identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3F64C34FFFF17210FF6CF47AFA29F95C.text	3F64C34FFFF17210FF6CF47AFA29F95C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys Wendl. ex Hooker 1883	<div><p>Pholidostachys Wendl. ex Hooker 1883</p> <p>Pholidostachys Wendl. ex Hooker 1883: 915. Type: Pholidostachys pulchra Wendl. ex Burret</p> <p>Calyptrogyne subgen. Pholidostachys (Wendl. ex Hooker) Wessels Boer 1968: 73.</p> <p>Stems solitary, more rarely clustered, 3.8(0.1–11.0) m long, 6.6(3.0–22.0) cm diameter. Leaves 14(4–27); sheaths 34.7(14.0–110.0) cm long; petioles 73.5(20.0–150.0) cm long; rachises 106.9(32.0–234.0) cm long, 9.6(3.3–24.4) cm wide; pinnae 9(3–18) per side of rachis; basal pinna 50.7(26.5–92.0) cm long, 2.1(0.2–10.0) cm wide, forming an angle of 54(27–93) ° with the rachis; apical pinna 42.7(23.0–65.0) cm long, 13.2(2.5– 27.0) cm wide, forming an angle of 16(7–29)° with the rachis. Inflorescences branched 1 order, with an elongate peduncle, short rachis, and several rachillae, these pendulous at anthesis, or inflorescences branched 1–2 orders, with a well-developed peduncle and rachis, and several rachillae, these spreading at anthesis, or inflorescences branched 1 order (rarely 2 orders), with a well-developed peduncle, short rachis, and several rachillae, these erect at anthesis, or inflorescences spicate, with a well-developed peduncle, absent rachis, and 1 rachilla, this arching or erect at anthesis, or inflorescences spicate, with a short peduncle, absent rachis, and 1 rachilla, this erect at anthesis; prophylls 23.9(5.0–62.0) cm long; peduncular bracts 33.9(12.5–65.0) cm long, the bracts inserted 5.1(1.1–12.5) cm apart; prophylls and peduncular bracts fibrous, covering all or part of the rachilla(e) at anthesis, or prophylls and peduncular bracts woody, not covering rachilla(e) at anthesis; peduncles 25.5(3.5–171.0) cm long, 9.0(3.2–19.1) cm wide; rachillae 5(1–25), 33.3(7.5–85.0) cm long, 7.4(3.7–16.2) mm wide; proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, completely covering pits before anthesis and not or seldom recurved, or proximal lips of flower pits irregularly shaped, often acute or acuminate, completely covering pits before anthesis, or proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, not covering pits before anthesis, recurved; fruits compressed, obovoid in lateral view with an asymmetric base, ellipsoid in frontal view, with a pronounced longitudinal ridge on one side and several lesser ridges on opposite side, or fruits compressed, obovoid in lateral view with an asymmetric base, ellipsoid in frontal view, with a pronounced meridional ridge, or fruits scarcely compressed, obovoid, with obscure longitudinal ridges, or fruits widely obovoid, without pronounced longitudinal ridges, or fruits scarcely compressed, ellipsoid, with obscure longitudinal ridges.</p> <p>Key to the species of Pholidostachys</p> <p>1 Prophylls and peduncular bracts fibrous, covering all or part of the rachilla(e) at anthesis....................................... 2</p> <p>- Prophylls and peduncular bracts woody, not covering rachilla(e) at anthesis............................................................. 4</p> <p>2 Inflorescences spicate, with a short peduncle, absent rachis, and one rachilla, this erect at anthesis; central Panama................................................................................................................................................................. P. panamensis</p> <p>- Inflorescences branched 1 order, with a well-developed peduncle, short rachis, and several rachillae, these erect at anthesis; eastern Panama, western Colombia, and western Ecuador........................................................................... 3</p> <p>3 Fruits 19.8(19.6–19.9) mm long, compressed in lateral view with an asymmetric base, ellipsoid in frontal view, with a pronounced meridional ridge; Colombia (Cordillera Central).............................................................. P. sanluisensis</p> <p>- Fruits 12.2(8.8–16.3) mm long, scarcely compressed, obovoid, with obscure longitudinal ridges; western Colombia (Cordillera Occidental and Chocó) and western Ecuador......................................................................... P. dactyloides</p> <p>4 Inflorescences branched 1 order, with an elongate peduncle, short rachis, and several rachillae, these pendulous at anthesis; western Colombia and western Ecuador.................................................................................. P. occidentalis</p> <p>- Inflorescences branched 1–2 orders, with a well-developed peduncle and rachis, and several rachillae, these spreading at anthesis, or inflorescences spicate, with a well-developed peduncle, absent rachis, and one rachilla, this arching or erect at anthesis.................................................................................................................................................. 