taxonID	type	description	language	source
038EFE7EFFA3FF8BFF54FB6A6D651E4B.taxon	description	Among the three type sheets in M, the only one with the original label of Martius is selected as lectotype (the others being duplicates with copied labels), which is also the only one with an annotation label of Müller Argoviensis attached to it. The leaves of the lectotype are slightly larger (30 – 35 × 13 – 15 mm) than those of the duplicates (15 – 25 × 8 – 12 mm).	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA0FF8BFF54FEF36A7A18C2.taxon	diagnosis	Microstachyde glandulosa similis sed habitu diminuto atque caespitoso, ramulis puberulis, floribus pistillatis distincte pedicellatis et stylis elongatis basaliter connatis distinguenda.	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA0FF8BFF54FEF36A7A18C2.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Município de Porto Amazonas, localidade de Caiacanga, 13 October 1963 (fl, fr), G. Hatschbach 10280 (holotype B!, isotypes MBM!, UEC!).	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA0FF8BFF54FEF36A7A18C2.taxon	description	Herb 6 – 13 cm tall, branched at the base into up to five shoots; root system well developed with a main root up to 11 cm long. Branches cylindrical to angulate, glabrous to glabrescent. Trichomes simple, multicellular, adpressed, ca. 1 mm long. Leaves alternate; stipules 0.7 – 0.9 mm long, persistent; petiole 1.3 – 1.9 mm long, glabrescent; blade elliptic to rarely oblong-elliptic, 1.6 – 2.8 × 0.8 – 1.2 cm, membranaceous, base obtuse and usually truncate, margin thickened and irregularly crenate, apex rounded, uniform in colour and glabrous on both sides, with up to 3 submarginal circular glands, 0.3 mm in diameter in each basal section of the lower surface on each side of the midvein, penninerved, brochidodromous, with 4 – 5 pairs of indistinct secondary veins. Inflorescences terminal or leaf-opposed, erect, 5.5 – 6 cm long when adult, glabrous, with up to 2 pistillate flowers at the base and up to 26 staminate cymules apically, the pistillate flowers often separated and inserted at nodes below the staminate part; axis compressed-angulate, glabrous; pistillate bracts 0.9 – 1.0 mm long, staminate bracts 0.7 – 0.8 mm long, both broadly ovate with an irregularly dentate-lacerate margin, obtuse apex, and a pair of basal glands. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1.3 – 1.4 mm long; sepals 1.0 – 1.1 × 0.8 – 0.9 mm, broadly ovate, the margin shallowly and irregularly lacerate-dentate; ovary 1.0 – 1.1 mm long, with 6 appendages on each mericarp; stigmas 2.2 – 2.5 mm long, erect and united at base for ca. 0.5 mm. Staminate cymules with 1 (rarely 2) flowers, staminate flowers subsessile, glabrous; sepals 1.0 – 1.1 × 0.8 – 0.9 mm, obovate-spatulate, with a distinct central vein, the margin discretely dentate apically; stamens completely free with filaments up to 0.6 mm long, anthers 0.3 – 0.4 mm long. Fruits (immature) 2.6 – 3 mm long, glabrous, with 6 erect appendages on each mericarp. Seeds not seen.	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA0FF8BFF54FEF36A7A18C2.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Microstachys nana hitherto has only been found in the Brazilian state of Paraná, municipios Caiacanga and Serrinha, in campo limpo vegetation, and is most probably endemic there. Flowering and fruiting in October.	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA0FF8BFF54FEF36A7A18C2.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet refers to the diminuitive aspect of the plant.	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA0FF8BFF54FEF36A7A18C2.taxon	biology_ecology	Conservation Status: — This species is known only from two collections, both collected on campo limpo that are continuously being substituted by agricultural lands. Therefore the species is classified here as vulnerable according to the IUCN categories (IUCN 2001).	