taxonID	type	description	language	source
5D1687D5FFA7FF8E5390F9F4FE2CFE08.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Pantaleonius toschiorum Tauber, New Species.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA7FF8E5390F9F4FE2CFE08.taxon	etymology	Etymology of the genus name. The genus Pantaleonius is named in honor of Professor Roberto A. Pantaleoni, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi, via Enrico De Nicola, Sassari SS, Italy. Prof. Pantaleoni is a distinguished researcher, educator, colleague, and enthusiastic student of Neuroptera. Most importantly here, he challenged my earlier erroneous, generic determination for this new species and encouraged me to broaden my outlook. The genus-group name is derived from a Latin-based personal name and has a masculine suffix. Tribal association. Relatively recent molecular studies of chrysopid genera worldwide indicate that the tribe Belonopterygini is monophyletic (Garzón-Orduña et al. 2019; Winterton et al. 2019, and literature cited therein). Also, the known belonopterygine larvae exhibit a set of synapomorphic character states that are sufficiently distinct so as to typify a monophyletic tribe (Tauber et al. 2014, Tauber & Winterton 2014, Tauber et al 2020). However, to my knowledge, currently no single trait or suite of traits have been proposed to distinguish belonopterygine adults definitively and consistently from those in other Chrysopinae tribes. Although the adults of some species, especially those of the Old World, express features that traditionally have united them as a tribe (see Tjeder 1966, Brooks 1984, Brooks & Barnard 1990, Breitkreuz 2018), many of these features have been shown to be variable among New World members of the tribe [Tauber 2006 (as Berchmansus), 2007; Tauber et al. 2006 (as Berchmansus); Sosa & Tauber 2017]. Thus, to delineate the adult features that unite the tribe, a re-examination that includes all known New World taxa is now necessary (also see Breitkreuz 2018). As shown on Table 1, Pantaleonius toschiorum n. gen., n. sp. expresses many of the traditional belonopterygine features, most notably: flagellar setae in four rings (Figs 3 E – F); mandibles broad; palpomeres round apically; galea broad (Figs 3 A – D); pronotum wide, relatively short (Figs 2 A – B); forewing with first cubital cell longer than the second cell, which is quadrate with perpendicular angles (Fig. 4 A); gonarcus simple, without gonocornua or entoprocesses; mediuncus large; gonosaccus without setae (Fig. 7 A – D); female with relatively large spermatheca, velum present, opening directly to bursa copulatrix; praegenitale present (Figs 10 A – F, 11 A – D). Two features of this species differ from traditional belonopterygine charcteristics: its relatively long flagellomeres and the absence of parameres in the male. Both of these features have been shown to vary among other belonopterygine taxa, especially those from the New World (see Table 1, also Sosa & Tauber 2017). Generic description and comparison with other New World belonopterygine genera. Body: Moderate size and form; wing length 12.0 – 13.1 mm; males and females of similar appearance. Coloration: Cream to tan with moderately bold black body markings; antennal flagellum dark basally. Wings of regular proportion, not narrowed; ratio of forewing length to width = ~ 2.5: 1; costal area of forewing without splayed crossveins or dark markings; forewing and hindwing without dark patches; longitudinal veins mostly pale, darkened at intersections with crossveins. Claws with heavy basal dilation. Abdomen: S 3 – S 8 with moderate to sparse covering of moderately long setae; S 9 with denser, slightly more robust setae. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9 + e straight, with basal section extending proximally into A 8, with ventral spur below callus cerci extending downward below margin of ectoproct. S 8 + 9 fused with prominent suture; microtholi present on S 8 and distal region of S 7, not dense or widespread. Gonarcus broad, U-shaped, without gonocornu, entoprocessus, or frontal plate; mediuncus with lateral wings, beak, frontal setae. Parameres, gonapsis absent. Female: abdominal tergites without longitudinal mesal suture; dorsum of T 9 + e without deep mesal invagination; praegenitale present; subgenitale elongate; spermatheca doughnut-shaped with large velum; spermathecal duct elongate, curved. In summary, among the New World Belonopterygini, Pantaleonius is the only genus to have a yellow to tan body with prominent but not large dark spots, and wings with dark veins but without markings or splayed venation. The male abdomen is also unique in that the dorsal apodeme of S 8 & 9 has a ventral spur that articulates with a robust, somewhat sclerotized membrane extending from the ventral spur of the dorsal apodeme to the dorsum of the mediuncus. In addition, the male has a broad U-shaped gonarcus, winged mediuncus, and no parameres. In the female, a praegenitale is present; the subgenitale is elongate; and the spermatheca is doughnut shaped and bears a large, tubular velum.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA0FF865390FE6FFC79FD2B.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 11)	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA0FF865390FE6FFC79FD2B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male from the West Indies, Bahamas, Great Exuma Island, Simons Pt [23.31.50 – 75.47.30], 20 Jan 1980, Tim. L. McCabe (Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca NY, CUIC, with red Holotype label).	