identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FFA868FFD1FFF45506F89E82F548FD.text	03FFA868FFD1FFF45506F89E82F548FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus Attems 1898	<div><p>Genus Levizonus Attems, 1898</p> <p>Sulciferus (subgenus Levizonus) Attems 1898: 346, 351.</p> <p>Levizonus Attems 1931: 69 (full genus).</p> <p>Ezaria Takakuwa, 1941: 8</p> <p>(type species Ezaria montana Takakuwa, 1941, by monotypy; synonymized by Hoffman 1980).</p> <p>Profontaria Verhoeff, 1941: 411–412</p> <p>(type species Profontaria takakuwai Verhoeff, 1941, by monotypy; synonymized by Tanabe 1994).</p> <p>Hokkaidaria Verhoeff, 1941: 414–415 (invalidly proposed without type species).</p> <p>Ezodesmus Takakuwa, 1942: 42</p> <p>(type species Ezodesmus lunatus, Takakuwa, 1942, by monotypy; synonymized with Profontaria by Hoffman 1956, synonymized with Levizonus by Tanabe 1994).</p> <p>Levizonus – Attems 1938: 173. — Takakuwa 1954: 73. — Jeekel 1971: 270. — Hoffman 1980: 157. — Shelley 1993: 1163. — Tanabe 1994: 102; 2002: 2176. — Tanabe &amp; Shinohara 1996: 1470. — Shelley et al. 2000: 104. — Mikhaljova 2004: 243; 2017: 293. — Korsόs et al. 2011: 55. — Marek et al. 2014: 71. — Tanabe &amp; Sota 2014: 442. — Minelli 2015: 400.</p> <p>Ezaria – Takakuwa 1954: 87. — Miyosi 1959: 82. — Jeekel 1971: 264. — Hoffman 1980: 157. — Tanabe 1994: 102.</p> <p>Ezodesmus – Takakuwa 1954: 85. — Jeekel 1971: 264. — Hoffman 1980: 157. — Tanabe 1994: 102.</p> <p>Profontaria – Hoffman 1956: 99; 1980: 157. — Miyosi 1959: 82. — Jeekel 1971: 282. — Tanabe 1994: 102. — Shelley et al. 2000: 104.</p> <p>Hokkaidaria – Jeekel 1971: 266. — Hoffman 1980: 157. — Tanabe 1994: 102</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>L. circularis Takakuwa, 1942 (= L. variabilis Lokschina &amp; Golovatch, 1977, syn. nov.) L. distinctus Mikhaljova, 1990</p> <p>L. laqueatus Mikhaljova, 1981</p> <p>L. malewitschi Lokschina &amp; Golovatch, 1977</p> <p>L. montanus (Takakuwa, 1941)</p> <p>L. nakhodka sp. nov.</p> <p>L. takakuwai (Verhoeff, 1941)</p> <p>L. thaumasius Attems, 1898</p> <p>Type species</p> <p>Levizonus thaumasius Attems, 1898, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Differs from other Palearctic xystodesmid genera mainly by the circular, arcuate to coiled ring-like (one ring vs 1.5 to 2 rings in Parafontaria Verhoeff, 1936) slender, uniramous gonopod telopodite without prefemoral process (as in Parafontaria), but with a modified apex; by relatively long subcylindrical gonopod coxa (vs oval in Parafontaria), and a short SL (Figs 5A, 8C) (as in Parafontaria but vs long in Riukiaria Attems, 1938).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Male</p> <p>COLOUR. Ventral and lateral body parts yellow-white. Tergites often with a brown pattern (Fig. 12).</p> <p>HEAD. Smooth, setose frontally, more densely so at external margin, with 2+2 vertigial setae and lateral excavation for accommodation of antennae. Epicranial suture distinct. Antennae slightly clavate, with four apical cones.</p> <p>COLLUM. Ovoid, considerably broader than head but somewhat narrower than ring 2. BODY. Stout, with 20 rings including telson. Metaterga moderately convex, without setae.Transverse metatergal sulcus absent but metaterga with a shallow transverse medial depression. Dorsal surface of metazona shining and smooth excluding L. circularis (= L. variabilis syn. nov.), with transverse rows of low bosses on metaterga. Paraterga relatively well developed, with narrow peritremata (calluses). Paraterga thin on rings 1–4, thicker on more posterior rings. Anterior angles of paraterga rounded, posterior angles rounded, becoming somewhat elongated though never clear-cut on posterior half of body. Pore formula normal. Pleurites finely granular. Sternites with two small outgrowths between leg pair 3 and leg pair 4.</p> <p>TELSON. Caudal dorsal projection weakly conical. Anal valve with two setae at a bolster-shaped mesal edge. Subanal scale subtriangular, with 1+1 setae.</p> <p>LEGS. Relatively long but stout, increasingly strong in anterior part of body. Coxa and prefemur (either only prefemur or only coxa) of all postgonopodal legs (or only hind legs) distoventrally with a small short outgrowth becoming longer posteriorly toward telson. Coxa 2 with a large setose outgrowth terminating the vas deferens.