taxonID	type	description	language	source
CD5487A9FFFEFD55FF29FD5DFABAECFA.taxon	diagnosis	Rinodina (Ach.) Stiz. Sect. Orcularia Malme, Bihang till Konglige Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar 28, 3 (1): 44 (1902). Typus generis: — Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb & Giralt	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFEFD55FF29FD5DFABAECFA.taxon	description	Thallus whitish, grey or evanescent. Apothecia initially erumpent and apparently lecanorine, initially surrounded by thalline tissue simulating a thalline exciple, becoming sessile and with a thin proper margin with age, small. Proper exciple poorly developed, prosoplectenchymatous, inner cells elongate, hyaline to pale brown, outermost cells short, brown, swollen like the apical caps of the paraphyses. Hypothecium brown, not deep. Hymenium not inspersed. Paraphyses with a distinct but moderately swollen dark brown cap, (2 –) 3 – 5 µm diam. Ascospores Orcularia- type, bilocular with long lumina canals (isthmus), or tetralocular with one additional lumen in each canal, pale brown with paler apices, ± citriform with mucronate apices, walls smooth, torus absent; ontogeny Orcularia- type (the septum is inserted after lateral wall thickenings become distinct). Conidia filiform. Ascus Bacidia- type. Photobiont a coccoid green alga. Chemistry: no secondary lichen products, xanthones, myeloconone D 1 or norstictic acid. Notes: — Malme (1902) introduced the name Orcularia as a section of Rinodina with R. insperata (Nyl.) Malme as the only Brazilian species. He distinguished section Orcularia from other sections of Rinodina by spore characters and the brown hypothecium. Sheard (1967) followed this scheme and included an additional species, Rinodina biloculata (Nyl.) Sheard, in the section Orcularia.	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFEFD55FF29FD5DFABAECFA.taxon	discussion	The genus Orcularia shares some characters with Amandinea Choisy ex Scheidegger & H. Mayrhofer, namely the filiform conidia and apothecia with an initial pseudothalline margin, and Marbach (2000) actually transferred these species to Amandinea. However, the Orcularia- type ascospores and their ontogeny are very different from those occurring in Amandinea and unique within the Physciaceae (and Caliciaceae), so that their placement in an independent genus seems more appropriate. Species belonging to Amandinea have Buellia- type ascospores (without any inner wall thickening) or Physconia- type ascospores (with inner wall thickenings ± pronounced only at the septum and also occasionally at the apices, although these are rather weak and are only observed briefly during the ascospore development). Physconia- type ascospores with a very thick septum and long and narrow lumina canals (= polarilocular) have often been called Orcularia - type (e. g. in Mayrhofer 1984). However, in the strict sense, Orcularia - type ascospores follow a different ontogeny than the Physconia- type and, at present, have only been observed in the taxa included in this contribution. In ascospores with Physconia- type ontogeny, the septum is inserted before any inner wall thickening appears whereas in Orcularia - type ascospores, the septum is inserted after lateral inner wall thickenings become distinct. Consequently, immature non-septate ascospores with pronounced lateral thickenings (with a single lumen ± bone-shaped) are common and very characteristic in the Orcularia- type (Fig. 1) but totally absent in the Physconia- type. Further the ascospore walls in Amandinea are often microrugulate or rugulate and become dark brown whereas in Orcularia they are always smooth and pale brown. The ± citriform shape of Orcularia ascospores with mucronate apices is also very characteristic. Another genus with filiform conidia and polariloculate ascospores is Fluctua Marbach. But this genus differs in having pruinose apothecia with a distinct, thick, prominent and flexuous excipulum (somewhat lirelliform in appearance) which contains norstictic acid, a thallus containing norstictic acid, hardly thickened endcells of the paraphyses, and immature non-septate ascospores with subapical inner wall thickenings (Callispora - type ontogeny) and mature ascospores with subapical and septal inner wall thickenings (see Marbach 2000, Abb. 96: 211). In fact, Fluctua seems to be more closely related to Buellia s. str. (= Hafellia) from which it differs by the absence of hymenial oil droplets and the presence of filiform conidia.	