taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CD87EABE446B3BFF1B3473FAEC91FD.taxon	description	Eupetaurus are amongst the largest flying squirrels, with fur that is thick, long and soft. Dorsal coloration ranges from pale grey to brownish grey, and ventral coloration is typically whitish grey. The cylindrical, fox-like tail is long and bushy. The palmar and plantar surfaces are thickly furred between naked pads (Fig. 6). The skull is generally similar to other flying squirrels (reviewed in detail by McKenna, 1962), with the following diagnostic features (Fig. 7): (1) the snout is long and constricted at the base; (2) the incisors are ungrooved and relatively small, with pale yellow enamel faces; (3) the glenoid fossa opens posteriorly, with the opening placed high on the skull; (4) the coronoid process of the mandible is weak, not rising above the condyle; (5) the cheek teeth are large, slow to erupt and strongly hypsodont in younger animals (the occlusal surfaces becoming nearly flat after wear); they are enormously expanded vertically (Supporting Information, Supplementary Data SD 7), with cusps and their interconnecting ridges combined into lophs and cross-lophs (this remarkable hypsodonty is unlike any other sciurid); (6) the alveolar cavities are strongly swollen to house the unerupted portion of the hypsodont cheek teeth; and (7) ‘ the pterygoid fossae possess three diagonally elongate pits for the origin of powerful pterygoid musculature’ (McKenna, 1962). These diagnostic features appear to relate to Eupetaurus feeding primarily on abrasive food, with the incisors reduced in functionality and chewing achieved mainly by anteroposterior trituration of the cheek teeth (McKenna, 1962). Limited available natural history information (mainly for E. cinereus) suggests that these squirrels might specialize on eating pine needles (Zahler & Khan, 2003). The upper cheek-tooth row is strongly convergent anteriorly in adults (although it remains more parallel in juveniles). The P 3 is peg-like and strong. The relative size of the upper cheek teeth can be given as P 4> M 1 ≈ M 2> M 3. The P 4 (and DP 4) and the upper molars have similar structures: the endoloph is strongly folded to form the ‘ posterolingual diagonal flexus’ (see below); the anteroloph, hypertrophic preparaconule crista, paraloph, metaloph and posteroloph are finger-like and connected, in turn, to the buccal side of the endoloph. The anterior valley is wide and divided by the preparaconule crista. When worn, the preparaconule crista gradually connects with the parastyle to isolate the lingual part of anterior valley into an anterofossette. The central valley is always open. The posterior valley is always closed into a posterofossette, except in the M 3 in early wear. The relative size of the lower cheek teeth can be given as P 4> M 1 ≈ M 2 ≥ M 3	en	Jackson, Stephen M., Li, Quan, Wan, Tao, Li, Xue-You, Yu, Fa-Hong, Gao, Ge, He, Li-Kun, Helgen, Kristofer M., Jiang, Xue-Long (2021): Across the great divide: revision of the genus Eupetaurus (Sciuridae: Pteromyini), the woolly flying squirrels of the Himalayan region, with the description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (2): 502-526, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018
03CD87EABE446B3BFF1B3473FAEC91FD.taxon	discussion	. The structure of the lower molars is relatively simple, with a ‘ ring’ at the front and back, connected by the ectolophid in the middle. The anterior ring is formed by the anterolophid between the protoconid and metaconid, and the protolophid between the protoconid and metastylid. The centre of the anterior ring is one (E. cinereus and E. tibetensis) or two (E. nivamons) anterior fossettids. The lingual edge of the anterior fossettid is not closed in early wear. The posterior ring is formed by the entolophid and posterolophid that run between hypoconid and entoconid. The centre of the posterior ring is one posterior fossettid (talonid basin remnant). The posterior fossettid of M 3 is not closed in early wear. The mesoconid develops into a buccal cusp as strong as the protoconid and hypoconid on the middle of the ectolophid, which divides the hypoflexid into two folds. The central flexid runs from the posterolingual side of the tooth to the base