identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B18797FFEC9D0C4BA50158DCD42790.text	03B18797FFEC9D0C4BA50158DCD42790.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polydesmidae Leach 1815	<div><p>Family Polydesmidae Leach, 1815</p> <p>Diagnosing the family Polydesmidae in a way that distinguishes its members from other, closely related and similar families is not easy. We contend that the superfamily Trichopolydesmoidea is superfluous and synonymous with Polydesmoidea, bringing Trichopolydesmidae, Macrosternodesmidae, Mastigonodesmidae, Opisotretidae and Fuhrmannodesmidae into consideration in delineating the family.</p> <p>The most recent attempt to diagnosis Polydesmidae is that of Enghoff et al. (2015). Their account includes qualifying words “usually”, “occasionally” and “often”, and this is necessary because the family presently includes some discordant elements and as has been often stated, the taxa give the characters and not vice versa. Nevertheless, it is possible to list a few characters for Polydesmidae that may provide guidance: 1) presence on the gonopod of a fimbriate pad or projection (pulvillus) at the point where the seminal pore opens, 2) presence of a vesicle in the distal part of the seminal canal, 3) the seminal canal with a distinct arch or loop proximal to the vesicle. One or more of these characters may be absent in species presently considered polydesmids, including a few described here. Nonsexual characters that are helpful include a microspiculate limbus and the presence of sphaerotrichomes on at least some of the anterior legs of males. Species of Macrosternodesmidae, in our view the most closely related family and the only other polydesmoid family in North America, lack these gonopod characters, but many do have sphaerotrichomes; in addition, macrosternodesmids have the gonopod prefemorite transverse with respect to the gonocoxae such that the acropodite makes a right angle with it. In Polydesmidae, the acropodite continues the line of the prefemorite. Characteristically, the acropodites of macrosternodesmids are more complex, with at least three major branches, including an exomere.</p> <p>In the genera and families described herein, even the characters just listed do not always occur together, possibly because of phenotypic simplification associated with a great reduction in size. However, the pulvillus is always present in the species discussed here, the vesicle in only a few, and the loop in the seminal canal in none of the species. Bidentogon species are the exception, retained for now in Polydesmidae, but lacking all three of these important characters, unless our hypothesis about the origin of the solenomere in Bidentogon species is supported.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFEC9D0C4BA50158DCD42790	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFEF9D0F4BA505ADDD4027D3.text	03B18797FFEF9D0F4BA505ADDD4027D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bidentogon Buckett & Gardner 1968	<div><p>Genus Bidentogon Buckett &amp; Gardner, 1968</p> <p>Bidentogon Buckett &amp; Gardner 1968:198. Type species, Bidentogon helferorum Buckett &amp; Gardner 1968.</p> <p>Bidentogon, Shear, 1972:489; Shelley, 2003:9.</p> <p>Species included: Bidentogon californicus Buckett &amp; Gardner, 1968; B. expansus Shelley, 2003; B. norcal n. sp.; and B. buttensis n. sp.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The simple gonopods of Bidentogon species distinguish them from any other small polydesmids; the gonopod acropodite consists of a long solenomere and a simple, unbranched terminal zone (Fig. 5). The gonopod prefemorite is reduced and strongly flattened. Males have the femur of the third leg enlarged (Fig. 11), a character not seen in other polydesmids. From the other genera discussed here, Bidentogon species can be diagnosed by the flattened seta-bearing tubercles of the metazonites that somewhat resemble what Sierwald et al. (2020) called “blisters” in Pseudopolydesmus and by the presence of alveolate cuticle on the metazonites between these tubercles (Figs 1, 2). In addition, Bidentogon species never have more than three rows of setae on the metazonites; the other small polydesmid genera described here may have three rows on the anteriormost rings but transition to four or five rows posteriorly.</p> <p>Distribution. California, from San Mateo Co. and Sacramento north to Shasta Co. (see map in Shelley [2003] and new records below).</p> <p>Notes. Bidentogon is a rather anomalous genus whose inclusion in Polydesmidae sensu strictu is questionable. The genus was at first placed in the family Vanhoeffeniidae (Buckett &amp; Gardner 1968), then in Trichopolydesmidae due to the synonymy of Vanhoeffeniidae with that family (Shear 1972). Shelley (2003) included it in Polydesmidae, a better position for the present time. At the least, Bidentogon probably represents an undiagnosed tribe in the family, and at most a family of its own. The simple gonopods (Figs 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19), in which the acropodite consists of a solenomere (s, Fig 18) and an unmodified terminal zone (tz, Fig. 18), give few clues to the affinities of the genus. Further complicating things are the absence in the gonopods of its species of the three most reliable polydesmid synapomorphies: a pulvillus, vesicle, and loop in the seminal canal. The gonopod prefemorite is curiously reduced and flattened (pf, Fig. 10))</p> <p>However, SEM examination reveals that the solenomere is weakly sclerotized, which has not been observed using the optical microscope. In fact, there appears to be a continuum from a very lightly sclerotic solenomere with projecting cuticular scales (in Bidentogon norcal, n. sp.; Figs 18–20) to a solenomere that is more sclerotized (B. californicus) but still with thinner, wrinkled cuticle near its base. We hypothesize that the solenomere may have developed from a typical pulvillus that became elongated and eventually more sclerotized. The cuticular scales in B. norcal would be homologous to the fimbriae surrounding the seminal pore on other species. A similar trend occurs in species of the genus Calianotus; C. yosemitensis (Causey) has a flat pulvillus, while that of C. sastianus (Chamberlin) is elongated into a tube and set with hair-like scales, and the solenomere of C. bituberculatus (Loomis) is a tube without scales (Shelley 1997). If supported, this hypothesis would argue for keeping Bidentogon in Polydesmidae.</p> <p>Mikhaljova (2005) has speculated that the northeast Asian genus Uniramidesmus Golovatch &amp; Mikhalova, 1979 may be related to Bidentogon. At least some species of the central Asian genus Turanodesmus Lohmander, 1932 strongly resemble Bidentogon in their metazonital ornament as well as gonopod anatomy (Spelda et al. 1998). Finally, there is a close resemblance of the gonopods of species of Utadesmus Chamberlin &amp; Hoffman (Utah, New Mexico) to those of Bidentogon species, differing only in the presence of a pulvillar process and a flattened, shelflike pulvillus; Shelley (1996) described the ornament of the metazonites as being much like that of Bidentogon species.</p> <p>Nonetheless, the general appearance of Bidentogon species is polydesmid. An apparently unique character is the large, blunt tubercles that bear the setae of the metazonites—flattened and expanded to resemble the dorsal areas seen in Polydesmus and Pseudopolydesmus —but separated by alveolate cuticle; in the other genera discussed here, alveolate cuticle does not occur on the dorsa of the metazonites and the seta-bearing tubercles are not flattened. In addition, the third legpair of males is unusually modified in Bidentogon species, with a distinctly swollen, almost spherical femur. No sphaerotrichomes were observed on the legs of the males.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFEF9D0F4BA505ADDD4027D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFEE9D0E4BA505ADDC3D2420.text	03B18797FFEE9D0E4BA505ADDC3D2420.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bidentogon californicus (Chamberlin 1918)	<div><p>Bidentogon californicus (Chamberlin,1918)</p> <p>Figs 1–6</p> <p>Brachydesmus californicus Chamberlin 1918:9.</p> <p>Bidentogon helferorum Buckett &amp; Gardner 1968:198; Shear, 1972:490.</p> <p>Bidentogon californicus, Shelley, 2003:10.