0 cm long and 1.5 – 2.0 mm thick, opposite branches of unequal length, longer than the 1 st and ca. 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 times the length of the distal branch, pinnatifid, 3 rd branch 20 – 35 cm long and 1.0 – 1.5 mm thick, deeply pinnatifid, (1.8) 2.5 – 4.5 mm wide with segments, with 2.5 – 3.0 segments per cm, proximal internal segments gradually reduced, not overlapping, fusiform to acerose; scales adaxially mixed, one type arachnoid, 0.2 – 0.8 × 0.2 mm, the second type linear, ca. 2 × 0.01 mm, whitish, usually with dark centers, cell texture translucent with rectangular-linear to irregular cells; abaxially moderately scaly, the scales lanceolate with rounded bases or narrowly lanceolate with shortened bases, 1 – 2 × 0.2 – 0.4 (– 0.5) mm, whitish to finely speckled orange, the margins with long, delicate and usually twisted cilia 1 / 4 – 1 / 2 times the scale length, cell texture translucent with square to long hexagonal cells forming a lattice-like cell structure. Segments (0.9 –) 1.5 – 2.3 cm × 2.0 – 2.5 mm, oblong to cylindrical, subchartaceous, the margins flat to narrowly revolute; adaxially glabrous; abaxially with parallel, thick and raised veinlets, these conspicuous despite being covered by scales; veinlet scales arachnoid, ca. 0.4 × 0.1 mm; midvein scales dense, narrowly lanceolate to rectangular, apically fringed, 0.4 – 0.6 (– 1.0) × 0.1 – 0.2 mm, whitish, the margins with long, twisted cilia 1 / 2 – 1 times the scale length, translucent with rectangular to irregular cells. Sori inframedial, restricted to the segment center, nested within arachnoid scales, 8 – 16 pairs per segment, 3 – 4 sporangia per sorus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFCA7F3D99A6E7FAD56EFA70.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — A common species in humid montane forests, at 900 – 2800 m in the Dominican Republic, and less common in Haiti, Cuba, and Jamaica. Specimens examined (paratypes): — CUBA. Santiago de Cuba: Pico Turquino, 1800 m, 1915?, Ekman 5441 (US); Sierra Maestra between Pico Turquino and La Bayamesa, 1350 m, 27 – 28 October 1941, Morton 3671 pp (US). JAMAICA. Portland: Port Antonio, Marmelade, near Ginger House, 150 m, 26 December 1966, Gastony 42 pp (BM). HAITI. Sud: Massif de La Selle, 1500 m, 13 February 1925, Ekman 3229 (S, US); Massif de La Hotte, Morne l'Etang, 1400 m, 21 July 1928, Ekman 10364 (BM, NY, S, US). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Barahona: Sierra de Bahoruco, 1300 m, 15 February 1982, Mickel 8064 (NY); Sierra de Bahoruco, Loma Remigio, 18 ° 04 ’ N 71 ° 12 ’ W, 1150 – 1290 m, 24 March 1990, Zanoni 44214 (NY). Estrelleta: Sierra de Neiba, Km 204, 18 ° 41 ’ N 71 ° 47 ’ W, 1850 m, 15 July 1988, Zanoni 39991 (NY). La Vega: La Nevera, road San Jose de Ocoa – Constanza, 2040 m, 22 February 1982, Mickel 8313 (NY); 5 – 5.4 km W of la Culata de Constanza, 1500 – 1525 m, 23 February 1982, Mickel 8366 (NY); La Golondriana, 19 ° 03 ’ N 70 ° 34 ’ W, 1100 m, 13 April 1982, Zanoni 20005 (NY). Peravia: La Nuez, 18 ° 40 ’ N 70 ° 35 ’ W, 1800 m, 7 July 1982, Zanoni 21401 (NY). Sabaneta: Laguna de Cenobí, 20 August 1929, Valeur 50 (US). Notes: — Sticherus antillensis is closely related to S. lanosus but differs in having laxer, paler branch and midvein scales, narrower and shorter segments, more rounded cells of the branch scales, and less rigid scale margins with longer, delicate cilia. Sticherus antillensis frequently has different segment lengths on branches of different order on the same plant, with long segments on the 1 st branches and shorter segments on the distal branches. In S. lanosus (and S. tomentosus) the segment length is more constant on a given plant. The two species occupy disjunct ranges. Most specimens of S. antillensis were formerly identified as S. ferrugineus in herbaria because of the presence in both of aphlebiae and lax, translucent midvein scales. However, the relationship between these ferns is probably not very close. Sticherus antillensis is readily distinguished from S. ferrugineus by the much larger, basally partly rigid bud scales with shorter, more densely packed cells, thicker branches, shorter, more ovate segments, and abaxially parallel, thick, and raised veinlets. In most cases, S. antillensis can be easily recognized by the much longer 2 nd branches (relative to the 1 st branches) and shorter segments. Specimens from Cuba have a more reddish indument than those from Hispaniola; more collections are needed to evaluate the geographical variation in this species.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD47F3E99A6E54BD3B4FEF8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Zamora-Chinchipe: Río Sabanilla, at hydroelectric plant 1.5 km W. of Sabanilla, 1800 m, Øllgaard 100745 (holotype AAU!, isotypes NY!, UC!, US!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD47F3E99A6E54BD3B4FEF8.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Locally common in the Andes of Colombia (Caldas) and southwestern Ecuador (Loja, Morona-Santiago, Zamora-Chinchipe) at 1300 – 2700 m. Probably also occurs in Venezuela. S. arachnoideus can be found growing in montane forests, clearings, on ridges, and along roadsides, often forming mixed colonies with S. tomentosus. Notes: — A little-known species that is recognized by the linear, ultimate branches with uniform segments, and by lacking segments and bearing simple aphlebiae on the 1 st and the 2 nd branches. The abaxial surfaces have dense, whitish indument, especially on the branches, where the scales overlap. The scale pattern is similar to that of S. antillensis but the scales of S. arachnoideus are generally more translucent with more numerous, delicate, and bear longer marginal cilia. Another difference between these two is the relative length and segment disposition of the branches. In S. arachnoideus, the basal two branches lack segments and are of roughly similar length, whereas in S. antillensis they are pectinate (at least the 2 nd branch) and the 2 nd branch is conspicuously longer than the 1 st, and may even approach the length of the distal branch.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD77F3E99A6E2D3D506FD7F.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Morona-Santiago: road Santa Susana de Chiaviasa-Panecillo, 1300 m, Øllgaard & Navarrete 2670 (holotype QCA!, isotype AAU!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD77F3E99A6E2D3D506FD7F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Disjunct along the eastern Andean slope in S. Colombia (Serranía La Macarena), S. Ecuador (Morona-Santiago and Zamora-Chinchipe) to N. Peru (San Martín), and Bolivia (La Paz). Locally common at 750 – 2500 m in disturbed montane forests, along roadsides, and along streams; often forming large, uniform colonies.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD77F3E99A6E050D452F9C2.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — VENEZUELA. Distrito Federal: Caracas, Bredemeyer s. n. (holotype B-W - 19468!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD77F3E99A6E050D452F9C2.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Widespread in mountains of Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and central and southeastern Brazil. Locally abundant in montane forests, clearings, and along roadsides, often forming large, pure colonies but also mixed within other shrubby vegetation, at 150 – 800 m on the Caribbean Islands, and 325 – 2300 m elsewhere. Notes: — Sticherus bifidus may be the most commonly misapplied name in the genus. It has been used for almost any specimen with a scaly indument on the abaxial segment surfaces in most herbaria, based on the loose definitions of Tryon & Stolze (1989) and Moran (1995). In Østergaard’s & Øllgaard’s (2001) treatment of Sticherus for Ecuador, they noted that “ S. bifidus ” comprised several distinct species and described S. aurantiacus and S. brevitomentosus as new species. We further treat Sticherus ferrugineus, S. fulvus, S. decurrens, and S. ovatus as separate species, so that our concept of S. bifidus is narrower than that of previous workers. These species form a group of closely related taxa that probably involves interspecific hybridization. In fact, the variability of S. bifidus s. str. suggests that it may itself be of hybrid origin. This hypothesis needs corroboration by cytotaxonomic and / or molecular studies.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD77F3E99A6E5CAD231F85B.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Pichincha: Canzacoto a las orillas del RíoYamboya, 1800 m, Sodiro s. n. (not located).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD77F3E99A6E5CAD231F85B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to the western Andean slope of Colombia (Chocó, Antioquia) and northern Ecuador (Imbabura, Pichincha) in humid montane forests at ca. 1700 – 2300 m. Notes: — We were unable to locate the type of Sticherus blepharolepis and thus followed the concept of Østergaard & Øllgaard (2001), who studied the original material assigned by Sodiro to this species.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD67F3F99A6E299D6B1FD42.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Zamora-Chinchipe: Km 29 Yangana – Valladolid, 2580 m, Østergaard 10728 (holotype QCA!, isotype AAU!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD67F3F99A6E299D6B1FD42.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Venezuelan tepuis and Andes of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Apparently rather uncommon and local, it is found along forest edges and roadbanks in humid montane forests at 600 – 2900 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD67F3F99A6E03DD252FC45.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to Mount Tocuche, Trinidad, to 1000 m. Habitat unknown.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD67F3899A6E736D3C7F864.taxon	diagnosis	Sticherus statura delicata, pinnibus longe-lanceolatis, indumento paginae abaxialis segmentorum ferrugineo. Aphlebiae subtiles, tripartitae, squamae gemmarum basi induratae cellulis rotundatis, squamae costae stellatae margine ciliis induratis provisae.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD67F3899A6E736D3C7F864.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COLOMBIA. Chocó: Istmia, Pepé, Río Peradó, 1500 m, 5 May 1990, Fernández, García & Velayos 8515 (holotype BM!). Rhizomes 2.5 – 3.0 mm thick, dark brown, deciduously scaly, the scales appressed, lanceolate, 3.0 – 4.5 × 1.5 – 2.0 mm, bicolorous, brown in the center with clear margins, the margins weak to markedly ciliate, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture, more rigid in the scale center, basally with rounded cells. Petioles ca. 70 cm long and 3 mm thick, dark brown, brittle. Rachises ca. 30 cm long between pinnae, weakly scaly, aphlebiae long and narrowly trifid. Fiddleheads ca. 6 mm in diameter, densely scaly, the scales appressed, dull orange to brown, matted. Buds small, ascending, the scales narrowly lanceolate to linear, 1.4 – 3.2 × 0.4 – 0.7 mm, ca. 12 cells wide at the base, bicolorous dull orange with darker bases, the margins with slightly curled cilia 1 / 8 – 1 / 3 times the scale length, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture, often rigid and dark at the bases, the cells rectangular to irregular with dark and thicker cells walls, lattice-like. Pinnae ca. 50 – 70 cm long, 2 – 3 - forked, 1 st branch shorter than the 2 nd, 3 – 5 cm long and 2.0 – 2.5 mm thick, with only proximal internal, overlapping segments adjacent to the aphlebiae, 2 nd branch ca. 8 cm long and 2 mm thick, when distal ca. 60 cm long, opposite branches of unequal length, partly or fully pectinate, 3 rd branch ca. 50 cm long and 1.5 mm thick, pectinate – pinnatisect, 5 – 10 cm wide with segments, long lanceolate with overlapping proximal and internal segments, with 3 segments per cm; adaxially scaly, the scales mixed, one type linear, basally hairlike, apically fringed, 0.8 – 1.8 × 0.05 – 0.1 mm, the second type square, 0.1 – 0.2 × 0.05 – 0.1 mm, the margins with numerous and straight with cilia 1 – 2 times the scale length, both scale types dark orange, with lattice-like cell texture and linear to irregular cells; abaxially densely scaly, matted, the scales mixed, one type deciduous, arachnoid, appressed, the second type patent, spreading, linear lanceolate, apically fringed and / or glandular or extended to a long hair, 0.8 – 1.6 × 0.2 – 0.5 mm, the margins with cilia 1 / 4 – 1 / 2 times the scale length, both scale types dark orange to cinnamon, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture and square to irregular cells. Segments 3 – 5 cm × 2 mm, linear, apically pointed, the margins narrowly revolute and ciliate with arachnoid scales; adaxially glabrous; abaxially sparsely scaly, the scales covering 20 – 35 % of the leaf surfaces, arachnoid, 0.05 – 0.3 mm in diameter; veinlets thin, parallel, raised; midvein scales triangular to rhomboid, 0.2 – 0.4 × 0.1 – 0.2 mm, dark orange to cinnamon, the margins with thick and straight cilia 1 / 2 – 1 times the scale length (thus appearing stellate when seen directly above the veins), translucent, with lattice-like cell texture and well-defined irregular cells. Sori inframedial, restricted to the center of the segments, nested within arachnoid scales, 15 – 21 pairs per segment, 3 – 4 sporangia per sorus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD67F3899A6E736D3C7F864.