of the anterior fold of the hypoflexid. Generally, DP 4 is similar to the lower molars, but has two opened anterior fossettids and two extra small cusps: an isolated paraconid in front of the buccal anterior fossettid and an isolated ectostylid on the buccal side of the mesoconid (Fig. 8). Also, P 4 possess two open anterior fossettids and an isolated paraconid, but the paraconid will connect with the metaconid and protoconid as the teeth are worn. The mesoconid is very small on P 4 in Eupetaurus (Fig. 9 F). The entire crown of P 4 is more diagonally oriented than DP	en	Jackson, Stephen M., Li, Quan, Wan, Tao, Li, Xue-You, Yu, Fa-Hong, Gao, Ge, He, Li-Kun, Helgen, Kristofer M., Jiang, Xue-Long (2021): Across the great divide: revision of the genus Eupetaurus (Sciuridae: Pteromyini), the woolly flying squirrels of the Himalayan region, with the description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (2): 502-526, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018
03CD87EABE446B3BFF1B3473FAEC91FD.taxon	description	4 and lower molars.	en	Jackson, Stephen M., Li, Quan, Wan, Tao, Li, Xue-You, Yu, Fa-Hong, Gao, Ge, He, Li-Kun, Helgen, Kristofer M., Jiang, Xue-Long (2021): Across the great divide: revision of the genus Eupetaurus (Sciuridae: Pteromyini), the woolly flying squirrels of the Himalayan region, with the description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (2): 502-526, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018
03CD87EABE4B6B3CFC7235C4FDDF94C7.taxon	description	Lectotype: BMNH 88.9. 28.1, adult, skin, ‘ Astor District’ (= Astore, Pakistan). Type locality: ‘ Astor District, Kashmir’ (= Astore District, Pakistan). Diagnosis: Eupetaurus cinereus differs from other Eupetaurus species in its overall more grizzled-grey pelage, with more pronounced grey frosting to the dorsal hairs (more saturated brown tones in the pelage of other species). Interspecific distinctions in the skull mainly concern the breadth of the rostrum and the shape of the frontal bones: the rostrum of E. cinereus is similar to that of E. tibetensis and narrower than that of E. nivamons; the interorbital region of E. cinereus is broader than in the other two species, and its postorbital processes is larger; the temporal ridges of E. cinereus and E. tibetensis are convergent posteriorly rather than parallel in E. nivamons (Table 3). The cusps and ridges of cheek teeth of E. cinereus are markedly more robust than in the other two species. The developed protocone and hypocone make the upper cheek teeth heart shaped, similar to E. tibetensis, and differ from the round ones in E. nivamons. Its lower molars are subsquare, also more robust than the subrectangular ones in the other two species. Eupetaurus cinereus preserves only one short anterior fosettid (one long anterior fosettid in E. tibetensis; two short anterior fosettids in E. nivamons) (Figs 7, 8). Descriptive notes: Size large: head-body length 420 – 510 mm, tail length 430 – 545 mm, hind foot l e n g t h 8 3 – 9 3 m m a n d m a s s 2 5 0 0 g (Z a h l e r & Woods, 1997). The dorsal pelage is typically grizzled greyish, although a melanistic example was recorded by Chakraborty & Agrawal (1977) from Chitral, Pakistan. The pointed ears are hairy, with the outer fur black or brown and the fur of the inner ear greyish. The dorsal surface of the patagium is darker brown. The dorsal surfaces of the forefeet are black and those of the hindfeet are brown. The ventral pelage is pale brownish grey, with the hairs slate coloured basally and dirty white terminally. The tail is long, cylindrical and exceedingly bushy, with similar coloration to the body, often with the portion of the black tail tip short. The skull and dentition are as described above for the genus Eupetaurus and diagnosis of the species. Distribution: Until recently, E. cinereus was known only by specimens and sightings from a few localities between 2400 and 3600 m a. s. l. in the western Himalayan region, concentrated around Gilgit in northern Pakistan, where its range appears to fall within a small area where the Himalayan, Karakoram and Hindu Kush Mountain Ranges meet (Zahler, 1996; Zahler & Woods, 1997; Molur et al., 2005; Dinets, 2011; Qamar et al., 2012; Din et al., 2015). More recently, Eupetaurus