5</p> <p>5 Inflorescences branched 1–2 orders, with a well-developed peduncle and rachis, and several rachillae, these spreading at anthesis........................................................................................................................................... P. synanthera</p> <p>- Inflorescences spicate, with a well-developed peduncle, absent rachis, and one rachilla, this arching or erect at anthesis......................................................................................................................................................................... 6</p> <p>6 Proximal lips of flower pits completely covering pits before anthesis and not recurved; Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia....................................................................................................................................... P. pulchra</p> <p>- Proximal lips of flower pits not covering pits before anthesis, recurved; Peru..................................... P. amazonensis</p> <p>1. Pholidostachys amazonensis Henderson, sp. nov. (Appendix IV, Plate 1)</p> <p>It differs from other species in its spicate inflorescence and proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, not covering pits before anthesis, recurved.</p> <p>Type:— PERU. Amazonas: Bagua Province, along roadside from Chiriaco to Puente Venezuela, 43 km (by road) NE of Chiriaco, ca. 1050–2400 ft., 5 November 1978, P. Barbour 4471 (holotype USM n.v., isotype MO!).</p> <p>Stems no data. Leaves number per stem no data; sheaths and petioles no data; rachises 42.0 cm long, 3.7 mm diameter; pinnae 6 per side of rachis; basal pinna no data; apical pinna length no data, 3.5 cm wide, forming an angle of 15° with the rachis. Inflorescences spicate, with a well-developed peduncle, absent rachis, and 1 rachilla, this arching at anthesis; prophylls and peduncular bracts woody, not covering rachilla at anthesis; prophylls and peduncular bracts no data; peduncles length no data, 3.2 mm diameter; rachilla 1, 18.7 cm long, 5.9 mm diameter; proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, not covering pits before anthesis, recurved; fruits no data.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. At 4°56’N and 78°10’W in Peru (Amazonas) at medium elevations in lowland rainforest (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes. For inflorescence bracts and proximal flower pit shape, Pholidostachys amazonensis shares the same character states as P. synanthera. Fruits are lacking on the single specimen available. However, inflorescences of the two are quite different. Pholidostachys amazonensis has spicate inflorescences with a well-developed peduncle, absent rachis, and 1 rachilla, this arching at anthesis. Pholidostachys synanthera has inflorescences branched 1–2 orders with a well-developed peduncle and rachis, and several rachillae, these spreading at anthesis.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF17210FF6CF47AFA29F95C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFF07213FF6CF44AFDF8FD6A.text	3F64C34FFFF07213FF6CF44AFDF8FD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys amazonensis Henderson 2012	<div><p>1. Pholidostachys amazonensis Henderson, sp. nov. (Appendix IV, Plate 1)</p> <p>It differs from other species in its spicate inflorescence and proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, not covering pits before anthesis, recurved.</p> <p>Type:— PERU. Amazonas: Bagua Province, along roadside from Chiriaco to Puente Venezuela, 43 km (by road) NE of Chiriaco, ca. 1050–2400 ft., 5 November 1978, P. Barbour 4471 (holotype USM n.v., isotype MO!).</p> <p>Stems no data. Leaves number per stem no data; sheaths and petioles no data; rachises 42.0 cm long, 3.7 mm diameter; pinnae 6 per side of rachis; basal pinna no data; apical pinna length no data, 3.5 cm wide, forming an angle of 15° with the rachis. Inflorescences spicate, with a well-developed peduncle, absent rachis, and 1 rachilla, this arching at anthesis; prophylls and peduncular bracts woody, not covering rachilla at anthesis; prophylls and peduncular bracts no data; peduncles length no data, 3.2 mm diameter; rachilla 1, 18.7 cm long, 5.9 mm diameter; proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, not covering pits before anthesis, recurved; fruits no data.