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — In wet forests from sea level to 1500 m in western Colombia and adjacent Panama (Darién) and Ecuador (Esmeraldas). Mostly growing in open habitats, e. g., along roads, often on nutrient-deficient soils. Specimens examined (paratypes): — PANAMA. Darién: Cana, 530 m, 23 June 1959, Stern 495 pro parte (US); Río Cocalito, 100 m, 21 February 1982, Whitefoord 275 (BM). COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Guatapé, Santa Rita, Finca Montepinar, 6 ° 15 ’ N 75 ° 10 ’ W, 1850 m, 22 May 1990, Contreras 342 (NY); San Luis, Autopista Medellín – Bogotá, La Josefina, Quebrada La Salada, 800 m, 28 November 1983, Hoyos 485 (MO). Chocó: Río Atrato, Quibdó, 400 m, 23 January 1949, Araque Molina 19 Ch 154 (US); Parque Nacional Natural Ensenada de Utría, Entrada Boroboro, 06 ° 05 ’ N 77 ° 10 ’ W, 0 – 100 m, 30 April 1990, Barbosa 6292 (MO); NW side of Alto Buey, 1450 – 1750, 9 February 1971, Lellinger 273 (US). Nariño: Between Páramo and Barbacoas, 500 m, 7 May 1939, Alston 8463 (BM, MO). Norte de Santander: Ocaña, Teorama, 1220 m, 1846 – 1850, Schlim 224 (BM, G, W). Santander: Between Girón and Lebrija, 1300 m, 28 February 1939, Alston 7349 b (MO). Valle del Cauca: Río Blanco, Digua Valley, 900 m, 3 April 1939, Alsto 7853 (BM, MO); Bajo Calima, Carretera Canalete, 100 m, 29 September 1987, Monsalve 1859 (MO). ECUADOR. Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mts., 35 km W. of Quinindé, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 400 – 600 m, 3 April 1995, Clark 592 (MO); Lita, 9 – 10 miles above turnoff to Escopeta, 600 – 650 m, 8 September 1976, Croat 38941 (MO).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD67F3899A6E736D3C7F864.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Sticherus chocoensis is a relatively delicate species with long-lanceolate and slender ultimate branches bearing an orange-rusty indument and stellate, marginally ciliate midvein scales. Specimens of S. chocoensis were previously identified as S. bifidus in herbaria, but S. chocoensis is characterized by having aphlebiae, bearing proximal internal segments on the 1 st branches, by having overlapping segments on the distal branches, and by often having basally rigid, dull brown to bicolorous bud scales with lattice-like cell structure. In contrast, S. bifidus lacks aphlebiae and internal proximal segments, has non-overlapping segments, and has whitish, lax bud scales. In accordance with the harder scale texture, the marginal cilia in S. chocoensis are stouter and more widely spaced than those of S. bifidus, which are much more delicate. This is perhaps most readily visible on the midvein scales, which in S. chocoensis appear distinctly stellate whereas those of S. bifidus are diffuse and appear lanose. Accordingly, both species can most easily be distinguished by studying the abaxial midveins. Sticherus chocoensis may also be confused with some specimens of S. ferrugineus, especially those from Mexico, by the similar dull orange indument. However, S. ferrugineus has generally more robust branches, longer, laxer scales with rectangular cells, and pinnatifid aphlebiae, whereas S. chocoensis has shorter scales with rounded cells and trifid aphlebiae. Other similar species are S. maritimus and S. tepuiensis. The scales of S. chocoensis resemble those of S. maritimus in size and shape, but they lack the darkened cells that typically occur at the scale base in S. chocoensis. Sticherus tepuiensis is much smaller, with shorter and usually rigid scales. The only specimen of S. chocoensis with rhizomes shows scales that are unique in the genus. They are rigid with dull centers and whitish, translucent margins that are highly abraded. All other species of Sticherus have concolorous or basally translucent rhizome scales with usually well-preserved margins.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD37F3A99A6E3E8D6DBFC85.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. La Palma, Wercklé s. n. (holotype BAS!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD37F3A99A6E3E8D6DBFC85.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. Río Navarro, 1400 m, Wercklé s. n. (holotype P!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD37F3A99A6E3E8D6DBFC85.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. La Palma, Brade 501 (holotype BM!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD37F3A99A6E3E8D6DBFC85.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Mountains of Costa Rica and Panama. In open habitats in humid montane forests at 850 – 1600 m. Notes: — Sticherus compactus is very similar morphologically to S. furcatus, thus many specimens are misidentified in many herbaria. The main difference between them is that in S. compactus the branch and bud scales are darkened from the margins, whereas in S. furcatus the darkening is basal. Further differences are detailed under the latter species. Sticherus compactus may also be confused with S. rubiginosus, which also has marginally darkened scales, but S. rubiginosus has larger, long-lanceolate branch and bud scales, shorter fronds, and has narrowly linear midvein scales. Sticherus compactus is easily recognized in adult specimens by the blackish bud and rachis scales. It is perhaps the most massive Neotropical species of the genus, with petioles up to 8 mm thick.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD37F3A99A6E0F6D398FB9D.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CUBA. Barbacoa: El Yunque, March 1903, Underwood & Earle 1416 (holotype NY!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD37F3A99A6E0F6D398FB9D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Cuba, known only from the type. Ecology unknown.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD37F3A99A6E7EED509F845.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; southeastern Brazil. Very common in Brazil and somewhat less so in Bolivia, but is quite rare elsewhere in its range. Grows mainly in open, disturbed habitats such as on landslides and along roadcuts, but is also found in secondary and disturbed forests. At 300 – 2750 m in the Andes and 120 – 1500 m in Brazil. Notes: — As defined here, S. decurrens is a rather variable species. Whereas many specimens are typical of the species, other collections may be hybrids with S. bifidus, S. ferrugineus, S. nigropaleaceus, and possibly others. The problem in distinguishing “ true ” S. decurrens from such hybrids is that the characters defining S. decurrens are intermediate between those of the species cited above. It is conceivable that S. decurrens itself is of hybrid origin, but the presence of large, reproductive populations in the field leave no doubt that today it is a distinct, viable species. The variability of this species and the similarity of the putative hybrids have prompted the description of several species that are here considered to be synonymous with S. decurrens (S. mathewsii, S. trifurcans, and possibly Gleichenia immersa; see under doubtful names). Some of these names may actually apply to hybrids rather than to S. decurrens. Cytological and molecular studies are needed to clarify these problems.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD27F3B99A6E160D328FAF5.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — FRENCH GUIANA. Collector unknown (holotype P!, hb. A. N. Desvaux).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD27F3B99A6E160D328FAF5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Widespread in mountains of the West Indies, Central America, and South America: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Martinique, Grenada, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and southeastern Brazil. Common found in northern Mesoamerica and on the Caribbean Islands, but increasingly rare southwards. At (150) 300 – 1300 (2300) m in the West Indies, (90) 600 – 1700 (3300) m in Mesoamerica, (150) 400 – 2050 m in the Andes, and 350 – 950 m in southeastern Brazil. In lowland and montane forests, clearings, on landslides, and along roadsides, often forming large colonies mixed with other species of Sticherus. Notes: — Specimens of Sticherus ferrugineus are commonly included in S. bifidus (e. g., by Moran 1995), but that species has narrower bud scales with shortened bases, lacks aphlebiae, and proximal internal segments on the basal 1 – 2 cm of each branch, has a matted-whitish indument, and has laxer, more appressed branch scales. Generally, S. ferrugineus replaces S. bifidus further north, but there is considerable overlap in the ranges of both species. There is some geographical variation in the color of the indument within S. ferrugineus. Specimens from Mexico are brilliantly orange whereas in Mesoamerica the specimens are paler. One specimen from Colombia (Karsten s. n., B) appears to be a hybrid between S. ferrugineus and perhaps S. furcatus. This specimen is very similar to S. × leonis (which also involves S. ferrugineus as a parent) but has shorter, narrower bud scales, and abaxial segment surfaces weakly indumented.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD27F3499A6E6C6D67EFC74.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — A northern Neotropical species, widespread in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and northern Colombia. Generally rather uncommon but it is locally abundant in montane forests, often along roadsides, forming large uniform colonies, at (360 –) 1400 – 2000 m. Notes: — This is a problematic species that was treated as S. brevipubis by Stolze (1976), Lellinger (1989), Moran (1995), and Mickel & Smith (2004). Sticherus fulvus is closely related and quite similar to S. bifidus, but is recognized by having reduced, rounded to winglike, distinct proximal internal segments, and by its dark or bicolorous, partly darkened buds, branch, and midvein scales. In comparison to S. bifidus, in S. fulvus these scales are fairly short, but with relatively larger cells, resulting in fewer cell rows across the scale bases (<15 cells vs. 15 – 25 cells in S. bifidus). The marginal cilia on the bud scales of S. fulvus are also quite characteristic. They are denser and more twisted than those of S. bifidus, which has more delicate cilia. On the darkened scale parts of S. fulvus the cilia are replaced by much shorter, stouter setulae, whereas in S. bifidus and S. ferrugineus such darkened setulae are lacking. The morphology of the arachnoid scales on the abaxial segment surfaces further shows differences between S. fulvus and the relative closely related species, S. bifidus, S. ferrugineus, S. arachnoideus, S. aurantiacus, and S. brevitomentosus. The arachnoid scales of S. fulvus are shorter and more closely appressed to the segment surfaces than in the other taxa. As a result, the surface scales contrast, at a first glance, with the larger, more spreading scales on the midveins. This is not apparent in the other species. The arachnoid scales of S. fulvus are orangish in color (as indicated by the name), as also seen in S. ferrugineus, S. aurantiacus, and S. brevitomentosus. In contrast. S. bifidus and S. arachnoideus have whitish scales. The pattern of darkening of the bud scales is geographically variable in Sticherus fulvus (Stolze 1976). Populations in Mexico and Costa Rica usually show an apical darkening with distinct dark distal and pale proximal scale portions, whereas populations in Guatemala and the Caribbean islands show a mosaic pattern, with dark cells scattered over the scale surfaces, giving the scales a speckled appearance. In South America, Sticherus fulvus is generally replaced by S. brevitomentosus, which differs in having translucent margins on the rigid bud scales and often is lacking segments on the 1 st branches. One specimen from Costa Rica (Cartago: Río Grande de Orosí, 1500 – 1700 m, 10 February 1985, Grayum 5103, MO) appears to be a hybrid between S. fulvus and S. retroflexus. It has slender rhizomes, brittle, glabrous, slightly flexuous branches, linear to hastulate, remotely pectinate segments, and auricular proximal internal segments.