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA0FF865390FE6FFC79FD2B.taxon	etymology	Etymology of the species name. The species, P. toschiorum, is named in honor of the author’s brother (recently deceased) and sister-in-law, Steven Richard Toschi and Mary Jane Toschi, a wonderful pair. In accordance with ICZN Article 31.1.2, the species name, which is formed from a family name that refers to both a male and a female person, is assigned the Latin, masculine, plural genitive ending “ - orum ”.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA0FF865390FE6FFC79FD2B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Relative to other New World belonopterygines, this species is distinctive in its small body size, its bold head and body markings, and its lack of markings on the wings (Figs 1 – 2, 4). Externally, it is quite similar in size and coloration to Pseudomallada luctuosus (Banks), a relatively uncommon chrysopine species reported from central and southwestern United States. However, unlike the new species, P. luctuosus does not express the antennal features typical of belonopterygine lacewings. The male and female genitalia of the two species are very distinctive and should be used in making identifications (see Adams & Garland 1982 for P. luctuosus and Figs 5 – 11 here for P. toschiorum).	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA0FF865390FE6FFC79FD2B.taxon	description	Description. Head. (n = 4; Figs 1, 2 A, 2 B, 3). Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.35 – 1.72 mm; ratio of head width to eye width = 2.0 – 2.4: 1; width between tentorial pits 0.41 – 0.46 mm; length mid-antenna to midway between tentorial pits 0.55 – 0.73 mm; length midway between tentorial pits to tip of clypeus ~ 0.20 – 0.26 mm. Scape with lateral margin straight, mesal margin rounded; vertex with surface smooth, cream on fresh specimens. Frons shiny, with large torulli; epistomal suture not distinct, probably convex with slight transverse fold below. Clypeus with surface transversely striated, distal margin indented. Labrum rounded laterally, not withdrawn; distal margin indented mesally. Antennal length 8.4 – 9.2 mm (n = 3); scape about equal in length and width [length 0.29 – 0.30 mm, width 0.27 – 0.30 mm (base, frontal, n = 2 specimens, left and right each)]; flagellomeres short basally (length 0.10 – 0.13 mm, basal seven flagellomeres), becoming longer distally (length 0.11 – 0.12 mm, midantenna; length 0.14 mm, distal); ratio of flagellomere length to width = 1.0 – 1.6: 1 basally, 2.3 – 2.5: 1 distally; each flagellomere (except very basal ones) with setae in four rings, with fewer setae in fourth ring than in basal three rings. Most flagellar setae short, brown, extending distally; each flagellomere with one to two pairs of long, erect, white setae near distal margin. Mandibles broad throughout, asymmetrical; right mandible without mesal tooth, with inner margin of apex smooth, crescent-shaped; left mandible with short, acute mesal tooth, inner margin of apex broadly J-shaped. Labium with ligula bulbous, bearing short stout setae basolaterally and fine long setae distally. Maxilla with stipe and galea broad, stout, extending beyond labrum in some specimens. Coloration: Largely cream with dark brown markings. Dorsum (vertex, dorsal torulli, scapes) with dark brown lateral stripe that extends posteriorly through cervix and pronotum. Face with torulli unmarked; frons with small oblong mark mesally, slightly below torulli, pair of lateral streaks extending from mesal surface of eye inward toward pair of spots on upper margin of clypeus; genae, lateral margins of clypeus dark brown; labrum amber, unmarked. Antenna: scape with wide, dark brown longitudinal stripe dorsolaterally; pedicel dark brown except tan frontobasally; flagellum with basal ~ 1 / 5 dark brown, distal ~ 4 / 5 light brown. Maxilla pale except galea bright orange, apex of cardo, lateral margin of stipe, and palp dark brown; labium pale, except palp dark brown distally, brown basally. Thorax. (n = 4; Fig. 2). Robust; pronotum broad, 2.0 – 2.7 times wider than long; pronotum, mesonotum with long, dark setae. Legs long, slender; tibia with straight, elongate dorsal spur on distal margin; tarsal subsegments each with ~ two pairs of small spurs embedded within tarsal setae along lateral margin; tip of pretarsus with pair of elongate slender setae; tarsal claws elongate, recurved, each with large quadrate base; tip of claw extending well below base; arolium large, membranous. Coloration: Background cream to amber. Pronotum with two pairs of dark brown longitudinal stripes, one submesal, one lateral. Mesothorax with prescutum bearing two pairs of dark brown oblong spots in longitudinal arrangement submesally and posterior margin with single fused, dark brown spot; scutum with two pairs brown spots; scutellum with elongate brown spot anteromesally, pair of brown spots above posterior margin. Metanotum gold, without marks. Pleural regions pale, unmarked. Legs pale, with setae gold to brown; protibia, mesotibia with brown transverse stripe frontolaterally that aligns with costal and radial crossveins of forewing; metatibia with similar, lighter stripe posterolaterally; tarsal claw amber to brown; arolium shiny, white. Wings. (n = 3; Fig. 4). Forewing length 12.0 – 13.1 mm, maximum height 4.3 – 4.8 mm; slightly broad throughout, with tallest portion of wing being third distal quadrant; height at distal end of basal quadrant 3.1 – 3.6 mm; height at basal end of distal quadrant 4.2 – 4.6 mm; anterior margin relatively straight; apex broad, rounded. Costal area slightly raised basally; tallest costal cell (c 9, c 10) tall, 0.17 – 0.19 times maximum height of wing. Subcosta, radius slightly sinuous to straight; most costal veinlets and radial crossveins straight or very slightly