</p> <p>GONOPODS. Gonopodal opening pear-shaped. Gonopods in situ held parallel to each other. Coxa relatively long, slender, subcylindrical, not fused medially, with strong setae distally (Figs 5C, 6A, 7A, 9A, 10A). Sternal apodeme and coxa subequal in length. Telopodites slender, arcuate to coiled and ring-like (one ring), unipartite, gutter-shaped, tapering distally or subparallel-sided, with or without longitudinal flange on inner surface, with a modified apex. Prefemoral process absent. Prefemur with a small lateral outgrowth basally only. Border between acropodite and prefemur indistinct. Distal part of acropodite with an external short process (= SL) terminating the seminal groove (Figs 5D, 8C, 10B).</p> <p>Female</p> <p>BODY. Usually stouter than in male. 20 rings including telson.</p> <p>LEGS. Usually slenderer than in male. Coxa 2 with a small, setigerous process. Sternites with two tiny outgrowths between leg pair 3 only.</p> <p>VULVAE. Setose. Bursa composed of two valves, operculum, one setose receptacle. Valves almost identical in size and shape.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Russia (Far East: Primorskiy krai), North Korea, Japan (Hokkaido), North-East China.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFD1FFF45506F89E82F548FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
03FFA868FFD4FFF8555CFA6984B94953.text	03FFA868FFD4FFF8555CFA6984B94953.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus circularis Takakuwa 1942	<div><p>Levizonus circularis Takakuwa, 1942</p> <p>Figs 1–3, 13</p> <p>Levizonus circularis Takakuwa, 1942: 43–44, 44, fig. 8 (holotype or lectotype not designated; number of specimens in the type series unclear; location of types is unknown; type locality: Sangnam-ri, North Korea).</p> <p>Levizonus variabilis Lokschina &amp; Golovatch, 1977: 76–77, fig. 3 (holotype ♂, from Olenevod, Lazovskiy District, Primorskiy krai, Russia, in ZMUM). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Levizonus circularis – Takakuwa 1954: 74–75, 74, fig. 79. — Paik 1958: 362. — Golovatch 1979: 17. — Mikhaljova et al. 2000: 117. — Marek et al. 2014: 72.</p> <p>Levizonus variabilis – Lokšina &amp; Golovatch 1979: 385. — Kurcheva &amp; Mikhaljova 1980: 120. — Mikhaljova 1981a: 64, figs 2, 4, map (fig. 5); 1981b: 87; 1983: 81; 1990: 136; 1993: 34; 1998: 55, figs 218–223, map 12; 2004: 251, figs 638–650, map 32; 2009a: 5; 2009b: 394; 2017: 301, figs 685–697, map 43. — Mikhaljova &amp; Petukhova 1983: 53. — Ganin 1997: 124; 2009: 153; 2011: 341. — Tanabe 1994: 108; 2002: 2178.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The main distinguishing characters of the species are as follows: apex of gonopod telopodite (Fig. 2C) not like two plates placed perpendicular to each other as in L. malewitschi; gonopod SL, more or less strongly curved mesad (vs not strongly curved mesad in other congeners); the central edge of the gonopod telopodite apex with outgrowths and spinules (Fig. 3A–D) (vs without outgrowths and spinules in other congeners excluding L. thaumasius, L. nakhodka sp. nov. and L. malewitschi); metaterga with low bosses either everywhere (Fig. 1) or only laterally (vs smooth in other congeners).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>RUSSIA • 1♂ (holotype of Levizonus variabilis;unfortunately,the holotype is devoid of gonopods); Primorskiy krai, Lazovskiy District, Olenevod; 14 Sep. 1968; L.S. Shvetsova leg.; ZMUM 1912 • 1 ♀; Primorskiy krai, Lazovskiy State Nature Reserve, Zvyozdochka Cordon; 8 Jun. 1979; E.V. Mikhaljova leg.; valley of stream, litter; FSCB 11979 • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding but Quercus forest on the coast near Petrova Island; 9 Jun. 1979; E.V. Mikhaljova leg.; litter; FSCB 21979 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding but Sokolovka Cordon; 11 Jun. 1979; E.V. Mikhaljova leg.; forest, litter; FSCB 41979 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding but Amerika Cordon; 17 Jun. 1979; E.V. Mikhaljova leg.; valley forest, litter; FSCB 71979 • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding but Pinus koraiensis forest; 20 Jun. 1979, E.V. Mikhaljova leg.; litter; FSCB 141979 • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding but in a glade; 4–5 Sep. 2005; S.Yu. Storozhenko, V.S. Sidorenko, S.K. Kholin and Yu.N. Sundukov leg.; pitfall traps; FSCB 162005 • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for preceding but Korpad Cordon; 2 Sep. 2005; S.Yu. Storozhenko, V.S. Sidorenko, S.K. Kholin and Yu.N. Sundukov leg.; grass meadow, pitfall traps; FSCB 142005 • 1 ♂; Primorskiy krai, Chuguevskiy District, Verchneussuriiskiy Research Station; 13 Aug. 1973; G.F. Kurcheva leg.; forest; FSCB 11973 • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for preceding; 21–25 May 2008; S.A. Shabalin leg.; forest; FSCB 212008 • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 27–30 Jun. 2008; S.A. Shabalin leg.; forest; FSCB 222008 • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 21–24 Aug. 2008; S.A. Shabalin leg.; forest; FSCB 232008 • 1 ♂; Primorskiy krai, Lazovskiy mountain range, Shpilka pass, near 1000 m a.s.l.; Aug. 2012; G.N. Ganin leg.; dark coniferous forest; FSCB 292012.</p> <p>NORTH-EAST CHINA – Jilin Province • 1 ♂; environs of Baishan town; 30 Aug. 2019; L.A. Prozorova and Guoyi Zhang leg.; FSCB 12019Ch.</p> <p>Material re-examined (specimen published by Mikhaljova et al. 2000)</p> <p>NORTH KOREA – Hamgjŏng-namdo Province • 1 ♂; Lake Čangdžin-ho; 9 Jun. 1965; M. Mroczkowski and A. Riedel leg.; FSCB 11965K.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Male</p> <p>SIZE. Body 25–30 mm long, 3.3–3.8 mm wide.</p> <p>COLOUR. Shining whitish.Tergites often patterned with lateral marbled brown spots and transverse brown stripes.</p> <p>HEAD. Epicranial suture not quite reaching the level of antennal sockets. Lateral excavation of head relatively deep for accommodation of antennae. Antennae rather slender, varying from short (reaching to front edge of ring 2) to long (reaching to front edge of ring 4).</p> <p>BODY. Metaterga with bosses (Fig. 1) increasingly evident from ring 5 posteriorly, especially so in males in contrast to females and juveniles. The number and location of the bosses varies from a few (or one) only in lateral parts above peritremata to relatively numerous as transverse rows throughout each metatergite (Fig. 1B). Paraterga rounded laterally; starting from ring 12–13, they have rounded, though never clear-cut, caudal corners.</p> <p>TELSON. Caudal dorsal projection with long sparse setae, blunt apically.</p> <p>LEGS. Each coxa and prefemur of postgonopodal legs distoventrally with a short conical knob becoming spineshaped in coxa toward telson. Coxa of leg 2 with a large setigerous process curved forward and terminating with gonopore.</p> <p>GONOPODS. Distal part of coxite with three strong setae laterally (two) (Fig. 2A) and mesally (one) (Fig. 2E). Telopodite laterally with longitudinal striae along almost its entire length. Distal part of telopodite with an external dentiform process (= SL) of different length. SL more (Figs 2F, 3A–I) or less (Figs 2B, 3J) strongly curved mesad and located lower or higher. Central edge of telopodite apex with outgrowths and spinules of varying shape and size (Figs 2C, 3 A–J).</p> <p>Female</p> <p>SIZE. Body 25–32 mm long, 3.0–5.0 mm wide, often stouter than in male.</p> <p>BODY. Metatergal bosses either relatively well developed or traceable, same as in juvenile.</p> <p>LEGS. Coxa 2 with a small, pointed, setigerous process.</p> <p>VULVAE. As in Fig. 2G.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Russia: Far East (Primorskiy krai); North Korea; North-East China.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>This species was originally described by Takakuwa (1942) from Zyônanri (modern names: village: Sangnam-ri; county: Yeonweon-gun; province: Pyeongannam-do; North Korea). However the original description is far too fragmentary. That L. circularis might prove to be a senior synonym of L. variabilis has long been suspected (Golovatch 1979; Mikhaljova et al. 2000). So, the above male from North Korea, kept at FSCB, can be considered as near topotypic, because both localities are only a few airkm away from one another. Unfortunately, information about the holotype of L. circularis could not be found; the holotype is probably lost. Maybe it was deposited in the private collection of Y. Miyosi as Takakuwa’s other xystodesmid samples and was destroyed (see Tanabe 1994). Originally described from Lazovskiy (old name: Sudzukhinskiy) and Kavalerovskiy districts, Primorskiy krai, Russia (Lokschina &amp; Golovatch 1977), L. variabilis appears to be widespread in and confined to the south-eastern and eastern parts of the Primorskiy krai (Mikhaljova 2017). The gonopods of L. variabilis are variable (Mikhaljova 1981a; Mikhaljova et al. 2000). The telopodite apex carries outgrowths and spinules of varying shape and size (Fig. 3A–D). The SL is located somewhat lower and less strongly curved mesad in specimens from North Korea (Fig. 3J) and North-East China (Fig. 2A–B) as compared to that of Russian samples.