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDD7F3699A6E579D367FA90.taxon	diagnosis	Sticherus species statura pro genere media, pinnae 15 – 30 cm longae, aphlebiae breves, simplices. Rhachides squamulis fuscis persistentibus provisae, rhachides distales breves, blade anceolata, segmentis planis indumento (in pagina abaxiali) dense arachnoideo rufo-brunneo, rhachides abaxiales squamis lateralibus fuscis instructae.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDD7F3699A6E579D367FA90.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. Limón: Cordillera de Talamanca, Atlantic slope, Cerro Tararia, 2400 – 2600 m, 10 September 1984, Davidse 28845 (holotype MO!, isotype CR!). Rhizomes unknown. Petioles 2 – 3 mm thick, reddish brown, brittle. Rachises ca. 14 cm long between pinnae, weakly scaly, the scales erect, dark brown, aphlebiae short, simple. Fiddleheads ca. 3 mm in diameter, matted, the scales dense, spreading, orange to dark reddish brown. Buds ascending and opening rapidly, the scales lanceolate, 1.6 – 2.6 × 0.4 – 0.6 mm, brilliant orange to reddish brown, the margins with short setulae or with cilia 1 / 10 times the scale length, rigid, translucent to matte, with clear and hexagonal or ill-defined and dark cells. Pinnae 15 – 30 cm long, 2 – 3 - forked, 1 st branch 3.5 – 5.0 cm long and ca. 2 mm thick, not pectinate, 2 nd branch 1.5 – 3.0 cm long and ca. 1.5 mm thick, with gradually reduced, usually overlapping internal segments, 3 rd branches 12 – 20 cm long and ca. 1.5 mm thick, fully pectinate – pinnatisect, narrowly lanceolate, 2.0 – 3.5 cm wide with segments, with 2 – 3 segments per cm; adaxial scales deciduous, mixed, one type rectangular, ca. 0.20 × 0.05 mm, the second type arachnoid, 0.05 mm in diameter, both scale types orange to whitish, translucent; abaxial scales lateral, narrowly lanceolate, apically fringed, 1 – 2 × 0.3 – 0.4 mm, brilliant orange to reddish brown, the margins with cilia 1 / 5 times the scale length or with short setulae, basally translucent and usually with rigid apices. Segments oblong, chartaceous, 1.0 – 3.2 cm × 1.0 – 1.5 mm, flat; adaxially glabrous; abaxially densely scaly on midveins and veinlets; midvein scales mixed, one type linear, 1 – 2 × 0.01 – 0.05 (– 0.10) mm, orange, translucent, the margins with few cilia, the second type triangular to square, 0.3 – 0.6 × 0.3 – 0.4 mm, orange to dull brown, the margins with cilia 1 / 2 times the scale length, translucent with rigid apices, the cells square to irregular; veinlets raised, covered with scales, the scales arachnoid, matted, brilliant orange to reddish. Sori inframedial, nested within arachnoid scales, 6 – 15 (– 27) pairs per segment, 3 – 5 sporangia per sorus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDD7F3699A6E579D367FA90.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica; to be looked for in adjacent Panama. Known from only two collections in disturbed humid montane forests (with Quercus spp.) at 2400 – 2500 m. Specimen examined (paratype): — COSTA RICA. Cartago: SE of Empalme, 9 ° 42 ’ N 83 ° 53 ’ W, 2500 m, 17 March 1973, Stolze 1380 (US). Notes: — Sticherus fuscus is a medium-sized species with pinnae 15 – 30 cm long, short, simple aphlebiae, persistent dark scales on the rachises, rather short, lanceolate distal branches with flat segments, and abundant, dark lateral scales on the abaxial branches. These dark axial scales contrast with the dull brown arachnoid scales of the segment surfaces. The bud scales are narrowly lanceolate and mostly rigid with translucent bases, whereas the midvein scales are rectangular and only apically rigid (especially the proximal ones). Sticherus fuscus may be confused with S. brevipubis, S. tepuiensis, S. aurantiacus, and S. fulvus. Sticherus brevipubis differs from S. fuscus in being generally larger, having much more reduced aphlebiae (or even lacking aphlebiae), reduced internal proximal segments on all branches (i. e., the segments do not overlap as in S. fuscus), more revolute segment margins, and paler segment scales. Sticherus tepuiensis lacks aphlebiae, has narrower and longer branches, glabrous rachises, and has shorter and scattered lateral scales abaxially on the branches. Sticherus aurantiacus differs in having longer, more linear distal branches, reduced proximal internal segments, and has scales of generally paler, duller colors and thinner texture. The pattern of scale darkening of S. fuscus resembles that of S. fulvus, and specimens with strongly rigid scales of the latter species may be confused with S. fuscus. However, S. fulvus is generally larger, has shorter and more ovate scales, more strongly reduced, auricle-like, non-overlapping proximal internal segments, and usually lacks aphlebiae. Sticherus fuscus is known only from two collections from Costa Rica. It is very unlikely that the type specimen represents a hybrid, because the only potential parental taxa in Costa Rica would be S. brevipubis and S. ferrugineus and the known hybrids between these two species are much larger than S. fuscus and have larger aphlebiae. The confusion surrounding this species complex (see also Stolze 1981) can be resolved only through a detailed biosystematic study involving cytotaxonomic and molecular data.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDF7F3699A6E6EBD52CF880.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COLOMBIA. Chocó: Acostadero, Triana 659 (holotype BM!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDF7F3699A6E6EBD52CF880.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Western Andean slopes and adjacent lowlands in Colombia and Ecuador. Rheophytic along rivers on rocks and sand. Shows rheophytic adaptations such as the narrow angles of the forking branches, the thick petioles, and the robust rhizomes. It is rare and local at 0 – 600 m, but possibly also higher. Notes: — A specimen from Panama (Coclé: East side to Atlantic, 200 – 400 m, Hamilton & Davidse 2608, BM, MO, U) appears to be a hybrid between S gnidioides and S. pteridellus. It resembles S. gnidioides but has ovate bud scales as in S. pteridellus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDF7F3799A6E4FBD57AFE8C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Santa Catarina, Martius s. n. (holotype M?, not located).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDF7F3799A6E4FBD57AFE8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to central and southeastern Brazil (Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina). Grows in semihumid forests and along forest margins in the cerrado region, at ca. 1100 – 1300 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDE7F3799A6E200D504FDD1.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. La Palma, 1400 m, 1910, Brade 502 (holotype S!, photo BM!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDE7F3799A6E200D504FDD1.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama, in montane forests at 1100 – 1500 m. Local and uncommon on steep banks below waterfalls, in windswept places with shrubby vegetation, or on rocky surfaces.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDE7F3799A6E1AAD25BFA42.taxon	description	(holotype S!, isotypes UC!, US!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDE7F3799A6E1AAD25BFA42.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Mountains of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; perhaps also in Guyana. Commonly found at (500 –) 800 – 2500 m in montane forests on sandy or rocky surfaces, and along roadbanks. It grows solitarily or in small colonies. Notes: — Some specimens from Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Pakaraima Mts., 5 ° 23 ’ N, 59 ° 58 ’ W, 1500 – 1650 m, 1 November, 1992, Heckel 77, NY, US) and Colombia (Chocó, Bolívar – Quibdo hwy., 5 ° 40 ’ N, 76 ° 30 ’ W, Km 134.5, 1070 m, 13 April 1983, Juncosa 931, MO, US) are similar to S. hypoleucus, but have scaly abaxial branch surfaces and whitish, forked midvein scales. Forked midvein scales are found only in S. strictissimus, and it is conceivable that these atypical specimens are hybrids between S. hypoleucus and S. strictissimus. Østergaard & Øllgaard (2001) considered that a specimen from Ecuador (Morona-Santiago: Road Susana de Chiviasa – Panecillo, Km 3 – 4 (NE of Limón), 1300 m, Øllgaard & Navarrete 2699, AAU) may be a hybrid between S. hypoleucus and S. remotus based on its morphological intermediacy between these species.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDE7F3099A6E53DD558FC4E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Forms mixed colonies with Sticherus ferrugineus and S. remotus along forest edges and roadsides at 60 – 300 m, mainly in the northern mountain range of Trinidad. Also known from scattered specimens from Grenada, Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname, and to be looked for elsewhere where the parental species grow together, i. e., in Central America, northern South America, and the Caribbean Islands. Notes: — This species was described by Jermy & Walker (1985) based on a survey of the caryology of the S. bifidus complex in Trinidad. They recognized S. interjectus as a tetraploid of allopolyploid origin with S. ferrugineus and S. remotus as parental taxa. Accordingly, morphologically this species is intermediate between S. ferrugineus and S. remotus. It can be distinguished from S. ferrugineus by its robust growth with visibly thicker branches, longer and overlapping aphlebiae, more chartaceous blades, longer and often somewhat curved segments, and more remote segments on the 1 st branch. Relative to S. remotus, this species has more closely spaced segments (except on the 1 st branch), is larger and more robust, has generally larger scales, more and paler scales on the fiddleheads, and sometimes bears arachnoid scales on the abaxial segment surfaces. Further diagnostic characters are found among the scales. Typically, S. interjectus has scales on the buds and abaxially on the branches that are bicolorous with almost black scale bodies and whitish margins. The bud scales have widened bases and long-acuminate apices whereas S. ferrugineus has uniformly lanceolate scales with square bases and S. remotus has short, triangular scales. The abaxial midvein scales are stellate, usually whitish, and sometimes have darkened cilia. Sticherus remotus has similar scales, whereas those of S. ferrugineus are larger and lax. Sticherus interjectus is also very similar to and possibly conspecific with S. nigropaleaceus (for further details see notes under that species). Sticherus interjectus may also be confused with the triploid hybrid taxa occurring in Trinidad, S. × subremotus and S. × pseudobifidus. This is especially due to the fact that the hybrids are morphologically quite variable. Usually, they have branches of unequal length with somewhat irregularly placed segments. However, the main characters distinguishing S. interjectus from these hybrids are the bud and adaxial branch scales that have more regularly defined outlines, cell patterns, and color patterns. In S. × subremotus and S. × pseudobifidus adjacent scales on a given bud are highly variable with respect to shape and color and have irregular cell patterns. Jermy and Walker (1985) also described differences in the indument density on the abaxial segment surfaces between these three taxa, but closer examination of more specimens has convinced us that this is not a reliable character.