taxonID	type	description	language	source
EB498780E83DFFC95BA4F9BABD44F91A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Relatively small, coloration usually black or brown with red to yellow and whitish markings. Proboscis well developed and functional; frons pale, yellow or white, adjacent to the eyes dark (completely black in P. atypica); antenna dorsally black, often with white, subapical patch, especially in females; abdomen usually with yellow or white caudal margins on tergites 2, 4, 6 (7 in male); abdomen usually with dorso-medial row of points or stripes (with the exception of the P. chrysidiformis group); forewing veins R 1 and R 2 parallel, distally somewhat approximated, rarely distally coincident (P. umbrifera group), R 4 and R 5 stalked. Male genitalia with medial gnathos flap large, regularly bifurcate; scopula androconialis present; valva apically pointed or rounded; crista sacculi high, distally curving ventrad, subdistally occasionally interrupted by a gap; phallus proximally enlarged, distally long and thin; vesica simple, basally with numerous sclerotized cornuti. Female genitalia with segment 8 long; ostium bursae usually positioned in membrane between segments 7 and 8, or inserted medially in the membrane that closes segment 8 ventrally (P. chrysidiformis group); antrum short and membranous or sclerotized (P. chrysidiformis group); corpus bursae oval, without or with a weak signum.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E821FFCA5BA4F893BF71FD76.taxon	description	DNA barcode analyses group P. chrysidiformis into two distinct clusters, which differ by an average of 6.8 %, the chrysidiformis clade, with specimens from western Europe, including north-western Italy, Corsica and Sardinia, and the sicula clade with specimens from Sicily, Apulia, Adriatic Italy and Istria. These two clades are well supported and could be considered different species. However, although there are some external differences between specimens of the two clades, these were not consistent across the whole range and we did not find significant differences in the genitalia. We therefore follow the current practise (Špatenka et al. 1999, Pühringer & Kallies 2004) and consider these two clades subspecies. Note. Sesia lecerfi Oberthür, 1909 is not a synonym of P. chrysidiformis, with which it was compared in the original description and as proposed by subsequent authors (Laštůvka 1990 c, Špatenka et al. 1999). The holotype from the Eastern Pyrenees is an almost completely black male of a Bembecia species. Due to the shapes of the transparent areas of the forewing, the relatively large size with an alar expanse of 23 mm and the dark red colour of the forewing discal spot and anal margin (yellow or orange-red in most congeners), we consider it most likely to be conspecific with Bembecia ichneumoniformis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) and synonymize it with this species (syn. nov.). However, this issue needs to be re-addressed by examination of the genitalia or DNA-analysis of the holotype.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E822FFCD5BA4FD65BDFFF892.taxon	description	(Figs 2 a, 3 – 5, 47 – 52, 56 – 57, 60) Sphinx chrysidiformis Esper, 1782: Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen: 210. Holotype: ♂, France, Languedoc (MWNS).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E822FFCD5BA4FD65BDFFF892.taxon	description	The nominal subspecies of Pyropteron chrysidiformis is variable and widespread in western Europe. In contrast to the statement in Zahiri et al (2021), the taxon fervens was proposed as a form of Pyropteron chrysidiformis and is therefore available.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E822FFCD5BA4FD65BDFFF892.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The eggs are usually singly laid on the upper surface of leaves of the hostplant, often along the central rib of the leaf (http: // www. lepiforum. de accessed 31. VIII. 2020, our own observation). Larvae feed in various species of Rumex (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999, our own observations). A single or more larvae feed one year in the main root of the hostplant. Habitats are meadows and pastures, fallow lands, road sides and several other ruderal places.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E822FFCD5BA4FD65BDFFF892.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South-western and Central Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula to northern and western Italy, throughout France, south-east England, southern Belgium and south-western Germany, also on the Baleares, Corsica and Sardinia (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999). Specimens examined. 9 ♂, 11 ♀, Portugal, W Algarve, Portimao, Ferragude, 2 – 3 m, e. l. ex Rumex conglomeratus, larvae 23. III., adults 1. V. – 26. V. 2006, leg. DB; 7 ♂, 11 ♀, Portugal, W Algarve, vic. Chabouco, 95 m, e. l. ex R. obtusifolius, larvae 31. X. 2012 adults 25. IV. – 13. V. 2013, leg. DB; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, Portugal, E Algarve, 2 km W Olhao, 5 m, e. l. ex R. crispus, larvae 29. X. 2012 adults 15. IV. – 19. VI. 2013, leg. DB; 5 ♂, 2 ♀, Portugal, E Algarve, Sierra de Alcudia de Cume, Valle de Ebros, 300 m, e. l. ex R. pulcher, larvae 30. X. 2012 adults 27. IV. – 16. V. 2013, leg. DB; 2 ♂, Spain, Andalusia, Sierra Cazorla, Burunchel, 1400 m, 13. and 14. VI. 1993, leg. DB; 2 ♂, Spain, Andalusia, Sierra Cazorla, Cotorios, 1400 m, 15. and 17. VI. 1993, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Spain, Andalusia, Sierra Cazorla, Tucor, 1100 m, 19. VI. 1993, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Spain, Sierra Segura, Pontones, 1100 m, 16. VI. 1993, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Spain, Andalusia, Serrania Ronda, Ronda, 600 m, 17. VII. 2004, leg. DB; 11 ♂, 11 ♀ (Fig. 52), Spain, Mallorca, Port de Alcudia, e. l. ex R. obtusifolius, larvae 28. and 30. III., adults 3. IV. – 29. VI. 2001, leg. DB (CDB); 1 ♂, Spain, Mallorca, Cala Radjada, 20. – 30. V. 2000, leg. Riefenstahl / Rohloff (CCDB- 04688 - B 06) (SMNS); 2 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, Cañadillas, 2100 m, 4. VII. 2000, leg. FP (photo 43 / 2 / 29 - 3 / 3); 2 ♂, ibid., 2210 m, 8. VII. 2000, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, E Güejar-Sierra, 1100 m, 7. VII. 2018, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, N Güejar-Sierra, 1510 m, 7. VII. 2018, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, Pico del Veleta — Hoya de la Mora, 2520 m, 4. VII. 2000, leg. FP; 2 ♂, ibid., 8. VII. 2000, leg. FP (DNAtax 03 - 21); 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, Pico del Veleta — Mojón del Trigo, 2600 m, 4. VII. 2000, leg. FP; 2 ♂, ibid., 8. VII. 2000, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Spain, GR, Sierra Nevada, Juviles S Berchules, 1400 m, 11. VII. 2000, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Spain, Granada, Cortijo Tovilla (Sierra de Guillimona), 1400 m, 24. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra de Guillimona — Gipfel, 2060 m, 25. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 8 ♂, Spain, Almeria, Sierra de Maria, 1580 – 1710 m, 26. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 3 ♂, ibid., 1680 – 1710 m, 27. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 6 ♂, Spain, Guadalajara, Costil de Lobos NE Alustante, 1410 m, 20. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Spain, Murcia, Sierra de Espuna, 1410 m, 27. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 7 ♂, ibid., 1400 – 1540 m, 28. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Spain, Teruel (Aragon), Teruel, 900 m, 22. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Spain, Teruel, Portillo de Guadalaviar (El Portillo), 1800 m, 9. VII. 2018, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Spain, Zaragoza, Torralba de los Frailes, 980 m, 21. VI. 2018, leg. FP (CFP); 9 ♂, 3 ♀, France, Cévennes, Gard, vic. St. Hippolyte-du-Fort, 150 – 250 m, e. l. ex R. obtusifolius, larvae 18. X. 2007 adults 17. V. – 1. VI. 2008, leg. DB; 3 ♂, 7 ♀, France, Provence, Vaucluse, Abt, 2,3 km E Gignac, 610 m, larvae 2. X. 2016 adults 11. – 31. V. 2017, leg. DB; 13 ♂, France, Salon de Provence, 23. VI. 1991, leg. DB (CDB); 1 ♂, France, Provence, Aspres sur Buech, 5. VII. 1991, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2020 - 02) (Fig. 57); 2 ♂ (Fig. 51), France, Provence, Canyon de Verdon, Mescla, 27. VI. 1991; leg. DB; 1 ♀, Germany, Rhineland, Kamp-Bornhofen, 9. VI. 2001, leg. Riefenstahl (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 22) (Fig. 56); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ibid., 6. VI. 2001, leg. Riefenstahl (♀ Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 23) (Fig. 60) (SMNS); 17 ♂, 17 ♀, Germany, Palatinate, Landau-Dammheim, e. l. larvae 7. IV., adults 27. V. – 5. VI. 1995, leg. DB; 9 ♂, 1 ♀, Germany, Nahe valley, Oberhausen, 20. V. 1990, leg. DB; 3 ♂ (Figs 47 – 48), 3 ♀ (Fig. 49), Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Tamm-Hohenstange, 270 m, e. l. ex R. obtusifolius, larvae 2. IV., adults 24. IV. – 30. V. 2011, leg. DB; 2 ♂, 5 ♀, ibid., e. l. ex R. obtusifolius, larvae 1. III., adults 13. V. – 5. VI. 2013, leg. DB; 8 ♂, France, E Corsica, Ghisonacia, Morta, 8. VI. 2019, leg. DB; 5 ♂, 1 ♀, France, E Corsica, vic. Aleria, Etang de Diane, 2. VI. 2019, leg. DB; 5 ♂ (Fig. 50), France, E Corsica, Linguizzetta, Marine de Bravone, 11. VI. 2019, leg. DB; 25 ♂, 1 ♀, Italy, Sardinia, Ogliastra, Beach between Barisardo and Cardedu, 18. VI. 2009, leg. DB (CDB); 4 ♂, France, Haute-Garonne, Montbernard, 190 m, 18. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 6 ♂, ibid., 19. VI. 2018, leg. FP; 1 ♀, France, Corsica, Evisa, 17. VII. 1929; 1 ♂, Italy, Sardinia, CA, Fluminimaggiore, 12. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Sardinia, CA, Iglesias, 350 m, 12. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Sardinia, CA, Maidopis (Monti dei Sette Fratelli), 550 m, 13. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Sardinia, CA, Nebida, 300 m, 12. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 5 ♂, Sardinia, CA, San Benedetto N Iglesias, 12. VI. 2004, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 D 12); 2 ♂, Sardinia, NU, Desulo, Asuai, 5 km NE, Nuoro, 800 m, 30. V. 1998, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Sardinia, NU, Nuoro, 5 km NE, 31. V. 1998, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Sardinia, NU, Riu Berchida S Capo Comino, 10 m, 14. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Sardinia, NU, Santa Lucia (W Siniscola), 29. V. 1998, leg. FP (photo 33 / 1 / 24 - 37); 1 ♂, ibid., 1. VI. 1998, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Sardinia, NU, Sarule, 660 m, 15. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 14 ♂, 1 ♀, Sardinia, NU, Su Cologone E Oliena, 130 m, 1. VI. 1998, leg. FP (photo 33 / 5 / 37 - 49); 1 ♂, ibid., 16. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 11 ♂, Sardinia, OR, Putzu Idu N Oristano, 10 m, 15. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Sardinia, OR, San Vero Milis N Oristano, 20 m, 15. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Sardinia, SS, Oschiri, 200 m, 17. VI. 2004, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Italy, Ligura, Andora, 9. VI. 2002, leg. R. Leimlehner; überprüfen (ssp): 1 ♂, Italy, Toscana, SI, Colle di Val d’Elsa, 180 m, 3. VI. 1998, leg. FP (CFP); 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Italy, Toscana, vic. Suvereto, Piana de Calzalunga, Parco de Montioni, 50 m, e. l. ex R. obtusifolius, larvae 26. X. 2001 adults 24. VI. – 6. VI. 2002, leg. DB (CDB).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E824FFCE5BA4FADEBA6DFCE6.taxon	description	(Figs 2 b, 53 – 55, 58, 59, 61, 62)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E824FFCE5BA4FADEBA6DFCE6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. Not different from the nominate subspecies. In Apulia larvae were found in large numbers in almost all perennial species of Rumex (pers. observation Lingenhöle).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E824FFCE5BA4FADEBA6DFCE6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sicily, central and southern Italy, along the Adriatic coast to Istria (Bella et al. 2017, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999, Predovnik 2001, our own results). Specimens examined. 24 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Palermo, le Madonie, 2 km S Isnello, 800 m, 1. and 2. VI. 2013, leg. DB; 9 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Palermo, Palermo, 3 km NW Collesano, 400 m, 7. VI. 2013, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Palermo, le Madonie, Castelbuono, NW Monte Ferro, 1450 m, 5. VI. 2013, leg. DB; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Siracusa, Monti Iblei, Monte Santa Venere, 800 m, 19. V. 2007, leg. DB; 22 ♂, 16 ♀, Italy, Calabria, vic. Cuculli-Torretta, 20 m, e. l. ex Rumex sp., larva X. 2003, adult 7. V. 2004, leg. AL (1 ♀, Fig. 55); 1 ♂, Italy, Calabria, road Cariati-Campana, Colle de Rose, 385 m, e. l. ex Rumex sp., larva X. 2003, adult 3. V. 2004, leg. AL; 14 ♂, 11 ♀, Italy, Calabria, Cabo Vaticano, vic. Joppolo, 270 m, e. l. ex Rumex sp., larva X. 2003, adult IV. – V. 2004, leg. AL; 1 ♀, Italy, Calabria, Roccabernarda, 230 m, e. l. ex Rumex sp., larva X. 2003, adult V. 2004, leg. AL; 11 ♂, 6 ♀, Italy, Basilikata, 20 km, N Potenza, e. l. ex Rumex sp., larva X. 2003, adult IV. – V. 2004, leg. AL (CAL, CDB). 9 ♀, Italy, Marke, Fabriano, 13. VI. 2003, leg. AL (CAL). 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Sicily, Mt Cuccio, VI. 1930, leg. Höfer (Bartsch gen. preps. 