</p> <p>Supported by the geographical evidence and the morphological variability of the gonopods of L. variabilis, the following new formal synonym is proposed: Levizonus circularis Takakuwa, 1942 = Levizonus variabilis Lokschina &amp; Golovatch 1977 syn. nov., the valid name being the first.</p> <p>Levizonus circularis and accordingly its junior synonym L. variabilis have never been recorded from China. The species is new for the Chinese fauna.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFD4FFF8555CFA6984B94953	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
03FFA868FFD8FFF95554FBFD82824C07.text	03FFA868FFD8FFF95554FBFD82824C07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus distinctus Mikhaljova 1990	<div><p>Levizonus distinctus Mikhaljova, 1990</p> <p>Figs 4, 13</p> <p>Levizonus distinctus Mikhaljova, 1990: 134, fig. 1 (holotype ♂, from Zimoveyniy Cordon, Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Primorskiy krai, Russia, in ZMUM).</p> <p>Levizonus distinctus – Mikhaljova 1993: 33; 1998: 53, figs 200–204, map 12; 2004: 245, figs 612–616, map 32; 2009a: 5; 2017: 295, figs 660–663, map 43. — Ganin 2011: 341. — Marek et al. 2014: 72. Levizonus distinatus (sic!) – Ganin 1997: 124.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species differs from congeners mainly by the presence of a H (conical process) (Fig. 4B–C) at the base of the gonopod SL (vs absence of a H at the base of the gonopod SL in all other congeners) and the smaller body (vs larger in all other congeners).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>RUSSIA • 1 ♂; Primorskiy krai, Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Nechet Cordon; 23 Jul. 1979; M.N. Gromyko leg.; Pinus koraiensis Siebold &amp; Zucc. with Larix forest; FSCB 91979 • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding but Zimoveiniy Cordon; 8 Aug. 1983; M.N. Gromyko leg.; Betula valley forest, third floodplain river terrace of Serebryanka River; FSCB 11983 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding but Yasnaya Cordon; 24 Jun. 1984; M.N. Gromyko leg.; Betula valley forest; FSCB 11984.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Russia: Far East, Primorskiy krai (Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biosphere Reserve).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The species is known only from the original description from the Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Primorskiy krai, Russia (Mikhaljova 1990). Gonopods and vulvae as in Fig. 4.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFD8FFF95554FBFD82824C07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
03FFA868FFDAFFFA5555FEAB87D749B4.text	03FFA868FFDAFFFA5555FEAB87D749B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus laqueatus Mikhaljova 1981	<div><p>Levizonus laqueatus Mikhaljova, 1981</p> <p>Figs 5, 13</p> <p>Levizonus laqueatus Mikhaljova, 1981a: 62, fig. 1, map (fig. 5) (holotype ♂, from Sokolovka Cordon, Lazovskiy Nature Reserve, Primorskiy krai, Russia, in ZMUM).</p> <p>Levizonus laqueatus – Mikhaljova 1981b: 87; 1983: 81; 1990: 136; 1993: 33; 1998: 54, figs 205–209, map 12; 2004: 247, figs 617–622, map 32; 2009a: 5; 2009b: 394; 2017: 297, figs 664–669, map 43. — Mikhaljova &amp; Petukhova 1983: 53. — Tanabe 1994: 108. — Ganin 1997: 22; 2011: 77. — Marek et al. 2014: 72.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The species differs from its congeners mainly by the always smooth central edge of the gonopod telopodite apex (vs with one to numerous outgrowths and spinules in L. distinctus, L. thaumasius, L. circularis, L. nakhodka sp. nov., L. malewitschi) and the strong dentiform SL (Fig. 5A–E).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>RUSSIA • 1 ♂; Primorskiy krai, Lazovskiy State Nature Reserve, Sokolovka Cordon; 11 Jun. 1979; E.V. Mikhaljova leg.; about 2,5 km below the pass; FSCB 101979.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Russia: Far East, Primorskiy krai (Lazovskiy State Nature Reserve).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The species has hitherto been reported only from Lazovskiy State Nature Reserve, Primorskiy krai, Russia, its terra typica. Levizonus laqueatus is a dominant species; its abundance is 166 ind./m 2 (Mikhaljova 1981b). Vulva as in Fig. 5F.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFDAFFFA5555FEAB87D749B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