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The terminal zone of the gonopod (tz, Fig. 6) is acute, not expanded as it is in the other known species of the genus. The anterior marginal row of setae on the collum ranges in number from 14 to 16 (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Notes. After some confusion, the name of this species was finally settled by Shelley (2003). Shear (1972) had discovered the supposed type material of Chamberlin’s Brachydesmus californicus in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and redescribed that species while applying the genus name Bidentogon (at the time Chamberlin described the species, any polydesmid with 19 rings was placed in Brachydesmus, now understood as an exclusively European genus). However, Shelley (2003) was able to show that B. helferorum was actually a synonym of B. californicus, and provided the new name B. expansus Shelley, 2003, for Shear’s concept of B. californicus.</p> <p>Buckett &amp; Gardner (1968) provided a good detailed description of this species (as B. helferorum), supplemented by Shear (1972) with additional illustrations. Shelley (2003) documented and mapped many new localities from Alameda, Marin, Mendocino, San Mateo, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties in California. Here we provide SEM illustrations for the first time (Figs 1–6). Using material temporarily mounted on microscope slides, it was possible to trace the seminal canal out to the tip of the shorter gonopod branch, which is therefore referred to as a solenomere. No vesicle could be seen and the course of the canal is more or less direct, though it does sharply change direction laterad near the base of the solenomere. The simple, acute, terminal zone distinguishes this species from B. expansus, in which the terminal zone widens distally.</p> <p>Distribution. San Francisco Bay region of California, and north to Mendocino County (Shelley, 2003)</p> <p>New records. CALIFORNIA: Marin Co.: 1 mi. west of Bolinas (37.308°, -122.706°), 16 January 1960, C. Judson, m ff (FSCA); 3 mi northwest of Inverness (38.124°, -122.903°), 8 May 1976, A. Newton, M. Thayer, m, f (FMNH); 6 mi east of Point Reyes Station (38.094°, -122.735°), A. Grigarik et al., 1 March 1960 (FSCA). San Mateo Co.: 0.5 mi southeast of Half Moon Bay (37.462°, -121.530°), 18 May 1954, R. Schuster mm ff (FSCA).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFEE9D0E4BA505ADDC3D2420	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFEE9D0E4BA50185DC6A271A.text	03B18797FFEE9D0E4BA50185DC6A271A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bidentogon expansus Shelley 2003	<div><p>Bidentogon expansus Shelley, 2003</p> <p>Figs 7–12</p> <p>Bidentogon californicus, Shear, 1972:490 (not of Chamberlin, 1918).</p> <p>Bidentogon expansus Shelley 2003:11.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The expanded tip of the gonopod is bluntly rounded and the solenomere is comparatively long (Figs 10, 12). There are 18 setae in the anterior marginal row on the collum (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Shelley (2003) provided the new name B. expansus for Shear’s concept of B. californicus. He argued that the types of californicus had been mislabelled, since “Chamberlin’s clear intent, as evidenced by the published account, was to apply this name to the form at Stanford, the designated type locality (Shelley 2003, p. 10).” Thus, the specimens from Sacramento, on which Shear based his thinking, had probably been somehow mislabelled as the types of californicus. Further evidence that this was correct came from the many records of the real californicus from near the California coast, as opposed to the inland Central Valley around Sacramento.</p> <p>Here we supplement the original description and illustrations with new SEM pictures (Figs 7–12). The expanded tip of the terminal zone (tz, Fig. 10) differentiates this species from B. californicus, otherwise they are very similar.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Central Valley of California (Shelley 2003).</p> <p>New record: CALIFORNIA: Yolo Co.: West Sacramento, 11 April 1961, M. E. Irwin, mmff (CAS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFEE9D0E4BA50185DC6A271A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFE09D034BA50229DBB2219D.text	03B18797FFE09D034BA50229DBB2219D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bidentogon buttensis Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Bidentogon buttensis Shear &amp; Marek, new species</p> <p>Figs 13–16</p> <p>Type. Male holotype from near Stringtown Hill, NE of Oroville, Butte Co., California, collected 9 February 1956 by R. O. Schuster, deposited in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida. The dissected holotype is mounted on SEM stub WS33-9, deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The solenomere (sm, Fig. 16) is short and has a low tooth subdistally, nearly appearing bifid; the short terminal zone (tz, Fig. 16) is slightly expanded and also has a low subterminal tooth. There are 16 setae in the anterior marginal row of the collum (Fig. 13).</p> <p>Etymology. The species name, an adjective, is from the type locality in Butte Co., California.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Length about 5–6 mm, maximum width 0.7 mm. Nonsexual characters typical for the genus. Femora of third legpair expanded, nearly spherical. Gonopod prefemora typically flattened (pf, Fig. 15). Acropodite (ac, Fig. 15) short, distally broadened, solenomere curved, nearly as long as terminal zone. Terminal zone with very low subterminal tooth. Females unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFE09D034BA50229DBB2219D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFE39D024BA503AADBB2210D.text	03B18797FFE39D024BA503AADBB2210D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bidentogon norcal Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Bidentogon norcal Shear &amp; Marek, new species</p> <p>Figs 17–20</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male and female paratypes from Ingot, Shasta Co. California, collected 3 February 1959 by K. W. Gerhardt. The dissected holotype is mounted on SEM stub WS33-10, deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The short solenomere of the gonopod (sm, Figs 18, 19) is poorly sclerotized and ornamented with fine, hair-like scales; the terminal zone (tz, Fig. 18) is long with an expanded tip, but flattened, not blunt as in B. expansus. There are 18 setae in the anterior marginal row of the collum.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name refers to nor thern Cal ifornia.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Length 5.5 mm, maximum width 0.62 mm. Nonsexual characters typical for the genus. Femora of third legpair expanded. Gonopod prefemora typically flattened. Solenomere (sm, Figs 18, 20) narrow, weakly sclerotized, straight, parallel to long axis of acropodite, set with closely spaced fine, hair-like cuticular scales. Terminal zone with flattened, slightly expanded tip (tz, Fig. 18; Fig. 19). Females similar in nonsexual characters to males.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFE39D024BA503AADBB2210D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFE59D054BA507C3DAAC27EE.text	03B18797FFE59D054BA507C3DAAC27EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsia Shelley 2003	<div><p>Genus Retrorsia Shelley, 2003</p> <p>Retrorsia Shelley, 2003:3. Type species, Retrorsia leonardi Shelley, 2003.</p> <p>Species included: Retrorsia leonardi Shelley, 2003; Retrorsia benedictae Shelley, 2003; Retrorsia richarti, n. sp.; Retrorsia simplicissima, n. sp. and Retrorsia gracilis, n. sp.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The diagnosis provided by Shelley (2003) is actually a description and does not compare Retrorsia to other polydesmid genera. However, he implied that the retrorse branch of the terminal zone of the gonopod distinguished Retrorsia species from all others. This branch is very obvious in the two species he described, but less so in the three new species described below. Nevertheless it is present and serves as a diagnostic character.</p> <p>Distribution. Northwestern Oregon and western Washington, in or west of the Cascade Ranges.