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFCFD55FF29FCB9FCDEEBC7.taxon	diagnosis	Sicut O. insperata, sed ascosporis minoribus differt.	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFCFD55FF29FCB9FCDEEBC7.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — Australia, New South Wales, Patonga, eastern side of Patonga Creek, ca. 40 km N of Sydney, on Avicennia marina at the edge of a mangrove forest; 33 ° 33 ’ S, 151 ° 16 ’ E, K. & A. Kalb 26226 & A. & P. Archer (CANB — holotype; hb. Kalb — isotype).	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFCFD55FF29FCB9FCDEEBC7.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The new species is named after our good friend and colleague John (Jack) Elix (Canberra) in honour of his many contributions to Austral lichenology.	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFCFD55FF29FCB9FCDEEBC7.taxon	description	Thallus corticolous, grey to dark-brownish grey because of a brown lichenicolous fungus growing on it, very thin, up to 80 µm thick, smooth to slightly warty. Prothallus absent. Algae chloroccoid 8 – 13 µm diam. Apothecia 0.15 – 0.25 (– 0.3) mm diam., lecideine, adnate to sessile, dark brown to black; disc dark brown or black, epruinose, concave to flat; proper margin thin, persistent. Proper exciple poorly developed, 25 – 40 µm thick, inner part colourless, outer part brown. Hypothecium 30 – 50 (– 70) µm high, brown. Hymenium 60 – 70 µm high, not inspersed. Epihymenium brown. Apical cells of the paraphyses 2 – 4 µm broad, brown. Asci 8 - spored, Bacidia- type. Ascospores 1 - septate, (10 –) 12 – 15 (– 16.5) × (5 –) 6 – 7.5 (– 8.5) µm, Orcularia - type, olive, later pale brown, spore wall smooth, young ascospores with lumina connected by a long isthmus; mature ascospores with a short isthmus or without isthmus connecting the lumina. Pycnidia and conidia not seen. Chemistry: Spot tests all negative, no lichen substances detected by TLC.	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFCFD55FF29FCB9FCDEEBC7.taxon	discussion	Notes: — The species is mainly characterized by the small apothecia and the small uni-septate ascospores. It is morphologically very close to O. insperata but differs by the smaller ascospores which further when mature have larger lumina (lateral inner walls less thickened).	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFCFD52FF29F922FEADEAB4.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology: — Orcularia insperata seems to be a species with a wide ecological amplitude. It was found in cool-temperate, warm-temperate, atlantic, subtropical and tropical regions near the coast and up to 2850 m (in Ecuador). It occurs in both hemispheres, at low altitudes in cool-temperate areas of Atlantic Europe (Spain, British Islands) and South America (Argentina, Uruguay), at middle altitudes in Macaronesia and subtropical regions and reach very high altitudes in the tropics. Some records in Marbach (2000) do not refer to this species. Here it is reported for the first time from the Indian Ocean (Reunion). Recently it has been reported from North Carolina (USA) by Lendemer et al. (2008). The species is also known from New Zealand and Australia (Mayrhofer et al. 1999). Notes: — Orcularia insperata is characterized by a whitish to greyish, usually thin thallus, small apothecia (up to 0.4 mm diam.), a clear hymenium and Orcularia- type ascospores, 1 - septate, (11 –) 13 – 18 (– 22) × (6.5 –) 7 – 9 (– 10) µm, with a smooth spore wall. Orcularia insperata is very similar to O. placodiomorpha, but lacks additional septal lumina in mature ascospores. The study of the type material of O. insperata and O. biloculata has proved that they are conspecific. The conidia of R. biloculata were described by Fox & Purvis (1990) as ellipsoid. Unfortunately, no conidia have been observed in the type material. However, as all other diagnostic characters are in accordance with the type and the other specimens of O. insperata, we consider the description of the conidia by Fox & Purvis (1990) to be erroneous. Specimens examined: — ECUADOR. Tungurahua: Ascent to Zumbahua, ca. 20 km W of Baños, K. & A. Kalb (KALB 18478); Between Baños and Riobamba, K. & A. Kalb (KALB 18504). — BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Mun. Encruzilhada do Sul, Passo dos Coqueiros, Cerro Mouros, Faz Xafri, M. Fleig 7004 (ICN); São Paulo: Serra do Mar, between Paratí and Cunha, K. Kalb & G. Plöbst (KALB 28565). — PARAGUAY. Asunción. G. O. Malme 315 (H). — ARGENTINA. Salta: Salta, San Bernardino, B. Marbach 1140 (KALB); Ñacurutú