03FFA868FFDAFFFC568DFAA6856A4F59.text	03FFA868FFDAFFFC568DFAA6856A4F59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus malewitschi Lokschina & Golovatch 1977	<div><p>Levizonus malewitschi Lokschina &amp; Golovatch, 1977</p> <p>Figs 6, 13</p> <p>Levizonus malewitschi Lokschina &amp; Golovatch, 1977: 73, figs 1, 2 (holotype ♂, from Derevyankina Ravine, Kavalerovskiy District, Primorskiy krai, Russia, in ZMUM).</p> <p>Levizonus malewitschi – Lokšina &amp; Golovatch 1979: 385. — Kurcheva &amp; Mikhaljova 1980: 120. — Mikhaljova 1981a: 66, map (fig. 5); 1983: 81; 1990: 136; 1993: 33; 1998: 52, figs 196–199, map 12; 2004: 243, figs 608–611, map 32; 2009a: 5; 2017: 294, figs 656–659, map 43. — Mikhaljova &amp; Petukhova 1983: 53. — Gromyko 1990: 63. — Ganin 1997: 124; 2011: 341. — Marek et al. 2014: 72.</p> <p>Levizonus malevitschi [sic!] – Tanabe 1994: 108, fig. 4; 2002: 2178.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The species differs from its congeners mainly by the configuration of the gonopod telopodite apex, like two plates placed perpendicular to each other, the central one with a seminal groove, the second one being serrate at its outer margin (Fig. 6A–B) (vs without two plates in all congeners).</p> <p>Material re-examined (specimens published by Mikhaljova 1993)</p> <p>RUSSIA • 1 ♀; Primorskiy krai, Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Blagodatnoe; 22 Sep. 1982; M.N. Gromyko leg.; Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. forest; FSCB 11982 • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 26–27 Jun. 1986; M.N. Gromyko leg.; FSCB 11986.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Russia: Far East, Primorskiy krai.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Originally described from Kavalerovskiy District, Primorskiy krai, Russia (Lokschina &amp; Golovatch 1977), this species appears to be distributed in eastern and central parts of the Primorskiy krai (Mikhaljova 2017). The abundance ranges from 3.5 ind./m 2 in mountainous forest to 62 ind./m 2 in valley forests (Kurcheva &amp; Mikhaljova 1980). Vulva as in Fig. 6C.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFDAFFFC568DFAA6856A4F59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
03FFA868FFDCFFFD5549FDCB832A4EFB.text	03FFA868FFDCFFFD5549FDCB832A4EFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus montanus (Takakuwa 1941)	<div><p>Levizonus montanus (Takakuwa, 1941)</p> <p>Fig. 13</p> <p>Ezaria montana Takakuwa, 1941: 9, fig. 10 (syntypes destroyed; type locality: Hokkaido, Japan).</p> <p>Japonaria (Japonaria) hamuligera Kraus, 1960: 2, figs 1–3 (syntypes in Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich, Germany; type locality: Hokkaido, Japan; synonymized by Tanabe 1994).</p> <p>Ezaria montana – Takakuwa 1954: 87, fig. 97. — Miyosi 1959: 83, fig. 101. — Jeekel 1971: 264. — Tanabe 1994: 103. Synonymized by Hoffman (1980).</p> <p>Levizonus montanus – Tanabe 1992: 87; 1994: 103, figs 1–3; 2002: 2178. — Marek et al. 2014: 72. — Tanabe &amp; Sota 2014: figs S2–S4, tables S1–S3.</p> <p>Non Profontaria takakuwai – Murakami 1972: 59, fig. 2.</p> <p>Diagnosis (after Tanabe 1994)</p> <p>The species differs from congeners mainly by the straight gonopod telopodite apex (vs hooked in other congeners) with elongated, acute lateral angle (= SL) (vs different in other congeners) as well as the smooth central margin of the telopodite apex (vs with outgrowths and spinules in L. circularis, L. thaumasius, L. nakhodka sp. nov., L. distinctus, L. malewitschi).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Japan: central part of Hokkaido.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>This species was originally described by Takakuwa (1941) from Hokkaido Island with several collection points (Sapporo, Rumoi, Mt. Daisetu). Unfortunately he did not denote the precise type locality. Nevertheless Levizonus montanus appears to be spread in central part of Hokkaido (see Tanabe 1994).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFDCFFFD5549FDCB832A4EFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
