identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A26687FBFFD6FFAFFF3FFDE7FB5338CF.text	A26687FBFFD6FFAFFF3FFDE7FB5338CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psychotria defretesiana (Takeuchi) Takeuchi	<div><p>Psychotria defretesiana (Takeuchi) Takeuchi, comb. et stat. nov. (Fig. 1)</p> <p>Basionym: Psychotria leptothyrsa Miq. var. defretesiana Takeuchi, Harvard Pap. Bot. 14: 176. 2009. Type:— INDONESIA. Papua Province: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.31944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2313888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.31944/lat -2.2313888)">Baitanisa</a> (Kwaneha), margin of swampy forest, 2°13'53"S, 137°19'10"E, 20 m, 10 May 2007, Takeuchi &amp; Mogea 21645 (holotype: BO; isotypes: A, K).</p> <p>Unbranched subshrubs, 10–60 cm tall, glabrous. Stems erect, terete, 1–8 mm diam.; surfaces longitudinally (to transversely) wrinkled, brownish black, prominently marked by discoid abscission scars or not, lacking lenticels, periderm usually not flaking; internodes 4–20(–60) mm long. Leaves cauline, 4–10 per stem, equal, horizontally spreading; stipules ovate-deltate, 3.5–6.5 × 2–4 mm, often attenuate, caducous; petioles 5–35(–55) × 0.5–2 mm, planoconvex; leaf-blades oblanceolate-obovate (or elliptic), 5.4–15(–22) × (2.2–) 4.2–12.5 cm, chartaceous; base cuneate; margin entire, reflexed or not; apex acuminate, obtuse or truncate; lamina surfaces brown or fuliginous, dull; raphides pusticulate; domatia absent; venation usually camptodrome, secondaries (5–)8–13 per side, arcuate, (3–) 7–31 mm apart, at the lamina center with divergence angles of (50–)60–85°; reticulum irregular, coarsely areolate; midribs prominulous on both sides; higher order nerves weakly raised (or impressed) above, more raised beneath. Inflorescence terminal, narrowly paniculate, ca. 10.5 × 6 cm, solitary (rarely 2–3 together), erect, axes compressed or angulate, nigrescent; peduncle 30–63 × 0.4–1.5 mm; primary axis 9–37(–53) × 0.2–0.7 mm; lateral branches 3–4- verticillate, 5.5–15(–22) × 0.3–0.6 mm; primary bracts early-falling, the scarious base or its abscission scar persisting; floral bracts (if present) scalelike, triangular; pedicels 1–2.5 mm long, not articulated. Flowers 4(– 5)-merous, heterostylous, black; calyx discoid-cupuliform, 0.5–1 × 1.5–2 mm, truncate or obscurely denticulate; corolla infundibular, tube length 2.5–3 mm, proximal tube diameter 0.7–1.2 mm, distal tube diameter (1.2–) 2–2.5 mm, pilose at the throat (hair-band 0.6–1.1 mm wide) otherwise glabrous, lobes triangular-ovate, ca. 1 × 1 mm, reflexed; stamens antesepalous, filaments 0.5–0.6 mm long, inserted within the hair-band, anthers oblongoid, 0.6–0.7 × 0.1–0.2 mm; disk dome-shaped, ca. 0.5 mm across, fleshy; style cylindrical, ca. 1.5 mm long, with stigma below the hair-band (short-styled form), or ca. 2.5 mm long and exserted (long-styled form); stigma 2-lobed, the lobes longer in the long-styled flower. Infructescence ca. 15.5 × 9 cm; pedicels ca. 3 × 0.3 mm. Fruits arranged in loose cymules, obovoid, (6–)8–10 × 5.5–8 mm; exocarp black, usually furnished with pale raphides; calyx residue 4–5-toothed; pyrenes 2, conspicuously (2–)3–4- ridged on the back; preformed germination slits 2, marginal, extending ca. 1/2 the pyrene length starting from the base; seed coat without ethanol soluble pigments; endosperm not ruminate.</p> <p>Field characters: —Monocaulous dwarfs to 60 cm tall; stems often contorted-torulose, firm, black; leafblades chartaceous to fleshy-subcoriaceous, adaxially dark dull green, abaxially pale green or yellow-green; panicles terminal, erect, axes green or brownish green, verticillately branched; corolla barrel-shaped, obtuse in bud, white, lobes 4–5, reflexed at anthesis, white-hairy at the throat; styles dimorphic; fruits obovoidsubglobose, ca. 6 x 7 mm (Muller Range only—living drupes apparently larger in Mamberamo populations), green turning red when ripe; pyrenes (2–)3–4-ridged on the back, each ridge abruptly narrowed to a linear crest extending to the exocarp.</p> <p>Distribution: —Originally discovered in the lower Mamberamo drainage of Papua Province (Indonesia) and more recently recorded from the Muller Range of PNG (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Habitat and ecology: —Alluvial swamp understories at 20–50 m (Mamberamo), and lowland hill forest from 420–535 m (Muller Range). Occurring on seasonally inundated substrates, often rooted in mud, but also distributed across well-drained slopes. Restricted to densely shaded understories.</p> <p>Phenology: —Fruiting in May (Mamberamo drainage); flowering and fruiting in September (Muller Range).