identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4032878B5E786D114E8CF8E1375E68F5.text	4032878B5E786D114E8CF8E1375E68F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoscopas carbonelli Matiotti	<div><p>Pseudoscopas carbonelli Matiotti da Costa, n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 1-4)</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to a tribute to the great orthopterologist Carlos Salvador Carbonell, in memorial who dedicated his life to working brilliantly with Neotropical grasshopper taxonomy.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Close to P. nigrigena, but differentiated by coloration of the body, epiproct without protuberances in median region and absence of sclerotization in edge of the cerci. Combination of the following characteristics: (i) Epiproct triangular with deep median sulci in apical portion with five conspicuous protuberances in the median region and edge of the apical region sclerotized and curved; (ii) furculae divided in two small lobes; (iii) pallium lobes small; (iv) male cerci triangular, wide and robust at the base, and with sclerotized acute apex, curving inward; (v) hind edge of the female subgenital plate forming two large lobes on both sides; (vi) plan bridge with median reentrancy; (vii) ancorae larger in size than of the anterior projections; (viii) lophi prominent and sclerotized.</p> <p>Body morphology and coloration</p> <p>Description. Male Holotype (Figs. 1–3). Body medium in size (18 mm length), moderately robust and deeply pubescent, especially the femorae and tibiae. Braquipterous. Head. Front subvertical, slightly oblique (Fig. 3A) and conspicuously larger than usual (Fig. 3B). Antennae filiform, with 18 antennomeres surpassing the posterior margin of pronotum. Eyes globular, laterally salient and not exceeding the vertex. Interocular space narrow (Fig. 3A). Face little retreating. Frontal costa plan (Fig.3A). Occiput smooth (Fig. 3B). Fastigium of the vertex subtriangular, shorter, with apex of vertex slightly rounded (Fig.2A). Thorax. Pronotum with median carina slightly marked, and lateral absent (Fig. 2A); metazona shorter than prozona; pronotum disc crossed by three transverse sulci; pronotum lateral edges parallel, slightly expanding in the metazona; anterior margin straight and the posterior with slight median emargination (Fig. 2A). Prosternal process spiniform. Mesosternal lobes rounded. Tegmen short, lobuliform, reaching to the second abdominal segment (Fig. 2A). Legs. Hind femur slender, the upper keel smooth, the end of lower knee lobes rounded. Hind tibiae pubescent with 7 outer and 8 inner dorsal spines; absence of hind femur’s terminal spinous projection on the dorsal genicular lobes (Fig. 2A). Abdomen. Tympanum large. Abdomen thickened in distal region. Epiproct triangular, longer than wider with deep median sulci in apical portion and five conspicuous protuberances in the median region; edge of the apical region sclerotized and curved apex rounded; furculae divided in two small lobes (Fig. 3C). Pallium with small and salient lobes (Fig. 3C). Cerci triangular, robust, conic, pubescent, strongly curved, exceeding the epiproct apex; acute and sclerotized apex (Fig. 3D). Subgenital plate cupuliform, short, curved up, apex rounded and pubescent (Fig. 3D). Phallic complex. Cingulum with long apodemes, arch developed; gonophore with a rectangular ventral projection (Fig. 4A); aedeagus long with upper and lower valves of the same size and median longitudinal sulci in the apical valves; sclerites of aedeagus covered by the wide and highly lobulated ectophallic sheath (Fig. 4A). Epiphallus with plan bridge and median reentrancy; ancorae larger in size than of the anterior projections; lophi prominent and sclerotized; without internal conical protuberance (Fig. 4B).</p> <p>Body brown light color (Figs 1A, 2A, 3 A-B). Head mostly yellow color with a black pair of retro-ocular bands that take part of the genae, and continue in the dorsal half of the pronotum lateral lobes, tegmina, pleural and sides of the abdomen. Scape, pedicel, and antennal flagellum brown color. Fastigium of the vertex with five brown spots (Fig. 2A). Occiput marked with brown spots. Face, clypeus, and genae yellowish color; mandible and labrum black color; labial and maxillary palpi yellowish color with black tip (Fig. 3B). Light brown antennae. Pronotum dorsally with several punctures and brown spots (Fig. 2A). Lateral lobes of the pronotum with a yellow ivory band on the lower abdomen (Fig. 3A). Tegmen with veins light brown, a narrow ivory band surrounding the dorsal portion of the wing (Fig. 2A). Genicular lunules black. Legs I and II green, with pretarsus tip, arolium and claws brown color; femur III yellow-green, with genicular lobe black; tibiae III light-blue, with tarsomeres light green, and tarsal claws and arolium brown. Lateral sclerites of the abdomen yellowed from the second segment. Dorsal and ventral abdominal segments and pallium brown.</p> <p>Female. Larger in size to male, robust (body length 21mm) (Fig. 1B, 2B). Same color as male, but the head more yellowish (Fig. 2B); fastigium more prominent and wider than in males and with brown color spots; eyes more prominent. Interocular space wider. Pronotum dorsally light green, with several punctures and brown punctuation spots. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with a reddish, yellow-green and ivory bands, from upper to lower portion (Fig. 1B). Abdomen sides with a black spot in between segments 3-6. Ovipositor valves short in lateral view and serrulated margins absent (Fig. 3E); dorsal valve of the ovipositor robust and apical tooth of the external ventral valve of ovipositor little prominent. Hind edge of the female subgenital plate forming two large lobes on both sides and without sclerotization (Fig. 3F). Legs I and II less robust than in males. Cerci short, conical, not reaching the epiproct tip (Fig.3E). Epiproct subtriangular with median sulcus well marked, interrupted transversely in the median region.</p> <p>Habitat and Habits. Individuals of P. carbonelli n. sp. were collected mainly during the day, being active on bushes and grasses of the edge of the forest in more open places and with lower canopy cover (Fig.6), usually between 11am to 5pm. The records of the genus Pseudoscopas are between the Pampean and Parana provinces, but P. carbonelli is found only in the southeast of the Parana province. (Morrone 2001; 2006).</p> <p>Measurements (mm): Males (n=7): BL= 18.1 (17.4–18.1); PL = 0.3 (0.2–0.3); FL3 = 0.8 (0.7–0.8); TL = 0.3 (0.2–0.3). Females (n = 8): BL = 21.1 (19.2–21.1); PL = 0.5 (0.4–0.5); FL3 = 0.9 (0.8–0.9); TL = 0.4 (0.3 – 0.4).</p> <p>Type material. Holotype ♂. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.208458&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.412266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.208458/lat -29.412266)">São Francisco de Paula</a>, (29°24’44.16”S 50°12’30.44”W), 27-30.i.2020, Zefa, E.; Acosta R.C. &amp; Tim, V., 7♂ and 8♀ (MCTP). Holotype condition: genitalia were extracted and maintained in holotype’s tube.</p> <p>Chromosomes (Figs. 5 A-D). Diploid chromosome number of 2n=23, X0 ♂ /24, XX ♀; all chromosomes acrocentrics, grouped in two chromosome pairs large (L 1 –L 2), two pairs medium large (ML 3 – ML 4), five medium (M 5 –M 9), and two small (S 10 –S 11) (Fig. 5A); the X chromosome belongs to the ML group, and the megameric to the M group, both showing positive heteropiknosis until diplotene phase (Fig. 5C, D). Metaphase I chiasmata position: L 1, proximal and intersticial; L 2, proximal and intersticial; ML 3, proximal and subterminal; ML 4, subterminal; M 5, terminal; M 6, terminal; M 7, terminal; M 8, intersticial; M 9, intersticial; S 10, terminal; S 11, terminal (Fig. 5B). The size relationship between chromosomes can be better seen in (Fig. 5E), which includes a metaphase II.</p> <p>Genus distribution. Brazil (Paraná; Santa Catarina; Rio Grande do Sul); Argentina (Misiones, Concepción); Paraguay (Sapucay, Caaguazú); Uruguay (Caraguatay, Cuchilla Negra, Tacuarembó) (Cigliano et al. 2021; Ronderos 1987; Mesa et al. 1982; Monné 2018) (Table 1, Fig. 7).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4032878B5E786D114E8CF8E1375E68F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da;Acosta, Riuler Corrêa;Timm, Vítor Falchi;Demari, Christian Peter;Carvalho, Gervásio Silva;Zefa, Edison	Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Timm, Vítor Falchi, Demari, Christian Peter, Carvalho, Gervásio Silva, Zefa, Edison (2021): Pseudoscopas carbonelli n. sp. (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from southern Brazil, including chromosome complement. Zootaxa 4975 (1): 127-140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.4
4032878B5E706D1D4E8CFB0831C06B1F.text	4032878B5E706D1D4E8CFB0831C06B1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoscopas Hebard 1931	<div><p>Key to species of Pseudoscopas Hebard, 1931</p> <p>1. Epiproct with five conspicuous protuberances in the median region and edge of the apical region sclerotized and curved; medium longitudinal sulci marked the entire length of the plate. Furculae divided in two small lobes. Lophi with sclerotization. Female’s subgenital plate with hind edge plate forming two large lobes on both sides (ventral view)...... P. carbonelli n. sp.</p> <p>1’. Epiproct without protuberances in the median region and edge of the apical region not sclerotized and curved; medium longitudinal sulci marked deeply only up to the apical half of the plate. Furculae contiguous and sharp at the apex. Lophi without sclerotization. Female’s subgenital plate with a pair of triangular latero-posterior projections (ventral view).................................................................................................. P. nigrigena</p> <p>2. Globose and prominent eyes............................................................................ 3</p> <p>2’. Ovoid eyes, not or slightly prominent...................................................................... 