has been recorded by camera traps from the Upper Bhagirathi Basin, Uttarakhand, north-western India, at elevations of 2700 and 4800 m a. s. l. (Pal et al., 2018, 2020). On the basis of the colour of the animals and their geographical location, we regard these records as representing E. cinereus. This indicates a wider geographical and elevational range of occurrence for this species along the western margins of the Himalayas. The increasing use of camera-trap survey techniques might demonstrate that the species occurs in areas intermediate between the widely separated known localities in the Gilgit region of Pakistan and the Bhagirathi Basin of India, perhaps even extending into western Nepal. Natural history: This species resides on cliffs and rock faces at high elevations, and individuals are not normally tree dwellers except when feeding (Roberts, 1997; Zahler & Woods, 1997). Within Pakistan, the habitat of E. cinereus is characterized by patchy forests, with herbs and shrubs of the genus Artemisia L., juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.), Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D. Don), blue pine (Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks.), Morinda spruce [Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss.] and oaks (Quercus L. spp.)> 2000 m a. s. l. (Zahler & Woods, 1997; Zahler & Karim, 1999). In India, alpine vegetation associated with the 2700 m record includes Bistorta affinis (D. Don) Greene, Gentiana L. spp., Potentilla L. spp., Primula L. spp., Rhodiola L. spp. and Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don. The nearest forest was located 4 km downhill of this sighting and was dominated by Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle, Betula utilis D. Don and Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don. The 4800 m record was lacking any woody or arborescent vegetation, which contrasts with other records that typically associate the species with scattered conifers (Pal et al., 2018). In the original taxonomic description of the genus, Thomas (1888) speculated that it might feed on fungi, lichens, mosses and other rock-loving plants in its high-elevation environment. Roberts (1997) proposed that the buds and cones of the Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana) may be an important food source for E. cinereus, because buds occur in spring and cones in summer, which are shed in winter. Indeed, Zahler & Woods (1997) found that one captive specimen would eat the buds of Morinda spruce but refused all fruits, nuts and other food offered. More recently, faecal samples from four individuals were found to contain 92 – 100 % pine needles (Zahler & Khan, 2003). Other observations have found this species to consume the buds of blue pine, juniper, spruce, oaks, Chilgoza pine and deodar [Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don]. In August and September, they are also thought to visit walnut trees (Juglans regia L.), although it is not clear what parts of the plants they eat (Mirza & Rasool, 2005). Known predators of E. cinereus include the red fox [Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)], snow leopard [Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775)] and eagle owl [Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758)] (Zahler, 1996, 1998; Zahler & Dietemann, 1999; Qamar et al., 2012; Pal et al., 2020). This species appears to be nocturnal, solitary and active all year round (Zahler, 1996). A nest attributed to this species was reported from a shelf in a cave at 3230 m a. s. l. in Jutal Nala, northern Pakistan, which was made of bark and branches of juniper and grasses and looked like a flat bowl measuring 500 mm × 400 mm (Oshida et al., 2005). A specimen has also been recorded in Sai Nullah (Gilgit, Pakistan) coming out of an old oak tree at ~ 2590 m a. s. l. Thus, there appears to be some flexibility in nesting locations if tree hollows are available (Mirza & Rasool, 2005). An immature specimen at BMNH collected on 17 April suggests that breeding occurs early in spring and that two litters in a year could be produced (Roberts, 1997). This is supported by observations of two or three young being produced per litter, with young observed in spring and in late summer (Zahler & Woods, 1997). Conservation: Eupetaurus cinereus is threatened by habitat loss owing to large-scale clear cutting of forests, particularly the destruction of highelevation pine woodlands (Zahler & Woods, 1997; Zahler & Khan, 2003). It is also threatened to a lesser extent by expansion of agriculture, small-scale logging, infrastructure development and human settlements (Molur et al., 2005). The total population size was estimated to be between 1000 and 3000 individuals within the known range in Pakistan in the mid- 1990 s (Zahler & Woods, 1997). It is currently classified as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Zahler, 2010), because it was considered likely to have suffered a recent reduction in population numbers from habitat loss (Rao & Marwat, 2003; Hasan, 2008). The recent discovery of the species in the state of Uttarakhand in north-western India (Pal et al., 2018, 2020) demonstrates that it might have a considerably wider distribution than previously realized and indicates that protection and conservation in India is also fundamental for the long-term survival of E. cinereus. The species is included in Schedule II (Part II) of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (Molur et al., 2005; Pal et al., 2018). Hunting is not thought to be a major threat to this species. The species might receive some traditional respect and de facto protection because it is considered be a source of a material called salajit (also spelt salaajeet or shilajit), which is thought to be a mixture of flying squirrel urine and faecal pellets and rock leachate (Zahler, 1996; Zahler & Karim, 1998; Meena et al., 2010). Salajit is important in traditional medicine (Hooper, 1903) and is collected from caves and sold in medicinal potions used to treat various diseases (Zahler, 1996; Zahler & Karim, 1998; Meena et al., 2010). Historical references regarding the collection and use of salajit (e. g. Hooper, 1903) might provide clues concerning the historical distribution of E. cinereus or other Eupetaurus species in the Himalayan region, although other high-elevation species of flying squirrels, including the Kashmir flying squirrel [Eoglaucomys fimbriatus (Gray, 1837)], might also be sources of the substance (Pyke, 2001).	en	Jackson, Stephen M., Li, Quan, Wan, Tao, Li, Xue-You, Yu, Fa-Hong, Gao, Ge, He, Li-Kun, Helgen, Kristofer M., Jiang, Xue-Long (2021): Across the great divide: revision of the genus Eupetaurus (Sciuridae: Pteromyini), the woolly flying squirrels of the Himalayan region, with the description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (2): 502-526, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018
03CD87EABE4C6B3DFF78308EFD5E901F.taxon	description	Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org: act: 19 DA 79 D 4 - 7 E 20 - 4 EB 6 - A 1 C 7 - 2 C 22 C 6 F 21 D 58 Holotype: NML 19524, adult, skin and skull, collected in ‘ Tibet’. Sequences of Cytb for this specimen are deposited in GenBank (no. AY 331673). This specimen was first discussed by Anderson (1879), who left it taxonomically unidentified. When describing E. cinereus as a new genus and species, Thomas (1888) speculated that Anderson’s Tibetan specimen was also a Eupetaurus, a point later confirmed by Jentink (1890), who figured the skull of this specimen. Little is known about the collection details for this specimen other than that it is ‘ said to be from Tibet’ (Jentink, 1890: 143). Corbet & Hill (1992: 314) noted that the association of the skull and skin for this specimen suggest that ‘ it is not a trade skin’ (i. e. it is probably a wild-collected animal). To us, this specimen, when considered alongside the paratype skin obtained in a market in the Tibetan town of Gyantse (also spelt Gyangze, 江 ở) in 1909, establishes the historical occurrence of this species in the south-central portion of the Tibetan Plateau (see below). Paratype: BMNH 23.11. 