2019 - 24; 2019 - 25) (Figs 59, 61); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, ibid., 7. V. 30. V. and 1. VI. 1930, coll. Dannehl; 2 ♀, Sicily, Taormina, 23. V. 1942 (Bartsch gen. prep. 2020 - 03) (Fig. 62) and 15. V. 1943; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Sortino, 21. – 23. VI. 2000, leg. Laštůvka; 3 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Francavilla, 14. – 15. VI. 1995, leg. Laštůvka; 3 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Ficuzza, 17. – 19. VI. 2000, leg. Laštůvka (Figs 53 – 54); 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Castiglione, 20. VI. 1995, leg. Laštůvka; 1 ♂, Italy, Serra Si Quirika, road Ancona-Fabriano, 400 m, 24. VI. 1994, leg. AL (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 26) (Fig. 58); 1 ♂, Slowenia, Kras, Presnica, e. l. ex Rumex sp., 4. – 21. VI. 2000, leg. Predovnik (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 41) (SMNS); 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Madonie, Torre Montaspro, 1130 m, 5. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Madonie, SE Castelbuono, Mt. Miccio, 890 m, 10. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Pantalica nr. Ferla, 15. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Pollina NE Castelbuono, 520 m, 10. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 60 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Valdinte NW Francavilla, 550 m, 7. VI. 2001, leg. FP (DNAtax 02584, DNAtax 04 - 02); 25 ♂, Italy, Sicily, CT, Etna nr. Ragalna, Mt. Arso, 3. VI. 2001, leg. FP (photo 46 / 2 / 1 - 21); 60 ♂, ibid., 1280 m, 14. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, ME, Cesaro, 3. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 4 ♂, Italy, Sicily, ME, Mandanici, 600 m, 14. VI. 2001, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 E 12); 4 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, Castelbuono, 120 m, 10. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 5 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, Ficuzza, 850 – 1170 m, 9. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 6 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, Ficuzza, Alpe Cucco, 920 m, 8. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 4 ♂, ibid., 9. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, Godrano, 8. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 770 m, 9. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 760 m, 11. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, zw. Ficuzza u. Godrano, 800 m, 9. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, Piana degli Albanesi, 830 m, 4. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 2 ♂, ibid., 830 m, 8. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., Portella della Ginestra, 800 m, 4. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 6 ♂, Italy, Sicily, CT, Randazzo, 850 – 890 m, 6. VI. 2001, leg. FP (photo 46 / 6 / 21 – 31, 35 – 47); 3 ♂, ibid., 850 m, 7. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, SR, Pedagaggi NW Sortino, 700 m, 15. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 8 ♂, Italy, Sicily, SR, Sortino – W, 600 m, 13. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Italy, Calabria, Acri, 760 m, 6. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Italy, Campania, Acerra, 30 m, 31. V. 2009, leg. FP; 3 ♂, ibid., 40 m, 4. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Italy, Campania, Cuma – 3 km N, 2 m, 3. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 8 ♂, Italy, Campania, Gaudello NE Acerra, 30 m, 4. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Italy, Campania, Qualiano W Giugliano, 40 m, 3. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Italy, Umbria, PG, Tuoro sul Trasimeno, 9. VII. 1996, leg. FP; 15 ♂, Italy, Emilia Romagna, Casaliggio 10 km SW Piacenza, 80 m, 14. VI. 2012, leg. E. Hüttinger; 1 ♂, Italy, Emilia Romagna, Riccione, 13. VI. 1976; 1 ♂, Italy, Veneto, VR, Monte nr. Sant‘ Ambrogio, 21. VI. 1998, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Slovenia, VL 14, Skrajniki – Kubed, 210 m, 18. VI. 2000, leg. Z. Predovnik (DNAtax 03 - 20); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Slovenia, VL 14, Presnica – Kras, 500 m, e. l. VI. 2000 (ex Rumex sp.), leg. Z. Predovnik; 1 ♀, Slovenia, VL 26, Razdrto s. Postojna, 620 m, e. l. 11. VII. 2004, leg. Z. Predovnik (CCDB- 02111 A 12); 1 ♂, Croatia, Istria, Rabac, 23. VII. 2004, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 02112 C 09) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E829FFC15BA4FF09BB08FCCA.taxon	description	Together with P. triannuliformis, this species occupies the largest range of all species in the genus. The eastern part of the range, however, is insufficiently known and may be divided into several areas with potentially large distribution gaps. For example, while the species is common in the Balkans, along the southern coast of Turkey and occurs in Armenia, Azerbaijan and parts of Iran, it appears to be absent from most of the Anatolian highland. Based on DNA barcodes, P. minianiformis splits into several distinct clades, which correlate well with distinct distribution areas. The most basal clade of the group is formed by specimens from Crete and represents the taxon nigrobarbata Rebel, 1916, which currently is considered a synonym of P. minianiformis. In addition to substantial barcode differences, specimens from Crete differ in their genitalia and external features when compared to specimens from the mainland. Thus, we consider P. nigrobarbata a distinct species (stat. nov.). The remainder of the group still shows substantial heterogeneity, with barcode differences of up to 7.6 %. It is represented by the minianiformis clade, with specimens from Bulgaria and Greece, the destituta clade, with specimens from southern Turkey and Cyprus, and the xerxes clade with specimens from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran. Barcode differences also correlate with differences in the external and genitalia morphology. We therefore treat these three clades as distinct subspecies. However, the barcode differences are so substantial that these taxa could even be considered species. The xerxes clade is formed by two separate clusters, one from Armenia and Azerbaijan and one from north-eastern Iran. More material from the region is needed to test whether these differences justify further taxonomic recognition.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E829FFC05BA4FCF9BFBCFC5E.taxon	description	(Figs 6, 63 – 65, 78, 79, 84 – 86)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E829FFC05BA4FCF9BFBCFC5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplants of this subspecies are bitter-tasting species of Rumex (docks), such as R. conglomeratus, R. crispus, R. maritimus or R. pulcher (Laštůvka 2007, our own observations). The larvae, often several together, feed in the main root of their host. Development takes one year. Pupation takes place in the gallery of the larva in a silk-spun chamber at the base of a more or less long corridor, which is closed by a thin layer of bark or spun saw-dust.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E829FFC05BA4FCF9BFBCFC5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The nominal subspecies is limited to the southern Balkan Peninsula, including Greece and Bulgaria and north-western Turkey (Špatenka et al. 1999, our own results). Based on Gorbunov (pers. communication), this species is absent from Crimea. The distribution map given by Laštůvka & Laštůvka (1995, 2001) suggests a continuous occurrence throughout entire Anatolia, for which we have, however, not found any evidence. Specimens examined. 