03FFA868FFDDFFFF550BFC6484094AB3.text	03FFA868FFDDFFFF550BFC6484094AB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus nakhodka Mikhaljova 2021	<div><p>Levizonus nakhodka sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E92C7403-59C4-4AAC-A645-81075397DCE6</p> <p>Figs 7–9, 13</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The species differs from congeners mainly by the configuration of the gonopod telopodite with subapical large K laterally (Fig. 8A) (vs without the outgrowth in other congeners excluding L. thaumasius and L. circularis; small not knee-shaped in both), with central apical arcuate P carrying numerous, small outgrowths (Fig. 8B) (vs without protrusion and outgrowths in L. montanus, L. takakuwai, L. malewitschi, L. laqueatus, L. distinctus).</p> <p>The species seems to be particularly similar to L. thaumasius but differs in a telopodite apex strongly curved caudad and as a result a large well-developed lateral subapical K (Fig. 8C) (vs low, not kneeshaped outgrowth (K1) in L. thaumasius, Fig. 10D), as well as the narrower apex of telopodite, permanent presence of a central P on telopodite apex and by a stick-like SL (Fig. 8B–D).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to the type locality, a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>RUSSIA • ♂; Primorskiy krai, environs of Nakhodka City; 1–3 Aug. 2015; S.A. Shabalin leg.; Quercus forest with fern; FSCB 12020.</p> <p>Paratypes</p> <p>RUSSIA • 2 ♂♂, 1 fragment; same locality as for holotype; 30 Jul.–1 Aug. 2015; S.A. Shabalin leg.; FSCB 22020 • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for holotype but Quercus forest with Lespedeza; 30 Jul.– 1 Aug. 2015; S.A. Shabalin leg.; FSCB 32020 • 3 ♂♂; same locality as for holotype; 1–3 Aug. 2015; S.A. Shabalin leg.; FSCB 42020 • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for holotype but Quercus forest with Lespedeza; 1–3 Aug. 2015; S.A. Shabalin leg.; FSCB 52020 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for holotype but 42°50´27.9˝ N, 132°47´30.5˝ E; 19–22 Aug. 2015, S.A. Shabalin and E. Poletkov leg.; FSCB 142020 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for holotype but 42°53´13.5˝ N, 132°43´04.8˝ E; Sep. 2015; Maslovsky leg.; ZMUM • 2 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype but 42°53´13.5˝ N, 132°43´04.8˝ E; Sep. 2015; Maslovsky leg.; FSCB 62020 • 1 ♂; same locality as for holotype; 7 Sep. 2015; Maslovsky leg.; FSCB 72020 • 1 ♀; same locality as for holotype but 42°53´22.0˝ N, 132°49´37.2˝ E; 9–12 Sep. 2015, S.A. Shabalin and S.Yu. Storozhenko leg.; FSCB 82020 • 1 ♂; same locality as for holotype but 42°53´05.4˝ N, 132°48´47.5˝ E; 9–12 Sep. 2015, S.A. Shabalin and S.Yu. Storozhenko leg.; Ulmus, Fraxinus, Alnus; FSCB 92020 • 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype but Ulmus, Fraxinus; 11– 14 Sep. 2015; S.A. Shabalin and S.Yu. Storozhenko leg.; FSCB 102020 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for holotype but 42°53´11.6˝ N, 132°48´03.6˝ E; 11–14 Sep. 2015; S.A. Shabalin and S.Yu. Storozhenko leg.; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.80101&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.88656" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.80101/lat 42.88656)">Quercus forest with Lespedeza</a>; FSCB 112020 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 1 fragment; same locality as for holotype but 42°53´22.0˝ N, 132°49´32.7˝ E; 12–15 Sep. 2015; S.A. Shabalin and S.Yu. Storozhenko leg.; FSCB 122020 • 1 ♂; same locality as for holotype but 42°53´07.6˝ N, 132°48´46.3˝ E; 12–15 Sep. 2015; S.A. Shabalin and S.Yu. Storozhenko leg.; Quercus dentata forest; FSCB 132020.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Male</p> <p>SIZE. Body 25–27 mm long, 4.0– 4.3 mm wide.</p> <p>COLOUR. Shining whitish in alcohol, tergites often beige.</p> <p>HEAD. Epicranial suture not quite reaching the level of antennal sockets. Lateral excavation of head relatively deep for accommodation of antennae. Antennae rather slender, in situ reaching to the front edge of ring 4.