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. At 4°56’N and 78°10’W in Peru (Amazonas) at medium elevations in lowland rainforest (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes. For inflorescence bracts and proximal flower pit shape, Pholidostachys amazonensis shares the same character states as P. synanthera. Fruits are lacking on the single specimen available. However, inflorescences of the two are quite different. Pholidostachys amazonensis has spicate inflorescences with a well-developed peduncle, absent rachis, and 1 rachilla, this arching at anthesis. Pholidostachys synanthera has inflorescences branched 1–2 orders with a well-developed peduncle and rachis, and several rachillae, these spreading at anthesis.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF07213FF6CF44AFDF8FD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFF37213FF6CF099FD87FB4E.text	3F64C34FFFF37213FF6CF099FD87FB4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys dactyloides Moore 1967	<div><p>2. Pholidostachys dactyloides Moore (1967: 148).</p> <p>Calyptrogyne dactyloides (Moore) Wessels Boer, 1968: 74. Type:— COLOMBIA. El Valle: Costa del Pacifico, río Yurumanguí, El Papayo, 10–20 m, 5 February 1944, J. Cuatrecasas 15982 (holotype BH!, isotypes COL!, F!, US!).</p> <p>Stems 5.4(2.0–10.0) m long, 7.7(4.0–12.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves 15(6–25) per stem; sheaths 45.4(14.0–110.0) cm long; petioles 56.8(20.0–122.0) cm long; rachises 135.4(68.0–231.0) cm long, 13.3(7.9– 20.1) mm diameter; pinnae 10(6–17) per side of rachis; basal pinna 57.9(34.0–92.0) cm long, 2.4(0.7–7.5) cm wide, forming an angle of 53(30–74)° with the rachis; apical pinna 45.0(36.0–58.0) cm long, 15.3(4.5–22.5) cm wide, forming an angle of 13(7–20)° with the rachis. Inflorescences branched 1 order (rarely 2 orders), with a well-developed peduncle, short rachis, and several rachillae, these erect at anthesis; prophylls and peduncular bracts fibrous, covering all or part of the rachillae at anthesis; prophylls 46.0(30.0–59.0) cm long; peduncular bracts 56.7(50.0–65.0) cm long, inserted 6.2(2.5–11.0) cm above the prophyll; peduncles 16.3(8.5–25.5) cm long, 10.4(4.7–19.0) mm diameter; rachillae 9(2–16), 35.5(15.5–75.0) cm long, 6.3(4.5– 9.7) mm diameter; proximal lips of flower pits irregularly shaped, often acute or acuminate, completely covering pits before anthesis; fruits scarcely compressed, obovoid, with obscure longitudinal ridges, 12.2(8.8–16.3) mm long, 7.9(5.8–11.5) mm diameter.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. From 8°50’N – 3°11’S and 76°03’– 79°14’W in eastern Panama, western Colombia, and western Ecuador at 444(5–1440) m elevation in lowland or montane rainforest (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes. Pholidostachys dactyloides is a widespread and variable species with an unusually wide elevation range.</p> <p>Subspecific variation. Specimens occur in several different populations. The northernmost specimens, from two localities in eastern Panama, are distinct in their short rachillae and acuminate proximal lips (Fig. 3A, left).</p> <p>These Panamanian specimens strongly resemble others from the northern part of the Chocó region of Colombia, where they occur at both high and low elevations. However, some of these have rachillae of the more usual length.</p> <p>Further south, in the Valle region of Colombia, specimens are similar to those from southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador, and both populations have less acuminate proximal lips (Fig. 3A, right).</p> <p>There is a large population in southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. One specimen from there (Vargas 6108) has inflorescences branched to 2 orders. Regression shows there are significant associations between elevation and four leaf and five inflorescence variables in this population. Squared multiple R for the regression of leaf number on elevation is 0.29, rachis width 0.40, number of pinnae 0.27, basal pinna angle 0.40, peduncle width 0.37, rachilla length 0.30, rachilla width 0.42, fruit length 0.62, fruit diameter 0.51. Values for these variables increase with elevation except for basal pinna angle. Notably, rachillae are thicker at higher elevations.</p> <p>The southernmost specimens, in southwestern Ecuador, differ slightly from those in southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. Although there are too few specimens to test for differences, they have shorter and narrower apical pinnae.