curved; basal sc-r crossvein 0.30 – 0.31 mm distal to crossvein between mcu 1 and mcu 2, slightly less than half the distance to M f. Eleven to twelve closed radial cells (rarp); height of tallest radial cell (# 5, 6) 1.5 – 1.9 x width. First rp-m crossvein meeting M at first intramedian cell (mamp 1); mamp 1 triangular, composed of MA, MP, no distal crossvein (therefore true im 1 cell), width 0.74 – 0.82 times width of third medial cell (mcu 3); gradate veins in two rows, with five to six inner gradates, five to six outer gradates, both rows regularly spaced, slightly divergent distally, with last pair of gradate veins convergent. Five b cells, five b’ cells. Three intracubital cells; icu 1 slightly longer than icu 2; icu 3 (dcc) open distally; CuP forked at icu 2. Vein A 1 forked. Hindwing length 10.7 – 12.0 mm, maximum height 3.6 – 4.1 mm; fairly broad throughout, with apex rounded. Nine to twelve radial cells (rarp); base of M merged with R, t cell absent; five to six inner gradates; six outer gradate veins; three b cells; four 4 b’ cells. Coloration: Forewing and hindwing hyaline, glossy; stigmata prominent, white with dark brown spots basally and distally. All longitudinal veins pale with large dark marks at each intersection; all veinlets, crossveins dark brown to black; setae dark. Abdomen — Male. (n = 4; Figs 5 – 8). Exterior: Texture of integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. Tergites, sternites (except T 9, S 9) with sparse, medium-length, slender setae; T 9 + e, S 9 with longer, more dense, slightly more robust setae. Microtholi inconspicuous but present distally on S 7, widely on S 8 (always absent from S 9). Pleural region large, with medium-length to short, sparse setae; spiracles medium sized (length ~ 0.06 – 0.08 mm, width 0.03 – 0.05 mm), round, simple. Tergites (dorsal view) entire, without division or mesal suture visible, roughly quadrate with rounded sides, slightly broader than long; T 9 and ectoproct entirely fused, without mesal suture dorsally; distal margin (dorsal view) straight to very slightly concave; ventral margin (lateral view) fairly straight, sloping steeply in straight line proximally, with basal section ending well below T 8; dorsal apodeme extending through middle of T 9 + e, encircling callus cerci, with broad, rounded ventral spur / branch extending below callus cerci; areas ventral and distal to dorsal apodeme with elongate setae. Tip of ventral spur articulating with stiff scabrous membrane that extends below and slightly around tip of mediuncus. Callus cerci almost circular (height 0.15 – 0.17 mm, width ~ 0.12 – 0.14 mm), with ~ 29 – 30 trichobothria. Basal sternites tall, e. g., for S 6, ratio of length to height (lateral view) = 2.0 – 2.1: 1; S 7 shorter, ratio of length to height = 0.72 – 0.87: 1. Sternite S 8 + 9 fully fused, with suture present (teneral specimens) or not visible (mature specimens); proximal margin approximately as tall as adjoining distal margin of S 7; dorsal margin sloping very slightly through most of sternite; terminus truncate; ventral apodeme along dorsal margin of S 8 + 9 lightly sclerotized (difficult to see in teneral specimens). Terminus of S 9 with smooth, relatively straight margin; parameres, gonapsis absent. Coloration: Dorsum, pleural region cream, with dark brown to black spots in regular pattern, similar to female (Fig. 2 C); venter cream to tan without spots (male only); callus cerci cream, encircled with dark brown ring. Genitalia: Gonarcal complex slender, erect (lateral view), without gonocornua or frontal plate; gonarcal bridge straight, dorsoventrally flattened, with gonarcal apodemes extending perpendicularly from lateral margins. Gonarcal apodemes expanded and rounded distally, with frontal margin (at attachment to gonarcal bridge) bearing small protruding spurlike extensions dorsally and ventrally. Mediuncus flattened dorsoventrally, extending from frontal surface of gonarcal bridge, composed of mediuncal beak mesally and pair of round lateral wings attached to lateral margins of beak, with one to several relatively elongate setae projecting forward from distal margin; mediuncal beak bifurcated, bearing short, slender process mesally; area below mediuncus with scabriculous membrane (probably not a gonosaccus) extending from extensions of gonarcal apodeme, below mediuncal wings, around and above mediuncal beak, and attaching to ventral spur of T 9 + e dorsal apodeme. Hypandrium internum V-shaped, relatively large, with tall, elongate keel dorsally; comes sickle-shaped, smaller than keel. Gonosaccus, gonosetae absent. Abdomen — Female. (n = 2; Figs 2 C, 2 E, 9 – 11). Exterior: Integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. Tergites, sternites (A 2 – A 8) with relatively dense, long, slender setae throughout; pleural regions (A 2 – A 7) with sparser, smaller setae. T 9 + e, gonapophyses laterales, with dense, short setae throughout; pleural region large, with sparse, medium-length to short setae. Spiracles oblong (length ~ 0.04 – 0.06 mm, width 0.03 – 0.05 mm), with simple atria. Tergites, sternites quadrate, with relatively straight margins (lateral view), rounded corners. S 6 (lateral view) approximately same length as height; S 7 ~ 2 times longer than tall (lateral view: length along ventral margin, height along basal margin), with dorsal margin straight over basal three quartiles, steeply sloped over distal quartile. Ninth tergite short; dorsal surface smooth, entire, without mesal suture; proximal margin with shallow invagination; apical margin with deep, round invagination (Figs 8 C, 8 E). T 9 and ectoproct fused, with suture and indentation visible below callus cerci, with lateral margins