</p> <p>Notes. Retrorsia species made up the first component of the diverse minute polydesmid fauna of the Pacific Northwest to be recently described. The general appearance of the two previously described species is typical of the tiny polydesmids, with large, setose heads, relatively small collums with scattered setae, and metazonites with toothed margins and with rows of setae on prominent sockets. Alveolate cuticle is confined to the head, epiproct and sometimes the anterior margin of the collum. The epiproct is short and not swollen. The gonopods are somewhat variable from species to species; the two described by Shelley (2003), R. leonardi and R. benedictae, have a prominent subterminal branch in the terminal zone, the lateral one of which Shelley termed the endomerite and the mesal one the tibiotarsus. In the terminology used here, the gonopod consists of a simple acropodite (ac, Fig 27) bearing the pulvillus, and a terminal zone with two processes, one of which recurves anteriorly (rp, Fig. 28) and is the source of the generic name. A further uniting character is a rounded notch just distal to the pulvillus, although this is not obvious in R. leonardi, the type species of the genus. Shelley’s illustrations of the gonopods show the course of the seminal canal as lacking a loop and a seminal vesicle. Close examination reveals that a loop is indeed lacking, but that the seminal canal at the very least expands just before the pore (Figs 121, 122), so it can be argued that a vesicle is indeed present and perhaps has been reduced, or is in the process of developing. The three new species described below have simpler gonopods than the two described by Shelley (2003) and the retrorse process of the terminal zone is less distinct.</p> <p>The detailed descriptions of the nonsexual characters of the two species named by Shelley (2003) can serve as well for the three additional species described here. The anterior setal row on the collum consists of 16–20 setae, varying according to species. The anterior metazonites have four rows of 14–18 setae set on stout, discrete tubercles; the number of rows increases to five midbody and may or may not decrease again to four at the posterior end.</p> <p>Shelley (2003) did not mention Utadesmus as possibly related to Retrorsia, but there are similarities in the gonopods, especially in the division of the terminal zone into two processes.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFE59D054BA507C3DAAC27EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFE59D054BA50401DAB222E5.text	03B18797FFE59D054BA50401DAB222E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Snoqualmia idaho Shear 2010	<div><p>Snoqualmia idaho Shear, 2010</p> <p>Snoqualmia idaho Shear 2010:10.</p> <p>Species included: Snoqualmia snoqualmia Shear, 2010 and Snoqualmia idaho Shear, 2010</p> <p>Notes. Working through the collections reported on in this study, we found two males and two females of Snoqualmia idaho Shear that were a part of the original collection at the type locality. These specimens are hereby designated as paratypes and will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Despite their extraordinarily complex gonopods, species of Snoqualmia generally conform to the size and appearance of the other species treated here, except that the teeth of limbus bear one or two serrations (Shear 2010).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFE59D054BA50401DAB222E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFE59D054BA505ADDAF020B9.text	03B18797FFE59D054BA505ADDAF020B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Snoqualmia Shear 2010	<div><p>Genus Snoqualmia Shear, 2010</p> <p>Snoqualmia Shear 2010:8.</p> <p>Type species, Snoqualmia snoqualmia Shear, 2010.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFE59D054BA505ADDAF020B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFE49D074BA505ADDDCD245D.text	03B18797FFE49D074BA505ADDDCD245D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsia leonardi Shelley 2003	<div><p>Retrorsia leonardi Shelley, 2003</p> <p>Figs 21–28, 121, 138</p> <p>Retrorsia leonardi Shelley, 2003:5.</p> <p>Type locality. Ainsworth State Park, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, 30 mi (48 km) east of Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The retrorse process (rp, Fig. 28) terminating the terminal zone is strongly curved and the subterminal process (st, Fig. 28) is broadly spatulate. The notch above the pulvillus seems almost entirely suppressed in this species. The anterior marginal row of setae on the collum may consist of as many as 20 setae (Fig. 21).</p> <p>Notes. Males have sphaerotrichomes on the tarsi (Fig. 25) of the anterior legs, the bases of which are proximodistally flattened and have fingerprint-like wrinkles (Fig. 26). The cuticular fimbriae around the seminal pore of the pulvillus extend distally along the posterior surface of the gonopod in a diminishing line (Figs 27, 120). Posterior metazonites may have up to six rows of setae, but the rows tend to become less distinct on rings 16–18. The epiproct is short, not decurved or swollen (Fig. 22).</p> <p>The female genitalia may be unusual and deserve further study. In their retracted position (Fig. 24) paired projecting structures can be seen which have the same cuticular sculpture as the sternite. It is not clear if these are the cyphopod valves or not.</p> <p>Distribution. The new records for this species expand the range into Washington well north of the Columbia River.</p> <p>New records. OREGON: Columbia Co.: Keystone Creek, Clatskanie Valley, 132 ft asl, 40.0822°, -123.1569°, 8 February 2002, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff. Yamhill Co.: near Amity, 45.4594°, -122.4600°, 30 December 1915, P. Nosler, mm ff. WASHINGTON: Cowlitz Co.: 11.4 mi east of I- 5, 410 ft asl, 7 March 2004, W. Leonard, mm ff; Pin Creek, Kool Road 0.4 mi west of Fishpond Road, 180 ft asl, 47.0742°, -122.8470°, 29 January 2004, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff; SR503, 3.9 mi east of I-5, hillside north of Lewis River, 45.9412°, -122.6874°, 7 March 2004, W. Leonard, mm ff; SR504, 3.9 mi east of Toutle, 500 ft asl, 46.3483°, -122.7067°. 1 March 2005, W. Leonard, C. Richart. Lewis Co.: 8.5 mi south of Rendell on FS25, Gifford Pinchot National Forest, 46.4415°, -121.9982°, 21 December 2003, W. Leonard, m ff; same locality, 6 December 2003, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff; Iron Creek Campground, 9.6 mi south of Rendell on FS25, Gifford Pinchot National Forest, 45.4297°, -121.9869°, 21 December 2003, W. Leonard, m; Shafer Park, 244 ft asl, 46.7530°, -122.9380°, 29 February 2004, C. Richart, m; SR508 at Bremer, 750 ft asl, 45.5917°, -122.4319°, 6 December 2006, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff. Wahakiaium Co.: County Line Par, north of SR14, 46.1743°, -121.2183°, 22 February 2004, W. Leonard, mm ff; Rock Creek at Elochoman River, 46.2763°, -123.2796°, 10 January 2004, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFE49D074BA505ADDDCD245D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFE69D1B4BA505ADDA192128.text	03B18797FFE69D1B4BA505ADDA192128.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsia benedictae Shelley	<div><p>Retrorsia benedictae Shelley</p> <p>Figs 29–39, 122</p> <p>Retrorsia benedictae Shelley, 2003:7</p> <p>Type locality. Along Oregon Rt. 202, 3 mi (4.8 km) SE of Olney, Clatsop County, Oregon.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The semicircular notch in the gonopod is prominent (rn, Fig. 36) but separated from the pulvillus (p, Fig. 35) by half the length of the terminal zone (see also Fig. 121). There are 16 or 18 setae in the anterior marginal row of the collum (Fig. 30). A detailed description is available in Shelley (2003).</p> <p>Notes. The male specimen we used for SEM examination (Figs 29–39) had some interesting commensals/parasites, including a fungal capilliconidia (amphoromorph) of the genus Basidiobolus (Enghoff &amp; Reboleira 2017) on an antenna (Fig. 38) and the hypopis of an unidentified mite attached to the fifth ring (Fig. 39).</p> <p>Distribution. Clatsop Co., Oregon (Shelley 2003), and Pacific Co., Washington (new records below).