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF37213FF6CF099FD87FB4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFF27215FF6CF469FB3CFF05.text	3F64C34FFFF27215FF6CF469FB3CFF05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys occidentalis , Henderson 2012	<div><p>3. Pholidostachys occidentalis Henderson, sp. nov. (Appendix IV, Plates 2–8)</p> <p>It differs from other species in its branched inflorescences and compressed, obovoid fruits with a pronounced longitudinal ridge on one side.</p> <p>Type:— ECUADOR. Pichincha: Road from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.28333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.25/lat -0.28333333)">Santo Domingo</a> to <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.28333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.25/lat -0.28333333)">Quevedo</a>, 12 km S of Santo Domingo, 0°17’S 79°15’W, 300 m, 24 July 1985, H. Balslev, A. Henderson &amp; F. Skov 60678 (holotype QCA n.v., isotypes AAU!, K!, NY!).</p> <p>Stems 5.4(2.5–11.0) m long, 10.4(7.0–15.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves 15(12–20) per stem; sheaths 25.3(16.0–40.0) cm long; petioles 51.7(45.0–60.0) cm long; rachises 192.0(150.0–234.0) cm long, 16.3(7.8– 24.4) mm diameter; pinnae 12(8–13) per side of rachis; basal pinna 47.4(34.0–83.0) cm, long, 3.9(1.4–10.0) cm wide, forming an angle of 54(34–67)° with the rachis; apical pinna 42.9(34.0–54.0) cm long, 18.5(10.0– 25.5) cm wide, forming an angle of 25(18–29)° with the rachis. Inflorescences branched 1 order, with an elongate peduncle, short rachis, and several rachillae, these pendulous at anthesis; prophylls and peduncular bracts woody, not covering rachillae at anthesis; prophylls 62.0 cm long; peduncular bracts 59.0 cm long, inserted 7.8(4.0–11.5) cm above the prophyll; peduncles 114.1(72.0–171.0) cm long, 10.1(6.3–12.5) mm diameter; rachilla 8(6–11), 50.8(33.0–64.0) cm long, 7.4(6.3–8.6) mm diameter; proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, not covering pits before anthesis, recurved; fruits compressed, obovoid in lateral view with an asymmetric base, ellipsoid in frontal view, with a pronounced longitudinal ridge on one side and several lesser ridges on opposite side, 17.0(16.2–18.0) mm long, 9.3(8.5–9.8) mm diameter.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. From 3°43S’ – 6°45’N and 76°02’– 79°46’W in western Colombia and western Ecuador at 854(300–1600) m elevation in lowland or montane rainforest (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes. Borchsenius et al. (1998) were the first to point out the differences between populations of Pholidostachys synanthera from west and east of the Andes. The western population, here recognized at the specific level as P. occidentalis, has inflorescences that are branched to 1 order and have elongate peduncles, short rachises, and several rachillae that are pendulous at anthesis (Fig. 1B) (versus P. synanthera with inflorescences that are branched 1–2 orders and have well-developed peduncles and rachises, and several rachillae that are spreading at anthesis). The fruits of the two species also differ. Pholidostachys occidentalis has compressed fruits, obovoid in lateral view with an asymmetric base, ellipsoid in frontal view, with a pronounced longitudinal ridge on one side and several lesser ridges on the opposite side (Fig. 4B). Pholidostachys synanthera has scarcely compressed fruits that are ellipsoid with obscure longitudinal ridges (Fig. 4F).</p> <p>Subspecific variation. Pholidostachys occidentalis occurs in scattered localities from southwestern Ecuador to northwestern Colombia, but there are too few specimens to test for differences amongst these populations. Like P. dactyloides, this species has an unusually wide range in elevation.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF27215FF6CF469FB3CFF05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFF57215FF6CF270FE49FBBA.text	3F64C34FFFF57215FF6CF270FE49FBBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys panamensis Henderson 2012	<div><p>4. Pholidostachys panamensis Henderson, sp. nov. (Appendix IV, Plates 9–14)</p> <p>It differs from other species in its spicate inflorescences and widely obovoid fruits without pronounced longitudinal ridges.</p> <p>Type:— PANAMA. Coclé: Continental Divide above <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.65/lat 8.633333)">El Copé</a>, 8°38’N, 80°39’W, 650–750 m, 27 November 1985, G. de Nevers, A. Henderson, H. Herrera, G. McPherson &amp; L. Brako 6371 (holotype NY!, isotype MO!).