10.2, skin, with partial skull in situ inside the skin, probably female by examination of the specimen, ‘ bought in Gyantze Bazaar’ (earlier tag reads ‘ Gyantsi Bazaar’), Tibet, collected in June 1909 by Colonel F. M. Bailey [Bailey was British Trade Agent at Gyantsi and Chumbi (¤ 丕) in Tibet at that time; Bailey, 1945]. Referred specimens: Two specimens from the state of Sikkim in north-eastern India: BMNH 88.9.29.1, skin, with skull fragments removed from skin (anterior of mandibular rami, preserving incisors; anteriormost cranium preserving incisors, premaxillae and nasals), from ‘ Sikkim? ’, received from W. T. Blanford from the ‘ Mandelli collection’ (thus apparently collected by L. Mandelli); and ZSI 19103, skin, from ‘ North Sikkim, alt. 3000 m’ (Agrawal & Chakraborty, 1970), elevation also reported as ‘ 9000 feet’ (Zahler & Woods, 1997). Type locality: Labels associated with the holotype indicate only that it was collected in ‘ Tibet’. The paratype specimen at BMNH was obtained from the bazaar at Gyantse (as ‘ Gyantsi Bazaar’). Here, we accordingly fix the type locality as ‘ vicinity of Gyantse Town’, Tibet (= Xizang). Gyantse is situated at an elevation of 4000 m a. s. l. in the Nyang Chu Valley (年 楚河â), Shigatse (H 喀Nj), southern Tibet. Diagnosis: Eupetaurus tibetensis differs from E. cinereus in having more saturated brown pelage, tinged with reddish tones (typically more clear grey in E. cinereus) and from E. nivamons in having a black tail tip that is much shorter (approximately half the length of the tail in E. nivamons). The rostrum is similar to E. cinereus and narrower than E. nivamons. The temporal ridges are convergent posteriorly, as in E. cinereus, rather than parallel, as in E. nivamons. The cusps and ridges of cheek teeth are more robust than in E. nivamons but less robust than in E. cinereus. Upper cheek teeth are heart shaped, as in E. cinereus, and differ from the rounded shape in E. nivamons. Lower molars are subrectangular, as in E. nivamons, and differ from the subsquare ones in E. cinereus, with only one long anterior fosettid per lower molar (two short anterior fosettids in E. nivamons; one short anterior fosettid in E. cinereus). Overall, the dentition of E. tibetensis resembles that of E. cinereus more than E. nivamons, but the external appearance of E. tibetensis is similar to E. nivamons. Descriptive notes: In the available specimens of E. tibetensis, overall body size is similar to E. cinereus, with a head – body length of 468 mm in the holotype (with the imperfect, broken tail measuring 350 mm). The dorsal pelage is brownish grey, with less extensive frosting of the fur tips than seen in E. cinereus, and with reddish tones sometimes evident along the midline of the dorsum, on the rump and on the proximal portion of the tail. The underparts are greyish, washed with yellow. The dorsal surfaces of the forefeet and hindfeet are brown. The tail is bushy and cylindrical, with coloration similar to the body, except for a short black tip. The skull and dentition are as described above for the genus Eupetaurus and diagnosis of the species. Etymology: The species name is derived from its occurrence in Tibet, where the holotype and paratype originated. Distribution: Records of occurrence that we attribute to E. tibetensis originate from elevations of 2700 – 4000 m a. s. l. in Tibet (= Xizang) in China, Sikkim in India and (more tentatively) from Bhutan. This species is known for certain from two specimens from Tibet and two specimens from Sikkim, discussed above. Eupetaurus has also been reported from Bhutan (Wangchuk et al., 2004), and given the proximity of Bhutan to vouchered records from south-central Tibet and north Sikkim, we suggest that these Bhutanese observations are likely to represent E. tibetensis. We are not aware of vouchered specimens or specific published records from Bhutan, only general statements about its occurrence: Wangchuk et al. (2004) noted that it was found in coniferous, rhododendron and subalpine forests> 2700 m a. s. l.; Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012) specified that it was known from western Bhutan; and Rinchen (2009) suggested that it might occur in Jigme Dorji National Park in north-western Bhutan. No records of Eupetaurus have yet been noted from Nepal (Mitchell, 1979; Thapa et al., 2016). In summary, we suspect that the distribution of E. tibetensis comprises the far southern portion of the central Tibetan Plateau and the northern slopes of the Himalayas in Sikkim and Bhutan (Fig. 10). Natural history: Currently, there is little known about the ecology of E. tibetensis. Commencing research on this species to understand its distribution, ecology and conservation status is an urgent need. Conservation: The conservation status of E. tibetensis remains unknown. We recommend an IUCN Red List categorization of Data Deficient for the species. Surveys are needed to determine the extent of its distribution, including whether it occurs in protected areas, such as Jigme Dorji National Park in Bhutan, and if it is facing particular threats, such as deforestation or hunting.	