</p> <p>New records. WASHINGTON: Pacific Co.: 1.0 mi on <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Walberg Road</a>, 0.4 mi west of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Icwaco Water Park</a>, 46.3236°, -123.9417°, 2 January 2005, W. Leonard, C. Richart, m f; 1.1 mi south of SR6 on Trap <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Creek Road</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Bline</a>, 46.5432°-123.6152°, 19 November 2005, W. Leonard, C. Richart, m; 2 mi west of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Astoria Bridge</a> on US 101, 10 ft asl, 46.2569, -123.9250 °, 2 January 2005, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff; 3.5 mi south of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Naselle</a> on SR401 at <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Cement Creek</a>, 46.3341°, -123.8003°, 15 January 2006, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm; 4.5 mi north of SR4 on US 101, at <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Middle Nemah River</a>, 46.4874°, -123.8865°, 15 January 2006, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff; 5.9 mi south of SR6 on Trap Creek Road, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Alder Creek</a> drainage of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2569" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.925/lat 46.2569)">Naselle River</a>, 46.4973°, -123.6439°, 19 November 2005, W. Leonard, C. Richart, m; east side of Ellsworth Creek, The Nature Conservency Preserve, 100 ft asl, 46.3838°, -123.8679°, 12 January 2004, W. Leonard, mm ff; Long Beach, 30th St., 0.2 mi from US 101, 50 ft asl, 46.3239°, -124.0598°, 15 January 2006, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff; Long Beach, Willows Road, 0.6 mi from 30th St., 46.3229°, -124.0575°, 16 January 2006, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff; SR401 8 mi south of SR4, 40 ft asl, 46.2752°, -123.8158°, 2 January 2005, W. Leonard, mm ff.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFE69D1B4BA505ADDA192128	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFFB9D1A4BA5048DDA732534.text	03B18797FFFB9D1A4BA5048DDA732534.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsia richarti Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Retrorsia richarti Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 40–46, 124</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male and female paratypes from Thurston Co., Washington, Hospital Creek above confluence with Skookumchuck River, 46.7733°, -122.5855°, collected 12 December 2003, by W. Leonard, K. McAllister. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The pulvillus (p, Fig. 45) is midlength in the acropodite of the gonopod, with the pulvillar notch (rn, Fig. 45) immediately distal; the terminal zone processes are short, the anterior only slightly retrorse. The anterior marginal row on the collum consists of 20 setae (Fig. 42).</p> <p>Etymology. The species name honors Dr. Casey Richart, Santa Barbara Botanical Garden, master naturalist and prolific collector of millipedes for this and other studies.</p> <p>Description. Paratype male. Length, about 4.0 mm, greatest width 0.48 mm. Anterior marginal setal row on collum Fig. 42) of 20 setae. Anterior metazonites (Figs 42, 43) with four rows of setae, posterior rows somewhat irregular; transitioning to five rows about ring nine. Epiproct (Fig. 44) short, not decurved or swollen, with typical four spinnerets. Anterior legs crassate (Fig. 44), tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Fig. 46) with large, inflated prefemorite. Acropodite long, slender, pulvillus (p, Fig. 46) about midway in their length, with pulvillar notch immediately above. Retrorse process of terminal zone (rp, Fig. 46) nearly straight, slightly inclined anteriorly. Subterminal process (st, Fig. 46 short, pointing directly posterior. Females similar to males in nonsexual characters.</p> <p>Notes. The type locality collection included a mating pair (Fig. 40)</p> <p>Distribution. Much of coastal northwestern Washington in the Puget Sound region, including the countes of Cowlitz, Grays Harbor, Jefferson, Lewis, Mason, Pacific, Thurston, and Wahakiakum.</p> <p>Records: WASHINGTON: Cowlitz Co.: Germany Creek, at end of county road, 5.5 mi north of Stella, 450 ft asl, 46.2564°, -123.1345°, 22 November 2003, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm; Germany Creek, 5.3 mi north of SR14, 46.2590°, -123.1350°, 11 November 2004, W. Leonard, mm; Germany Creek, 5.5 mi north of SR14, 46.2608°, - 123.1343°, 8 December 2003, W. Leonard, mm. Grays Harbor Co.: Garrard Road at Weyerhauser D-line, 15 ft asl, 46.8040°, -123.3165°, 7 February 2005, m. Jefferson Co.: Falls View Campground, 7.8 mi west of Brinnon, 47.7896°, -122.9255°, 22 February 2003, W. Leonard, mm. Lewis Co.: Shaefer Park, 244 ft asl, 46.7530°, -122.9385°, 29 February 2003, W. Leonard, mm ff; end of Lepisto Road, north fork of Lincoln Creek, 46.7324°, -123.2303° 14 January 2004, C. Richart, m f. Mason Co.: 1.5 mi south, 0.5 mi west of Grapeview, 47.3354°, -122.8292°, 21 January 1968, E. Benedict, m; 2.5 mi north of Grant, 47.2761°, -122.9606°, 21 January 1968, E. Benedict, m; Beerbower Road at Schafer State Park Road, beside park, 47.1007°, -123.3873°, 11 December 2004, W. Leonard, m; Kennedy Creek, 47.0954°, -123.0820°, 30 March 2003, W. Leonard, m; Kennedy Creek, 0.6 mi upstream from Old Olympic Highway, 47.0901°, -123.1008°, 8 February 2003, W. Leonard, mm. Thurston Co.: Evergreen State College, Olympia, 47.0729°, -122.9779°, 16 March 2003, 26 January 2004, W. Leonard, mm ff; Intersection of Prather Road SW and Bicknell Road, 46.7767° -123.0505, 14 January 2004, C. Richart, mm f; McAllister Springs, 47.0491°, -122.7280°, 22 January 2000, 7 February 2004, W. Leonard, mm ff; Priest Point Park, Olympia, 47.06682°, -122.3952°, 5 January 2003, 1 February 2003, 16 February 2003, 11 January 2004, W. Leonard, mm ff; Tolmie State Park, 47.1204°, -122.7758°, 3 February 2003, W. Leonard, mm ff; Woodward Bay Natural Resource Conservation Area, 47.1271°, -122.8547°, 2 March 2003, W. Leonard, mm ff. Wahakiakum Co.: Swede Park, residence at 309 Loop Road, Grays River, 50 ft asl, 46.3075°, -123.6688°, 17 January 2004, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm ff. Whatcom Co.: White Cap Road, 48.6623°, -122.4922°, 20 February 2004, C. Richart.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFFB9D1A4BA5048DDA732534	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFFA9D1D4BA500FFDDA12151.text	03B18797FFFA9D1D4BA500FFDDA12151.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsia gracilis Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Retrorsia gracilis Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 47–49, 124, 125</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male and female paratypes from Lewis Co., Washington, 604 Roswell Road, Centralia, 46.7223°, -122.9444°, collected 25 January 2004 by W. Leonard and C. Richart. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The pulvillus (p, Fig. 49) is displaced to the distal one-fifth of the gonopod, with the pulvillar notch (rn, Fig. 49) immediately distal. The retrorse process (rp, Fig. 49) is sharply recurved. There are 18 setae in the anterior marginal row of the collum.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name, an adjective, refers to the slender gonopods.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Length 4.5 mm, greatest width 0.5 mm. Anterior metazonites with three rows of setae, distribution irregular on seventh ring, transitioning to four rows (Fig. 50) on eighth and ninth ring; a few posterior segments may appear to have five rows due to intercalated setae. Epiproct not swollen, short. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Figs 47–49, 124, 125) with large, inflated prefemorite. Acropodite long, slender, pulvillus (p, Fig. 49) in distal fifth of acropodite, pulvillar notch immediately distal. Retrorse process of terminal zone strongly decurved (rp, Fig. 49, relatively long. Subterminal process (st, Fig. 49) with small tooth subdistally. Females similar to males in nonsexual characters.</p> <p>Distribution. Lewis Co., Washington.</p> <p>Records: WASHINGTON: Lewis Co.: Iron Creek Campground, 9.6 mi south of Rendell on FS25, Gifford Pinchot National Forest, 45.4297°, -121.9869°, 21 December 2003, W. Leonard, m ff; North Fork Newaukam River, below confluence with Middle Fork, 46.6046°, -122.8482°, 29 December 2004, W. Leonard, m ff.