</p> <p>Stems 1.1(0.1–3.0) m long, 7.4(4.0–11.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves 12(8–19) per stem; sheaths 21.5(15.0–27.0) cm long; petioles 102.1(36.0–150.0) cm long; rachises 126.1(72.0–155.0) cm long, 8.8(6.1– 11.1) mm diameter; pinnae 6(5–8) per side of rachis; basal pinna 52.8(28.5–78.0) cm, long, 5.2(0.7–10.0) cm wide, angle with the rachis no data; apical pinna 42.4(32.5–49.5) cm long, 18.0(10.0–27.0) cm wide, forming an angle of 17(10–28)° with the rachis. Inflorescences spicate, with a short peduncle, absent rachis, and 1 rachilla, this erect at anthesis; prophylls and peduncular bracts fibrous, covering all or part of the rachilla at anthesis; prophylls 15.2(11.5–18.5) cm long; peduncular bracts 20.2(19.0–22.5) cm long, inserted 3.3(2.0– 5.0) cm above the prophyll; peduncles 4.6(3.5–6.2) cm long, 10.0(8.2–13.5) mm diameter; rachilla 1, 13.6(11.5–15.5) cm long, 10.0(8.2–12.1) mm diameter; proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, completely covering pits before anthesis and not recurved; fruits widely obovoid, without pronounced longitudinal ridges, 28.6(22.5–32.1) mm long, 20.8(18.1–24.5) mm diameter.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. From 8°34’– 9°25’N and 78°48’– 80°56’W in Panama at 483(60–768) m elevation in lowland rainforest (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes. Pholidostachys panamensis differs from other species in its spicate inflorescences and widely obovoid fruits (Fig. 4C). See notes on Pholidostachys kalbreyeri under Excluded Names.</p> <p>Subspecific variation. There are two separate populations of Pholidostachys panamensis, occurring 170 km apart in Panama. Although sample size is small, the western population, on the eastern end of the Central Cordillera, has shorter stems, shorter petioles, and shorter and thinner basal pinnae than the eastern population, on the western end of the Serranía de San Blas. The western population also occurs at a higher mean elevation— 722(695–768) m versus 303(60–450) m.</p> <p>de Nevers (1995) reported that some specimens have bifid inflorescences, but no such specimens have been seen in the present study.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF57215FF6CF270FE49FBBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFF57217FF6CF6E9FB12F99E.text	3F64C34FFFF57217FF6CF6E9FB12F99E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys pulchra Burret 1930	<div><p>5. Pholidostachys pulchra Wendl. ex Burret (1930: 130).</p> <p>Calyptrogyne pulchra (Wendl. ex Burret) Wessels</p> <p>Boer, 1968: 74. Type: COSTA RICA. Heredia: “flum. Sarapiquí”, 1857, H. Wendland s. n. (holotype GOET n.v., isotype K!).</p> <p>Stems 3.7(1.5–6.6) m long, 4.6(3.0–8.0) cm diameter, solitary or rarely clustered. Leaves 12(7–23) per stem; sheaths 32.1(20.0–48.0) cm long; petioles 85.3(49.0–150.0) cm long; rachises 70.5(32.0–130.0) cm long, 6.8(3.3–13.1) mm diameter; pinnae 6(3–9) per side of rachis; basal pinna 48.1(35.5–61.0) cm long, 1.2(0.4– 3.0) cm wide, forming an angle of 62(42–93)° with the rachis; apical pinna 40.3(30.0–54.0) cm long, 11.3(4.0–20.0) cm wide, forming an angle of 16(11–27)° with the rachis. Inflorescences spicate, with a welldeveloped peduncle, absent rachis, and 1 rachilla, this arching or erect at anthesis; prophylls 14.8(5.0–29.0) cm long; peduncular bracts 31.4(12.5–59.0) cm long, inserted 3.4(1.1–10.0) cm above the prophyll; peduncles 13.1(4.5–33.0) cm long, 5.7(3.6–11.8) mm diameter; rachilla 1, 37.2(7.5–85.0) cm long, 9.4(6.2–16.2) mm diameter; proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, completely covering pits before anthesis and not recurved; fruits compressed, obovoid in lateral view with an asymmetric base, ellipsoid in frontal view, with a pronounced longitudinal ridge on one side and several lesser ridges on opposite side, 22.3(11.5–29.2) mm long, 11.1(6.6–14.6) mm diameter.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. From 11°22’– 3°10’N and 76°13’– 84°24’W in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and western Colombia at 331(12–1000) m elevation in lowland rainforest (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes. Pholidostachys pulchra shares with P. panamensis a spicate inflorescence and unequal prophyll and peduncular bract. It is a widespread and variable species.</p> <p>Subspecific variation. Pholidostachys pulchra occurs in at least six geographically separate populations. However, no subspecific division is made here for two reasons. It is not clear if the gaps between some of the populations are artifacts of insufficient collecting, and in most cases there are too few specimens to test for differences amongst populations.