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined: — PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Western Province: Muller Range, Gugusu (Expedition Camp 1), lowland hill forest, 5°43.947'S, 142°15.973'E, 450 m, 7 September 2009, Takeuchi, Ama &amp; Gamui 24504 (A, LAE); 5°43.786'S, 142°15.669'E, 420 m, 8 September 2009, Takeuchi et al. 24525 (A, K, LAE); 5°43.575'S, 142°15.630'E, 535 m, 9 September 2009, Takeuchi et al. 24560 (A, K, LAE); 5°43.780'S, 142°15.813'E, 505 m, 10 September 2009, Takeuchi et al. 24571 (A, LAE).</p> <p>When P. defretesiana was first described as a variety of P. leptothyrsa, only fruiting collections were available for study. The stipules and inflorescence were unknown. With recent acquisition of complete specimens from the Muller Range, the former assignment to the leptothyrsa complex has been reassessed. In the material now in hand, the short pedicels (1–2.5 mm long) and small flowers (corolla 2.5–3 mm long) are incompatible with any presumed relationship to P. leptothyrsa. Because of the differences now accruing, the former variety should stand as a separate species (see Table 1).</p> <p>a. entries from Sohmer (1988: 157–168).</p> <p>Psychotria is currently represented in New Guinea by at least seven monocaulous species, usually growing as subshrubs less than 1 m tall. The monocaulous-dwarf habit is less common among east Malesian Psychotria —for example in the Philippines there is only one species of similar stature and aspect to P. defretesiana and its allies (P. pygmaea Merr.; in Sohmer &amp; Davis 2007: 94). Architectural reduction and simplification are frequently seen in other Papuasian genera (e.g., Ardisia hymenandroides [Takeuchi 2009a], Cyathea lamoureuxii [Takeuchi 2007b], Dysoxylum middletonianum [Takeuchi 2009c], Harpullia mabberleyana [Takeuchi 2011 in press], Zanthoxylum novoguineensis [Hartley 1975], etc.) and are nearly always associated (though perhaps only coincidentally) with restricted geographic distributions.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A26687FBFFD6FFAFFF3FFDE7FB5338CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Takeuchi, Wayne	Takeuchi, Wayne (2011): Additional notes on Psychotria (Rubiaceae) from the southern karst of Papua New Guinea: P. defretesiana comb. et stat. nov., P. dieniensis var. banakii var. nov., and P. stevedarwiniana sp. nov. Phytotaxa 24: 19-27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.24.1.3, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.24.1.3
A26687FBFFD3FFAEFF3FFEE0FCD63CD1.text	A26687FBFFD3FFAEFF3FFEE0FCD63CD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psychotria dieniensis var. banakii Takeuchi 2011	<div><p>Psychotria dieniensis Merr. &amp; Perry var. banakii Takeuchi, var. nov. (Fig. 3)</p> <p>A varietate typica arboribus 4–5 m altis (nec fructibus 0.5–2 m); laminis chartaceis subglabris (nec coriaceis pilosis) majoribus (10–)15.5–26 × (3.5–) 6–10.5 cm plerumque obovato-oblanceolatis (nec ellipticis) nervis lateralibus utrinsecus 12–17 (nec 8–11); inflorescentiis majoribus usque ad 96 × 45 mm; corollis tubis extus glabris (nec pilosis); fructibus ellipsoideis (nec globosis) usque ad 9 × 5.5 mm differt.</p> <p>Type: — PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Western Province: Strickland drainage, Muller Range, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.2605&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.72625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.2605/lat -5.72625)">Gugusu</a> (Expedition Camp 1), lowland hill forest, 5°43.575'S, 142°15.630'E, 535 m, 9 September 2009, Takeuchi, Ama &amp; Gamui 24549 (holotype: LAE; isotypes: A, BO, CANB, K, L, MO).</p> <p>Etymology: —Named after Banak Gamui of the PNG Institute of Biological Research.</p> <p>Field characters: —Trees 4–5 m tall; branchlets fleshy, smooth, green; stipules foliaceous, notched or cleft, light green; leaf-blades rugose, dark green above, pale green beneath; panicle axes light green, canescent; flowers sessile; calyx lobes elongate, linear-deltate; corolla obtuse in bud, lobes 5, white, recurved at anthesis, throat white-hairy; stamens 5, exserted, white; style included, much shorter than the filaments; stigma 2-fid; fruit (immature) ellipsoid, whitish green.</p> <p>Distribution: —Known only from the type locality (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Habitat and ecology: —Lowland hill forest, natural-growth communities at 535 m.</p> <p>Phenology: —Flowering and fruiting in September.</p> <p>Additional specimen examined: — PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Western Province: Muller Range, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.26222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.72725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.26222/lat -5.72725)">Gugusu</a> (Expedition Camp 1), lowland hill forest, 5°43.635'S, 142°15.733'E, 535 m, 6 September 2009, Takeuchi, Ama &amp; Gamui 24471 (A, BO, CANB, K, L, LAE, MO).