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD97F3099A6E742D42EFAD8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. Cooper 17 (holotype K!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD97F3099A6E742D42EFAD8.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to the mountains of Costa Rica and adjacent Panama. It is locally distributed in humid montane forests at 1500 – 2200 m, growing in open thickets on hillsides, on roadbanks, and on eroded slopes. Often co-occurs with S. retroflexus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD97F3199A6E6B3D637F8B1.taxon	diagnosis	Affinis Sticherus blepharolepidi, sed differt segmentis bladeum angustioribus, linearibus, margine leviter revolutis in paginis abaxiali sparse squamatis. Rhachis primaria usque ad duplus longitudinis rachidis secondariae, remote pectinatis, in paginis abaxiali dense squamatis et squamis bicoloribus (non albidis).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD97F3199A6E6B3D637F8B1.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BOLIVIA. La Paz: Nor Yungas, 5 km Chuspipata hacia Coroico, 16 ° 23 ’ S, 67 ° 48 ’ W, 2750 m, 18 September 1997, Kessler 11971 (holotype UC!, isotypes GOET!, LPB!). Rhizomes unknown. Petioles 3 – 5 mm thick, over 30 cm long, castaneous, weakly scaly. Rachises ca. 20 – 40 cm long between pinnae, densely scaly, the scales usually bicolorous, brown with whitish margins; aphlebiae trifoliate with narrow, long segments. Fiddleheads 1.0 – 1.5 cm in diameter, densely scaly, bicolorous whitish to pale orange with dark brown cell rows. Buds large, ascending, closed, the scales lanceolate with rounded bases, 1.4 – 3.2 × 0.5 – 1.2 mm, the margins with numerous thin, straight to slightly curled cilia 1 / 4 – 1 / 8 times the scale length, cell texture mixed, basally rigid and sometimes with scattered darkened apical cells to matte with translucent margins, cells rectangular, bicolorous with whitish margins and dark centers of varying extent; the youngest bud scales are usually more translucent. Pinnae 35 – 60 cm long, 3 – 4 - forked, 1 st branch longer than the 2 nd, 10 – 25 cm long and 2 – 3 mm thick, when pectinate with only internal, long, remotely pinnatisect segments, 2 nd branch 8 – 12 cm long and 1.5 – 3.0 mm thick, usually fully pectinate with remote segments, 3 rd or distal branch 10 – 30 cm long and 1 mm thick, pinnatisect, both branches 5 – 6 cm wide with segments, 4 th and last branch lanceolate, apically gradually decreasing to a conform apex, 15 – 25 cm long, deeply pinnatifid, with 1.5 – 2.5 segments per cm, proximal segments gradually reduced and overlapping internally; adaxially with mixed scales, one type linear, 1.0 – 2.5 × 0.05 – 0.10 mm, the margins with short cilia, the second type rectangular, 0.2 – 0.6 × 0.1 – 0.2 mm, the margins with cilia 1 / 2 – 1 times the scale length, both scale types pale orange to whitish, cell texture translucent with rigid parts formed by some darkened cell walls, the cells rectangular to irregular; abaxially and laterally densely scaly, the scales lanceolate, (1 –) 2 – 4 × (0.2 –) 0.6 – 1.0 mm, usually pale orange on last and bicolorous on 1 st branches, the margins with delicate cilia, cell texture translucent with rectangular cells, sometimes with darkened cells at the bases and / or the apices. Segments linear, 1.8 – 3.2 cm × 0.4 – 0.2 mm, the margins chartaceous, revolute; adaxially glabrous; abaxially densely scaly on midveins and veinlets; midvein scales mixed, one type linear to hair-like, 1.0 – 3.2 × ca. 0.5 mm, the second type rectangular, 0.2 – 0.6 × 0.1 – 0.2 mm, both scale types whitish to orange or speckled, the margins with usually curled cilia 1 / 2 – 1 times the scale length, cell texture translucent with linear to irregular cells; veinlets angular, raised, scatteredly scaly, the scales coarsely stellate, ca. 0.2 – 0.3 mm in diameter, marginally ciliate. Sori medial, not reaching segment apex, nested within arachnoid scales, 13 – 24 pairs per segment, 4 – 5 sporangia per sorus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD97F3199A6E6B3D637F8B1.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to humid montane forests at 1900 – 2750 m elevation in Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba). It is locally common along roadsides and on landslides. Specimens examined (paratypes): — BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Carrasco, km 117 old road Cochabamba- Villa Tunari, 17 ° 08 ’ S 65 ° 38 ’ W, 2350 m, 7 July 1996, Kessler 7073 (GOET, LPB, UC); Chapare, Incachaca, 2300 m, 24 January 1929, Steinbach 8928 (BM, GH, MO, NY, UC, US). La Paz: Nor Yungas, Estacion Biológica de Tunquini, Bajo Hornuni, 16 ° 12 ’ S 67 ° 52 ’ W, 2150 m, 18 August 2000, Bach 1200 (GOET, LPB, UC); Murillo, Zongo Valley, 16 ° 07 ’ S 68 ° 05 ’ W, 2100 m, 5 – 6 August 1990, Fay & Fay 2875 (AAU, LPB, MO, NY, UC, US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD97F3199A6E6B3D637F8B1.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Sticherus jacha is characterized by having densely scaly rachises and branches with bicolorous scales, long 1 st branches that may be up to twice of the same length as the 2 nd branches, and ultimate pectinate branches narrower than the penultimate branches. The proximal bud scales are bicolorous with dark, rigid bases and whitish, translucent margins and apices. Sticherus jacha is most similar to S. blepharolepis but differs in having segmenta that are narrower, more linear, marginally slightly revolute, and abaxially sparsely scaly, proximal branches that are remote to pectinate (vs. deeply pinnatifid), and denser, bicolorous (vs. whitish) scales on the abaxial branches. Both species have narrow, raised veinlets, but in S. jacha these are placed at a narrower angle to the midveins. The scales on the midveins and veinlets in S. jacha are wavy and reminiscent of the scales of S. peruvianus. Superficially, S. jacha also resembles S. melanoblastus, but S. jacha is more robust, and has conspicuous aphlebiae and larger scales. The scale darkening in S. jacha proceeds from the base, as in S. tomentosus, whereas in S. melanoblastus it starts at the scale center and proceeds towards the apex and margin, usually leaving the base translucent. Sticherus jacha and S. blepharolepis always have translucent scale margins with delicate cilia, whereas in S. melanoblastus the scale margins have thick, short setulae.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFD97F3199A6E6B3D637F8B1.taxon	description	The name “ jacha ” is the word for “ large ” in the high-Andean Aymara language that is spoken in the range of this species.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDA7F3399A6E3E8D4AFFEC6.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — JAMAICA. Blue Mountains, Underwood 1511 (holotype NY!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDA7F3399A6E3E8D4AFFEC6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola) where it is common in open habitats in humid montane forests at 1400 – 2000 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDA7F3399A6E2BDD4B4FC98.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Schwacke 12475 (holotype P!, photo BM!, US!). Gleichenia buchtienii Christ & Rosenstock in Rosenstock 1908: 229). Sticherus buchtienii (Christ & Rosenst.) Copeland (1947: 28). Type: — BOLIVIA. Sud Yungas: Sirupaya near Yanacachi, Buchtien 496 (holotype not located, isotype US!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDA7F3399A6E2BDD4B4FC98.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Local in mountains of Venezuela (Amazonas, Aragua), Ecuador (Carchi), Peru, Bolivia, and southeastern Brazil. It is locally common (especially in Bolivia) along roadsides, stream banks, and on landslides in humid montane forests at 850 – 2450 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDA7F3399A6E0F8D585F94D.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Blanchet & Claussen 88 (holotype not located, isotype US!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDA7F3399A6E0F8D585F94D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Costa Rica, Hispaniola, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, eastern and central Brazil, and adjacent Paraguay. Often it is common in montane pastures and savannas, especially in burnt habitats; at 1000 – 1250 m on Hispaniola, 800 – 3000 m in the Andes, and 700 – 1650 m in Brazil and Paraguay. Notes: — Sticherus lanuginosus is a common species that has long been known under the name of S. penniger, but examination of the holotype of S. penniger has convinced us that this specimen represents the same species as S. pruinosus. This confusion has probably arisen because pteridologists working on this species have usually seen only the photographs at US of the type collections of S. penniger. These photographs show plants of a habit roughly similar to S. lanuginosus, but they do not allow a study of the diagnostic scale characters, which show that the type of S. penniger belongs to S. pruinosus. To complicate things further, Sturm (1840) and Sehnem (1970) adopted the name Gleichenia pubescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. for S. lanuginosus. However, G. pubescens is a synonym of S. bifidus, and has been misapplied. Sticherus lanuginosus varies considerably in size, presumably in response to habitat. Specimens from dry and sunny sites (and also perhaps from nutrient-poor soils) are smaller, with more closely held branches, and have more coriaceous segments with more strongly revolute margins. In addition, there appears to be a geographical component to the size variation, with specimens from Venezuela and southeastern Brazil being, on average, somewhat larger than those from the central Andes. This may be partly due to hybridization with other species, e. g., with S. velatus in Brazil.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDA7F0C99A6E448D553FDDE.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Puno: Tabina, Lechler 2040 (holotype B!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFDA7F0C99A6E448D553FDDE.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Sticherus lechleri is common in the south, uncommon in the north, and found in humid montane forests, along roadside, and on river banks, at 1100 – 3300 m. Notes: — There is considerable morphological variation within S. lechleri, presumably related to environmental conditions. Specimens growing inside forests are more slender and have denser midvein scales, whereas those of sunny sites are stouter, have glabrous midveins, larger aphlebiae, and often conspicuously glaucous undersides. Two specimens from Bolivia (La Paz, Nor Yungas, entre Chuspipata and Yolosa, 2480 m, 01 January 1994, Beck 21304, AAU, LPB, UC; La Paz, Nor Yungas, 8 km de Chuspipata hacia Coroico, 16 ° 23 ’ S, 67 ° 48 ’ W, 2600 m, 19 September 1997, Kessler 12114, AAU, UC) are atypical in having shorter segments, somewhat longer branches, no branch scales, and rigid, translucent bud scales. They apparently represent a distinct local population.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE57F0C99A6E1B1D7EFFB55.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CUBA. Santiago de Cuba: Sierra Maestra, Pico Turquino, León 11092 (holotype US, isotype NY).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE57F0C99A6E1B1D7EFFB55.