</p> <p>From the north, at low elevations of 245(15–750) m in Nicaragua and Costa Rica there is a large and apparently uniform population. This population has proximal lips that are slightly different from other populations; they are wider than long and the apex of each lip slightly overlaps the bases of the next two, distal lips (Fig. 3C, left). One specimen from near Puerto Viejo in Costa Rica is reported to have clustered stems; all others are solitary. There is a single outlier in Costa Rica, from the Osa Peninsula.</p> <p>The gap between the Nicaraguan and Costa Rican population and the next, in Veraguas, Panama appears real since there are collections of many other palms from the intervening region. The Veraguas population occurs at higher elevations of 712(400–1000) m and has shorter stems, smaller leaves, smaller inflorescences, and larger fruits than the Nicaragua / Costa Rica population.</p> <p>The next population, in Coclé, Panama, occurs at slightly lower elevations at 519(100–775) m. It has shorter and narrower apical pinnae with a narrower angle and longer peduncular bracts and interbract distances than other populations. One specimen from here is reported to have clustered stems.</p> <p>The next population occurs east of the Canal Zone, in three areas, the Santa Rita Ridge, Cerro Brewster, and the western end of the Serranía de San Blas. These are likely to represent collecting localities rather than populations, and all are treated together. This population occurs also occurs at slightly lower elevations at 426(200–850) m. It has longer stems, longer and wider rachises, longer and wider peduncles, and longer and wider rachillae than other Central American populations. One specimen (de Nevers 5206) has an unusually short inflorescence. In this population, several specimens are reported to have clustered stems. This and other Panamanian populations (Veraguas, Coclé) have different proximal lips from the Costa Rican/Nicaraguan population; they are usually longer than wide and do not overlap the two distal lips (Fig. 3C, right). However, a few specimens from San Blas have proximal lips more like the Costa Rican/Nicaraguan population.</p> <p>Almost 500 km further south, there are two populations in western Colombia. One of these, from near Quibdó at 356(200–450) m elevation, comprises several specimens that have unusually short inflorescences and smaller fruits. These tend to have the inflorescence bracts surrounding, although not covering, the rachilla at anthesis.</p> <p>Furthest south, from Valle at 129(12–600) m elevation, there are several specimens that also have unusually small fruits, like those of the population from near Quibdó. However, unlike that population, the Valle specimens have the longest rachillae of any population of Pholidostachys pulchra.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF57217FF6CF6E9FB12F99E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFF77216FF6CF485FAFBFE9B.text	3F64C34FFFF77216FF6CF485FAFBFE9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys sanluisensis Henderson 2012	<div><p>6. Pholidostachys sanluisensis Henderson, sp. nov. (Appendix IV, Plates 15–23)</p> <p>It differs from other species in its compressed fruits, obovoid in lateral view with an asymmetric base, ellipsoid in frontal view, with a pronounced meridional ridge.</p> <p>Type:— COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Municipio San Luis, Vereda Manizales, 12 km de San Luis en la via San Luis-San Carlos, a lo largo del río Dormilón, 1440 m, 26 June 1987, R. Callejas, H. Correa, J. Betancur &amp; A. Arbelaez 4274 (holotype HUA n.v., isotype NY!).</p> <p>Stems 3.1(2.0–5.0) m long, 4 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves 11(9–15) per stem; sheaths 50 cm long; petioles 93.5(87.0–100.0) cm long; rachises 92 cm long, 9.5(7.6–11.9) mm diameter; pinnae 9(7–12) per side of rachis; basal pinna 39 cm long, 1.4(1.0–2.0) cm wide, forming an angle of 74(57–85)° with the rachis; apical pinna 30.5 cm long, 12.8(6.0–19.3) cm wide, forming an angle of 13(9–20)° with the rachis. Inflorescences branched 1 order, with a welldeveloped peduncle, short rachis, and several rachillae, these erect at anthesis; prophylls and peduncular bracts fibrous, covering all or part of the rachillae at anthesis; prophylls length no data; peduncular bracts 41.4 cm long, inserted 7.0(4.5–11.5) cm above the prophyll; peduncles 18.0(13.5– 26.0) cm long, 8.3(7.6–9.2) mm diameter; rachillae 4, 36.4(26.0–43.5) cm long, 7.9(6.7–8.8) mm diameter; proximal lips of flower pits irregularly shaped, often acute or acuminate, completely covering pits before anthesis; fruits compressed, obovoid in lateral view with an asymmetric base, ellipsoid in frontal view, with a pronounced meridional ridge, 19.8(19.6–19.9) mm long, 10.3(9.8–10.7) mm diameter.