in delta flum. Paraná, G. O. Malme 347, 60 (H); Marindia, B. Marbach & H. Osório 1123 (KALB 38244). — URUGUAY. Montevideo: Baja blanca, B. Marbach & H. Osório 1142 (KALB 38248). MADEIRA. Porto Santo, Pico do Castelo, A. Aptroot 27660 (B); Machico, Pico de Facho, 1990, J. Etayo (hb. Etayo); between Machico and Canical, N Pico do Facho, 1990, K. & A. Kalb (hb. Kalb). — CANARY ISLANDS, Tenerife, N of Santiago del Teide, 1.5 km WSW of Erjos, P. & B. v. d. Boom- 37675 (hb. v. d. Boom); La Gomera, Arguamul, F. Berger (hb. Berger 13338). — RÉUNION. Cilaos, path to llet de Salazes, A. M. Brand- 59659 (hb. Brand). — IRELAND. Connemara: Ballynahinch Church, 1966, J. W. Sheard (hb. Sheard); Cork: Bantry, League Point, 1966, J. W. Sheard (hb. J. W. Sheard). — SPAIN. Navarra: Ibardin, 1987, J. Etayo (GZU, hb. Etayo).	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFAFD53FF28FF5BFA8BE9B8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Sepitiba in civ. Rio de Janeiro. 1885; E. A. Vainio: Lichenes Brasilienses Exsiccati 473 (TUR-Vain. 9519! — lectotype, selected here; KIEL!, M! — isolectotypes). Thallus corticolous, ca. 2 cm diam., whitish to grey or greenish grey, continuous to cracked, smooth or slightly warty. Apothecia small, 0.3 - 0.4 mm diam., surrounded by a rather persistent pseudothalline margin; disc brownish black to black, not pruinose, flat to slightly convex; proper margin very thin, persistent or not. Proper exciple poorly developed, 20 – 30 (– 40) µm thick, KOH-. Hypothecium (50 –) 60 – 80 µm high, dark brownish. Hymenium 60 – 80 (– 100) µm high, not inspersed. Epihymenium brown. Paraphyses 1.8 – 2.0 µm thick, end cells 3 – 4 µm broad, with a brown cap, unbranched or with a few branches towards the tip. Asci 8 - spored, ascospores 1 - septate, 15 – 19 × 7 – 8.5 (– 9.5) µm, olive, later pale brown, spore wall smooth; at first lumina only apical, connected by a long isthmus, later with two additional septal lumina. Pycnidia black, 50 – 60 µm diam., conidia filiform, 14 – 25 × 0.7 – 0.8 µm. Chemistry: Spot tests (thallus): KOH- or KOH + slightly yellowish, UV-; myeloconon D 1 (cf. Kalb & Elix 1998).	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFAFD53FF28FF5BFA8BE9B8.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology: — Orcularia placodiomorpha is a rare species. It seems to be confined to mangroves or forests near the sea. It was found in the West Indies and Bermuda (Imshaug 1955), SE Brazil, and is reported for North America (Esslinger 2011). Here it is newly reported from Réunion.	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFAFD53FF28FF5BFA8BE9B8.taxon	discussion	Notes: — The species is characterized by a greyish or greyish green, thin thallus, small apothecia (up to 0.4 mm diam.) with a rather persistent pseudothalline margin, a clear hymenium and polarilocular, 1 - septate ascospores 15 – 19 × 7 – 9.5 µ m with four locules when mature and with a smooth spore wall. Orcularia placodiomorpha is very similar to O. insperata but differs in having additional septal spore lumina in mature ascospores. O. placodiomorphoides is also similar, but this species has ascospores more than 20 µm long.	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFAFD53FF28FF5BFA8BE9B8.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Ilha de São Sebastião; ca. 130 km E of São Paulo, Baía dos Castelhanos, K. Kalb & G. Plöbst (hb kalb 17790); Ilha de Santo Amaro, a few km outside of Bertioga, K. Kalb & G. Plöbst (K. Kalb: Lich. Neotrop. 86 as Buellia placodiomorpha). — RÉUNION. Bras Panon, S of mouth of Rivière des Roches, A. M. Brand- 59615 (hb. Brand); SE coast, St. Philippe, Puits Arabe, A. M. Brand- 58562 (hb. Brand); NW St. Benoît, Pointe Bourbier, P. & B. v. d. Boom- 40995 (hb. v. d. Boom).	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
CD5487A9FFFAFD50FF29FAFEFC41ED9F.taxon	description	Notes: — This species, known only from the type collection, was described by Imshaug (1955). It is similar to O. placodiomorpha, but is distinguished by somewhat larger apothecia (0.3 – 0.5 mm diam. versus 0.4 mm), and especially by the larger ascospores (20 – 28 × 9 – 12 µm). Furthermore, in O. placodiomorphoides the epihymenium is covered by an episamma; the proper exciple is thicker (up to 70 µm); and the thallus contains crystals of a secondary lichen substance reacting K + yellow-red.	en	Kalb, Klaus, Giralt, Mireia (2011): Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae). Phytotaxa 38: 53-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.38.1.8