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Known only from humid forest edges at 1200 – 2000 m in Provincia de Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, but to be expected where the parental taxa co-occur, e. g., in Mexico, Guatemala, and Jamaica (Duek 1974).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE57F0C99A6E1B1D7EFFB55.taxon	discussion	Notes: — This taxon was originally described by Maxon (1922 b) as a distinct species, but Duek (1974) recognized that all specimens appeared to be sterile, with few sporangia, and malformed spores. Duek (1974) postulated that the parental species were S. ferrugineus (called S. bifidus by Duek) and S. furcatus (as S. palmatus). It is more probable that the parental taxa are actually S. antillensis and S. furcatus because its bud scales are large, bicolorous, basally rigid and marginally translucent, and thus very similar to those of S. antillensis, whereas the glabrous abaxial segments, and lanceolate abaxial branch scales are reminiscent of S. furcatus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE57F0C99A6E5D8D7A7F860.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COLOMBIA. El Valle: Buenaventura, Lehmann 4432 (lectotype B!, designated by Lellinger 1977: 714).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE57F0C99A6E5D8D7A7F860.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to and apparently rather uncommon on the western Andean slope in Colombia and northwestern Ecuador (Esmeraldas), found along open banks in montane forests at 400 – 1000 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE47F0D99A6E3E8D7F1FD45.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COLOMBIA. Nariño: Putumayo, Quebrada Blanca, along camino Precipicio, Río Afiladores, 2130 m, Ewan 16280 (holotype BM!, isotype US!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE47F0D99A6E3E8D7F1FD45.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Local and apparently disjunct in western Colombia (Nariño), Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (La Paz). It is locally common (especially in Ecuador) on roadbanks and landslides in humid montane forests at 1950 – 2950 m. Notes: — Østergaard & Øllgaard (2001) recognized the morphological intermediacy between S. melanoblastus and S. tomentosus of a speciemn from Ecuador (Loja: trail ca. 5 km ENE of San Pedro de Vilcabamba, from “ El Bosque ” to Quebrada Romerillos, 2100 – 2200 m, Øllgaard & Navarrete 105881, AAU). However, they hesitated to designate it as a hybrid because the spores appeared normal. Yet, normal spores have also been observed in other hybrid specimens of Sticherus and the other characters (intermediate morphology) strongly suggest hybridization. The specimen has hybrid vigor (segments to 8.5 cm long) and grew as a single individual among a large mixed population of the putative parents (Østergaard & Øllgaard 2001).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE47F0F99A6E036D203FD65.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. San Martín: Zepelacho, near Moyobamba, 1100 – 1600 m, December 1933, Klug 3458 (holotype B!, isotypes G!, NY!, S!). Rhizomes unknown. Petioles 30 – 60 cm long and 4.0 – 4.5 mm thick, light-castaneous to stramineous, weakly scaly. Rachises ca. 35 cm long between pinnae, the scales large, whitish; aphlebiae trifoliate to pinnatifid. Fiddleheads 4 – 7 mm in diameter, matted, the scales dense, white to yellow. Buds of proximal branches large and of distal branches shorter, ascending, semi-open, the scales narrowly lanceolate, basally shortened, apically fringed and / or long-ciliate, (1.5 –) 3.0 – 4.0 (– 6.5) × 0.4 – 0.8 (– 1.4) mm, bicolorous with orange bases and centers and whitish margins, the margins with straight, regularly arranged cilia 1 / 5 – 1 / 3 times the scale length, with lattice-like cell texture and with short, narrowly hexagonal cells and linear marginal cells. Pinnae 30 – 60 cm long, branches 3 – 4 - forked, 1 st and 2 nd branches shorter than the distal ones, (5 –) 6 – 15 cm long and 2.0 – 3.5 mm thick, both branches with trifoliate aphlebiae, the 1 st branch not pectinate, 2 nd branch pectinate, ca. 4 cm wide with segments, the internal segments gradually reduced, 3 rd branch 18 – 34 cm long and 1.5 – 2.0 mm thick, 4.5 – 5.0 cm wide with segments, 4 th branch ca. 20 cm long and ca. 1.5 mm thick, lanceolate, 3.0 – 3.5 cm wide with segments, with ca. 2.5 segment per cm, each opposite pair of branches unequal in size; adaxial scales mixed, one type linear, 2.5 – 5.0 × 0.8 – 1.2 mm, translucent to light orange, the second type rectangular, 0.4 – 0.5 × 0.05 mm, both scale types with rectangular-linear or irregular cells; abaxial and lateral scales lanceolate, narrow, apically with 3 long cilia, a tuft of cilia, or with the middle cilium prolonged to a pectinate hair, 0.6 – 1.6 (– 3.0) × 0.2 – 0.3 (– 0.5) mm, about 7 cell rows wide, whitish to dull translucent, the margins with long, curved cilia 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 times the scale length, with lattice-like cell texture and hexagonal cells. Segments linear to oval, chartaceous, (1.4 –) 1.8 – 2.4 cm × 2.5 – 3.0 (– 3.5) mm, the margins slightly revolute, ciliate; abaxial scales only on the veins, covering 15 – 60 % of the leaf surfaces; midvein scales fimbriate, translucent to light orange, mixed, one type linear, 2.5 – 3.2 × 0.1 mm, 2 cell rows wide, the margins with a few cilia about 1 / 3 times the scale length, the cells rectangular, very large, the second type rectangular, sometimes with a pectinate apical hair to 2.4 mm long, 0.5 – 0.8 × 0.3 mm, 3 to 4 cell rows wide, the cells elongate, rectangular, each bearing a marginal cilium, the third type reduced, fimbriate, ca. 0.5 × 0.1 mm, 2 – 4 cell rows wide, the margins with wavy cilia 3 – 4 times the scale length; abaxial scales restricted to the secondary veins, scattered, covering about 40 % of the surfaces, arachnoid, 0.05 – 0.30 mm in diameter; adaxially glabrous or with a few fimbriate scales similar to, but paler than, those on the midveins. Sori medial, nested superficially within arachnoid scales, 9 – 16 pairs per segment, 3 – 5 sporangia per sorus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE47F0F99A6E036D203FD65.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Known only from the type locality at 1100 – 1600 m at Zepelacho near Moyobamba in northern Peru. We surmise that this species was collected on mountain ranges with stunted vegetation on highly nutrient-deficient sandy soils that are characteristic of this region. Notes: — Sticherus moyobambensis is presumably related to S. velatus, as evidenced by their large size and similar scale patterns. Sticherus moyobambensis differs in having narrower and more remote segments, much more densely scaly branches and segment midveins, narrower, rigid and translucent midvein and branch scales, and by lacking scales on their abaxial segment surfaces. Unlike any other species in this complex, fiddleheads of S. moyobambensis are densely covered in orange (vs. whitish to bicolorous) scales.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE67F0999A6E060D394F9DF.taxon	diagnosis	Affinis Sticherus revoluto, differt venulis in paginis abaxialibus evidenter prominentibus, fere parallelis, squamis reductis, frondibus 4 – ad 6 – furcatis, rhachidibus fere perfecte pectinatis, rhachide primaria longa, rhachides sequentes valde excedente. Aphlebiae et squamophori deficientes. Pagina abaxialis rhachidorum dense squamata, squamis obtegentibus minimum dimidium segmentis vicinis.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE67F0999A6E060D394F9DF.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BOLIVIA. La Paz: Nor Yungas, 8 km from Chuspipata to Coroico, Kessler 12113 (holotype UC!, isotypes GOET!, LPB!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE67F0999A6E060D394F9DF.taxon	description	Rhizomes 1.5 – 2 mm thick, dark brown, lustruous, deciduously scaly, the scales lanceolate, 1.5 – 2 × 0.2 – 0.4 mm, dark brown, the margins with slender setulae, cell texture rigid with hexagonal to linear cells. Petioles ca. 25 cm long and 1 – 3 mm thick, dark brown to reddish, brittle. Rachises ca. 20 – 35 cm long between pinnae, weakly scaly, the scales orange; aphlebiae absent. Fiddleheads ca. 2 – 5 mm in diameter, densely scaly, the scales matte brown. Buds small, appressed, the scales lanceolate, basally rounded, apically glandular or with a short hair, 1 – 3.2 × 0.2 – 0.6 (– 1.0) mm, matte, orange, the margins with short, often abraded cilia, translucent, with rectangular cells. Pinnae 15 – 35 cm long, branches (2 –) 4 – 6 – forked, pectinate from the 2 nd branch onwards, 1 st branch longer than the following, 5 – 15 cm long and 1 – 3 mm thick, usually with only proximal internal segments, 2 nd and 3 rd branches (2 –) 6 – 10 cm long and 1.0 – 2.5 mm thick, 4 th branch the longest, 4 – 15 (– 20) cm long and 0.8 – 1 mm thick, 5 th and 6 th branches narrowly linear and uniform, ca. 5 – 10 cm long and (5 –) 9 – 13 mm wide with segments, the last two branches usually of similar length; scales adaxially usually deciduous, proximally rectangular, ca. 0.4 × 0.2 mm, the margins with very few cilia of the same length as the scales, distally long-linear, sometimes apically long-ciliate, (1.2 –) 2.5 – 4.0 × (0.05 –) 0.10 – 0.50 mm, ca. 2 – 3 cells row wide, the margins with few cilia ca. 1 / 12 times the scale length, all scales whitish to orange, cell texture translucent with rectangular cells; scales abaxially and laterally dense, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, apically usually glandular or bearing a short, pectinate hair, (0.8 –) 1.4 – 3.0 (– 4.0) × (0.2 –) 0.4 – 0.8 (– 1.0) mm, concolorous, beige-brown, the margins with cilia 1 / 15 times the scale length, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture. Segments (2 –) 5 – 7 cm × (1.0 –) 1.5 – 2.5 mm, oval, the margins strongly revolute, coriaceous; adaxially glabrous; veinlets nearly parallel, abaxially strongly raised; abaxially densely scaly on the midveins and with scattered scales on the veinlets; midvein scales narrowly lanceolate, apically usually glandular, (0.8 –) 1.0 – 2.0 × (0.1 –) 0.2 – 0.4 mm, the margins with scattered cilia 1 / 5 – 1 / 3 times the scale length; veinlet scales mixed, one type simple to pectinate, hairlike, the second type (0.4 –) 0.6 – 1.0 × 0.05 – 0.10 mm, the margins with scattered cilia of the same length as the scales, translucent. Sori medial, usually placed distally on the segment, 4 – 6 pairs per segment, 3 – 4 sporangia per sorus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE67F0999A6E060D394F9DF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Guayana Shield and southeastern Venezuela, and Andes in northwestern Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It grows in open habitats in humid montane forests at 1200 – 2800 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE67F0999A6E060D394F9DF.