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. From 5°57’– 6°08’N and 74°51’– 75°10’W in Colombia (Antioquia) on the Cordillera Central at 1004(700–1440) m elevation in lowland or montane rainforest (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes. Specimens of Pholidostachys sanluisensis have been determined as P. dactyloides. They differ from that species in their fruits that are compressed, obovoid in lateral view with an asymmetric base, ellipsoid in frontal view, with a pronounced meridional ridge (Fig. 4E) (versus fruits that are scarcely compressed, obovoid, with an obscure longitudinal ridge in P. dactyloides, Fig. 4A). Fruits of P. sanluisensis are also larger—19.8(19.6–19.9) mm long and 10.3(9.8–10.7) mm diameter versus 9.0(6.0–16.5) mm long and 6.8(5.1–12.9) mm diameter in P. dactyloides.</p> <p>Subspecific variation. There is no geographic discontinuity and only a few specimens are known.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF77216FF6CF485FAFBFE9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFF67216FF6CF38AFA8EFAA4.text	3F64C34FFFF67216FF6CF38AFA8EFAA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys synanthera (Martius) Moore 1969	<div><p>7. Pholidostachys synanthera (Mart.) Moore (1969: 231).</p> <p>Geonoma synanthera Martius, 1823 –1837: 13. Calyptrogyne synanthera (Mart.) Burret, 1930: 137. Calyptronoma synanthera (Mart.) Bailey, 1938: 166. Type:— PERU. Huánuco: Chicoplaya, no date, H. Ruíz &amp; J. Pavón s. n. (holotype M n.v., isotype F!).</p> <p>Stems 3.3(1.0–6.0) m long, 5.6(3.0–22.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves 15(4–27) per stem; sheaths 32.8(15.0–74.0) cm long; petioles 70.1(24.0–136.0) cm long; rachises 84.0(48.0–124.0) cm long, 8.1(3.6– 12.6) mm diameter; pinnae 10(4–18) per side of rachis; basal pinna 49.6(26.5–67.5) cm, long, 1.7(0.2–7.6) cm wide, forming an angle of 50(27–72)° with the rachis; apical pinna 45.0(23.0–65.0) cm long, 10.5(2.5–22.5) cm wide, forming an angle of 15(9–24)° with the rachis. Inflorescences branched 1–2 orders, with a welldeveloped peduncle and rachis, and several rachillae, these spreading at anthesis; prophylls and peduncular bracts woody, not covering rachillae at anthesis; prophylls 38.0(25.5–55.0) cm long; peduncular bracts 32.1(19.0–41.0) cm long, inserted 8.6(5.0–12.5) cm above the prophyll; peduncles 44.8(20.0–70.0) cm long, 11.4(5.3–19.1) mm diameter; rachilla 12(4–25), 28.5(14.0–56.0) cm long, 6.1(3.7–10.3) mm diameter; proximal lips of flower pits regularly shaped, rounded, not covering pits before anthesis, recurved fruits scarcely compressed, ellipsoid, with obscure longitudinal ridges, 14.3(10.2–17.7) mm long, 8.4(6.1–10.5) mm diameter.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes. Pholidostachys synanthera is the most widespread species in the genus.</p> <p>Subspecific variation. There are three geographically separate populations of Pholidostachys synanthera. One occurs at 146(90–250) m elevation in the western Amazon region; the second on eastern Andean slopes at 1040(400–1620) m elevation; and the third on the Cordilleras Central and Oriental in Colombia at 1206(550–1750) m elevation. Only three variables (rachis length, number of divisions, apical pinna angle) are significantly different between the two Andean populations (t -test, P &lt;0.05), and they are here treated as one. Between this expanded Andean population and the Amazon population, 11 variables (stem height, stem diameter, leaf number, rachis length, rachis width, number of divisions, basal pinna length, basal pinna angle, apical pinna length, apical pinna width, rachillae width) are significantly different (t -test, P &lt;0.05). Most of these variables are from stems and leaves, and only one from inflorescences. Based on these results, Amazon and Andean populations are recognized as subspecies (subspp. robusta, synanthera).