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFFA9D1D4BA500FFDDA12151	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFFD9D1F4BA5021FD8CF222C.text	03B18797FFFD9D1F4BA5021FD8CF222C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsia simplicissima Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Retrorsia simplicissima Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 50–52, 126</p> <p>Type. Male holotype from Stillman Basin, 1.8 miles on Weyerhauser Road 4200 from Road 4000, 2116 ft asl, 46.4956°, -123.2134°, Lewis Co., Washington, collected 4 December 2004 by W. Leonard and C. Richart. The holotype is mounted on SEM stub WS 33–11, deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The gonopod (Fig 126) is extremely simple, with the pulvillus about midway in its length, and only a hint of a pulvillar notch. The terminal zone tip is undivided and slightly retrorse. The anterior marginal setal row of the collum consists of 22 setae (Fig. 50).</p> <p>Etymology. The species name, an adjective, refers to the simple gonopods.</p> <p>Description. Length about 5.0 mm, greatest width 0.46 mm. Anterior metazonites (Figs 50, 51) with four rows of setae, a few posterior segments may appear to have five rows due to intercalated setae. Epiproct not swollen, short. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Fig. 126) with small prefemorite. Acropodite relatively short, stout, pulvillus near midlength of acropodite, pulvillar notch small, shallow, indicated by slight swelling immediately distal. Terminal zone simple, only slightly retrorse. Female unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Only known from the type locality.</p> <p>Notes. This species seems marginal to our concept of Retrorsia, though the general appearance of the gonopod in comparison to the other species suggests it belongs here. The gonopod is among the simplest to be found in the family Polydesmidae.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFFD9D1F4BA5021FD8CF222C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFFF9D1F4BA50788D9B025B9.text	03B18797FFFF9D1F4BA50788D9B025B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsioides Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Retrorsioides Shear &amp; Marek, new genus</p> <p>Type species: Retrorsioides castellum, n. sp.</p> <p>Species included: Retrorsioides castellum, n. sp., R. linnensis, n. sp., R. kittitas, n. sp., R. bammerti, n. sp., and R. arboramagna, n. sp.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Clearly related to Retrorsia, species of this genus are distinct in the gonopod having a prominent, anteriodorsally directed process at about the level of the pulvillus (absent in Retrorsia species), and in having a pulvillar process rather than a pulvillar notch (present in Retrorsia species).</p> <p>Etymology. The name of the genus is based on the similarity of the included species to species of Retrorsia.</p> <p>Distribution. Washington, Oregon and northern California.</p> <p>Notes. Retrorsioides species encompass a wide distribution, from Humboldt Co. in northern California north to Thurston Co., Washington. The general appearance of the species is much like that of Retrorsia species, and the other polydesmids described herein. In addition to the accessory sensory area on the sixth antennal segment, there may also be a small cluster of sensilla near the distal end of the seventh segment. There may be up to 24 setae in the anterior marginal row on the collum, and alveolate cuticle, while present on the anterior part of the collum, is not seen on the dorsa of any of the anterior metazonites. However, the epiprocts of all the species have alveolate cuticle posteriorly. Males have crassate legs and typical (for this group of genera) sphaerotrichomes on the anterior tarsi. In two of the species, the pygidium or epiproct is swollen and curved ventrally, as it is in Snoqualmia species. The gonopod prefemora may be bulbous or small and flattened. The gonopod acropodites are shorter and stouter than in Retrorsia species and are not apically recurved, nor are they distally divided. Instead, a long, acute process arises at about the level of the pulvillus, which is not associated with a semicircular notch, but with a short pulvillar process.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFFF9D1F4BA50788D9B025B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFFF9D114BA5037FDA3A2270.text	03B18797FFFF9D114BA5037FDA3A2270.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsioides castellum Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Retrorsioides castellum Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 53–58, 127</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male paratypes from Delemeter Road, 10.1 mi southwest of Castle Rock, 46.2175°, - 123.0178°, 400 ft asl, Cowlitz Co. Washington, collected 23 November 2003, by W. Leonard and C. Richart. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The anteriorly directed process of the gonopod (adp, Fig. 56) is about as long as the terminal zone, thin and acute; the pulvillar process (pp, Figs 56, 57) is in the form of a blunt tooth; the terminal zone (tz, Fig. 56) is simple and curved. The anterior marginal row of setae on the collum consists of 24–26 setae; anterior metazonites have 4 rows of setae.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name, a noun in apposition means “castle” in Latin and refers to the town of Castle Rock, near the type locality.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Length about 6.0 mm, greatest width 0.8 mm. Head densely setose, cuticle alveolate (Fig. 53). Collum (Fig. 53) with anterior marginal row of 24 setae (26 in some paratypes). Anterior metazonites with four rows of setae (Figs 53, 54), a few posterior segments may appear to have five rows due to intercalated setae; setal tubercles becoming low on posterior segments. Epiproct (Fig. 55) not swollen, short. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Figs 56, 57, 127) with subglobular prefemorite. Acropodite relatively long, narrow. Pulvillus (p, Figs 56, 57) in distal third of acropodite, pulvillar process (pp, Fig. 56) a short, slightly curved tooth. Anteriorly directed process (adp, Fig. 56) long, evenly tapering. Terminal zone (tz, Fig. 56) simple, curved. Females similar to males in nonsexual characters; vulvae as in Fig. 58.</p> <p>Distribution. Cowlitz Co., Washington.</p> <p>Records: WASHINGTON: Cowlitz Co.: Germany Creek at end of county road, 5.5 mi north of Stella, 46.2564°, -123.1345°, 450 ft asl, 27 November 2003, W. Leonard, C. Richart, m; Germany Creek, 5.5 mi north of SR4, 47.2608°, -123.1343°, 350 ft asl, 8 December 2003, W. Leonard, mm f.</p> <p>Note: at the Germany Creek localities, this species is syntopic with Retrorsia richarti, n. sp. It is almost 50% larger. There is a region of wrinkled, seemingly less sclerotized cuticle at the base of the anteriorly directed process (Fig. 56), suggesting that this feature might be movable. Figure 56 shows a probable spermatic mass exuded from the pore of the pulvillus. Millipedes do not produce motile sperm.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFFF9D114BA5037FDA3A2270	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFF19D114BA507B4DA8325D0.text	03B18797FFF19D114BA507B4DA8325D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsioides linnensis Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Retrorsioides linnensis Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 59–68, 128</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male and female paratypes from Wells Creek Road, 0.7 mi from SR34, 44.4696°. - 123.4899°, Linn Co., Oregon, collected 9 December 2005 by W. Leonard and C. Richart. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The seventh segment of the antenna has a small distal knob set with 6–8 sensilla (Fig. 60). The gonopod (Figs 66, 128) is short and stout with all processes and the pulvillus clustered near the tip. The prefemorite (pf, Fig. 66) is flattened. The anteriorly directed process has a small basal tooth.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is an adjective referring to the type locality in Linn Co., Oregon.</p> <p>Description. Length about 4 mm, greatest width 0.42 mm. Head densely setose, cuticle alveolate. Collum with anterior marginal row of 18 setae. Anterior metazonites with three rows of setae, transitioning to four rows (Fig. 62) at about ring 5; setal tubercles becoming low on posterior segments. Epiproct (Fig. 63) not swollen, short. Anterior legs (Fig. 65) crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes (Fig. 64). Gonopod (Figs 66–68, 128) with flattened prefemorite (pf, Fig. 66). Acropodites (ac, Fig. 66) short stout, processes and pulvillus crowded toward tip. Pulvillus (p, Fig. 68) in distal third of acropodite; pulvillar process (pp, Fig. 68) a short, triangular tooth. Anteriorly directed process (adp, Fig. 68) long, flattened, with marginal teeth. Terminal zone (tz, Fig. 68) bifurcate, bent laterally. Female similar in nonsexual characters.