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined (paratypes): — COLOMBIA. Caquetá: Río Hacha, Gabinete, 2100 – 2250 m, 23 March 1940, Cuatrecasas 8530 a (US). Cauca: Road Totoro – Inza, 2745 m, 13 August 1974, Plowman 4135 (GH, U). Cundinamarca: Cordillera de Heliconia, 12 km SE of Gachalá, 2375 m, 21 September 1944, Grant 10200 (US). VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Cerro de la Neblina, 00 ° 51 ’ N 65 ° 58 ’ W, 1735 m, 2 February 1985, Beitel 85126 (NY); Atures, Sierra Maigualida, 5 ° 30 ’ N 65 ° 15 ’ W, 2000 m, 28 Feb – 3 March 1991, Berry 4901 (MO); Atabapo, Cerro Marahuaca, 03 ° 37 ’ N 65 ° 21 ’ W, 2700 m, 12 October 1988, Liesner 24712 (MO, UC). Bolívar: Chimantá, 5 ° 19 ’ N 62 ° 07 ’ W, 2150 m, 6 – 9 February 1984, Huber 8910 (NY); Mt. Roraima, 2040 – 2255 m, 30 September 1944, Steyermark 58984 (NY). Mérida: 19 – 21 km S of Tovar on road to Canaguá, 8 ° 15 ’ N 71 ° 44 ’ W, 2150 m, 16 April 1984, Luteyn 10008 (NY). GUYANA. Cuyuni-Mazaruni: Pakaraima Mts., Mt. Ayanganna, 5 ° 23 ’ N 59 ° 59 ’ W, 1800 – 2000 m, 3 November 1992, Henkel 106 (US). Mazaruni- Potaro: Mt. Roraima, 5 ° 16 ’ N 60 ° 13 ’ W, 2800 m, 13 April 1988, Liesner 23234 (MO). ECUADOR. Morona- Santiago: Cordillera del Cóndor, 15 km E of Gualaquiza, 3 ° 27 ’ S 78 ° 22 ’ W, 2090 m, 25 July 1993, Gentry 80445 (MO); Cordillera de Cutucú, Logroño to Yaupi, 2 ° 46 ’ S 78 ° 06 ’ W, 2000 m, November 1976, Madison 3536 (GH). Zamora-Chinchipe: Road Loja – Zamora, 3 ° 58 ’ S 79 ° 07 ’ W, 2500 m, 25 April 1987, van der Werff 8961 (MO, NY). PERU. Cuzco: La Convención, Palmayo, 3050 m, May 1938, Bües 2032 (US). Huánuco: Cerros del Sira, 9 ° 25 ’ S 74 ° 43 ’ W, 2000 m, 30 July 1969, Dudley 13472 (GH). Pasco: 20 km W of Oxapampa, 10 ° 35 ’ S 75 ° 33 ’ W, 2100 – 2150 m, 27 December 1983, Smith 5400 (MO, NY); Oxapampa, Río El Tunqui, 10 ° 15 ’ S 75 ° 31 ’ W, 1720 m, 2 January 1984, Smith 5546 (MO). San Martín: Road Ríoja – Pedro Ruiz, 05 ° 40 ’ S 77 ° 46 ’ W, 1850 m, 25 March 1998, van der Werff 15679 (MO, NY). BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Carrasco, Km 133, old road Cochabamba – Villa Tunari, 17 ° 07 ’ S 65 ° 36 ’ W, 2000 m, 14 July 1996, Kessler 7277 (LPB, UC); Chapare, Cordillera de Mosetenes, 16 ° 14 ’ S 66 ° 25 ’ W, 1550 m, 9 September 2003, Kessler 13164 (GOET, LPB). La Paz: Sud Yungas, La Paz – Chulumani road, 15.1 km W of Chulumani, 16 ° 15 ’ S 67 ° 30 ’ W, 2450 m, 2 August 1989, Fay & Fay 2572 (LPB, MO, UC); Bautista Saavedra, Pauji-Yuyo, 15 ° 02 ’ S 68 ° 29 ’ W, 1200 m, 12 June 1997, Kessler 10073 (GOET, LPB, UC). Santa Cruz: Ichilo, Amboró National Park, Cerro Bravo, 17 ° 49 ’ S 64 ° 32 ’ W, 2300 – 3000 m, 23 June 1995, Abbott 17212 (USZ).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE67F0999A6E060D394F9DF.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Sticherus nervatus differs from the very similar S. revolutus by the abaxially strongly raised, nearly parallel veinlets with reduced scales, the usually 4 – 6 - forked blades, the almost fully pectinate branches lacking aphlebiae, the lack of squamophores, and by the densely scaly abaxial branches, with scales covering at least 50 % of the ultimate segments. In contrast to S. nervatus, S. revolutus has weakly marked, divergent, glabrous veinlets, usually 2 – 4 - forked blades, aphlebiate branches bearing segments only on the last two branches, conspicuous squamophores, and less densely scaly abaxial branches, with the scales covering less than 50 % of the adjacent segments. Sticherus nervatus is further recognized by long 1 st branches, which generally greatly exceed more distal branches in length, and by the uniform length of all branches from the 2 nd onwards. Specimens from Colombia and Venezuela have relatively short abaxial branch scales that do not cover the entire segments, whereas in Peru and Bolivia the scales are much longer and usually cover the segments entirely. The name of the species refers to the conspicuously raised veinlets.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE07F0A99A6E5B0D411FD9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Espíritu Santo: inter Vittoria et Bahia, Sellow s. n. (lectotype B!, photos SP, US!, selected by Prado & Lellinger (1996: 98), isolectotype P!, photos SP, US!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE07F0A99A6E5B0D411FD9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Fairly common in humid forests at 300 – 800 m in southeastern Brazil, with isolated, outlying populations in Amazonian (Amazonas) and southwestern Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) as well as at 2500 – 2750 m in Bolivia (La Paz). This peculiar geographical distribution pattern is also found in other unrelated taxa, e. g., the cactus Rhipsalis cereuscula Haworth (1830: 112) (Ibisch et al. 2000), and the bird genus Phibalura Vieillot (1816: 31) (Snow 1982). Notes: — Sticherus nigropaleaceus is very similar to S. interjectus, and the only important difference between them is the pattern of cell darkening on the bud scales and on the margins and abaxial surfaces of the branches. In S. nigropaleaceus the cell darkening proceeds from the scale apex towards the base, whereas in S. interjectus the process starts from the scale base. Both taxa may have mainly completely dark scales, but close examination will always reveal some scales that are bicolorous and allow deduction of the direction of scale darkening. Also, Sticherus nigropaleaceus has somewhat less markedly revolute segment margins than S. interjectus. Prado & Lellinger (1996) further compared S. nigropaleaceus to S. brevipubis and S. remotus, but in our opinion, these relationships are not very close.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE37F0A99A6E1F1D452FAA5.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — VENEZUELA. Caracas, 1856, Moritz 452 (holotype W!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE37F0A99A6E1F1D452FAA5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Andes in Colombia and Venezuela. It forms dense colonies in open habitats in montane forests, at 1600 – 2700 m. Notes: — Sticherus nudus belongs to a group of four confusingly similar Mesoamerican and Andean species, including S. brevitomentosus, S. ovatus, and S. pteridellus. These all have ovate segments, nonpectinate proximal branches, approximate, usually flat segments, generally rather sparsely scaly branches, ovate-lanceolate to ovate scales that appear papyraceous and dull whitish to brown when dry, and finally, they also lack aphlebiae. Among these species, S. nudus is characterized by abaxially protruding ultimate branches, 1 st branches longer than the 2 nd ones, arched branches, petioles and rachises much thicker than the pinna branches, thick rhizomes with scattered, rigid scales, cartilaginous, undulate segment margins, abaxially glabrous segments with raised, parallel veinlets, sparse, reduced, mixed ovate and linear scales restricted to the midveins and sometimes around the inframedial sori, and ovate to rounded branch and bud scales with usually glandular apices. The arched branches are reminiscent of S. aurantiacus and S. tepuiensis, but these species are densely scaly, with narrowly lanceolate scales.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE37F0499A6E5AED61EF893.taxon	diagnosis	Affinis Stichero bifido, differt statura minori, pinnis brevioribus latioribusque, squamis brevioribus, distincte rotundatis, ciliis brevioribus vel fere nullis (praecipue in squamis costarum).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE37F0499A6E5AED61EF893.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COLOMBIA. Santander: Páramo de Fontibon, Pamplona, 2400 m, 25 February 1939, Alston 7279 (holotype BM!, isotypes COL, MO!).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE37F0499A6E5AED61EF893.taxon	description	Rhizomes 2.5 – 3.5 mm in diameter, brittle, the scales somewhat deciduous, ovate, ca. 2 × 1 mm, orange, the margins entire, cell texture translucent with rounded cells. Petioles 2.5 – 3.5 mm thick and ca. 30 cm long, dark brown, brittle. Rachises ca. 10 – 20 cm long between pinnae, weakly scaly, the scales ovate, bicolorous whitish to orange; aphlebiae absent. Fiddleheads 2 – 3 mm in diameter, sparsely scaly, the scales matte brown. Buds small, rounded and closed, the scales ovate to rounded, apically erose or glandular, 1.5 – 3.2 × 0.8 – 1.5 mm, orange to slightly bicolorous with dark orange bases, the margins with delicate, straight to contorted cilia 1 / 5 – 1 / 4 times the scale length, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture and usually rigid, translucent bases, the cells rounded with thickened cell walls at the scale bases. Pinnae ca. 15 – 30 cm long, 2 – 3 - forked, when 3 - forked the 1 st branch usually longer than the second, 1 st branch 3 – 6 cm long and 1.5 – 2 mm thick, not pectinate, opposite 2 nd branches usually of unequal length, the shorter one 2.5 – 5.0 cm long and 1 – 2 mm thick, scatteredly pectinate, the longer 2 nd and the 3 rd branches lanceolate to long-triangular, 20 – 30 (– 40) cm long and 1.0 – 1.5 mm thick, pectinate but lacking proximal internal segments on the first 0.5 – 2.5 cm, 2.5 – 4.0 cm wide with segments, with 2 – 3 segments per cm; scales adaxially mixed, one type rectangular, ca. 0.5 × 0.2 mm, the margins with cilia 1 / 2 – 1 times the scale length, the second type filamentous, both scale types translucent, whitish; abaxially and laterally moderately scaly, the scales ovate to rounded, 0.6 – 2.0 × (0.2 –) 0.4 – 0.8 mm, orange, the margins translucent with delicate cilia, cell texture translucent with rounded to irregular cells. Segments 1.5 – 3.0 cm × 2.0 – 3.5 mm, long-ovate, subchartaceous, the margins slightly revolute, proximal internal segments usually not overlapping; veinlets parallel, dark, abaxially raised; adaxially glabrous; abaxial midvein scales ovate to rounded, apically usually glandular, 0.3 – 1.5 × 0.3 – 0.6 mm, orange to whitish, the margins with few, delicate cilia 1 / 2 – 1 times the scale length, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture and rounded to irregular cells; abaxial scales on the surfaces between the veinlets arachnoid. Sori inframedial, restricted to the segment centers, nested within arachnoid scales, 9 – 15 pairs per segment, 3 – 4 sporangia per sorus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE37F0499A6E5AED61EF893.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Mountains of Colombia and Venezuela. It is locally common in open habitats in humid montane forests at ca. 1500 – 2700 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE37F0499A6E5AED61EF893.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined (paratypes): — COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Usme, 2800 m, 8 March 1959, Bischler 1922 (G); Bogotá, Río Arzobispo, 23 October 1852, Holton 23 (GH). Santander: Borcova, 2500 m, 5 November 1969, Murillo 1150 (NY). VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Cerro Marahuaca, 3 ° 30 ’ N 65 ° 26 ’ W, 2500 m, 16 February 1981, Steyermark 124397 (MO). Aragua: Tovar, 20 October 1959, Moritz 92 pp (GH). Miranda: Between Antímano and Aguas Negras, 900 – 1500 m, 6 – 7 May 1913, Pittier 6015 pp (US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFE37F0499A6E5AED61EF893.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Sticherus ovatus is characterized by lacking aphlebiae and internal proximal segments, by having lanceolate ultimate branches with shortened bases and (often) almost conform apices, and by bearing ovate, lax, translucent scales (hence the species name) with rounded cells. The midvein scales are especially translucent, which gives a papyraceous appearance to the indument when observed with an unaided eye. The buds and midvein scales bear glandular apices. Sometimes the bud scales are bicolorous with dark bases, but this is only based on the darker color of the cell walls and not (as is usually the case in Sticherus) on a thickening of the walls. Because of its dense abaxial segment indument and lack of proximal internal segments, Sticherus ovatus is most similar to S. bifidus, and collections have usually been identified as that species. However, there are some clear, consistent differences between these taxa. Sticherus ovatus is smaller, has shorter, more rounded scales with shorter cilia (especially on the midvein scales), and has shorter, relatively broader pinnae. Sticherus ovatus is probably most closely related to S. nudus, but that species lacks scales abaxially on the segments, has lanceolate, rigid to subclathrate rhizome scales, and has sori restricted to the central part of segments.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFED7F0599A6E4FDD60AFE4A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Mountains of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela. Locally common inside forests, on bluffs, and along roadsides in humid montane forests at 1200 – 2200 m. Notes: — Two specimens from Bolivia (Bolivia, La Paz, Caranavi, Serranía Bella Vista, 1500 m, Kessler 11280, LPB, GOET, UC; Bautista Saavedra, Pauji-Yuyo, between Apolo and Charazani, 1200 m, Kessler 10054, LPB, GOET, UC) resemble Sticherus pallescens but have abaxial branch scales on the ultimate branches, whereas S. pallescens generally has glabrous ultimate branches. Unfortunately, the Bolivian material is fragmentary and sterile and cannot be treated neither as a distinct taxon, nor be placed under S. pallescens.