4 ♂, 2 ♀, Greece, Igoumenitza, Thiamis delta, 23. V. 1993, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Greece, Amvrakikos Kolpos, Philipiada, 25. V. 1995, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Greece, Ioannina, Vikos Canyon, Kipi, 25. V. 1995, leg. DB; 2 ♂, Greece, Amvrakikos Kolpos, Logaru-Lagoon, 2. VI. 1995, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 11) (Fig. 78) 1 ♀, ibid., (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 15); 1 ♀, Greece, Ossa Oros, Stomio, 1. – 13. VI. 1989, leg. Bettag (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 17) (Fig. 84); 1 ♂, ibid., 1000 m, 10. VII. 1997, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 10); 17 ♂ (Figs 63 – 64); 13 ♀ (Fig. 65), Greece, Thessaloniki, Volvi Lake, Nimfoletra, 100 m, 5. VI. 1997, leg. DB (♀, Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 47); 2 ♂, Greece, Nafpaktos, Fokida Gorge, Limfitsa, 31. V. 1995, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Greece, Drama, Falacro Mts, 2 km NNE Volokos, 750 m, 2. VII. 2008, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Greece, Peloponnese, inner Mani, Exohori, Farangi Virou, 600 – 800 m, 2. VI. 2005, leg. DB (CDB); 18 ♂, 4 ♀, Bulgaria, Vilas, 27. VI. – 3. VII. 2005, leg. Riefenstahl (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 16) (Fig. 68); 6 ♂, 4 ♀, Bulgaria, Burgas, Sunny beach, 25. VI. – 5. VII. 2005, leg. Baltruweit; 11 ♂, ibid., leg. Riefenstahl (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 08) (Fig. 79); 1 ♀, Bulgaria, Black Sea coast, Shkorpilovtsi, 15 m, 30. VI. 2010, leg. Ssymank (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 48) (Fig. 86) (SMNS); 1 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, Silistar S Sinemorets, 25 m, 29. VI. 2016, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Bulgaria, Slivno, Sliven (Slivno), 390 m, 3. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 400 m, 10. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Bulgaria, Sozopol, S Tsarevo, black sea beach, 5 m, 28. VI. 2016, leg. FP; 2 ♂, North Macedonia, Macedonia mer., Stari Dojran, 10. – 19. VI. 1955, leg. J. Klimesch; 1 ♂, Greece, Thessaloniki, Leptokaria E Olympos, 240 m, 4. VII. 2003, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 H 02); 1 ♂, Greece, Ioannina, Kipi (= Kipoi, Timfi Mts), 780 m, 28. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Ioannina, Konitsa, 510 m, 10. VII. 2003, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Ioannina, Monodendri (Timfi Mts), 1200 m, 11. VII. 2003, leg. FP (photo 55 / 6 / 23 - 26); 5 ♂, Greece, Larissa, Ossa Mts, SW Stomio (n), 1000 – 1090 m, 20. VI. 2002, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 B 07); 1 ♂, ibid., 2. VII. 2003, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Arta, Salaora SW Arta, 1 m, 12. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Voiotia, Parnass, Livadia-Ebene, 1300 m, 18. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 2 ♂, ibid., 25. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Fokida, Parnass, Skicenter, 1750 – 1800 m, 18. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 25. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Greece, Fthiotis, Bralos, 5 km N Ag. Damastas, 450 – 600 m, 19. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Fthiotis, Skamnos, 700 m, 22. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 4 ♂, Greece, Achaia (Peloponnese), Kalogria W Kato Achaia, 4. VI. 1997, leg. FP (photo 28 / 5 / 23 - 6 / 12); 8 ♂, ibid., 5 m, 5. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 8 ♂, ibid., 8. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 5 ♂, ibid., 10. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 5 ♂, ibid., 14. VI. 1997, leg. FP (gen. prep. FP 02 / 22); 1 ♂, ibid., 19. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 20. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Achaia (Peloponnese), Drosia SW Erimanthos, 650 m, 13. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Greece, Messinia, Saidona (Taygetos), 500 m, 24. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Thessalia, Karditsa, Pindos-Geb., N Kastania, 800 m, 5. – 6. VI. 2012, leg. H. u. R. Rausch; 1 ♂, Greece, Lesbos, SW Agiasos (Olympos-Geb.), 890 m, 29. VI. 2014, leg. H. u. R. Rausch; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, ibid., 8. – 9. VII. 2014, leg. H. u. R. Rausch; 1 ♂, Greece, Samos, Agios Konstantinos, 5 m, 13. VI. 2015, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 5 m, 14. VI. 2015, leg. FP; 4 ♂, Greece, Samos, Manolates, 300 – 370 m, 10. VI. 2015, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Greece, Samos, N Marathokampos, 340 m, 12. VI. 2015, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Greece, Samos, Pandroso, 590 m, 12. VI. 2015, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Greece, Samos, S Vourliotes, 500 – 530 m, 13. VI. 2015, leg. FP; 8 ♂, Greece, Samos, Vourliotes, Lazarou, 550 m, 18. VI. 2015, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Samos, Zastano (Kerkis Mts), Eastern slope, 17. VI. 2015, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Greece, Naxos, Drymalia, S Sifones, Agh. Joannis, 600 m, 29. – 30. VI. 2012, leg. H. u. R. Rausch (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E828FFC05BA4FC4DBF69F818.taxon	description	(Figs 66 – 70, 80, 87, 88)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E828FFC05BA4FC4DBF69F818.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This subspecies appears to be isolated from the nominal subspecies and distributed along the Taurus Mts of Southern Turkey and in Cyprus (Špatenka et al. 1999, Garrevoet et al. 2007, Bartsch 2004). We are not aware of a wider distribution in western Turkey. This requires further investigation. Specimens examined. 4 ♂, S Turkey, Kirit, 500 m, 28. V. 1992, leg. Riefenstahl (1 ♂ Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 19) (Fig. 80); 1 ♀ (Fig. 68), S Turkey, Antalya, Saklikent, 1200 m, 29. VI. 2002, leg. Riefenstahl (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 18) (Fig. 87) (CCDB- 14564 - H 03); 1 ♂ (Figs 66 – 67), ibid., 900 m, 28. – 29. VI. 2002, leg. Riefenstahl (CCDB- 14564 - E 12); 1 ♂, ibid., 1100 m, 19. VII. 1993, leg. Riefenstahl (CCDB- 14564 - H 01) (SMNS); 1 ♂, Turkey, Antalya, Saklikent, 1000 m, 29. VI. 1998, leg. DB (CDB); 1 ♂, Turkey, S Turkey, Kirit, 500 m, 28. V. 1992, leg. H. Riefenstahl, det K. Špatenka (CFP). Type material of ssp. aphrodite: Holotype ♂ with labels: “ Cyprus, Pafos, / vic. Tala-Kissonerga, / 100 – 200 m, e. l. 10. V. ex / Rumex conglomeratus / 30. März 2000, 34 ° 50 ’ N, / 32 ° 25 ’ E, leg. D. Bartsch ”; “ Holotypus / Pyropteron minianiformis / aphrodite / ♂ / D. Bartsch des 2004 ” (SMNS). Paratypes of aphrodite, 3 ♂ (Fig. 69), 1 ♀ (Fig. 53), same data as holotype, e. l. 6. – 14. V. 2000; 1 ♀, Cyprus, District Pafos, 2 km N Giolou, 150 m, e. l. ex R. pulcher larva 29. III., adult 5. VI. 2000, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 44) (Fig. 88); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Cyprus, District Pafos, Chrysochou Bay, Galia, 150 m, e. l. ex R. conglomeratus larvae 27. III., adults 8. V. and 19. V. 2000, leg. DB (CDB).