</p> <p>Distribution. Linn and Tillamook Cos., Oregon.</p> <p>Records: OREGON: Tillamook Co.: 1 mi west, 0.5 mi south of Lee’s Camp, 700 ft asl, 45.5883°, -123.5349°, 4 November 1972, E. M. Benedict, mm, ff; FR14, 4.2 mi northeast of SR22, Suislaw National Forest, 900 ft asl, 45.2248°, -123.8337°, 10 December 2005, W. Leonard, C. Richart, m. f.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFF19D114BA507B4DA8325D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFF19D124BA500D4DB3221B8.text	03B18797FFF19D124BA500D4DB3221B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsioides kittitas Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Retrorsioides kittitas Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 69–75, 129</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male and female paratypes from the confluence of Stafford Creek and the North Fork of the Teanway River, Wenatchee National Forest, 2900 ft asl, 47.3497°, -120.8483°, Kittitas Co., Washington, collected 31 October 2004 by W. Leonard and J. Baugh. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The epiproct (Fig. 71) is swollen and decurved. Like the preceding species, the gonopod (Figs 73–74, 129) is short with the pulvillus and other features crowded at the distal end, but in R. kittitas, the prefemorite (pf, Fig. 73) is inflated and oblong with an enlarged, asetose distal part. The anteriorly directed process (Fig. 75) is set on all sides with acute teeth.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is a noun in apposition referring to Kittitas Co., Washington.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Length about 4.5 mm, greatest width 0.65 mm. Head (Fig. 69) densely setose, cuticle alveolate. Collum (Fig. 69) with anterior marginal row of 16 setae. Anterior metazonites with four rows of setae (Fig. 69, 70), some of the rows irregular; transitioning to five rows posteriorly but many rows irregular. Setal tubercles becoming low on posterior segments. Alveolate cuticle absent from metazonites except for anterior margin of ring 2. Epiproct (Fig. 71) swollen, short, bent ventrally. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Figs 73–75, 129) with oblong, inflated prefemorite (pf, Figs 73, 74). Acropodite (ac, Fig. 73) short, stout. Processes and pulvillus crowded toward tip, pulvillus (p, Fig.75) in distal third of acropodite. Pulvillar process (pp, Figs 74, 75) long, acute, hooked; anteriorly directed process (adp, Figs 73, 74, 75) rounded, tapering slightly, with many acute teeth, terminal zone (tz, Fig. 75) bifurcate, straight. Female similar in nonsexual characters, vulvae as in Fig. 72.</p> <p>Distribution. Kittitas Co., Washington.</p> <p>Record: WASHINGTON: Kittitas Co.: Taneum Creek, Kittitas National Forest, 2700 ft asl, 47.1138°, - 120.8848°, 26 March 2004, C. Richart, m.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFF19D124BA500D4DB3221B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFF29D124BA5077CDDFB2534.text	03B18797FFF29D124BA5077CDDFB2534.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsioides bammerti Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Retrorsioides bammerti Shear &amp; Marek, new species</p> <p>Figs 76–78, 130</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male paratypes from Bob Bammert Grove, Capitol State Forest, 287 ft asl, 46.8960°, - 123.0963°, Thurston Co., Washington, collected 14 November 2004 by W. Leonard. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The sigmoid terminal zone of the gonopod (tz, Fig. 130) and the basal position of the pulvillus (p, Fig. 130) set this species apart from all others in the genus.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name recognizes Robert (Bob) Bammert (1926–2019), noted Washington conservationist for whom the type locality, a grove of old-growth trees, is named.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Length about 4.0 mm, greatest width 0.50 mm. Head densely setose, cuticle alveolate (Fig. 76). Collum (Fig. 76) with anterior marginal row of 14 setae. Anterior metazonites with three rows of setae (Fig. 76), transitioning to four rows (Fig. 77) about ring 5, posteriormost segments with five rows (Fig. 78); setal tubercles becoming almost obsolete on midbody to posterior rings. Alveolate cuticle absent from metazonites posterior to collum. Epiproct (Fig. 78) swollen, short, bent ventrally, without alveolate cuticle. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod with oblong, inflated prefemorite (pf, Fig. 130) similar to previous species. Acropodite short, stout. Pulvillus (p, Fig. 130) in basal third of acropodite, pulvillar process (pp, Fig. 130) long, acute, directed distally. Anteriorly directed process (adp, Fig. 130) rounded, tapering slightly, without teeth. Terminal zone (tz, Fig. 130) not bifurcate, sigmoidally curved. Females unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Northwestern Washington in Thurston, Pacific and Lewis Counties.</p> <p>Records: WASHINGTON: Lewis Co.: Stillman Basin, 1.8 mi on Weyerhauser 4200 from road W4000, 2116 ft asl, 48.4956°, -123.2134°, 4 December 2004, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm. Pacific Co.: 1.1 mi south of SR6 on Trap Creek Road, B-line, 46.5432°, -123/6152°, W. Leonard, C. Richart, m.</p> <p>Note: At the Stillman Basin locality, this species is syntopic with Retrorsia simplicissima.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFF29D124BA5077CDDFB2534	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFF29D144BA500F0DBB22128.text	03B18797FFF29D144BA500F0DBB22128.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retrorsioides arboramagna Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Retrorsioides arboramagna Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 79–84</p> <p>Type. Male holotype from Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, “Big Trees,” 252 ft asl, 41.4006°, -124.0003°. Humboldt Co. California, collected 2 December 2006 by C. Richart. The holotype is mounted on SEM stub WS33-16, deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Distinct from other species of the genus in the extended pulvillus (p, Fig. 83), and a strong tooth (x, Fig. 83) at the base of the anteriorly directed process.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet (Latin) is a noun in appostion meaning “big tree” and refers to the type locality, famous for its gigantic Coast Redwoods.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Length about 3.0 mm, greatest width 0.45 mm. Head densely setose, cuticle alveolate (Fig. 79). Collum (Fig. 79) with anterior marginal row of 16 setae. Anterior metazonites with three rows of setae, transitioning to four rows about ring 5, setal tubercles becoming almost obsolete on midbody to posterior rings (Fig. 80). Alveolate cuticle absent from metazonite posterior to collum. Epiproct (Fig. 81) not swollen, short, straight, with alveolate cuticle. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Figs 82–84) with moderately inflated prefemorite. Acropodite long, robust, basally thickened. Pulvillus (p, Fig. 83; Fig. 84) in distal third of acropodite, its dorsal side prominently extended. Pulvillar process (pp, Fig. 83) short, thin, directed posteriorly. Anteriorly directed process (adp, Fig. 83) long, tapering to acute point, without small teeth along length but with single, sharp, slightly curved tooth (x, Fig. 83) at base. Terminal zone (tz, Fig. 83) not bifurcate, flattened. Females unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFF29D144BA500F0DBB22128	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFF79D174BA506A5D9892757.text	03B18797FFF79D174BA506A5D9892757.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rowlandesmus millicoma Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Rowlandesmus millicoma Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 85–90, 131</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male and female paratypes from 14 mi. E, 2 mi. S of Allegany, Weyerhauser Millicoma Tree Farm, company Road 6000, riparian zone of Fall Creek, 43.3983°, -123.7770°, Coos Co., Oregon, collected 23 November 1971 by E. M. Benedict. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Distinct from R. dentogonopus in lacking prominent teeth in the terminal zone of the gonopod and in the more basal position and larger extent of the pulvillus (p, Fig. 90).