</p> <p>The new variety is clearly connected to P. dieniensis (Merrill &amp; Perry 1946). Except for the distinctions specified by diagnosis, the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of var. banakii agree reasonably well with those in var. dieniensis. The differences argue for recognition only at infraspecific level. In comparison with P. leptothyrsa var. defretesiana (Takeuchi 2009b), the newly established variety is unlikely to require future consideration as a separate species.</p> <p>Psychotria dieniensis sens. str. is represented mainly by subshrubs with commensurately small structures. Although the type (for P. dieniensis) was taken from a lowland environment (500 m; Merrill &amp; Perry 1946), an overwhelming majority of conspecific collections are from montane habitats straddling the Central Divide. The high-elevation populations have attributes typical of such areas (e.g., firm-textured leaf-blades, dense indument, contracted internodes, and low-bushy architectures). Unlike these earlier gatherings, the Muller Range collections are arborescent plants with correspondingly larger parts. The glabrate leaves of var. banakii for example, are substantially above the previous measurement range for P. dieniensis (reported as 4.5–14.5 × 1.5–4.5 cm in Sohmer 1988: 82). The var. nov. also has panicles and fruits suggestive of changes in structural form (viz., towards verticillate branching in the inflorescence and fruits decidedly longer than broad).</p> <p>The robust features of var. banakii cannot be explained entirely by differences in elevation, given that the type for P. dieniensis was also taken from a lowland habitat. Despite its presumed status as a discrete variant from limestone, the perception of varietal distinction is complicated by geographic gaps in existing documentation, particularly from colline environments below 1000 m. The possibility of morphological discontinuities being removed by future collections cannot be discounted. Although additional sampling from the Southern Escarpment would be undoubtedly rewarding, the logistical and financial obstacles are severely limiting. In light of the operational and budgetary difficulties experienced by recent surveys on the karst, it is very unlikely that such localities can be revisited anytime soon.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A26687FBFFD3FFAEFF3FFEE0FCD63CD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Takeuchi, Wayne	Takeuchi, Wayne (2011): Additional notes on Psychotria (Rubiaceae) from the southern karst of Papua New Guinea: P. defretesiana comb. et stat. nov., P. dieniensis var. banakii var. nov., and P. stevedarwiniana sp. nov. Phytotaxa 24: 19-27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.24.1.3, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.24.1.3
A26687FBFFD2FFACFF3FFACDFAD43BA0.text	A26687FBFFD2FFACFF3FFACDFAD43BA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psychotria stevedarwiniana Takeuchi 2011	<div><p>Psychotria stevedarwiniana Takeuchi, sp. nov. (Figs. 4–5)</p> <p>Inter speciebus congeneribus Papuasiae stipulis connatis magnis usque ad 8.5 × 1.7 cm (in vivo) tubis cum 4 appendicibus apicalibus 4–8 × 0.3–3 mm statim distinguitur.</p> <p>Type: — PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Western Province: Muller Range, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.3003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.660633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.3003/lat -5.660633)">Sawetau</a> (Expedition Camp 2), Nothofagus -emergent montane forest on doline karst, 5°39.638'S, 142°18.018'E, 1460 m, 15 September 2009, Takeuchi, Ama &amp; Gamui 24688 (holotype: LAE; isotypes: A, K, L).</p> <p>Understory subshrubs, 0.5–1 m tall, monoaxial or sparingly branched, erect. Stems compressed near the top, 1.5–3 mm diam., fuliginous, hollow or pithy, often furrowed, with or without adventitious roots; indument pilose, dense, reddish-brown (white in vivo), persisting, longest hairs ca. 1.5 mm long; older axes terete, transversely cicatricose, lenticels absent; internodes 2.5–9.5(–12) cm long. Leaves cauline or in 1–4 pairs on short branches, equal, obliquely diverging; stipules ovoid-conoid (or subfusiform), (9–)20–60 × (2–) 4–12 mm, connate, tubular, caducous, disclosing a nodal ring of appressed colleters after falling, surfaces black, glabrous inside, pilosulous outside, apically (2–)4-lobulate (lobules 4–8 × 0.3–3 mm); petioles 10–32 × 1–2.5 mm, planoconvex or subcylindrical, indument as on stems; leaf-blades subcoriaceous, ovate-elliptic (or obovate), (7–)9.2–15.6 × (2.8–)4–8(–9.9) cm, base mostly obtuse, margin revolute, apex acuminate (acumen to ca. 1.5 × 1 cm); lamina surfaces fuliginous to rufescent; adaxially