expanding abruptly below level of anus, becoming very broad ventrally, sometimes extending over entire lateral surface of gonapophyses laterales (width of T 9 + e along ventral margin> 0.6 times entire length of T 9 + e). Callus cerci ~ round (height 0.12 – 0.13 mm, width 0.13 – 0.14 mm), with approximately ~ 35 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales slender, crescent shaped (height ~ 0.60 mm, width ~ 0.15 mm). Subgenitale relatively small, externally visible as protruding knob; base largely membranous with slender, lightly sclerotized lateral arms supporting knob. Praegenitale slender, transversely elongate, embedded in membrane below subgenitale and above tip of S 7. (The praegenitale is obvious in mature, sclerotized specimens. In teneral specimens, it is not visible, but the robust membrane between the subgenitale and the tip of S 7 is elongate.) Coloration: Exterior cream to tan with dark brown to black marks as follows: tergites of each segment with one pair of large spots anteriorly, two pairs of spots (sometimes coalesced) posteriorly; pleuron of each segment with spot anteriorly, two posteriorly; sternites S 4 and S 5 dark brown to black (female only). Genitalia: Internal female genitalia large, filling most of S 7 abdominal cavity (Fig. 9 A, 9 C). Spermatheca tubula, bent, tapering; length (opening to U-shaped bend) 0.80 mm, width at mouth 0.22 mm, with prominent, U-shaped invagination (width 0.11 mm, depth 0.20 mm) (Fig. 9 F). Dorsal surface of spermatheca with large velum giving rise to spermathecal duct; base of spermathecal duct and velum with slit along their dorsal surfaces; slit contiguous with bursa copulatrix. Spermathecal duct straight, attached to top of spermathecal base, becoming tightly coiled after extending from spermathecal opening, length ~ 1.15 mm, with basal ~ half slender and smooth, distal ~ half brushy, partially attached to membrane within and above subgenitale. Distal end of spermatheca bent, bifurcated; far section giving rise to smooth, robust, moderately slender tube with two fully circular curves leading to closed end (Fig. 10 D, sp. t. on figure); basal section (with internal tubule), making sharp, U-shaped turn, and extending back along dorsal surface of spermatheca, becoming textured and delicately fluted, ultimately coalescing with large circular pouch on side of bursal copulatrix (Fig. 10 E, sp. e., b. t. on figure). Bursa copulatrix large, saclike; basal section near spermatheca with irregular folds; distal section large, membranous, relatively smooth, with pair of sclerotized, very slender, elongate, intertwined tubules extending proximally. Single pair of elongate bursal glands extending laterally from distal section of bursa. Colleterial complex consisting of very delicate membranes; structures not distinguished. Transverse sclerite roughly rectangular, slightly expanded in middle, with numerous elongate setae extending dorsally (Fig. 9 E). Specimens examined. In addition to the Holotype, twenty-one paratypes (15 ♀, 6 ♂) from the West Indies: Bahamas: Andros Island, Forfar Field Station, nr. Stafford Creek, 9 - VI- 2009, M. Thomas (1 ♀, 1 ♂, FSCA), 25 - July- 2006, M. Thomas & T. Smith (4 ♀, 1 ♂, FSCA); Eleuthera Island, Rainbow Bay, I-VII- 1958, E. W. & D. B. Wiley (1 ♀, FSCA); Great Exuma Island, Simons Pt., 23.31.50 – 75.47.30, 17 – 26 Jan 1980, Tim. L. McCabe (7 ♀, 4 ♂, CUIC); South Bimini Island, 12 - vi- 1950, Cazier & Rindge (1 ♀, AMNH). Greater Antilles: Dominican Republic, La Altagracia, 2 km N Bayahibe, 18 - 23 N, 68 - 41 W, 10 m., 3 - July- 1992, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, Dry seasonal forest on limestone (1 ♀, CMNH). Known geographic distribution. West Indies. Four islands of the Bahamas (Andros, South Bimini, Eleuthera, and Great Exuma); one island of the Greater Antilles (Hispaniola).	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA8FF905390FD50FB9AFCDC.taxon	description	(Figs. 6, 12 – 22)	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA8FF905390FD50FB9AFCDC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Abachrysa eureka is distinguished from other New World belonopterygines by its fairly large, robust body and distinctive markings; head gold, without markings, except pedicel black, flagellum mostly black, only distal ¼ pale; labial and maxillary palpi black distally; venter of thorax and abdomen heavily marked with black spots throughout; legs pale, except tarsal tips, tibial bases, femoral tips black. Forewing somewhat narrow, with most or all veinlets reaching posterior margin forked (except 3 A and 1 – 2 small veinlets). Male genitalia with large, paired, elaborate parameres; female with praegenitale (sensu Tjeder 1966) tubule-like, looping externally from base to tip of subgenitale.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA8FF905390FD50FB9AFCDC.taxon	description	Redescription. Head. (n = 3; Figs 12 & 13). Width (frontal, including eyes) 2.3 – 2.4 mm; ratio of head width to eye width = 4.1 – 5.0: 1; width between tentorial pits 0.72 – 0.73 mm; length mid-antenna to midway between tentorial pits 0.55 – 0.73 mm; length midway between tentorial pits to tip of clypeus ~ 0.60 – 0.65 mm. Scape with lateral margin straight, mesal margin slightly rounded; vertex rounded, raised posteriorly, with surface smooth, shiny. Frons smooth, shiny, with large torulli; epistomal suture slightly convex with slight transverse fold below. Clypeus with surface transversely striated, distal margin indented. Labrum rounded laterally, not withdrawn; distal margin deeply indented mesally. Antennal length 12.9 – 13.6 mm (n = 2 from one specimen); scape slightly wider than long; basal flagellomeres (# 