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF67216FF6CF38AFA8EFAA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFF67216FDB0F7CFFA29FBD5.text	3F64C34FFFF67216FDB0F7CFFA29FBD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys synanthera (Martius) Moore 1969	<div><p>Key to the subspecies of P. synanthera</p> <p>1 Stems 2.6(1.0–6.0) m long; rachises 74.1(48.0–91.0) cm long; pinnae7(4–12) per side of rachis; western Amazon region in Colombia, Peru, and Brazil at 146(90–250) m elevation......................................................... subsp. robusta</p> <p>- Stems 3.9(1.8–6.0) m long; rachises 92.2(55.0–124.0) cm long; pinnae12(7–18) per side of rachis; Cordilleras Central and Oriental in Colombia and eastern Andean slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru at 1064(400–1750) m elevation.................................................................................................................................................. subsp. synanthera</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF67216FDB0F7CFFA29FBD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFF67209FF6CF6EAFDECF84B.text	3F64C34FFFF67209FF6CF6EAFDECF84B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys synanthera subsp. synanthera	<div><p>7.1 Pholidostachys synanthera subsp. synanthera</p> <p>Stems 3.9(1.8–6.0) m long. Leaf rachises 92.2(55.0–124.0) cm long; pinnae12(7–18) per side of rachis.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. From 7°19’N – 13°31’S and 70°07’– 78°57’W in the Cordilleras</p> <p>Central and Oriental in Colombia and eastern Andean slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru at 1064(400– 1750) m elevation in lowland or montane rainforest (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Subspecific variation. Regression shows there are significant associations between elevation and one stem, four leaf, and one inflorescence variables. Squared multiple R for the regression of stem height on elevation is 0.30, sheath length 0.88, number of pinnae 0.42, basal pinna width 0.37, apical pinna length 0.69, and rachilla width 0.13. Values for these variables decrease with elevation, except for number of pinnae and rachillae width which increase.</p> <p>The northernmost population of subsp. synanthera occurs in the Cordilleras Central and Oriental in Colombia and has 13–17 rachillae per inflorescence. The northernmost specimen (Soejarto 2743) is tentatively included here; it is unusual in having only 4 rachillae. One specimen (Callejas 4221) appears to be a mixed collection, with the fruits (excluded from this study) belonging to P. sanluisensis.</p> <p>Along eastern Andean slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, subsp. synanthera occurs in scattered localities. There do not appear to be any differences between these populations although sample size in small in some of them. The gaps between them may anyway be collecting artifacts. In Amazonas and Cajamarca, Peru, there is extreme variation. Two specimens (Díaz 8093, Rodríguez 1013) are the smallest seen with narrow pinnae and slender inflorescences with the rachillae 19.0– 22.5 cm long and 4.0– 4.3 mm diameter. Another specimen (Campos 4243), from less than 40 km away, has the some of the largest rachillae seen in the subspecies, 34.0 cm long and 9.6 mm diameter. Other specimens from this region are more usual in size. This kind of variation is reminiscent of that seen in Geonoma poeppigiana from the same region (Henderson 2011). It is also of interest that Pholidostachys amazonensis occurs in this same region, and only differs from subsp. synanthera in its spicate inflorescence.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFF67209FF6CF6EAFDECF84B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
3F64C34FFFE97209FF6CF5BAFB36F983.text	3F64C34FFFE97209FF6CF5BAFB36F983.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidostachys synanthera subsp. robusta (Trail) Henderson	<div><p>7.2 Pholidostachys synanthera subsp. robusta (Trail) Henderson, comb. &amp; stat. nov.</p> <p>Basionym:— Calyptronoma robusta Trail (1876: 330). Calyptrogyne robusta (Trail) Burret, (1930: 137). Type:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Camana, Rio Javari, 5 December 1874, J. Trail 961/CLXXXVI (holotype K!, isotypes BM!, NY!, P n.v.).</p> <p>Stems 2.6(1.0–6.0) m long. Leaf rachises 74.1(48.0–91.0) cm long; pinnae7(4–12) per side of rachis.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. From 0°34N’ – 6°28’S and 68°46’– 75°50’W in the western Amazon region of Colombia, Peru, and Brazil at 146(90–200) m elevation in lowland rainforest (Fig. 6).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F64C34FFFE97209FF6CF5BAFB36F983	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2012): A revision of Pholidostachys (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 43: 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.43.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.43.1.1