rugose, bullate, barbate at the petiole insertion otherwise glabrous; abaxially pilose on veins, velutinous between veins; raphides not seen; domatia absent; venation brochidodrome or camptodrome-reticulate, secondaries (6–)8–14 per side, (2–)6–16(–21) mm apart, at the lamina center straight-diverging (40–)50–70° from midribs, ± parallel, closing by gradually looping nerves (or anastomosing to the margin); partial intersecondaries often present; crossing (tertiary) nerves subscalariform; all veins impressed on the upper side, prominent beneath; reticulum conspicuous, coarsely areolate, tessellate. Inflorescence not seen. Infructescence terminal (or subapical by shoot overtopping), paniculiform, 35–60 mm long, ascending, ebracteate; primary axes 2–5 together, 20–45 × 0.8– 1.5 mm, terete; surfaces nigrescent, densely pilose; cymes 1–6 per primary axis, loose; secondary axes verticillately inserted or not; pedicels cylindrical, 2–4.5(–6.5) × 0.5–0.8 mm, not articulated. Fruits (immature) obovoid, 6.5–10 × 5–7.5 mm (exclusive of calyx), often asymmetric, hairy on all parts; exocarp jet black, raphides not seen; calyx persisting, united in the lower 0.2–1(–1.5) mm, lobes 5, triangular, 1–2 × 1.2– 1.5 mm, erect or reflexed; pyrenes hemispherical, dorsally ± smooth; preformed germination slits 2, marginal, extending the full length of the pyrene or ending just below the apex; seed coat with ethanol soluble pigments; endosperm ruminate.</p> <p>Etymology: —Named after Prof. Steven P. Darwin (Tulane University), an authority on Pacific floras and the author's former associate in Hawaiian botany. The alternative epithet " darwiniana " has been preempted (in Cheek et al. 2008).</p> <p>Field characters: —Miniature subshrubs 0.5–1.0 m tall; indument of white hairs on nearly all parts; stems monocaulous or at most with 1–3 branch pairs; stipules to 85 × 17 mm, inflated or not, off-white to light green, (2–)4-lobulate at the top (lobules 7–10 mm long); leaves thickly fleshy-coriaceous, rugose, bullate; fruits obovoid, epicarp entire, green.</p> <p>Distribution: —Known only from the type locality (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Habitat and ecology: — Nothofagus -emergent montane forest on doline karst, 1425–1495 m. Occurring as scattered colonies restricted to dark understories, often in spatial association with P. stolonifera and P. ternatifolia.</p> <p>Phenology: —Fruiting in September. Populations sterile except for the expedition's two collections.</p> <p>Additional specimen examined: — PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Western Province: Muller Range, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.3003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.660633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.3003/lat -5.660633)">Sawetau</a> (Expedition Camp 2), Nothofagus -emergent montane forest on doline karst, 5°39.638'S, 142°18.018'E, 1460 m, 15 September 2009, Takeuchi, Ama &amp; Gamui 24671- B (A, BO, CANB, K, L, LAE, MO).</p> <p>Even in a genus noted for morphological variation, the tubular stipules of P. stevedarwiniana are remarkable for their size and structure. The elongate-conoid (or subfusiform) stipule attains dimensions up to 85 × 17 mm in vivo, and is surmounted by four foliaceous lobes at the apical orifice. The process of stipule maturation is characterized by such pronounced changes in size, texture, and color, that the immature and mature stages look like structures from different species (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Among the 19 Papuasian congeners with connate stipules, P. stevedarwiniana is further distinguished in having conspicuously rugose-bullate leaves and basally branching panicles (the latter both terminal and subapical). The distinctive vegetative features allow for instant recognition whenever sterile plants are encountered.</p> <p>Although its flowers are still unknown, the pyrenes of P. stevedarwiniana are characteristic of Psychotria in the sense established by modern study of the Psychotrieae (sensu Davis &amp; Bridson 2001, 2004, Davis et al. 2001, Sohmer &amp; Davis 2007). Despite the novelty's atypical qualities, compelling support for the generic assignment is provided by the paired pyrenes with preformed germination slits (2) confined to the margins.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A26687FBFFD2FFACFF3FFACDFAD43BA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Takeuchi, Wayne	Takeuchi, Wayne (2011): Additional notes on Psychotria (Rubiaceae) from the southern karst of Papua New Guinea: P. defretesiana comb. et stat. nov., P. dieniensis var. banakii var. nov., and P. stevedarwiniana sp. nov. Phytotaxa 24: 19-27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.24.1.3, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.24.1.3