2 - # 6) with length 0.13 – 0.16 mm, width 0.15 – 0.17 mm, ratio of length to width = 0.87 – 0.93: 1; flagellomeres (midantenna) of similar length (0.13 – 0.16 mm), smaller width (0.10 – 0.12 mm), higher ratio of length to width = 1.2 – 1.4: 1). Flagellar setae short, brown, positioned in four rings, with consistently fewer setae in fourth ring than in three basal rings; almost all flagellar setae extending distally; each flagellomere with pair of pale laterally projecting setae near edge of distal margin. Mandibles broad, symmetrical, heavy throughout; both mandibles with mesal tooth, with inner margin straight after tooth. Labium with ligula bulbous, bearing numerous stout setae basolaterally, numerous fine setae distally. Maxilla with stipe robust; galea large, greatly expanded distally, extending well beyond labrum in most specimens; all segments densely setose. Coloration: Head gold, without markings. Antenna: scape gold; pedicel, basal ¾ flagellum black; distal ¼ flagellum pale; labrum gold, unmarked. Maxilla with distal three palpomeres black, basal two pale; galea, cardo, stipe pale. Labium with distal palpomere black, middle palpomere black laterally, basal palpomere pale, Thorax. (n = 2; Fig. 14). Robust; pronotum broad, width ~ two times greater than length, with small lateral patch of medium-length, pale setae, with sparse, short, dark setae elsewhere; mesonotum, metanotum with relatively few short, dark setae. Legs robust with short, dark setae; mesotibia, metatibia with small, brown spur on distal margin; protibia without distal spur; tarsal subsegments with ventral setae modified as robust spurs along lateral edge; pretarsus with pair of elongate, slender setae, pair of shorter setae; tarsal claws simple, recurved, without quadrate base, with tip not greatly extended beyond base. Coloration: Background cream to amber. Pronotum with four pairs of large, round, dark brown spots, evenly arranged over surface. Membranous region behind prothorax, anterior to wing base, with two pairs of dark brown spots. Mesonotum with prescutum bearing pair of large dark brown spots on frontal margin, posterior margin with single pair of irregularly shaped dark brown spots; scutum with two pairs of brown spots; scutellum gold, without marks. Metanotum with each side of scutum bearing round, dark brown marks above and below; scutellum gold, without marks. Pleural regions cream, each segment with large dark brown spots. Legs light cream, with dark brown setae; femur with dark brown mark distally; tibia with dark brown spot basally, smaller dark lateral spot at ¼ distance from femoral junction (spot also present on metatibia, but sometimes very small); distal tarsomere with dorsal surface dark brown; pretarsus with claws and arolium dark amber to brown. Wings (n = 2; Fig. 15). Forewing length 18.0 – 19.0 mm, maximum height 5.7 – 6.1 mm; slightly broad throughout, with tallest portion of wing being about midwing; height at distal end of basal quadrant 4.5 – 4.9 mm; height midwing 5.6 – 6.0 mm; height at basal end of distal quadrant 5.3 – 5.6 mm; anterior margin relatively straight; apex rounded with very slight angulation at tip. Costal area slightly expanded basally; tallest costal cell (c 5) 0.20 – 0.21 times maximum height of wing. Subcosta, radius slightly sinuous to straight; subcosta bordered by abrupt fold basally which tends to obscure view of sc-r crossvein; most costal veinlets, radial crossveins straight or very slightly curved; basal sc-r crossvein ~ 0.35 – 0.69 mm distal to crossvein between mcu 1 and mcu 2, slightly more than half the distance to M f. Ten to eleven closed radial cells (rarp), height of tallest radial cell (rarp 5) 1.4 – 1.7 times width. First rp-m crossvein meeting M at first intramedian cell (mamp 1); mamp 1 triangular in shape, composed of MA, MP, no distal crossvein (therefore true im 1 cell), width ~ 0.55 times width of third medial cell (mcu 3); gradate veins in two rows (sometimes with a single additional gradate vein), with five to six inner gradates, six to seven outer gradates, both rows regularly spaced, slightly divergent distally, with last pairs of gradates convergent. Three to four b cells, four to five b’ cells. Three intracubital cells: icu 1 usually, but not always longer than icu 2; icu 3 open distally; CuP forked at icu 2. Vein A 1 forked. Hindwing fairly broad, with apex rounded; length 16.0 – 17.1 mm, maximum height 4.8 – 5.3 mm. Eleven radial cells (rarp); base of M merged with R, t cell absent; five inner gradates; seven outer gradate veins; three b cells; four 4 b’ cells. Coloration: Forewing, hindwing hyaline, glossy; stigma prominent, white with dark brown suffusion around subcostal crossveins. All longitudinal veins pale with large dark marks at each intersection; most at base of hindwing pale; all veinlets and crossveins dark brown to black; radial crossveins, crossveins below PsM with pale areas mesally; setae dark. Abdomen — Male. (n = 2; Figs 16 – 18). Exterior: Texture of integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. All tergites, all sternites, pleural region of A 8 (only) with short to medium-length, sturdy setae; T 9 + e with longer, more dense setae. Microtholi present at least on S 6 – S 8. Pleural regions proximal to A 8 mostly without setae; spiracles medium-sized, round, simple, with two atria. Tergites (dorsal view) roughly quadrate with rounded corners, almost twice as wide as long; dorsum of T 9 short, fully fused with ectoproct, moderately bilobed distally (dorsal view), with dorsal surface entire, slight suggestion of mesal suture; lower margin of T 9 + e (lateral view) fully lined by slender dorsal apodeme with inverted V-shape; distal