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA0FF8BFF54FEF36A7A18C2.taxon	discussion	Relationships: — Microstachys nana can be recognized and characterized by its size (to 13 cm tall) small even within this genus, the leaves with thickened and irregularly crenate margins, distinctly pedicellate pistillate flowers (pedicel 1.3 – 1.4 mm long), and stigmas 2.2 to 2.5 mm long. Morphologically it resembles Microstachys glandulosa in several characters related to the leaf (shape, base, apex and absence of hairs), shape of glands, and the glabrous ovary. However, M. nana is a herb with glabrous to glabrescent branches, adpressed trichomes, completely free stamens, pedicellate pistillate flowers, ovaries with well-developed and erect appendages, and inflorescences 5.5 – 6 cm long with spaced flowers. Microstachys glandulosa is a subshrub to shrub (up to 1 m tall), has branches with short uncinate-filiform trichomes, stamens with filaments very slightly united at base, sessile pistillate flowers, ovaries with small and curved appendages, and inflorescences 0.9 – 4 cm long with more condensed flowers.	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA0FF8BFF54FEF36A7A18C2.taxon	materials_examined	Paratype: — BRAZIL. Paraná, Serrinha in campis, 24 October 1908 (fl, fr), P. Dusén 6960 (K!).	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA6FF8DFF54FF1B6B7C1805.taxon	description	Typus: — BRAZIL. Piauí: Rio Preto, September 1841 (fl, fr), G. Gardner 2954 (holotype K!, isotype BM!). Subshrub ca. 70 cm tall, densely branched. Branches cylindrical, conspicuously villous and slightly ridged. Trichomes simple, multicellular, 1 – 2 mm long. Leaves spirally alternate; stipules 0.8 – 0.9 mm long, ovatelanceolate, acuminate, externally sericeous, persistent; petiole 4.9 – 5.2 mm long, subcylindrical, villous; blade ovate, chartaceous, 7.8 – 10 × 4.9 – 6 mm, base cordate, margin flat, sparsely serrate with projections directed upwards, apex acute, uniform in colour on both sides, with a pair of circular glands on the lower surface near the base, villous on both surfaces, trichomes ca. 2 mm long, more dense on the veins, venation penninerved, brochidodromous, midrib conspicuous, secondary veins 1 – 3 pairs, inconspicuous. Inflorescences leafopposed, erect, the main axis puberulous, the staminate part with ca. 20, spirally arranged, staminate cymules apically, and 1 pistillate flowers at the base or separated from it and then inserted at lower nodes; pistillate bracts 0.8 – 0.9 mm long, ovate, scarious, with two globose basal-lateral glands, margin entire, apex acute, ciliate, shortly sericeous outside; staminate bracts 0.5 – 0.6 mm long, broadly ovate, with two digitifom glands at base, margin entire, scarious, apex short-acuminate, glabrous outside. Pistillate flowers sessile, sepals 0.8 × 0.7 mm, broadly elliptic, margin slightly denticulate, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate, glabrous and with two basal-lateral, cylindrical and well-developed glands ovary ca. 0.7 × 0.6 mm, glabrous, with six appendages each mericarp, style ca. 0.8 mm long, cylindrical, erect, free, upward. Staminate cymules 1 – 2 - flowered; flowers subsessile (pedicel ca. 0.1 mm long), sepals 0.7 – 0.8 × 0.5 mm, oblong-obovate, apex obtuse, discretely veined in centre, margin entire, glabrous; stamens with filaments up to 0.4 mm long, free, anthers 0.3 mm long. Capsules 4.2 – 4.5 × 2.9 – 3 mm, oblong, glabrous, with appendages similar to the ovary. Seeds unknown.	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA6FF8DFF54FF1B6B7C1805.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Microstachys ditassoides subsp. villosa seems to be endemic to Piauí state, where it grows in cerrado vegetation. Flowering in September.	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA6FF8DFF54FF1B6B7C1805.