</p> <p>BODY. Metaterga without bosses. Paraterga rounded laterally. Starting from ring 12–13, they have rounded, though never clear-cut, caudal corners.</p> <p>TELSON. Caudal dorsal projection with relatively long sparse setae, blunt apically, often apex with tiny excavation.</p> <p>LEGS. Each coxa of hind legs distoventrally with a small conical outgrowth. Coxa of leg 2 with a large setigerous process curved forward and terminating a vas deferens.</p> <p>GONOPODS. Distal part of coxite with three strong setae mesally (one) and laterally (two) (Fig. 9A). Telopodite laterally with longitudinal striae along almost its entire length (Fig. 8A). Telopodite apex relatively sharply curved mesad, as result distal part of the telopodite laterally carrying a large subapical K (Figs 8A, 8C, 9B). Apical part of telopodite with an external stick-like process (= SL) curved mesad as well as always with central P carrying numerous, small outgrowths (Figs 8B–C, 9B). Inner edge of telopodite apex with several small outgrowths.</p> <p>Female</p> <p>SIZE. Body 25–27 mm long, 4.0– 4.7 mm wide. Body often stouter than in male.</p> <p>LEG 2. Coxa 2 with a small, pointed, setigerous process.</p> <p>VULVAE. As in Fig. 8E.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Russia, Far East, Primorskiy krai.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFDDFFFF550BFC6484094AB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
03FFA868FFC1FFE15552FEAB87D64875.text	03FFA868FFC1FFE15552FEAB87D64875.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus takakuwai (Verhoeff 1941)	<div><p>Levizonus takakuwai (Verhoeff, 1941)</p> <p>Fig. 13</p> <p>Profontaria takakuwai Verhoeff, 1941: 412, figs 2–4 (types may be deposited in Zoologisches Museum Berlin, Germany, after Tanabe 1994; type locality: Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; synonymized by Tanabe 1994).</p> <p>Ezodesmus lunatus Takakuwa, 1942: 43, fig. 7 (types destroyed; type locality: Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; synonymized by Miyosi 1959).</p> <p>Profontaria takakuwai – Hoffman 1956: 99. — Miyosi 1959: 82, figs 99, 99′. — Tanabe 1994: 109.</p> <p>Ezodesmus lunatus – Chamberlin &amp; Wang 1953: 7. — Takakuwa 1954: 86, figs 95–96. — Tanabe 1994: 109.</p> <p>Levizonus takakuwai – Tanabe 1994: 109, figs 3, 5; 2002: 2178. — Tanabe &amp; Sota 2014: 444, fig. S2, tables S1–S3. — Marek et al. 2014: 72.</p> <p>Diagnosis (after Tanabe 1994)</p> <p>The species differs from all congeners mainly by the shorter gonopod telopodite carrying a longitudinal blade and by a trifurcate apex of telopodite.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Japan: western part of Hokkaido.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>This species was originally described from Hokkaido Island as Profontaria takakuwai (see Verhoeff 1941). The genus Profontaria was later shown to be a senior synonym of originally a Hokkaido genus Ezodesmus (Hoffman 1956). Miyosi (1959) synonymized the type species Ezodesmus lunatus with Profontaria takakuwai. Finally Tanabe (1994) proposed Profontaria to be a junior synonym of Levizonus, with the new combination Levizonus takakuwai. This species appears to be distributed in the western part of Hokkaido (see Tanabe 1994).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFC1FFE15552FEAB87D64875	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
03FFA868FFC1FFE35527FAE682FF4918.text	03FFA868FFC1FFE35527FAE682FF4918.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus thaumasius Attems 1898	<div><p>Levizonus thaumasius Attems, 1898</p> <p>Figs 10–13</p> <p>Sulciferus (Levizonus) thaumasius Attems, 1898: 352, fig. 112 (holotype not designated; location of types is unknown; type locality: Vladivostok, Russia).</p> <p>Levizonus orientalis Lokschina &amp; Golovatch, 1977: 77, figs 4–5 (holotype ♂, from Varfolomeevka, Yakovlevskiy District, Primorskiy krai, Russia, in ZMUM; synonymized by Golovatch 1979).</p> <p>Sulciferus (Levizonus) thaumasius – Attems 1904: 48.</p> <p>Levizonus thaumasius – Attems 1931: 69, fig. 105; 1938: 173, figs 190–191. — Verhoeff 1936: 152. — Takakuwa 1942: 43. — Jeekel 1971: 270. — Golovatch 1979: 17, figs — Lokšina &amp; Golovatch 1979: 385. — Mikhaljova 1981a: 64, fig. 3, map (fig. 5); 1983: 81; 1984: 14; 1988: 70; 1990: 136; 1993: 33; 1997: 143; 1998: 55, figs 210–217, map 12; 2002: 150; 2004: 249, figs 623–637, map 32; 2009a: 5; 2009b: 606; 2016: 22; 2017: 299, figs 670–684, map 43. — Mikhaljova &amp; Petukhova 1983: 53. — Mikhaljova &amp; Bakurov 1989: 40. — Ganin 1997: 121; 2009: 153; 2011: 336. — Tanabe 1994: 108; 2002: 2178. — Mikhaljova &amp; Korsós 2003: 234. — Marek et al. 2014: 73.