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEC7F0599A6E145D25AFCA2.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Huánuco: Playapampa, Macbride 4510 (holotype F, isotype US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEC7F0599A6E145D25AFCA2.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Andes of southern Ecuador (Loja, Zamora-Chinchipe), Peru, and Bolivia. Common, forming dense colonies in cloud forests, elfin forests, or on exposed ridges at 2000 – 3400 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEC7F0599A6E01DD407F992.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais. Freyreiss s. n. (holotype, M, photo S). Mertensia pennigera Martius (1834: t. 59, f. 1). Gleichenia pennigera (Mart.) Moore (1862: 381). Sticherus penniger (Mart.) Copeland (1947: 27). Dicranopteris pennigera (Mart.) Maxon (1922 a: 48). Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Serra de San Geraldo. Martius s. n. (holotype M).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEC7F0599A6E01DD407F992.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Mountains in eastern Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Commonly found (especially in Brazil) in open habitats in humid forests at (100? –) 700 – 2450 m. Notes: — The name Sticherus penniger has previously been applied to a common species we call S. lanosus, but our study has convinced us that the type of S. penniger is the same species as S. pruinosus. Sturm (1840) and Sehnem (1970) treated S. penniger as distinct from S. pruinosus, but in our view the characters they used for distinguishing these two species are not consistent; it seems best to combine these under a single name. Sticherus pruinosus and S. penniger were published simultaneously, and to avoid confusion, we propose to use S. pruinosus as the name for this taxon.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEC7F0699A6E5EDD256FE36.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — TRINIDAD. Arima-Blanchisseouse Road, ca. 10 ° 58 ’ N, 61 ° 10 ’ W, 450 m, Walker, T. 6414 (holotype BM).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEC7F0699A6E5EDD256FE36.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Best known in Trinidad, where it is fairly common along roadsides in humid forests on the northern mountain range at 200 – 450 m, but also known from scattered specimens from Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominica, Grenada, Colombia, northern and southeastern Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, and Peru. It is likely to be more common and widespread than currently known. Notes: — This triploid hybrid between S. interjectus and S. ferrugineus was described by Jermy & Walker (1985) on the basis of cytotaxonomic studies of the ferns of Trinidad. It is similar in size to S. interjectus but has a much denser indument abaxially on the segments, thus approaching S. ferrugineus. On the other hand, S. × pseudobifidus differs from S. ferrugineus in having irregularly darkened parts on the bud and branch scales, whereas S. ferrugineus has translucent or only basally darkened scales. Sticherus × pseudobifidus has conspicuously irregular segment lengths, a character shared by S. × subremotus. Also, both hybrid taxa have strikingly unequally developed 2 nd branches, i. e., the opposite pairs of branches have different lengths.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEF7F0699A6E289D45CFD61.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. Wercklé s. n. (holotype P, photo BM).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEF7F0699A6E289D45CFD61.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Mountains of Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. It is locally common in open habitats in humid montane forests at 1100 – 2100 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEF7F0699A6E05AD4B1FB4D.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Ilha de Santa Catarina, Chamisso s. n. (holotype LZ destroyed, isotype LE?). Gleichenia trachyrhizoma Christ (1906: 280). Type: — COSTA RICA. Valle del Río Navarro, Wercklé s. n. (holotype S). Dicranopteris williamsii Maxon (1912: 21). Type: — PANAMA. Cana and vicinity, 6000 ft., Williams 917 (holotype US, isotype NY).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEF7F0699A6E05AD4B1FB4D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Lowlands and lower montane zone of Costa Rica (Isla de Cocos), Panama, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Grenada, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Amazonian and southeastern Brazil. The species is widespread but apparently nowhere common, in humid forests, often near streams or along humid road banks, mostly at 400 – 1200 m but down to 100 m in Panama and 20 m in Brazil, and up to 2450 m in Bolivia.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEF7F0699A6E63ED7E3F833.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. La Palma, Pittier 1471 (holotype BR).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEF7F0699A6E63ED7E3F833.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and western Panama. On steep slopes along forest margins, landslides, and roadbanks, forming thickets in open disturbed sites, often mixed with other species of Gleicheniaceae, at 1100 – 2800 m. Notes: — This species belongs to a group of four closely related species, which also include S. hastulatus, S. orthocladus, and S. intermedius. They all have scales restricted to the buds and rhizomes, hastulate, (in some species) short-petiolate segments, accessory segments on the pinna bases, 2 - or 3 - forked veinlets on the auriculate segment bases, obscure veinlets, abaxial blade papillae in most specimens, slightly to strongly undulate segment margins, and ovate, entire, translucent to slightly matte scales. All four species co-occur in Costa Rica and often form mixed populations. Morphologically they grade into each other, with S. retroflexus and S. intermedius as the most distinct forms and S. hastulatus and S. orthocladus as intermediate forms. It is conceivable that the latter are hybrids between S. retroflexus and S. intermedius, but more detailed studies are needed.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0799A6E3E8D38EFBA4.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Loja: Saraguro, Humboldt & Bonpland s. n. (holotype P, isotypes B, US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0799A6E3E8D38EFBA4.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Excurs. nach den Llanos de San Martin; Weg von Villavicencio u. Umgegend von Villavicencio, oberhalb Batatas, Stübel 588 (holotype B).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0799A6E3E8D38EFBA4.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — High mountains in Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Hispaniola, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, and southeastern Brazil. Commonly found in open habitats in humid montane forests, around timberline, and in shrubby paramos at (1000) 1400 – 3300 m. Notes: — Sticherus revolutus is the most widespread Neotropical species of the genus. Stable morphological characters are the segmented hairlike scales adaxially on the branches, pectinate distal branches, large, trifid aphlebiae on the proximal branches, and the relative length of the branches. However, on Hispaniola there are some distinct small specimens with rugose rhizomes, very short squamophores, 1 – or 2 - forked pinnae, reduced aphlebiae or aphlebiae lacking, and fully segmented branches.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0799A6E718D25DF915.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COLOMBIA. Puente Nacional, 1650 m, Lindig 71 (holotype B, isotype US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0799A6E718D25DF915.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Locally common in mountains of Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Found in open habitats in humid montane forests, along roads, on landslides, and near streams, (800 –) 1400 – 3250 m. Notes: — Sticherus rubiginosus belongs to a group of five closely related species, which also includes S. brittonii, S. strictissimus, S. farinosus, and S. boliviensis. All five species have been considered to be conspecific (e. g., by Tryon & Stolze 1989, Østergaard & Øllgaard 2001). They all have lanceolate branch and bud scales with a marginal to central pattern of scale darkening, but they differ in the degree of separation of the segments, the shape of the midvein scales, the prominence of the veinlets, and to some degree, in the pattern of scale darkening. Most collections from the complex surrounding S. rubiginosus can readily be placed into the five species we propose. However, there are some specimens, especially from Bolivia, that are either intermediate between species or show a unique combination of characters. Since these specimens do not form a uniform group or show an indication of hybridity, they cannot be delimited as a distinct species.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0099A6E466D6EAF823.taxon	diagnosis	Folia tripartita ad sexies partita, rachidibus circiter aequilongis, perfecte pectinatis, laminis (pinnis) linearibus, segmentis oblongis, parvis, aphlebiis simplicibus. Indumentum densum e squamis apice fimbriatis margine longe ciliatis, cellulis elongatis indistinctis; squamae rhizomatis splendide aureo-brunneae, lineari-lanceolatae, cellulis valde indistinctis.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0099A6E466D6EAF823.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — VENEZUELA. Portuguesa: Ospino, 11 – 12 km WNW of La Estación, road to Palma Sola, ca. 9 ° 27 ’ N, 69 ° 35 ’ W, ca. 1300 m, 10 November 1982, Smith 1139 (holotype UC, isotypes MO, PORT, UNELLEZ, Z).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0099A6E466D6EAF823.taxon	description	Rhizomes 3.0 – 3.5 mm thick, dark brown, the scales persistent, spreading, linear-lanceolate, basally slightly auriculate, apically long-acuminate with 2 setulae, 1.2 – 2.8 × 0.3 – 0.5 mm, golden-orange to bicolorous with dark brown scale centers, the margins with irregularly arranged setulae, cell texture rigid with linear cells. Petioles ca. 20 – 40 cm long and (1.5 –) 2.5 – 3.5 (– 4.5) mm thick, light-castaneous. Rachises (7.5 –) 12.0 – 35.0 cm between pinnae, weakly scaly, aphlebiae simple, longer than the adjacent internal segments, usually overlapping. Fiddleheads 4 – 9 mm in diameter, densely scaly, the scales brilliant orange. Buds small to medium-sized, ascending, opening rapidly, the scales lanceolate, basally rounded, apically acuminate, fringed, (0.6 –) 1.5 – 2.0 (– 3.0) × 0.2 – 0.6 mm, basally approximately 18 cells wide, golden and brilliant orange, the margins with irregularly arranged, slightly curled cilia (1 / 7 –) 1 / 4 – 1 / 2 times the scale length, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture and rectangular to narrowly elongate cells. Pinnae 25 – 40 (– 60) cm long, 3 – 5 - forked, 1 st branch shorter than the 2 nd, 3 – 11 cm long, opposite pairs of equal length, with only internal segments, 2 nd and 3 rd branches equal in size, (4 –) 10 – 20 (– 35) cm long and 0.6 – 1.5 mm wide, pectinate-pinnatisect, (1.5 –) 2.0 – 3.0 (– 4.0) cm wide with segments, with ca. 3 segments per cm when 4 – 5 - forked, 4 th and 5 th branches linear, shorter than the previous, fully pectinate, proximal internal segments gradually reduced; adaxially with scattered, mixed scales, one type linear, 0.8 – 1.5 (– 2.7) × 0.05 – 0.10 mm, the margins apically with cilia 1 / 4 times the scale length, the second type reduced, 0.06 – 0.20 × 0.03 – 0.10 mm, the margins with cilia 1 – 2 times the scale length, both scale types brilliant orange, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture and long rectangular cells; abaxially with mixed scales, one type on the branch surfaces, deciduous, narrowly triangular to linear, 0.4 – 0.6 × 0.06 – 0.20 mm, the second type lateral, basally shortened, apically usually long-fringed to 0.1 mm, 1.5 – 2.0 mm × 0.1 – 0.3 mm, both scale types brilliant orange, sometimes darker at the apices, the margins with irregularly arranged, spreading cilia 1 / 5 – 1 / 2 times the scale length, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture and rectangular or linear cells. Segments oblong, (1.5 –) 3.0 – 10.0 (– 19.0) × 1.5 – 2.5 mm, the margins slightly revolute, chartaceous, the margins abaxially ciliate; veinlets parallel, slightly raised; adaxially glabrous; abaxially densely scaly on midveins and veinlets; midvein scales linear to narrowly triangular, apically usually glandular, (0.1 –) 0.3 – 0.6 (– 1.3) × (0.03 –) 0.06 – 0.10 mm, brilliant orange, the margins with spreading cilia (1 / 2 –) 1 – 2 times the scale length, lax, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture and rectangular to irregular cells; abaxial surfaces densely scaly, the scales mixed, one type arachnoid, the second type linear, 0.2 – 0.4 × 0.05 – 0.10 mm, pale orange, translucent, with lattice-like cell texture, the margins with cilia 1 / 2 – 2 times the scale length. Sori medial, superficially nested within a few arachnoid scales, 8 – 10 (– 15) pairs per segment, 3 – 4 sporangia per sorus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0099A6E466D6EAF823.