en	Jackson, Stephen M., Li, Quan, Wan, Tao, Li, Xue-You, Yu, Fa-Hong, Gao, Ge, He, Li-Kun, Helgen, Kristofer M., Jiang, Xue-Long (2021): Across the great divide: revision of the genus Eupetaurus (Sciuridae: Pteromyini), the woolly flying squirrels of the Himalayan region, with the description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (2): 502-526, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018
03CD87EABE4D6B20FCAF33B1FD4094FB.taxon	description	Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org: act: BE 1 BF 61 A- 769 A- 42 D 6 - 8 B 11 - 56 ECC 0 A 871 C 8 Holotype: KIZ 034190 (field number BS 1601), young adult female, skin, skull, and body preserved in ethanol, collected in January 2017. Sequences for 12 S (rRNA) (GenBank no. MW 699658), 16 S (GenBank no. MW 699662), Cytb (GenBank no. MW 699650) and IRBP (GenBank no. MW 699654) are deposited in GenBank. Type locality: The holotype was collected on Biluo Snow Mountain, behind the village of Nageluo (DZ 格洛) (27 ° 53 ′ 23.54 ″ N, 98 ° 45 ′ 43.90 ″ E), Bangdang Township (棒当乡), Gongshan County, Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Paratypes: Five specimens from the type locality: KIZ 034191 (field number BS 1602), immature female, whole body preserved in ethanol; KIZ 034192 (field number BS 1603), immature female, cleaned skull with body preserved in ethanol; KIZ 035088 (field number 20171101), adult female, skin, skull with body preserved in ethanol; KIZ 035087 (field number 20171102), adult male, skin, skull with body preserved in ethanol; and KIZ 035086 (field number 20171103), adult male, whole body preserved in ethanol. Referred specimens: KIZ 034189 (field number GS 16078), immature female, skull, skin, and body preserved in ethanol, collected from Nanmowanshan Pass (Ń 山 - 巴 坡 人 ½ ª AE 丫 口), Mount Gaoligong, Gongshan, Yunnan. Two additional skins without skulls (KIZ 003299 and KIZ 003310), purchased at Lijiang or Gongshan, Yunnan in 1973 by Yingxiang Wang (Yang & Wang, 1989) (the original label locality was written as Lijiang, which was later altered to Gongshan). Diagnosis: Eupetaurus nivamons differs from E. cinereus in its more saturated brown dorsal pelage (clearer grey dorsal pelage in E. cinereus) and closely resembles the external appearance of E. tibetensis, but its black tail tip is longer. The rostrum of E. nivamons is wider than in E. cinereus and E. tibetensis; its temporal ridges are parallel rather than posteriorly convergent as in E. cinereus and E. tibetensis (Table 3). Cheekteeth cusps and ridges are weakest among the taxa; the protocone and hypocone are not as developed as in the other two species, making the upper cheek teeth round in shape rather than heart shaped. Its lower molars are subrectangular, as in E. tibetensis, and less robust than the subsquare molars of E. cinereus. Eupetaurus nivamons has two short anterior fosettids in the lower molars (one long anterior fosettid in E. tibetensis; one short anterior fosettid in E. cinereus) (Figs 7, 8). Descriptive notes: Eupetaurus nivamons is slightly smaller than E. cinereus (holotype head-body length 419 mm, tail length 440 mm, hind foot length 90 mm, ear length 44.5 mm and mass 1420 g). The dorsal pelage is grizzled greyish brown. The same colour extends to the forehead, turning pale grey along the cheeks to the throat. Ventral pelage is light ashy, with a median longitudinal line of coarse hairs. The margin of the patagium is black. The dorsal surfaces of the manus and pes are black, mixed with scattered straw-coloured hairs. The ears are pointed and hairy, externally black and internally white washed with khaki. The proximal half of the tail is similar in colour to the back but browner, and the distal half is black. A pale marking round the lower half of the otherwise brown