</p> <p>Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition and refers to the type locality, the Millicoma Tree Farm.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Length about 3.5 mm, greatest width 0.45 mm. Head densely setose, cuticle alveolate (Fig. 85). Collum with anterior marginal row of 20 setae (Fig 85). Anterior metazonites with three rows of setae, transitioning to four rows about ring 5, setal tubercles low on anterior segments, becoming almost obsolete on midbody (Fig. 86) to posterior rings; some rings with interpolated setae nearly forming fifth row. Alveolate cuticle absent from metazonites posterior to collum. Epiproct (Fig. 87) swollen, short, decurved, lacking alveolate cuticle. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Femur of third leg slightly enlarged. Gonopod (Figs 88–90, 131) with moderately inflated prefemorite. Acropodite short, robust. Pulvillus (p, Figs 88, 90) basal, enlarged, pulvillar process absent. Terminal zone bifurcate, longer distal process (z, Fig. 88) narrow at base, then broadened, bent posteriorly at slightly less than right angle, crossing lateral to shorter basal process (x, Fig. 88). Females similar to males in nonsexual characters.</p> <p>Distribution. Coos Co., Oregon.</p> <p>Records: OREGON: Coos Co.: 11 mi east, 4 mi south of Allegany, Weyerhauser Millicoma Tree Farm, company road 6040, 43.3429°, -123.8435°, 21 November 1971, E. M. Benedict, mm; 6 mi east, 2 mi south of Allegany, Weyerhauser Millicoma Tree Farm, company road 5000, 43.3944°, -123.9111°, 20 November 1971, E. M. Benedict, m, f; 6 mi east of Allegany, Game Commission cabin, 43.4311°, -123.9094°, 20 November 1971, E. M. Benedict, mm.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFF79D174BA506A5D9892757	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFF79D174BA505ADD8E52300.text	03B18797FFF79D174BA505ADD8E52300.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rowlandesmus Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Rowlandesmus Shear &amp; Marek, new genus</p> <p>Type species: Rowlandesmus millicoma Shear &amp; Marek, new species.</p> <p>Species included: Rowlandesmus millicoma n. sp. and R. dentogonopus, n. sp.</p> <p>Diagnosis. In their somatic characters, the two species of this genus are similar in nonsexual traits to the others described here, except that the metzonital tubercles carrying setae are generally lower and the surface of the metazonites of the midbody rings nearly smooth. The distinction lies in the gonopods Figs 88–90, 93, 94, 131, 132), in which the acropodite is sharply bent and reflexed in its distal third to half. Just distal or just proximal to this "kink" in the gonopod (k, Fig. 88) is a short process. The pulvillus is basal to the “kink” and in R. millicoma, much expanded.</p> <p>Etymology. The genus is named for our late and much respected colleague, Rowland M. Shelley (1942–2018), one of the most productive millipede taxonomists of 20th and 21st centuries. He initiated the modern study of the small polydesmids of western North America with careful redescriptions of known genera and species and the description of Retrorsia Shelley, 2003.</p> <p>Distribution. Douglas and Coos Cos., Oregon.</p> <p>Notes. We are placing both of these species in Rowlandesmus due to the similarity of the gonopods, with a sharp bend or “kink” in the acropodite causing the distal third to be reflexed at a right or lesser angle in relation to the basal part. Nevertheless there are some differences, and subsequent species discoveries may result in the two species being separated.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFF79D174BA505ADD8E52300	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFC99D294BA506E9DB3725C0.text	03B18797FFC99D294BA506E9DB3725C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Benedictesmus Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Benedictesmus Shear &amp; Marek, new genus</p> <p>Type Species: Benedictesmus aureus Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Species included: Bendictesmus aureus, n. sp., B. ellenae, n. sp., B. yaquina, n. sp. and B. timber, n. sp.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Males of some Benedictesmus species have only 18 postcephalic rings, while females have 19. The short, simple gonopods have a bifurcate terminal zone (tz, Figs 101, 105); the pulvillus may be extended into a tube (B. ellenae, n. sp., Fig. 106).</p> <p>Etymology. The genus is named for the late Ellen M. Benedict (1931–2005), a pseudoscorpion specialist who provided much of the material for this study. Dr. Benedict taught at Portland State University, Malhuer Field Station and Pacific University.</p> <p>Distribution. Coastal eastern Oregon.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFC99D294BA506E9DB3725C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFC99D294BA505ADDBB223CC.text	03B18797FFC99D294BA505ADDBB223CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rowlandesmus dentogonopus Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Rowlandesmus dentogonopus Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 91–95, 132</p> <p>Type. male holotype from 2 mi north of Melrose, Douglas Co., Oregon, 43.2084°, -123.4612°, 400 ft asl, collected 7 February 1972 by E. M. Benedict. The holotype is mounted on SEM stubs WS33-3 and WS33-4, deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The gonopod has a hood-like structure with numerous acute teeth overhanging the bent terminal zone. The "kink" in the gonopod is basal to the division of the terminal zone and the pulvillus is more distal than in the preceding species.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is an adjective referring to the teeth on the gonopod.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Length about 5.5 mm, greatest width 0.62 mm. Head (Fig. 91) densely setose, cuticle alveolate. Collum with anterior marginal row of 20 setae (Fig. 91). Anterior metazonites with three rows of setae, transitioning to four rows about ring 5, setal tubercles becoming almost obsolete on midbody to posterior rings (Fig. 95). Alveolate cuticle absent from metazonite posterior to collum. Epiproct (Fig. 92) swollen, short, slightly decurved, with some slight alveolate cuticle. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Figs 93, 94, 132) with moderately inflated prefemorite. Acropodite short, robust, basally swollen. Pulvillus (p, Fig. 93) distal, just below deflexed part of terminal zone, pulvillar process absent. Terminal zone bifurcate. Longer distal process (x, Fig. 93) broad at base, then curved, narrowed, bent posteriorly at acute angle; shorter basal process (y, Fig. 93) distal to “kink (k, Fig. 93)”. Bent portion of terminal zone overhung by hood-like structure bearing numerous teeth, teeth larger on margin. Females unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFC99D294BA505ADDBB223CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFC99D2A4BA500E5DA3F21C4.text	03B18797FFC99D2A4BA500E5DA3F21C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Benedictesmus aureus Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Benedictesmus aureus Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 96–101, 133</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male and female paratypes from 13 mi East of Gold Beach on the road to Agness, 42.4932°, -124.2194°, Curry Co., Oregon, collected 10 March 1972 by E. M. Benedict. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Distinct from B. ellenae, n. sp., which also has 18 rings in males, in the much shorter terminal zone of the gonopod and in having 20, rather than 18 setae in the anterior marginal row on the collum. The other two species of Benedictesmus have 19 rings in males. Females of all known species of Benedictesmus have 19 rings.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name, an adjective, refers to Gold Beach, Oregon, the type locality.