</p> <p>Levizonus orientalis – Mikhaljova 1978: 157.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The species differs from congeners mainly by the configuration of the central edge of the gonopod telopodite apex, which is smooth (rarely) or with one to numerous small outgrowths (Figs 10B, 11B – several outgrowths) (vs without outgrowths in L. laqueatus, L. montanus, L. takakuwai), the gonopod telopodite with a low subapical not knee-shaped outgrowth (K1) (Fig. 10D) (vs without the outgrowth in other congeners excluding L. nakhodka sp. nov. and L. circularis; with K in L. nakhodka sp. nov.; not knee-shaped in L. circularis) and with a curved SL (Fig. 10B) positioned laterally (vs straight in other congeners excluding L. circularis; positioned mesad in L. circularis).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>RUSSIA • 1 ♂; Primorskiy krai, Shkotovskiy District, near Anisimovka, Litovka Mountain; 22 Sep. 2007; A. Rodionov leg.; mixed forest; FSCB 12007 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Primorskiy krai, Ussuriyskiy District, environs of village Utesnoe; 7 Oct. 2016; E.V. Mikhaljova and A.I. Konyukhov leg.; broadleaved forest, litter; FSCB 12016.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Russia: Far East, Primorskiy krai.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Originally described from the environs of Vladivostok, Primorskiy krai, Russia (Attems, 1898), this species is common and abundant in the western and central parts of the Primorskiy krai (Mikhaljova 2017). The dorsum is often distinctively patterned (Fig. 12A–B). Its abundance ranges from 24 to 86.5 ind./m 2 in montane forests (the maximum abundance recorded is 172.5 ind./m 2), but this species is not numerous (4 ind./m 2) in floodplain forests (Mikhaljova 1988). Vulva as in Fig. 10E.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFC1FFE35527FAE682FF4918	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
03FFA868FFC3FFE357DAFB3583374A94.text	03FFA868FFC3FFE357DAFB3583374A94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Levizonus Attems 1931	<div><p>Key to the species of Levizonus</p> <p>1. Metatergal surface with low bosses either everywhere (Fig. 1A–B) or only laterally. Gonopods as in Fig. 2A–D …………………………………………………………… L. circularis Takakuwa, 1942</p> <p>– Metatergal surface smooth, without any bosses.Gonopods different…………………………………2</p> <p>2. Apex of gonopod telopodite like two plates placed perpendicular to each other (Fig. 6A–B) ……………………………………………………… L. malewitschi Lokschina &amp; Golovatch, 1977</p> <p>– Apex of gonopod telopodite not like two plates placed perpendicular to each other ………3</p> <p>3. SL with a large long H basally (Fig. 4B–D)…………………… L. distinctus Mikhaljova, 1990</p> <p>– SL without a large long H basally ………………………………………………………………4</p> <p>4. Telopodite apex trifurcate ………………………………………… L. takakuwai (Verhoeff, 1941)</p> <p>– Telopodite apex not trifurcate ……………………………………………………………………5</p> <p>5. SL massive, dentiform. (Fig. 5B–D) …………………………… L. laqueatus Mikhaljova, 1981</p> <p>– SL not massive, not dentiform ……………………………………………………………………6</p> <p>6. Apical edge of telopodite without numerous small outgrowths …… L. montanus (Takakuwa, 1941)</p> <p>– Apical edge of telopodite with one to numerous small outgrowths, seldom smooth ………………7</p> <p>7. Telopodite subapically with lateral large knee-shaped protrusion (K) (Fig. 8C). Telopodite apex narrower (Fig. 8D) …………………………………………… L. nakhodka Mikhaljova sp. nov.</p> <p>– Telopodite subapically with lateral small rounded protrusion (K1) (Fig. 10A–D). Telopodite apex broader (Fig. 11A) …………………………………………………… L. thaumasius Attems, 1898</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFA868FFC3FFE357DAFB3583374A94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mikhaljova, Elena V.	Mikhaljova, Elena V. (2021): Review of the millipede genus Levizonus Attems, 1898, with description of a new species from the Far East of Russia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 751: 159-184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.751.1387