body has been observed in one camera-trapped animal at Mount Gaoligong, Yunnan Province, China (Wang Jianhua, pers. obs.). The skull and dentition are as described above for the genus Eupetaurus and diagnosis of the species. Etymology: The specific name is composed of the Latin nivalis, snowy, and mons, mountain. It is a noun in apposition. Distribution: According to specimens, camera-trap images / videos and sightings by local people, E. nivamons is currently known from the alpine zone (3400 – 4450 m) on Mount Gaoligong [the watershed of the Ayeyarwady (= Irrawaddy) River and the Nu (= Salween) River] and Biluo Snow Mountain (the watershed of the Nu River and the Mekong River) (Fig. 10). Given that the known distribution runs along the Chinese side of the border with Myanmar, the species is likely to occur in suitable habitats immediately across the border in north-eastern Myanmar (similar to the case of the recently described gibbon Hoolock tianxing Fan et al., 2017). It should also be sought in alpine areas of far south-eastern Tibet situated east of the Brahmaputra River (Fig. 10). Natural history: The specimen KIZ 034189 was collected from a cliff at an elevation of 3700 m a. s. l. near the spine of Mount Gaoligong. The surrounding natural vegetation is a mosaic of swamp meadows and dense shrubs ~ 0.5 m high. The main plants are currants (Ribes L.), barberries (Berberis L.), willows (Salix L.), roses (Rosa L.), rhododendron (Rhododendron L.) and juniper (Juniperus squamata Buch. - Ham. ex D. Don). The mean annual temperature is 3.9 ° C, ranging from a low of − 12.5 ° C in January to a high of 19.6 ° C in August. Mean annual humidity is 94.4 %, ranging from a low of 70 % in November to a high of 100 % from April to September, except August [data from a nearby combined temperature and humidity meter (ibutton-MAXIM DS 1923); Supporting Information, Supplementary Data SD 8]. All cameratrap photographs and videos of E. nivamons were taken from similar cliff habitats at 3700 – 4450 m a. s. l. on Mount Gaoligong (Fig. 11). Large, round faecal pellets and partly eaten plant material were scattered under juniper scrub (Juniperus squamata) near the high-elevation cliff of Mount Gaoligong. Given that no other large rodents were documented in this habitat, we interpret this as evidence that juniper is an important food plant for E. nivamons in the area. Potential predators of E. nivamons include the tawny owl (Strix aluco Linnaeus, 1758), leopard cat [Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr, 1792)] and Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773). Camera-trap observations (N = 31) show that E. nivamons is active throughout the year, with a peak in October; and it is active from 19.30 to 06.00 h, with a peak from 19.30 to 00.00 h. Even in winter, fresh faecal pellets can be found on top of the snow under juniper shrubs, indicating that E. nivamons does not hibernate or migrate from the area during the coldest months of the year (Ge Gao, pers. obs.). Conservation: We have documented this species at two principal localities, Mount Gaoligong and Biluo Snow Mountain. Mount Gaoligong is within a nationally protected nature reserve, whereas Biluo Snow Mountain has not been gazetted as a protected area. Owing to its high-elevation cliff habitat, far away from human settlements and covered by heavy snow for more than half of the year, E. nivamons is probably not heavily affected by human activities. The only known direct threat we documented is poaching for meat by herb collectors who visit the area from June to October. Given the apparent rarity of the animal and relatively small habitat area, we recommend an IUCN Red List classification of Near Threatened for this species. The loss of alpine habitats owing to ongoing climate change is a potential threat to the species in the near future.	en	Jackson, Stephen M., Li, Quan, Wan, Tao, Li, Xue-You, Yu, Fa-Hong, Gao, Ge, He, Li-Kun, Helgen, Kristofer M., Jiang, Xue-Long (2021): Across the great divide: revision of the genus Eupetaurus (Sciuridae: Pteromyini), the woolly flying squirrels of the Himalayan region, with the description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (2): 502-526, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab018