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Eighteen rings (Fig. 96). Length about 3.0 mm, greatest width 0.41 mm. Head densely setose, cuticle alveolate (Fig. 98). Collum with anterior marginal row of 20 setae (Fig. 98).Anterior metazonites with three rows of setae, transitioning to four rows about ring 5, setal tubercles becoming almost obsolete on midbody (Fig. 99) to posterior rings. Alveolate cuticle absent from metazonites posterior to collum. Epiproct (Fig. 100) slightly swollen, short, slightly decurved, with alveolate cuticle. Anterior legs crassate (Fig. 97), tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Fig. 101, 133) with moderately inflated prefemorite, distal part of prefemorite with pore field, 3 or 4 setae (ppf, Fig.101). Acropodite short, robust, basally flattened. Pulvillus a short tube (p, Fig. 101). Distal, pulvillar process (pp, Fig. 101) extending over pulvillus as short hood. Terminal zone (tz, Fig. 101) short, bifurcate. Females with 19 rings, similar to males in nonsexual characters.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from the type locality and one site a mile away (14 mi east of Gold Beach), where males and females were collected by E. M. Benedict on the same day as the types.</p> <p>Notes. The pore field at the distal part of the gonopod prefemorite seems to be unique in this group of small polydesmids; among the pores are three or four long, curled setae.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFC99D2A4BA500E5DA3F21C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFCA9D2A4BA504E0D88B25D0.text	03B18797FFCA9D2A4BA504E0D88B25D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Benedictesmus ellenae Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Benedictesmus ellenae Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 102–110, 134</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male paratype from 4 mi south of Pistol River on US 101, 42.3286 °, - 124.4219°, 200 ft asl, Curry Co., Oregon, collected 12 February 1972 by E. M. Benedict. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The pulvillus of the gonopod is well separated from the terminal zone, a pulvillar process is absent, and the pulvillus is extended into a moderately long, membranous tube (Fig. 105). The anterior marginal setal row of the collum has 18 setae (Fig. 102).</p> <p>Etymology. The species name recognizes the collector, Ellen M. Benedict.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Eighteen rings. Length about 4.0 mm, greatest width 0.45 mm. Head densely setose, cuticle alveolate (Fig. 101). Collum (Fig. 102) with anterior marginal row of 18 setae. Anterior metazonites with three rows of setae, transitioning to four rows (Fig. 103) about ring 5, setal tubercles becoming almost obsolete on midbody to posterior rings. Alveolate cuticle absent from metazonites posterior to collum. Epiproct (Fig. 104) slightly swollen, short, strongly decurved, with alveolate cuticle. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Figs 105, 106, 134) with moderately inflated prefemorite.Acropodite short, robust. Pulvillus (p, Fig. 104, Fig. 105) basal to midlength of acropodite, extended as a tube (Fig. 106). Pulvillar process absent. Terminal zone (tz, Fig. 105) bifurcate, longer distal process flattened, curved; shorter process subtriangular. Females unknown, probably with 19 rings.</p> <p>Distribution. Curry Co., Oregon.</p> <p>Records: OREGON: Curry Co.: 1 mi north, 3 mi west of Brookings, 42.0708°, -124.3081°, sea level, 2 February 1972, E. M. Benedict, mm. These specimens had dried out and have been rehydrated.</p> <p>Note: One of the male paratypes carried several minute nematodes attached to the head (Figs 107, 109, 110) and on some of the rings (Fig. 108). The nematodes, while firmly attached to the millipede’s cuticle by their tails, are probably not parasites since there is no indication that the cuticle of the millipede has been penetrated—some nematodes have glands in the tail or spinnerets that secrete adhesives. More likely, they are commensal and phoretic. The nematodes appear as Geraldius or Chambersiella spp. and their coiling may indicate that they are anhydrobiotic (J. Eisenback, per. comm.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFCA9D2A4BA504E0D88B25D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFCA9D2C4BA500D4DDB821B8.text	03B18797FFCA9D2C4BA500D4DDB821B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Benedictesmus yaquina Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Benedictesmus yaquina Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 111–117, 135</p> <p>Types. Male holotype and male and female paratypes from 0.6 m west of Elk City, Yaquina River, 44.6233°, - 123.8918°, Lincoln Co., Oregon, collected 20 December 1971 by E. M. Benedict. All types deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Distinct from other species of the genus in having an unenlarged, straight epiproct (Fig. 113) and four rows of setae on the anterior metazonites (Fig. 112), increasing to five rows on the most posterior rings (Fig. 113).</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality along the Yaquina River.</p> <p>Description. Holotype male. Nineteen rings (Fig. 111; the telson or 19th ring is concealed in the figure by the crassate anterior legs). Length about 5.5 mm, greatest width 0.62 mm. Head densely setose, cuticle alveolate (Fig. 112). Collum with anterior marginal row of 20 setae (Fig. 112). Anterior metazonites with four rows of setae, transitioning to four rows (Fig. 113) about ring 15, setal tubercles prominent throughout. Alveolate cuticle absent from metazonites posterior to collum. Epiproct (Fig. 114) not swollen, relatively long, straight, with extensive alveolate cuticle. Anterior legs crassate (Fig. 111), tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod (Figs 115–117, 135) with rather flattened prefemorite. Acropodite short, robust. Pulvillus (p, Fig. 116, 117) just distal to midlength of acropodite, somewhat elongate. Pulvillar process (pp, Fig. 116, 117) with short tooth on lateral side. Terminal zone entire (tz, Fig. 116, 117), with distinct apical tooth. Females similar to males in nonsexual characters.</p> <p>Distribution. Benton, Douglas and Lincoln Cos., Oregon.</p> <p>Records: OREGON: Benton Co.: 2.3 mi northwest of Glenbrook on South Fork of the Alsea River access road, 44.3313°, -123.4314°, 1200 ft asl, 4 December 1971, E. M. Benedict, mm; Clemens Park, Seely Creek Road, 0.3 mi from SR34, 44.4092°, -123.4644°, 400 ft asl, 4 December 2005, W. Leonard, C. Richart, mm, ff. Douglas Co.: 3.2 mi northeast of Scottsburg, 43.6617°, -123.7877°, 400 ft asl, 11 December 1971, E. M.Benedict, mm, f. Lincoln Co.: 1.4 mi west of Nashville, 44.6716°, -123.6100°, 600 ft asl, 20 December 1971, E. M. Benedict, mm.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFCA9D2C4BA500D4DDB821B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
03B18797FFCC9D2E4BA503E0DBB2268D.text	03B18797FFCC9D2E4BA503E0DBB2268D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Benedictesmus timber Shear & Marek 2021	<div><p>Benedictesmus timber Shear &amp; Marek, n. sp.</p> <p>Figs 118–120, 136, 137</p> <p>Type. Male holotype from 0.3 mi west of SPRR overpass on SR26, 3 mi west of Timber, 45.5251°, -123.2390°, Washington Co., Oregon, collected 27 November 1971 by E. M. Benedict. The holotype is mounted on SEM stub WS33-12, deposited in CAS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The terminal zone of the gonopods is unique among Benedictesmus species in that both terminal processes are bent or curled into hooks (Figs 136, 137).</p> <p>Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition referring to the type locality near Timber, Oregon.</p> <p>Description. Male holotype. Nineteen rings. Length about 5.0 mm, greatest width 0.52 mm. Head densely setose, cuticle alveolate (Fig. 118). Collum (Fig. 118) with anterior marginal row of 18 setae. Anterior metazonites with three rows of setae, transitioning to four rows (Fig. 119) about ring 7, setal tubercles becoming almost obsolete on midbody to posterior rings. Alveolate cuticle absent from metazonite posterior to collum. Epiproct (Fig. 120) greatly swollen, short, strongly decurved at nearly right angle, without alveolate cuticle. Anterior legs crassate, tarsi with sphaerotrichomes. Gonopod with flattened prefemorite. Acropodite short, robust. Pulvillus (p, Fig. 136) distal just below terminal zone, pulvillar process absent. Terminal zone bifurcate, both processes strongly curved, hooklike (Figs 136, 137). Females unknown.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFCC9D2E4BA503E0DBB2268D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shear, William A.;Marek, Paul E.	Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2021): Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Zootaxa 4975 (1): 81-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3
