taxonID	type	description	language	source
90058789FFE2FFD9FF03FBCAFD5BFA43.taxon	diagnosis	Comanthera mucugensi subsp. mucugensi affinis sed caulibus lanatis, foliis canaliculatis et margine sparse ciliata, supra glabris et subtus adpresse pubescentibus, margine vaginae sparse ciliata, capitulis minoribus (6 – 8 × 10 – 14 non 6 – 15 × 18 – 20 mm), floribus masculinis longi-pedicellatis, sepalis et petalis minoribus differt.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE2FFD9FF03FBCAFD5BFA43.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Abaíra, Catolés, Serra da Tromba, on the sides of the Serra do Atalho, “ gerais ” vegetation (low shrubby savanna), 1350 m, 18 June 1992, Ganev 528 (holotype SPF!, isotypes HUEFS!, K!).	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE2FFD9FF03FBCAFD5BFA43.taxon	description	Plants 20 – 43 cm tall. Stem 1.5 – 3.0 × 1.5 – 3.0 cm (including the persistent leaf bases), erect or prostrate, branched, densely lanate, hairs filamentous, white, ca. 2 mm long. Leaves 3.0 – 7.5 cm × 1.5 – 2.0 mm, spirally arranged, erect in young plants, later becoming deflexed or reflexed, linear-lanceolate with acute apex, coriaceous, canaliculate, abaxial surface with thickened veins, sparsely adpressed-pilose with malpighiaceous trichomes, later becoming glabrescent, margins sparsely ciliate, adaxial surface glabrous; leaf base expanded, 5 – 7 mm wide, persisting after abscission of the blade, chartaceous with membranous base, margins sparsely ciliate to glabrescent. Spathes 2 – 5 cm long, membranous and lacerate at apex, from middle to apex densely adpressed-pilose to glabrescent, with malpighiaceous and, rarely, filamentous trichomes. Scapes (14 –) 20 – 42 cm long, erect, weakly adpressed-pilose, with malpighiaceous trichomes and, rarely, filamentous trichomes, later becoming glabrescent. Capitulum 6 – 8 × 10 – 14 mm, campanulate, later becoming hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 5 – 9 series, the innermost involucral bract series equal to the flowers; bracts of the outer series light brown, elliptic, apex acute to rotund, sparsely pilose on the abaxial surface; bracts progressively changing towards the inner series to cream colour, obovate, apex obtuse to round, and glabrous surface; bracts of the innermost series narrowly spathulate, apex acute. Floral bracts absent. Staminate flowers 3.5 – 4.0 mm long, including pedicels of 1 – 1.8 mm; sepals 1.5 – 2.0 mm long, united up to a third of their length from the base, concave, obovate with apex rotund or elliptic with apex obtuse, hyaline and membranous, base opaquewhitish and thicker; anthophore short; petals 2.0 – 2.2 mm long, united up to the middle of their length, elliptic, apex rotund, hyaline and membranous in the upper half, opaque-whitish and thicker in the bottom half; pistillode 0.5 – 0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3 – 4 mm long, including pedicels of 0.6 – 0.8 mm at anthesis, pedicels elongating up to 2 mm in fruit during seed dispersal phase, at the same level or slightly above the internal involucral bracts; sepals ca. 2 mm long, imbricate, concave, elliptic, apex acute to obtuse, hyaline and membranous; petals 2.2 – 2.5 mm long, hyaline and membranous, upper middle abaxial surface ciliate and pilose, lobes with round apices; styles united ca. 0.2 mm long, stigmatic and nectariferous portions both inserted at apex, stigmatic portion ca. 2 mm long, nectariferous portion ca. 0.5 mm long.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE2FFD9FF03FBCAFD5BFA43.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — So far only known from the “ Serra do Atalho ”, in the municipalities of Piatã and Abaíra, in the Espinhaço range, Bahia, northeastern Brazil, where it grows in “ campo rupestre ” vegetation, on sandy soils, between 1350 and 1550 m elevation.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE2FFD9FF03FBCAFD5BFA43.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet refers to the lanate indumentum of the stems.