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82BFFC35BA4FF06BD5EFA1D.taxon	description	(Figs 7, 71 – 74, 81, 89) This subspecies is the least known of the minianiformis subspecies. It appears to be limited to Armenia, Azerbaijan and the north-western parts of Iran. Specimens from north-eastern Iran differ significantly from Caucasian specimens in their barcodes and some appear darker, with reduced orange coloration. We here include specimens from the Caspian Sea coast and north-eastern Iran provisionally with P. minianiformis xerxes ssp. nov. However, more material is needed to clarify the precise status of the populations from Iran.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82BFFC35BA4FF06BD5EFA1D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Wingspan of holotype 19.0 mm. This new subspecies is generally somewhat darker than the other subspecies. The orange stripe of the inner margin of the tegulae is reduced, marked only caudally by some orangeyellow scales. In the male, the orange-red areas of the forewings are seamlessly merging into black. The hindwing discal spot is distinctly broader, the margins are slightly broader. Males have the fore coxa predominantly black, only laterally narrow orange-yellow. Despite these distinct differences, we found only small differences in the structure of the genitalia. Compared with the nominal subspecies, the female has the ductus bursae shorter, the corpus bursae rounder, less stretched. This character state is shared with ssp. destituta.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82BFFC35BA4FF06BD5EFA1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Transcaucasia: Armenia, Azerbaijan and northern parts of Iran.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82BFFC35BA4FF06BD5EFA1D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This new subspecies is named after Xerxes I., king of the ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire. Specimens examined. Holotype ♂ (Figs 72 – 73) with labels: “ Armenia: Syunik prov., vic. / Lernadzor, 1570 m, / 39 ° 09 ’ 50.0 ’’ N 46 ° 12 ’ 22.9 ’’ E, / 18. VII. 2013, pheromone / leg. D. Bartsch ”; “ Holotypus / Pyropteron / minianiformis xerxes / ♂ / D. Bartsch, des. 2020 ” (SMNS). Paratypes: 1 ♂, Armenia, Ararat prov., Lanjar, St. Karapet, 1880 – 2000 m, 7. VII. 2013, leg. DB (CDB); 4 ♂, Armenia, Syunik prov., N Schvanidzor, 790 m, 17. VII. 2013, leg. AL; 1 ♂, Armenia, Syunik prov., N Schvanidzor, vic. Kapan, 17. VII. 2013, leg. AL (CAL); 1 ♀, Armenia, Vayots-Dsor, vic. Saravan, 1670 m, 12. VII. 2013, leg. AL (Fig. 74) (CAL); 1 ♂, Azerbaijan, Talysh, Suwand, 1700 m, 22. V. 1999, leg. Dolin (CCDB- 04685 - H 06); 1 ♀, same data (CCDB- 04685 - H 06) (CMS); 1 ♀, ibid., 22. V. 2001, leg. Dolin (CCDB- 04686 - D 05) (CHF); 1 ♂, Azerbaijan, Talysh, vic. Astara, 22. V. 2001, leg. Dolin & Andreeva (CCDB- 04609 - A 11) (ZSM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data, (CCDB- 02113 - F 03); 2 ♂, same data, Isty-Su, 23. – 27. V. 2001; 16 ♂, Armenia, Schvanidzor, 1700 m, 19. VI. 2000, leg. Chuvilin (CCDB- 14649 - G 02); 1 ♂, Armenia, Kotayk, Garny, 1700 m, 11. VI. 2000, leg. Chuvilin (CCDB- 14649 - G 04) (CFP); 1 ♀, same data, leg. V. Dolin & Andreeva (CCDB- 02113 F 03 = FP Lep 00347); 6 ♂, Armenia, Kotayk, Garny [= Garni], 1700 m, 11. VI. 2000, leg. A. Chuvilin (CCDB- 14649 G 04); 3 ♂, Armenia, Ararat, Khosrov Res., 1700 m, 8. – 9. VI. 2000, leg. A. Chuvilin; 16 ♂, Armenia, Meghri, Schvanidzor, 1700 m, 18. – 20. VI. 2000, leg. A. Chuvilin (CCDB- 14649 G 02) (CFP); 1 ♀, Iran, Guilan, Rudbar, Amarlu, Damash, 1750 m, 13 – 15.6.2006, leg. Zahiri & Falsafi (slide DB 2019 - 21) (Fig. 89) (HMIM). Specimens not included in the type series. 1 ♂, Iran, Mazandaran, Shiragh, Oaroo, 180 m, leg. Haj. / Gil. (slide DB 2019 - 20) (Fig. 81) (HMIM); 12 ♂, Iran, Khorasan, NP Golestan, Shar leq valley, 1200 m, 20. VI. 2007, leg. FP (CCDB- 02111 F 05 = FP Lep 00160, photo 2007 / 1761 - 69); 1 ♂, Iran, NP Golestan, Tange Gol, 790 m, 24. V. 2001, leg. C. Wieser (BOX- 2219 F 04) (CFP); 1 ♂, same data, 17. V. 2001, leg. P. Huemer (TLMF); 1 ♀ (Fig. 71), Iran, Khorasan, Birdjand, 1300 m, 1951, leg. Schäufele (SMNS).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82BFFC75BA4F98ABC26FDBE.taxon	description	(Figs 8 – 10, 75 – 77, 82, 83, 90)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82BFFC75BA4F98ABC26FDBE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is very similar in coloration and pattern to P. minianiformis, but differs from all its subspecies by the smaller size, with alar expanses from 12 to 17 mm (15 – 24 mm in P. minianiformis), and the almost completely black thorax, which has only some yellow scales on the lateral part of the patagia and on the scapular spot of the forewing base (inner margin of tegula and dorso-lateral scale tufts of metathorax mainly yellow in all subspecies of P. minianiformis). Males differ further by the lack of black scales in the orange parts of the forewing (especially anal margin and cubitus vein suffused with black scales in P. minianiformis). Females differ by the presence of black scales ventrally on labial palpus (purely orange in P. minianiformis). Occasionally, almost completely black specimens of P. nigrobarbata occur. The male genitalia of P. nigrobarbata are very similar to that of P. minianiformis. There are, however, some distinct differences in the female genitalia, which are much more compact in P. nigrobarbata, the papillae anales and segment eight as well as ductus bursae and corpus bursae are shorter and broader, and the ductus bursae is gradually enlarged into a rounded corpus. In P. minianiformis, the ductus bursae is consistently narrow, the corpus elongated and somewhat pear-shaped. Barcodes. Based on barcode analyses, P. nigrobarbata represent the oldest clade in the minianiformis group of taxa and is the sister species of P. minianiformis.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82BFFC75BA4F98ABC26FDBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The larvae were found in the roots of Rumex pulcher Linnaeus, sometimes numerous larvae together (pers. observation Mai). Furthermore, in the Asterousia Mts two females have been observed depositing eggs on Rumex acetosella Linnaeus, indicating that it constitutes another hostplant. Indeed, Rumex acetosella is often the only available hostplant in heavily grazed places in Crete where adults were observed. It grows sheltered between the thorny cushions of Sarcopoterium spinosum (Linnaeus) Spach (Rosaceae) where it is protected from goats. Several attempts to find larvae in other species of Rumex were unsuccessful. Males are attracted to various artificial pheromons from the late morning to early afternoon.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82BFFC75BA4F98ABC26FDBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Crete. Specimens examined. 