leg of V with small hook at terminus, then curving slightly upward, extending along entire ventral surface of T 9 + ectoproct, below callus cerci, to junction near T 8; proximal leg of dorsal apodeme extending anteroventrally well into basal section of A 8, ending near proximal peak of S 8. Surface between legs of apodeme with long, robust setae similar to those on T 9 + e. Callus cerci circular (height 0.25 mm, width ~ 0.29 mm), with ~ 53 – 54 slender trichobothria. Basal sternites tall, e. g., for S 4 – S 6, ratio of length to height (lateral view) = ~ 0.82: 1; S 7 shorter, ratio of length to height = ~ 0.75: 1. Sternites 8 and 9 fully fused, but marked by prominent line of fusion (suture); S 8 with short, stout setae, proximal apex slightly lower than adjoining distal margin of S 7; S 9 with surface smooth, unmarked, bearing longer, finer setae than S 8; ventral apodeme visible below dorsal margin of S 8 & 9, sloping through upper region of distal S 8, terminating in ventral region of mid-S 9. Terminus of S 9 relatively broad, straight, smooth, with robust, scabrous membrane folded internally; gonapsis absent, parameres present. Coloration: Cream with dark markings as in Figs 16 and 19. Callus cerci cream with black slash distoventrally. Genitalia: Parameres elongate, slender, curved, acute tipped, with ~ three acute thorns along inner margin, with bases remainng separate in heavy membranous sockets embedded in sturdy, darkened, scabrous membrane extending forward beneath each paramere, attached to robust, clear membrane via pair of brownish, scabrous membranes on tip of S 9. Gonarcus rounded, arcuate; gonarcal bridge with quadrate, slightly fluted plate extending from dorsal surface; gonarcal apodemes elongate, broad, rounded distally, each bearing small dorsal protrusion near gonarcal plate; mediuncus attached below gonarcal bridge via heavy membrane; pair of spurs * lateral to gonarcal bridge, not attached directly to gonarcal bridge, but via membranous connection; long, robust, clear membrane holding parameres attached to ventral surface of mediuncus. Mediuncus flat, basally with two rounded wings hollow below; distal margin with small, sclerotized, rounded beak; proximal section bifurcated, with each wing separate. Hypandrium internum relatively large, V-shaped; arms straight, distally curved; dorsal keel slender, shallow; comes spear-shaped, about size of keel. Gonosaccus, gonosetae absent. * The spurs (Figs 17 B, 17 C, 17 E) mentioned in the lines above are not fused with the gonarcus, nor do they “ articulate ” with the gonarcus; rather, they are attached to the gonarcus via a membrane. Thus, they do not fall within the definition of either a gonocornu or an entoprocessus (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 124, Sosa & Tauber 2021). Here we use the descriptive term “ spur ” to identify them. Abdomen — Female. (n = 2; Figs 19 – 22). Exterior: Texture of integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. Tergites (including T 9 + e) closely aligned but not completely fused dorsally; mesal line of fusion visible. Sternites (S 3 – S 7) with relatively dense, evenly spaced, short setae throughout, becoming slightly longer, more robust posteriorly. Tergites (A 3 – A 8) with longer, less dense, evenly spaced setae, also becoming denser and longer distally. Pleural regions of A 3 – A 6 with few setae; pleural regions of A 7, A 8 with sparse covering of small setae, becoming larger distally; T 9 + e, gonapophyses laterales with dense, long setae throughout. Spiracles oblong, large on A 5, A 6 (length ~ 0.13 – 0.14 mm, width 0.05 – 0.06 mm), smaller distally (length ~ 0.08 – 0.09 mm, width 0.03 – 0.04 mm), with simple atrium, single small lobe. Tergites, sternites quadrate, with sides curved (flat view), rounded corners. Sternites S 4 – S 6 (lateral view) with length about ¾ times height; S 7 (lateral view) with height and length about equal, dorsal margin straight over basal ~ one third, sloped to slightly angled over distal two thirds; distal margin of terminus with small mesal indentation. Ninth tergite + ectoproct (lateral view) narrow, with fairly straight, parallel lateral margins dorsally, diverging somewhat throughout; distal margin slightly concave; ventral margin gently rounded; proximal margin sloping slightly (width along ventral margin ~ 0.5 x entire length of T 9 + e). Callus cerci ~ round (height 0.23 – 0.25 mm, width 0.20 mm), with approximately ~ 47 – 51 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales slender, slightly crescent shaped in lateral view, curved, forming a circular doughnut shape in ventral view (height ~ 0.95 – 0.97 mm, width ~ 0.36 – 0.37 mm). Coloration: Exterior cream to tan, terminal sternites gold; all segments with tergites, sternites, pleural regions marked with bold black bands, spots; callus cerci gold, encircled with fine, dark line. Genitalia: Internal female genitalia not especially large, contained within abdominal cavity of lower half of T 9 + e, pleural region of A 8. Spermatheca robust, heavily sclerotized, doughnut-shaped structure with moderately deep invagination; spermathecal diameter (maximum) ~ 0.41 mm, height ~ 0.25 mm; invagination depth ~ 0.14 mm; invagination width at mouth ~ 0.12 mm. Dorsal surface of spermatheca with large, well sclerotized, sail-shaped velum extending proximally toward bursa copulatrix; length of spermatheca and velum ~ 0.80 mm; velum distally giving rise to spermathecal duct; basal section of spermathecal duct heavily sclerotized, U-shaped, extending directly into subgenitale, with distal end of U-shaped curve attached to membranous base of subgenitale; distal end of spermathecal duct exiting