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE2FFD9FF03FBCAFD5BFA43.taxon	conservation	Conservation status: — This species is at present known only from a single mountain situated at the boundary two municipalities in Bahia. The distance between the two areas where the plants were collected is less than 20 km long (area of occupancy <500 km 2). Therefore, the species is here considered as Endangered A 3 c; B 2 ab (iii) (IUCN 2001).	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE2FFD9FF03FBCAFD5BFA43.taxon	discussion	Comanthera lanosa is morphologically similar to Comanthera mucugensis (Giul.) L. R. Parra & Giul. subsp. mucugensis, also endemic to the rocky outcrops (campos rupestres) of Bahia. Plants of both taxa have linear-lanceolate, coriaceous leaves with thickened veins on the abaxial surface, as well as involucral bracts light-brown, progressively changing towards the inner series to cream-coloured. However Comanthera lanosa can be distinguished by its canaliculate leaves (instead of flat), with margins sparsely ciliate (instead of densely ciliate), adaxial surface glabrous (instead of adpressed-pilose), and sheaths with margins sparsely ciliate (instead of glabrous). Additionally, the species bears smaller capitula, and staminate flowers with longer pedicels and smaller sepals and petals than C. mucugensis.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE2FFD9FF03FBCAFD5BFA43.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BRAZIL. Bahia: Abaíra, Ascent of the Serra do Atalho, trail to the Ribeirão de Baixo Piatã, 13 º 14 ’ S 41 º 50 ’ W, 1550 m, 29 November 1992, Ganev 1593 (HUEFS, K, SPF); Piatã, Serra do Atalho, near the Garimpo da Cravada, 1350 m, 11 June 1992, Ganev 464 (HUEFS, K, SPF). Piatã, Piatã – Inubia road, ca. 25 km NW of Piatã, Serra do Atalho, 13 º 04 ’ S 41 º 55 ’ W, 1450 m, 23 February 1994, Sano et al. CFCR 14457 (SPF).	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE0FFDFFF03F9E9FD00F80A.taxon	diagnosis	Species insignis a congeneribus receptaculo capitulorum post anthesin convexo-conico et bracteis involucralibus retroflexis distinguenda, sed ex affinitate C. mucugensis (Giul.) L. R. Parra & Giul. subsp. mucugensis et C. giuliettiae L. R. Parra a speciebus ambabus foliis caniculatis, ciliatis et utrinque pilosis et a C. mucugensi subsp. mucugensi capitulis manifeste minoribus (5 – 7 × 10 – 12 non 6 – 15 × 18 – 20 mm) differt.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE0FFDFFF03F9E9FD00F80A.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucugê, side of road near Andaraí, ca. 2 km from the town, 1000 m, 16 December 1984, Giulietti et al. CFCR 7012 (holotype SPF!, isotypes K!, SPF!).	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE0FFDFFF03F9E9FD00F80A.taxon	description	Plants 25 – 35 cm tall. Stem ca. 2 × 1 cm (including the persistent leaf bases), erect, branched or not, branches ca. 2 cm long, sparsely pilose or glabrous. Leaves 3 – 6 cm × 1.5 – 2.0 mm, spirally arranged, erect to deflexed, linear with the apex obtuse to rotund, chartaceous, canaliculate becoming plane later, abaxial surface with thickened veins, abaxial and adaxial surfaces densely hirsute, with patent, white, filamentous trichomes, becoming glabrescent, margins sparsely ciliate, cilia formed by adpressed malpighiaceous and few filamentous, patent trichomes; leaf base expanded, 3 – 4 mm wide, persisting after abscission of the blade, membranous, margins ciliate, abaxial and adaxial surfaces sparsely hirsute, later becoming glabrescent. Spathes 3 – 4 cm long, entirely membranous, apex lacerate, densely adpressed-pilose with malpighiaceous trichomes and some patent to subadpressed filamentous trichomes, later glabrescent. Scapes 18 – 32 cm long, erect, densely pubescent, with subadpressed filamentous and rarely also adpressed malpighiaceous trichomes, later becoming glabrescent. Capitulum 5 – 7 × 10 – 12 mm, campanulate, radiate or hemispherical, in fruit becoming convex-conical, receptacle densely hairy with filamentous trichomes, these curled at the apex and ca. 1.5 mm long. Involucral bracts in ca. 8 series, surpassing the flowers by