1 ♂, Greece, Crete, Frango Castello, 29. V. 1998, leg. RB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 09) (Fig. 82); 5 ♂, Greece, Crete, Ida, Mt Samari, 1400 m, 27. V. 2000, leg. AL; 7 ♂, Greece, Crete, Ida above Kourites, 1200 – 1400 m, 17. and 23. V. 2011, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Greece, Crete, Agios Joannis, 1. VI. 1998, leg. RB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 12) (Fig. 83); 2 ♂ (Figs 75 – 76), 2 ♀, Greece, S Crete, Asterousia Mts, pass between Loukia and Kapetaniana, 21. V. 2011, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. preps. 2019 - 13, 2019 - 14) (Fig. 90); 1 ♂, ibid., 31. V. 2000, leg. AL; 1 ♂, Greece, Crete, Rethimnon, 20 km N Agia Galini, Kouroutes, 600 m, 29. V. 2000, leg. AL (CDB). 1 ♂, Greece, S Crete, Asterousia Mts pass between Loukia and Kapetaniana, 24. V. 2010, 1 ♀, ibid., (Fig. 77), leg. AL (CAL); 8 ♂ Greece, Crete, entry to Samaria Gorge, near Omalos, 1300 m, 22. – 23. VI. 2018, leg. A. Kallies (CAK); 2 ♂, Greece, Crete, Chania, Omalos-Hochebene, Lefka Ori S, 1150 m, 2. VII. 2004, leg. FP (CCDB- 02113 F 02); 3 ♂, Greece, Crete, Rethymnon, Kouroutes, 9. VI. 2000, leg. FP (CCDB- 04642 D 07); 2 ♂, Greece, Crete, Rethymnon, Nithavris (Ida Mts), 9. VI. 2000, leg. FP (CCDB- 04642 D 06); 2 ♂, Greece, Crete, Iraklion, Asterousia Mts, Loukia, 2. VI. 1998, leg. RB (BOX- 2219 F 03, gen. prep. FP 02 / 16, 02 / 17) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82FFFC65BA4FD2DBC59FA1E.taxon	description	(Figs 11 – 13, 91 – 94, 106, 107, 113, 114)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82FFFC65BA4FD2DBC59FA1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. doryliformis is very homogenous and varies only minimally in size and coloration. Males are typically brown, while females are reddish. Exceptionally, females show a brown coloration similar to that of males (Fig. 93). For differentiation from related species based on external characters see below and refer to the diagnoses under the following species. Genitalia. Male with gnathos flaps broad (smaller in related species), the middle one> 1.5 times longer and clearly wider than the lateral ones (shorter and less raised in related species); crista sacculi of the valva with proximal, setaceous part straight, its apical third ventrad angled, ending in two simple folds that run parallel to the ventral margin. Female with papillae anales and segment 8 smaller and longer than other members of the group (even smaller and longer in P. biedermanni); the antrum about one-third shorter than the remaining part of ductus bursae (similar in P. ceriaeformis; longer than in P. icteropus and P. euglossaeformis); the corpus bursae round, with round, signum-like, sclerotized plate near ductus bursae (with indistinct signum in P. ceriaeformis and P. icteropus, without signum in P. euglossaeformis). Barcodes. P. doryliformis is part of a well-supported (monophyletic) clade including also the North African P. biedermanni, P. ceriaeformis, P. euglossaeformis and the Italian P. icteropus. Together with P. biedermanni it is sister to the three remaining clades. P. euglossaeformis and P. icteropus differ by an average 4.6 %, while P. euglossaeformis and P. ceriaeformis differ by average 6.6 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82FFFC65BA4FD2DBC59FA1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The species occurs in open land, such as meadows, pastures and fields, often in wet places like trenches, along brooks and rivers and marshes. Several larvae can feed together in the main root of large, bitter-tasting species of Rumex (dock), including R. conglomeratus Murray, R. stenophyllus Ledebour, R. maritimus Linnaeus, R. pulcher and others (Špatenka et al. 1999, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, our own observations). In an extreme case, twelve larvae were found in a single root (Bartsch). The large-scale breeding of this species for the introduction into Australia as pest control was described by Fisher (1992). Males are active in the late afternoon and early evening and come to various artificial pheromons.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82FFFC65BA4FD2DBC59FA1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This West-Mediterranean species is known from northern Morocco and north-western Algeria as well as from southern Portugal and Spain. Records from Tunisia and Sicily (e. g. de Freina 1999, Špatenka et al. 1999, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001) belong to other species in this group. Records from Cantabria and Sardinia of the same authors are incorrect (see Bertaccini & Fiumi 2002 and Bartsch et al. 2006). This species was introduced to Australia to control infestations with exotic Rumex species (Fisher 1992, Palmer et al. 2010). Note. The genitalia of the male figured in Špatenka et al. (1999) (p. 499, Fig. 195) from Algeria, Yakouren, are likely to belong to P. euglossaeformis; the female (p. 537, Fig. 432) belongs to P. icteropus. Specimens examined. 128 ♂ (Figs 91 – 92), 86 ♀ (Fig. 94), Portugal, eastern Algarve, 2 km W Olhao, 5 m, e. l. ex Rumex cf. crispus, larvae 29. X. 2012 adults IV. – VI. 2013, leg. DB (♂, Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 35) (Fig. 106); 2 ♀, Portugal, eastern Algarve, vic. Castro Marim, 15 m, e. l. ex R. cf. crispus, larvae 2. XI. 2012 adults 1. – 5. V. 2013, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 36) (Fig. 114); 4 ♀, Portugal, western Algarve, vic. Pera, 0 – 3 m, ex R. maximus, larvae 20. III. 2006 adults 15. VI. 2006, leg. DB; 1 ♀, Portugal, western Algarve, vic. Chabouco, 95 m, e. l. ex R. maximus, larva 31. X. 2012 adult 13. V. 2013, leg. DB; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Spain, Andalusia, Serrania de Ronda, Ronda, 500 m, 24. – 28. VI. 1993, leg. DB (♀ Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 11); 6 ♂, Spain, Sierra Cazorla, Cotorrios, 800 m, 14. – 18. VI. 1993, leg. DB (CDB). 1 ♂, Spain, Malaga, Manilva, 23. V. 1999, e. l., leg. RB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 06) (CRB); 1 ♀, Spain, Andalusia, Bella zw. Zahara de los Atunes u. Tarifa, 20. VI. 2005, leg. RB (CCDB- 04684 H 02); 1 ♂, Spain, Cadiz, Zahara de los Atunes, e. l. 1999, leg. RB (DNAtax 02606); 1 ♀, Spain, Albacete, Riopar (Sierra de Alcaraz), 27. – 28. VI. 2001, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CFP); 1 ♀, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Ifrane, 1600 – 1800 m, 8. VI. 1999, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 02); 3 ♂, ibid., 7., 8. and 9. VI. 1999, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 16) (Fig. 107); 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Col du Zad, 1900 – 2200 m, 7. VI. 1999, leg. DB; 7 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Tizi N Ifar, 1400 – 1600 m, 5. VI. 1999, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 02) (CDB, SMNS); 1 ♂, ibid., 26. V. 2005, leg. DB (CDB); 1 ♀, Morocco, Middle Atlas, J bou Iblane / Tafferte, 2000 m, e. l. 7. VI. 1998, leg. RB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 18) (Fig. 113); 1 ♀, Morocco, High Atlas, Oukaimeden, e. l. 28. III. 1998 (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 07), leg. RB (CRB); 6 ♂, ibid., 5. VI. and 11. VI. 1999, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, S slope of Tizi-n Tichka, 1800 – 1900 m, 10. VI. 1999, leg. DB (CDB); 2 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2630 m, 2. VII. 2005, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 2650 m, 6. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 8 ♂, ibid., 20. VI. 2008, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 F 07); 2 ♂, ibid., 2520 – 2620 m, 28. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 2680 m, 29. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Azrou, road. Azrou-Ifrane, 1590 m, 25. VI. 2005, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, SE Ifrane, 1670 m, 10. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 6 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Ifrane, 1625 m, 8. VI. 2008, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 F 06); 3 ♂, ibid., Source Vittel, 1600 m, 18. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Tattiouine S Midelt, 1700 m, 11. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, S Timahdit, 1930 m, 22. VI. 2009, leg. FP (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82EFFF95BA4F98DBC84F9F2.taxon	description	(Figs 14, 97 – 99, 108, 115)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82EFFF95BA4F98DBC84F9F2.taxon	description	This species occurs in several individual forms, which differ in the coloration of their abdomens, but all of them are easily recognizable by a distinct red point in the forewing discal spot, on both upper and underside. A dark form of P. ceriaeformis is abundant at high altitudes in Morocco. It has the abdomen black and only tergite 4 with a broad posterior margin, which is yellow in males and red in females (Figs 97 – 98). Specimens from Lambese, the locus typicus, are paler and have the posterior margins of tergites 2, 4 and 7 yellow-white in males and of tergites 2, 4 and 6 silver-white more or less suffused with red in females (Fig. 99). Both forms are otherwise very similar in size, coloration and size and shape of the transparent areas, leaving little doubt about their conspecifity (see Bartsch et al. 2006).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82EFFF95BA4F98DBC84F9F2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. ceriaeformis is very similar to P. icteropus. Both species are distinguished by the coloration of the forewing discal spot, which is pure red in P. ceriaeformis, but black and dusted with red scales in P. icteropus. In male P. ceriaeformis, only tergite 4 of the abdomen with broad orange posterior margin (in P. icteropus at least abdominal tergites 2 and 4, occasionally also tergites 5 – 7 with broad yellow posterior margins as well as tergite 3 with broad yellow dorso-medial spot); in female, posterior margin of tergite 4 broad red or posterior margins of tergites 2, 4 and 6 silver-white more or less suffused with red (in P. icteropus tergites 2, 4 – 6 usually with red posterior margins and tergite 3 with broad red spot). Females of P. ceriaeformis lack the forewing ATA, which is present in P. icteropus. The genitalia of both sexes are very similar to that of P. doryliformis. In P. ceriaeformis males, the medial flap of the gnathos is less raised and the distal portion of the crista sacculi of the valva has a short triangular tooth (without such tooth in P. doryliformis and most other members of the species group, with a much larger tooth in P. biedermanni). The female genitalia have the antrum only in anterior third somewhat narrowed, corpus bursae round and with indistinct signum in the form of a sclerotized plate (signum similar in P. doryliformis, consists of numerous spines in P. icteropus and P. euglossaeformis). Barcodes. P. ceriaeformis is sister to a clade consisting of P. euglossaeformis and P. icteropus.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82EFFF95BA4F98DBC84F9F2.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. In the vicinity of Oukaimeden, P. ceriaeformis is very common in places where Rumex acetosa was the only possible host plant (our own observations).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E82EFFF95BA4F98DBC84F9F2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northern parts of Morocco, Algeria (Bartsch et al. 2006) and Tunisia. Specimens examined. Neotype ♀ (lectotype of f. auresiana, Fig. 99) with labels: “ Algeria / Lambese / VI. 1912 / leg. Powell ”; “ Neotypus / Sesia ceriaeformis / Lucas, 1849 / ♀ / D. Bartsch, des. 2020 ” (MNHP). 14 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2300 – 2700 m, pheromon, 3. VI. 1999, 31 ° 03 ’ N, 08 ° 01 ’ W, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 17) (Fig. 97); 1 ♂, ibid., 4. VI. 1999, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 14) (Fig. 108); 2 ♂, ibid., 5. VI. 1999, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 13); 15 ♂, 1 ♀, ibid., 11. VI. 1999 (♀ Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 01); 8 ♂, 1 ♀ (Fig. 98), ibid., 12. VI. 1999, leg. DB; 8 ♂, ibid., 13. VI. 1999, leg. DB; 38 ♂, 1 ♀, ibid., 14. VI. 2007, leg. DB; 1 ♀, ibid., 23. VI. 2007, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Tanout-ou-Fillali, 2000 m, 6. V. 1999, leg. DB (CDB, SMNS); 3 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2500 – 2800 m, 16 – 19. vi. 2009, leg. A. Salk (CAK); 1 ♀, Algeria, Lambese, 15. VI. 1902, leg. Korb (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 04) (Fig. 115); 1 ♂, same data (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 05); 1 ♀, same data (Bartsch gen. prep. 2001 - 19) (ZSM); 1 ♂, Tunisia (CRB); 1 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2650 m, 6. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 4 ♂, ibid., 20. VI. 2008, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 F 10); 23 ♂, ibid., 2520 m, 6. VI. 2008, leg. FP (photo 2008 / 199 - 209); 7 ♂, ibid., 20. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 28. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 2785 m, 28. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 2790 m, 6. VII. 2009, leg. FP (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E811FFF85BA4F9E1BA24FAA6.taxon	description	(Figs 15, 100 – 102, 110, 111, 117, 118)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E811FFF85BA4F9E1BA24FAA6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Compared with P. doryliformis, P. icteropus is more slender and usually smaller (some specimens with wingspans of only 12 – 13 mm); the antenna is dorsally black, rarely with some yellowish scales subapically (in P. doryliformis except for the black tip more or less densely covered with yellow in male, or red in female); the inner margins of the tegulae broad yellow in male, red in female; the thorax, legs and abdomen with clearly defined markings on black ground colour, yellow in male and dark red in female (in P. doryliformis completely dusted with ochreous brown scales in males, diffuse marked and dusted with red in females); the anal margin of the forewing almost always completely red, seldom only basally red (in P. doryliformis without any red in males, dusted with red in females). For differentiation from P. ceriaeformis see there. The coloration of the yellow markings of the male abdomen varies distinctly, as shown in Figs 49 – 50, to a lesser degree in females. Genitalia. The male genitalia of P. icteropus differ from those of P. doryliformis in small details; the gnathos flaps are somewhat narrower and the distal portion of the setaceous part of the crista sacculi is less prominent and more sparsely covered with setae. The differences are clearer in the female genitalia, which have the corpus bursae slightly pear-shaped with indistinct signum near ductus bursae, which consists of numerous scattered microscopically small dots (corpus bursae round, signum a round sclerotized plate in P. doryliformis and P. ceriaeformis). Barcodes. P. icteropus is sister to the P. euglossaeformis clade.