4</p> <p>3. Pronotum anterior and posterior edge not emarginated, and the posterior with wide and sparsely deep emargination, parallel lateral edges in the prozone, divergent in the metazone. Furculae contiguous and not prominent. Epiproct with lateral edges with slight or uniform curvature to the apex and with medium longitudinal sulci stretch occupying ¾ basal; divergent and slender ancorae; subgenital plate of the female with lateral projections short and median protuberance; apex of the valves of aedeagus with dorsal valve larger than ventral............................................................... P. furcatus</p> <p>3’. Pronotum anterior and posterior edge deep emarginated; lateral edges expanded in metazone. Furculae short, no contiguous. Epiproct with lateral edges cut, with deep longitudinal medium sulci does not exceed the basal half with a pair of paramedian apical protuberances; convergent ancorae; subgenital plate of the female with lobe lateral-posterior short, with pair of the paramedians projections and sclerotized; apex of the valves of aedeagus with dorsal valve same size as ventral..... P. henryi</p> <p>4. Furculae short, triangular, with contiguous and divergent apex................................................... 5</p> <p>4’. Furculae prominent, digitiform and projected with sharp apex, not contiguous..................................... 6</p> <p>5. Fastigium prominent with acute apex, sulcate, narrow and deep. Anterior and posterior edge with emargination. Epiproct as long at the midline, and as wide at the base; ancorae parallel, triangular and curved; lophi parallel, perpendicular to the disk........................................................................................... P. curticerci</p> <p>5’. Fastigium longer than wide.Anterior edge with ligth emargination and the posterior narrow and deep. Epiproct with longitudinal median sulci with a pair of excavations; ancorae parallel with divergent apex; lophi oblique, marked and thickened at the apex...................................................................................... P. paranaensis</p> <p>6. Epiproct longitudinal sulci short; ancorae of the epiphallus convergent, with the same size anterior projections............ 7</p> <p>6`. Epiproct longitudinal sulci long and deeply conspicuous, ancorae of the epiphallus divergent, and anterior projections same size that ancorae........................................................................................... 8</p> <p>7. Furculae projected with sharpened apex; lophi columnar, perpendicular to the disc with a hook-shaped projection; ancorae curved with converging apex.................................................................... P. onsageri</p> <p>7’. Furculae prominent and slender digitiform; lophi with little lateral development; short; ancorae widely separated from each other and curved............................................................................... P. elegans</p> <p>8. Fastigium as long as wide with narrow and deep sulci.......................................................... 9</p> <p>8’. Fastigium acute at the apex with light and triangular sulci, contiguous........................................... 10</p> <p>9. Furculae triangular, wide almost as long as half the length of the epiproct, contiguous, divergent at the apex. Epiproct with longitudinal medium sulci coming near to the apex. Epiphallus wide, robust; ancorae apex extended and projected.................................................................................................... P. montanus</p> <p>9’. Furculae trigonal, contiguous. Epiproct with longitudinal median sulci complete with a pair of wide paramedian in base which is limited the apex. Epiphallus robust; lophi with marked dorsal development.................................. P. ottei</p> <p>10. Fastigium short and wide. Anterior pronotum edge whole or slightly emarginated, and posterior sparsely emarginated. Furculae wide. Epiproct with a complete medium sulci, and a pair of longitudinal grooves that ends near to the apex; ancorae ventrally curved........................................................................................ P. viridis</p> <p>10’. Fastigium as long as wide. Anterior edge of pronotum without emargination, and the posterior edge with wide emargination................................................................................................... 11</p> <p>11. Globular eyes with lateral prominence as long as wide. Furculae well developed, triangular, divergent from the apex. Epiproct with wide and deep median sulci................................................................ P. angustinae</p> <p>11’. Ovoid eyes short with lateral prominence. Furculae developed with rounded protuberance at the apex. Epiproct with wavy side edges and acute apex and median sulci short...................................................... P. campestris</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4032878B5E706D1D4E8CFB0831C06B1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da;Acosta, Riuler Corrêa;Timm, Vítor Falchi;Demari, Christian Peter;Carvalho, Gervásio Silva;Zefa, Edison	Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Timm, Vítor Falchi, Demari, Christian Peter, Carvalho, Gervásio Silva, Zefa, Edison (2021): Pseudoscopas carbonelli n. sp. (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from southern Brazil, including chromosome complement. Zootaxa 4975 (1): 127-140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.4