ca. 2 mm in young capitulum and reflexed in mature capitulum; bracts of the outer series coloured light brown to cream, ovate, apex acuminate, densely pilose on the abaxial surface; bracts progressively changing towards the inner series to white, elliptic, apex obtuse, and surface glabrous; bracts of the innermost series obovate, apex rotund. Floral bracts absent. Staminate flowers 2.5 – 3.0 mm long, including pedicels of 0.8 – 1.0 mm; sepals 1.5 – 2.0 mm long, united from base up to a third or half of their length, concave, elliptic with apex acute or obovate with apex obtuse, hyaline and membranous, base opaque-whitish and thicker; anthophore present; petals 1.5 – 2.0 mm long, united up to a third or half of their length, obovate to spathulate, apex obtuse, hyaline and membranous, base opaquewhitish and thicker; pistillode ca. 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3.0 – 3.5 mm long including pedicels of 0.4 – 0.5 mm at anthesis, pedicels elongating up to 1,5 mm in fruit during seed dispersal phase; sepals 1.5 – 2.0 mm long, imbricate, concave, ovate to elliptic, apex acuminate, hyaline and membranous; petals 2.8 – 3.0 mm long, hyaline and membranous, ciliate above the middle with abaxial surface pilose, lobes with rotund apices; styles united ca. 0.2 mm long, stigmatic and nectariferous portions both inserted at apex, stigmatic portion ca. 2 mm long, nectariferous portion ca. 0.8 mm long.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE0FFDFFF03F9E9FD00F80A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — So far only known from the “ campos rupestres ” vegetation on sandy soils, in the environs of Mucugê, Bahia state, Northeastern Brazil, especially in the area close to the Rio Cumbuca. Populations are small with few plants, or even isolated individuals.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE0FFDFFF03F9E9FD00F80A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet refers to the reflexed involucral bracts when capitula are mature.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE0FFDFFF03F9E9FD00F80A.taxon	conservation	Conservation status: — This species is presently known only from a small area nearby the Rio Cumbucas in Mucugê Municipality in Bahia. The total area of occupancy is less than 500 km 2. Therefore, the species is here considered as Endangered A 3 c; B 2 ab (iii) (IUCN 2001). Recently few plants were plotted in the Mucugê Municipality Park and have been very carefully cared of.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE0FFDFFF03F9E9FD00F80A.taxon	discussion	Comanthera retroflexa is morphologically similar to Comanthera mucugensis subsp. mucugensis, and C. giuliettiae L. R. Parra (in Parra et al. 2010). All three are endemic to the rocky outcrops (campos rupestres) of Bahia state and grow sympatrically in the Mucugê Municipal Park. The three species possess similarly shaped capitula and involucral bracts. Comanthera retroflexa, however, has unique features, easily recognized in the field: after anthesis, the hemispherical capitula become globose with the involucral bracts reflexing and becoming obscured. Also, the leaves are canaliculate, ciliate, and densely pilose on both surfaces, with patent filamentous trichomes.	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
90058789FFE0FFDFFF03F9E9FD00F80A.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucugê, Mucugê – Andarai road, km 2, 12 º 59 ’ S 41 º 21 ’ W, 870 m, 26 February 1989, Cavalcanti et al. 340 (NY, SPF); close to the confluence of the Mucugê and Cumbuca rivers, 12 º 59 ’ S 41 º 21 ’ W, 970 m, 3 January 1997, Bautista et al. UMS 78 (HUEFS); Area of Sustainable Management, Rio Piabinha, 12 º 59 ’ S 41 º 20 ’ W, 930 m, 12 January 1997, Conceição et al. UMS 188 (HUEFS); Trilha dos rios Piabinha e Tibourtino, 12 º 59 ’ S 41 º 20 ’ W, 934 m, 8 August 2007, Harley et al. 55641 (HUEFS).	en	Parra, Lara Regina, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2011): Two new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 1-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.27.1.1