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The epithet refers to the villous pubescence, very characteristic in this taxon. Conservation status: — This species is only known from its type locality, and there is no information about its current status. Due to that, its IUCN Conservation Status should be DD (Data Deficient) according to IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2001). Relationships: — Microstachys ditassoides subsp. villosa is morphologically similar to typical M. ditassoides (Didrichsen 1853: 88) Esser (1998: 958). It can, however, easily be distinguished by the densely villous branches and leaves, the latter with flat margins and sparsely serrate (vs. strongly revolute and entire in M. ditassoides), staminate sepals oblong-obovate and obtuse at the apex (vs. suborbicular and emarginate at the apex), pistillate sepals glabrous outside and with two basal-lateral, cylindrical and well-developed glands (vs. pistillate sepals pubescent, glands flattened and rudimentary). The leaves are ovate with a broadly cordate base and are villous on both surfaces, which also distinguishes subsp. villosa from typical M. ditassoides. In M. ditassoides s. str. the leaves are ovate-lanceolate or linear with the base cordate to sagittate, glabrous on both surfaces or tomentose on the lower surface only. Microstachys ditassoides can be recognized as a specific complex that includes specimens which are usually caespitose, glabrous or densely tomentose but never villous, with ovate leaves which are basally cordate to sagittate, glabrous to tomentose on the lower surface, short to long (to 8 cm) inflorescences, and glabrous to tomentose ovary. The typical species occurs in rocky fields and savannas mostly in the states of Minas Gerais, Goias, Bahia and São Paulo, but it also reaches Bolivia. Microstachys ditassoides subsp. villosa is, however, restricted to the state of Piauí.	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA4FF8FFF54FF1B6A411A73.taxon	description	Subshrub to ca. 30 cm tall. Completely glabrous. Leaves: stipules linear, 2 – 2.5 × ca. 0.4 mm, often persistent; petiole 10 mm long; blade broadly elliptic to suborbicular, 16 × 12 mm, base obtuse, margin shallowly crenate-serrate, apex rounded to subacute, slightly glaucous below, without marginal glands, side veins in 5 – 6 pairs. Staminate inflorescence 6 – 7 mm long; bracts c. 0.25 mm long, with a pair of stipitate disc-shaped glands ca. 0.15 mm in diam.; staminate flowers three per bract, their pedicel ca. 0.2 mm long, the calyx ca. 0.12 mm long. Pistillate flowers not seen. Fruits: pedicel ca. 1.3 mm long; capsule ellipsoid, sulcate, ca. 3.2 × 3.2 mm, smooth, with rows of multiple short appendages to ca. 0.7 mm long. This species had been included by Pax & Hoffmann (1912) in their section Elachocroton (F. Müller 1857: 17) Pax & Hoffmann (1912: 114), which is now part of Microstachys. Esser (1998) suggested that it might not belong to Microstachys because of some unusual characters. Study of the type showed, however, that it is a species which is unusual for its long petioles and stipules and for being completely glabrous, but has flowers and fruits typical for Microstachys. Pax & Hofmann (1912) and Govaerts et al. (2000) listed the name ' Microstachys stipulacea (Müll. Arg.) Klotzsch ex Baillon' as a synonym under Sebastiania stipulacea. That name was however never validly published. The herbarium name of Microstachys stipulacea of Klotzsch (who died 1860) predates the publication of Müller (1863), but was only cited as synonym by Baillon (1865). Both Baillon and Müller treated the species under different genera and did not accept the original herbarium name of Klotzsch. The original type collection (Sellow 3456, B) was labelled as being collected in ‘ Brasil’, and as such, cited for Brazil by e. g., Pax & Hoffmann (1912). Urban (1893) showed, however, that Sellow’s collection numbers 3331 – 3623 were collected while travelling from southernmost Brazil into northern Uruguay and back to Alegrete. Therefore the type locality is uncertain. The holotype is lost. There are two type sheets in G. The lectotype chosen here is a poor specimen but with original annotations by Müller. The isolectotype is a better collection, but without original labels (fig. 3).	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
038EFE7EFFA4FF8FFF54FF1B6A411A73.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. ‘ Prov. Rio Grande’, 1833 (fl, fr), C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 1697 (P!); URUGUAY. Without locality, 1816 – 1821 (fl, fr), A. Saint-Hilaire 2556 (P!, two sheets).	en	Silva, Marcos José Da, Esser, Hans-Joachim (2011): Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America. Phytotaxa 32: 18-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2