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Northwestern Venezuela and adjacent Colombia, in wet montane forests, often forming colonies at forest borders and on steep, sunny slopes, 500 – 2700 m.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEE7F0099A6E466D6EAF823.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Sticherus rufus is a distinctive species with highly divided pinnae (3 – 6 - forked), linear, fully pectinate branches of roughly similar length, oblong segments, and short, simple aphlebiae. The indument consists of linear-lanceolate, translucent, brilliant orange, apically fringed scales with long marginal cilia and ill-defined, elongate cells. The rhizome scales are linear-lanceolate, brilliantly golden-brown, and with barely discerneable cells. The scale color is reminiscent of S. chocoensis, S. tepuiensis, and S. maritimus, but they all differ in numerous details from S. rufus. Sticherus chocoensis usually has basally rigid scales with a lattice-like cell structure, much longer segments, and trifid aphlebiae. Sticherus tepuiensis is shorter, lacks aphlebiae, and has rigid, dark scales. The dark scales are especially conspicuous on the buds, which can look almost black. Sticherus maritimus is much shorter with the branches only 1 - or 2 - forked; furthermore, it has oblong segments and lacks aphlebiae.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEB7F0299A6E3E8D6D4FCF6.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Collector unknown (holotype P, photo US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEB7F0299A6E3E8D6D4FCF6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — High mountains of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It is locally common in humid paramos and shrubby habitats at 2400 – 4000 m. Notes: — A number of specimens from Venezuela (Mérida: Páramo de la Negra, above Cañada, 2800, 14 February 1939, Alston 7040, BM), Ecuador (Azuay: N of Paute, 13 April 1945, Camp 2589, AAU, NY; Cuenca: Baños, Yanasacha, 2925 m, 29 December 1976, Boeke 676, NY; Cuenca: Road Cuenca – Cajas, ca. Km 8, road to Bosque Protector Río Mazán, 3050 – 3150 m, Ulloa 473, AAU); Cuenca Llantera – Chiquintad – Saucay – Guandum, 3050 m, Jaramillo 1062, AAU) and Peru (Cajamarca: San Miguel, El Tingo, 2750 m, 20 June 1980, Sagástegui 9510, NY) appear to represent hybrids between S. simplex and S. revolutus. Such hybrids were first recognized by Østergaard & Øllgaard (2001). They are morphologically intermediate between S. simplex and S. revolutus and also have partly malformed spores. Morphological characters they share with S. simplex are the segment length and shape, cell texture of the abaxial branch and bud scales, whereas they are similar to S. revolutus by having 1 – or 2 - forked pinnae and the hairlike scales on the adaxial branches. The midvein scales are a mixture of stellate scales (as in S. simplex), arachnoid scales, and linear scales (as in S. revolutus).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEB7F0299A6E0C9D451FB41.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, 8 April 1868, Glaziou 2279 (holotype P).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEB7F0299A6E0C9D451FB41.taxon	materials_examined	BRAZIL. São Paulo, Serra do Mar, 26 April 1914, Brade 6924 (holotype S, isotype US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEB7F0299A6E0C9D451FB41.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Locally common in humid forests from sea level to 900 m in southeastern Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina), and very local and uncommon in semihumid forests at 1900 – 2800 m in the Bolivian Andes.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEB7F0299A6E63AD7E1F825.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COSTA RICA. Wercklé 215 (holotype P, isotype US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEB7F0299A6E63AD7E1F825.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Mountains of Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. It is locally common in Costa Rica and Ecuador, but apparently rare elsewhere; grows in disturbed habitats in humid montane forests at 1400 – 2400 m. Notes: — Sticherus stictissimus has usually been considered to be conspecific with S. rubiginosus and was thought to be just a dwarf form of that species. In fact, Østergaard & Øllgaard (2001) believed that S. strictissimus and Gleichenia salesiana (see under doubtful names) represented precociously fertile specimens of S. rubiginosus. However, in addition to size, S. strictissimus also differs from S. rubiginosus by having shorter segments with pointed apices, less densely scaly rhizomes, simple to forked, thick, whitish filamentous scales on the midveins, obscure veinlets with thick, whitish filamentous scales, and abundant papillae on segment surfaces. Based on all these differences, it seems best to consider both entities as distinct species.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEA7F0399A6E3E8D668FD0E.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Trinidad: Blanchisseuse Ward, 450 m, Walker T. 6416 (holotype BM).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEA7F0399A6E3E8D668FD0E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Trinidad; likely to be more widespread. It grows on open banks at forest edges or along roadsides, forming mixed colonies with S. interjectus and S. remotus at 60 – 600 m. Notes: — This hybrid between S. interjectus and S. remotus was cytologically studied and described by Jermy and Walker (1985). It differs from S. interjectus by the more rounded and broader bases of the bud scales, from S. remotus by the approximate segments, abaxial segment surfaces scales, and it is different from both these species by having less regularly shaped and darkened scale cells. Many species in the species complex around S. remotus have unequally developed 2 nd branches, and this pattern is particularly noticeable in S. × subremotus.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEA7F0399A6E181D7CFFB8D.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — VENEZUELA. Bolívar, Meseta del Jaua, Cerro Sarisariñama, porción NE, bosque enano por encima y al borde de la Sima Mayor, 4 ° 41 ’ 40 ” N, 64 ° 13 ’ 20 ” W, 1320 m, 13 February 1974, Steyermark 109036 (holotype US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEA7F0399A6E181D7CFFB8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Endemic to montane forests at 1300 – 2100 m in southeastern Venezuela in Bolívar (Cerro Jaua, Cerro Sarisariñama) and Amazonas (Cerro Duida), and in adjacent Guyana (Pakaraima Mts.).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEA7F0399A6E7FED6A7F921.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Collector unknown (holotype S, herb. Cavanilles, US photo).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEA7F0399A6E7FED6A7F921.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — The Guayana Highlands in southeastern Venezuela (to be expected in adjacent Guyana) and the Andes in northwestern Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Is is locally common along humid forest edges, along roads, on landslides, and along streams at 1700 – 3000 m. Notes: — Morphologically, this species is at the center of a complex of seven closely related species which include: S. blepharolepis, S. buchtienii, S. jacha, S. lanosus, S. tomentosus, and S. velatus. Traditionally all seven taxa have been considered to belong to a single, variable species (Tryon & Stolze 1989, Østergaard & Øllgaard 2001). In their study of the genus in Ecuador, Østergaard & Øllgaard (2001) recognized S. blepharolepis as a distinct species. A closer examination of the morphological variability of the complex over its entire geographical distribution has convinced us that there are seven distinct entities, which are treated here at the species level.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEA7F1C99A6E59AD5F4FD28.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — MEXICO. Chiapas: Ghiesbreght 271 (holotype NY, isotypes BM, GH, K, NY, PH, US).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFEA7F1C99A6E59AD5F4FD28.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Mountains of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. In wet montane cloud forests, pine-oak forests, clearings, and along roadsides, often forming large colonies on rocky ground, at 1600 – 3000 m, down to 1350 m in the Greater Antilles. Notes: — Two collections from El Salvador (Santa Ana, Cordillera Miramundo, mountain of Montecristo, 2000 – 2200 m, 27 – 31 January 1966, Molina 16747, GH; Santa Ana, Parque Nacional Montecristo, Cordillera de Metapan, 14 ° 27 ’ N, 89 ° 22 ’ W, 2100 – 2250 m, 27 January 1998, Davidse 37269, BM) are similar in appearance to S. underwoodianus, but are larger, more densely scaly, especially on the midveins, have bud scales with matte bases and translucent margins (vs. matte throughout), and have midvein scales that are linear to branched and hairlike (vs. linear and fringed). Superficially similar specimens, especially with respect to the branch and midvein scales, are also known from Bolivia (La Paz, Murillo, SW of Zongo, 2300 – 2400 m, 5 March 1983, Molau & Solomon 667, S) and southeastern Brazil (São Paulo, Estação Biologica Alto da Serra, 23 ° 47 ’ S, 46 ° 19 ’ W, 800 – 900 m, 14 February 1929, Smith L. B. 1908, S, US), but whether these are related to each other and to the collections from El Salvador is uncertain. In the Bolivian specimen, the bud scales are more densely fringed, whereas in the Brazilian collection the scales have fewer, stiffer cilia, thus approaching S. squamosus. The Brazilian collection has been identified as S. subflagellaris Christ, but the application of this name is uncertain (see under doubtful names).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFF57F1C99A6E1A3D57FFBB4.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Huánuco: Pampayacu, July 1829, Poeppig s. n. (holotype W, the fragment of Poeppig s. n. at US annotated as isotype of S. velatus is S. lanosus).	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
0380F37CFFF57F1C99A6E1A3D57FFBB4.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Disjunct and apparently nowhere common in the Andes of Venezeula, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, and in southeastern Brazil. In montane forests, clearings, and along roadsides at 1500 – 2400 m, down to 900 m in Brazil.	en	Gonzales, Jasivia, Kessler, Michael (2011): A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae), with descriptions of nine new species. Phytotaxa 31: 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.31.1.1