subgenitale, forming broad curves; sclerotized section of spermathecal duct ~ 1.9 mm long, ending abruptly, leading immediately to narrower, lightly sclerotized, brushy terminal section of spermathecal duct. Brushy, distal section of spermathecal duct forming ~ half length (~ 1.7 mm) of entire duct. Dorsal surface of spermatheca, velum, and sclerotized section of spermathecal duct with broad, elongate slit opening into bursa copulatrix above. Bursa copulatrix consisting of robust membrane with fluted, coiled section basally, large, clear, sac-like distally; base of sac-like section with pair of elongate, narrow, ribbon-like bursal glands. Subgenitale with (i) broad basal arms reaching across distal section of abdominal terminus, (ii) broad elongate neck terminating distally as bilobed knob, (iii) single, elongate, recurved lobe (praegenitale, sensu Tjeder 1966) extending from base of subgenitale, protruding distally from below, then recurving toward base of S 7 (Fig. 20). Colleterial gland delicate, with clear membrane, with broad duct leading to colleterial reservoir; colleterial reservoir bulbous, with narrow duct leading to transverse sclerite. Transverse sclerite with comb-like rows of setae.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA8FF905390FD50FB9AFCDC.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. USA. AL: Baldwin Co., Bon Secour NWR, 30 ° 15 ’ 09 ” N, 87 ° 48 ’ 50 ” W, 11 – 15 May 1994, T. L. Schniefer, Mercury vapor and blacklight trap, William H. Cross Expedition (1 ♂, TRC); Weeks Bay NER Reserve, 30 ° 25 ’ 03 ” N, 87 ° 49 ’ 50 ’ W, 4 – 6 Aug 2000, J. A. MacGowen, blacklight & M. V. lamp in mixed forest near estuary, W. H. Cross Expedition (2 ♀, TRC). FL: Dixie County, nr. Old Town, 7 Sept 1978, E. R. Hoebeke, M. E. Carter (1 ♀, TRC); Highlands Co., Archbold Biol. Station, 8 mi. S. Lake Placid, 11 Apr 1974, G. C. Eickwort (1 ♀, TRC).	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFA8FF905390FD50FB9AFCDC.taxon	distribution	Known geographic distribution. Southern USA: AL, AR, FL, GA, MS, TX.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBEFF9053C0FBDCFF78F90F.taxon	description	A monotypic genus. Size: Body stout, relatively large; wing length 12.6 – 18.5 mm; males and females of similar size. Coloration: Cream to gold with bold black markings on thorax, abdomen, and legs; antennal flagellum dark basally. Wings: Slender, tips rounded; ratio of forewing length to width = ~ 3.2: 1; forewing and hindwing without splayed crossveins or dark markings, with most veins dark, interrupted by pale areas basally and within some longitudinal veins and crossveins. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation present. Abdomen: Setae numerous short, stout. Male: Ectoproct extending proximally as far as mid A 8; dorsal apodeme of T 9 + e with a right-angled bend mesally, with basal section extending downward through at least half the length of A 8; S 8 + 9 fused with prominent suture visible; S 6 – S 8 with microtholi; gonarcus without gonocornu, with frontal plate; parameres large, with membranous fusion basally. Female: Abdominal tergites with distinct mesal suture; dorsum of T 9 + e with deep mesal invagination; praegenitale present, visible externally.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBEFF9053C0FBDCFF78F90F.taxon	discussion	In summary, Abachrysa is the only New World belonopterygine genus having a robust, pale body with bold markings, no wing markings or splayed costal veins, with males having large paired parameres joined in a V-shape, and females having the abdominal tergites mesally divided or very lightly fused and a praegenitale present externally.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBEFF9153C0F938FC2BFE9C.taxon	description	A monotypic genus. Size: Body stout, relatively large; wing length 20 – 22 mm; males and females of similar size. Coloration: Cream with bold reddish-black body markings in longitudinal pattern (Fig. 23); color of antennal flagellum unknown. Wings: Narrow, tapered, acute at tips; ratio of forewing length to width = 5: 1; costal area of forewing without splayed crossveins or dark markings; forewing with im 1 cell missing; forewing and hindwing with streak of reddish suffusion surrounding RP, PsM, and outer gradates; veins in reddish patches dark, other veins mostly pale. Tarsal claws: Simple. Abdomen: Setae short, dense. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9 + e short; S 8 + 9 not fused (Brooks & Barnard 1990), fused (Breitkreuz 2018); S 9 small; microtholi dense on all sternites except S 9; gonarcus probably without frontal plate, probably without gonocornua; mediuncus with setae; parameres absent. Female: Praegenitale absent.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBEFF9153C0F938FC2BFE9C.taxon	discussion	In summary, the rarely encountered Belonopteryx is the most distinct of the New World belonopterygine genera. It is recognized by its long, tapered wings, each with streaks of reddish suffusion along the RP and PsM + outer gradates; the lack of an im 1 cell in the forewing; and a robust, pale body with longitudinal dorsal markings. Males have very dense microtholi and females are without a praegenitale.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBFFF9153C0FE87FC16FC6C.taxon	description	Size: Body usually large and stout, but some species from Brazil relatively small and delicate; wing length 16 – 31 mm; males smaller than females. Coloration: Yellow to cream, with or without markings on thorax, abdomen, or legs; antennal flagellum often dark basally. Wings: Not narrowed, with rounded tips; ratio of forewing length to width = 2.8 – 3.4: 1, without splayed crossveins; forewing and hindwing without markings, veins mostly pale. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation absent or small. Abdomen: Setae numerous, short, stout. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9 + e with basal section extending anteroventrally from behind callus cerci to or almost to end of T 9 + e (See Freitas & Penny 2001: Figs 4 D, 5 D, 7 A); S 8 + 9 fused with prominent suture or no suture; microtholi present or absent; gonarcal complex usually broad, with mediuncus having lateral arms; parameres rarely absent, with two arms fused. Female: No report of mesal suture dividing abdominal tergites; spermatheca with deep or shallow invagination; praegenitale present or absent; elongate, slender bursal ducts [shown for two species in Freitas & Penny 2001: N. lavrasana Freitas & Penny and N. panchlora (Gerstaecker)].	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBFFF9153C0FE87FC16FC6C.taxon	discussion	[Note: Figs 1 and 10 in Freitas & Penny are switched — the images on Fig. 10 should have the caption and placement of Fig. 1, N. panchlora; vice versa for the images on Fig. 1 — they belong with the caption of Fig. 10, Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider)]. In summary, Nacarina species (and the sexes) are variable in size, body form, and many genital traits (see Table 1). The claim that parameres are absent from Nacarina (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 177) appears to have been premature. Apparently, they are present and associated with the gonosaccus in many species (Freitas & Penny 2001), but the structure of the parameres has not been well defined or illustrated. Indeed, it is safe to say that this relatively large genus is in great need of morphologically based revisionary work.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBFFF9153C0FC57FD38F988.taxon	description	Size: Body large and stout to relatively small and slender; forewing length 11.6 – 26.0 mm; males and females of similar size. Coloration: Cream with bold, black body markings; antennal flagellum dark basally. Wings: Not narrowed; ratio of forewing length to width = 2.5 – 2.6: 1; costal area of forewing with patch of splayed crossveins, with dark markings (splaying very moderate in V. elegans (Guérin Méneville); forewing and hindwing with dark patches; veins in dark patches also dark, other veins mostly pale. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation present. Abdomen: Setae relatively long, moderate density. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9 + e sinuous, with proximal section extending downward and well into A 8; S 8 + 9 fused with prominent suture; microtholi on S 3 – S 8; gonarcus without gonocornu or frontal plate; mediuncus with or without frontal setae; parameres large, quadrate, closely attached to gonaracus via stiff membrane. Female: Abdominal tergites without mesal suture; dorsum of T 9 + e with or without deep mesal invagination; praegenitale absent.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBFFF9153C0FC57FD38F988.taxon	discussion	In summary, Vieira is the only New World belonopterygine genus having the following suite of features: a robust, pale body with bold, black markings, wings with large dark markings, costal area of forewing with a series of splayed costal crossveins within a dark marking; males with quadrate parameres that are closely associated with the gonarcus, and females lacking a praegenitale.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBFFF9553C0F9B3FAB5FEE4.taxon	description	Size: Body moderately small, delicate; forewing length 12.0 – 13.1 mm; males and females of similar size, but with sexual dimorphism in abdominal markings (see below in this paragraph). Coloration: Head and thoracic markings in linear pattern not spotty; prothorax and dorsum of head with pair of dark, longitudinal stripes that extend onto dorsum of scapes; females, but not males, with abdominal sternites S 4 and S 5 dark brown to black; antennal flagellum mostly pale, with only basal ¼ to 1 / 5 black. Wings: Slender; forewing broad, ratio of length to width = 2.6: 1; costal area without splayed crossveins or dark markings; forewing and hindwing without dark patches. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation present, large. Abdomen: Setae relatively long, moderate density. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9 + e straight, with ventral spur; S 8 + 9 fused, with suture present, not conspicuous; sparse microtholi present on S 8 and distally on S 7; gonarcus without gonocornu or frontal plate, with mediuncus winged, bearing one or two pairs of frontal setae; parameres absent. Female: Abdominal tergites without mesal suture; dorsum of T 9 + e without deep mesal invagination; praegenitale present, transversely elongate.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
5D1687D5FFBFFF9553C0F9B3FAB5FEE4.taxon	discussion	In summary, Pantaleonius is the only genus among the New World Belonopterygini to have a yellow to tan body with prominent (but not large) dark spots; wings without markings or splayed venation, but with dark veins; terminal segments of male abdomen with dorsal apodeme having a ventral spur that articulates with a robust, somewhat sclerotized membrane extending from the ventral spur of the dorsal apodeme to the dorsum of the mediuncus. In addition, the male has a broad, U-shaped gonarcus, winged mediuncus, and no parameres. In the female, a praegenitale is present; the subgenitale is elongate; and the spermatheca is tubular, bent with a large velum.	en	Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera. Zootaxa 4975 (3): 509-543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4