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E811FFF85BA4F9E1BA24FAA6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. Hostplants of P. icteropus are several bitter-tasting species of Rumex such as R. conglomeratus, R. crispus, R. maritimus and R. pulcher (Laštůvka 2007, our own observations). The moth occurs in various open habitats, preferably on meadows, pastures and ruderal sites with stands of the hostplants.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E811FFF85BA4F9E1BA24FAA6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Sicily. It is unlikely to be found in other parts of southern Italy as numerous Pyropteron larvae from Apulia from various localities and different species of Rumex produced several hundred specimens of P. chrysidiformis, but not a single P. icteropus (AL). Specimens examined. 1 ♂ (Fig. 100), 4 ♀ (Fig. 102), Italy, Sicily, Prov. Palermo, 5 km W Ficuza, 500 – 600 m, e. p. ex Rumex crispus, larvae 16. V., adults 6. – 15. VI. 2007, leg. DB; 5 ♂ (Fig. 101), Italy, Sicily, Prov. Palermo, Le Madonie, 4 km E Scillato, 340 m, 6. VI. 2013, leg. DB (1 ♂ SMNS-DNA- 072); 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Prov. Palermo, Le Madonie, 1 km NW Sclafani Bagli, 470 m, 4. VI. 2013, leg. DB; 5 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Prov. Palermo, Le Madonie, vic. Caltavuturo, 500 m, 4. VI. 2013, leg. DB; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Prov. Palermo, Le Madonie, 3 km NNW Collesano, 400 m, 7. VI. 2013, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Prov. Palermo, Le Madonie, Castelbuono, NW Monte Feno, 450 m, 5. VI. 2013, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Prov. Palermo, Castronuovo, vic. Lago Fanaco, 630 m, 6. VI. 2013, leg. DB (SMNS-DNA- 073) (CDB). 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Taormina, 1942 / 1943 (Bartsch gen. preps. 2019 - 31, 2019 - 32, 2019 - 33, 2019 - 34) (Figs 110, 111, 117, 118); 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Ragusa, 450 m, 7. – 8. VI. 1993, leg. Petersen; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Etna, Milo, 18. VII. 1996, ex coll. Bruer; 3 ♂, 6 ♀, Sicily, Mt Cuccio, VI. 1930, leg. Höfer (SMNS); 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Madonie SE Castelbuono, 450 m, 5. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Valdinte NW Francavilla, 550 m, 7. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 8 ♂, Italy, Sicily, CT, Castiglione di Sicily, 550 m, 7. VI. 2001, leg. FP (DNAtax 02587, photo 47 / 3 / 8); 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, CT, S Randazzo, 890 m, 6. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, ME, Cesaro, 6. VI. 2001, leg. FP (photo 46 / 6 / 32 - 34); 4 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, Campofelice di Fitalia, 860 m, 11. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, Ficuzza, 4. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 3 ♂, ibid., 590 m, 9. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., Alpe Cucco, 1050 m, 8. VI. 2001, leg. FP (photo 47 / 3 / 36 - 4 / 6); 3 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, Mezzojuso, 610 m, 11. VI. 2001, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 F 09, DNAtax 02588) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E810FFFA5BA4FA55BD4EFA89.taxon	description	(Figs 103 – 105, 109, 116)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E810FFFA5BA4FA55BD4EFA89.taxon	description	Redescription. Male. Alar expanse 20 – 22 mm (neotype 22 mm). Head with labial palps brown, basally whitish, ventral scale tuft blackish-brown; frons dark brownish-grey with weak purple shine; vertex glossy black; pericephalic scales bronze-brown dorsally mixed with black; antenna black, sparsely dusted with pale brown scales. Thorax and legs dark bronze-brown, dusted with brown and ochreous; tegulae with fine ochreous inner margins; thorax laterally with brown spot; tibia of hind leg ochrous-brown, inner side as well as tarsus and spurs of all legs whitish. Wings with scaled parts bronze-brown; forewing with transparent areas well developed, the PTA reaching discal spot, ETA as broad as discal spot, narrower than high, consisting of five cells; hindwing hyaline, margins narrow, discal spot small, extending somewhat below of vein M 2. Abdomen dark bronze-brown, dusted with brown and ochrous, with narrow silver-white posterior margins of tergites 2, 4, 6 and 7, most distinct on tergite 4; anal tuft blackish-brown, medially and laterally as well as outer sides of valva paler brown. Male genitalia. Gnathos flaps very narrow, medial one present, long and narrow; valva apically strongly pointed, crista sacculi ventrad curved. Female. Alar expanse 15 mm. Almost completely dark chocolate brown with weak bronze shine; inner margin of tegulae without bright border; tibia and tarsus off all legs somewhat paler brown; wings also somewhat paler with slight greenish tinge, transparent parts similar to male but ETA smaller than discal spot. Female genitalia. Papillae anales and segment eight rather short and broad; antrum sclerotized, for the entire length of almost equal width; corpus bursae round, without signum.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E810FFFA5BA4FA55BD4EFA89.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to P. doryliformis; especially males can be easily confused. P. euglossaeformis differs by the monochromatic bronze-brown coloration of the body, the pure black vertex (mixed with paler scales in P. doryliformis) and the somewhat rectangular shape of the ETA (round in P. doryliformis). Females can be recognized by the unique dark chocolate brown coloration and by the lack of any red or yellowish scales on head and thorax. Furthermore, both sexes lack the yellow-white spot dorsally on the metathorax, which is always present in P. doryliformis. The genitalia of the males have the gnathos flaps narrower, the middle one shorter and the valva with distal margin clearly concave and apically strongly pointed (distal margin less concave or straight, apex nearly rightangled in P. doryliformis). The genitalia of the females have the papillae anales and segment 8 shorter and broader, antrum longer (shorter, medially constricted in P. doryliformis) and the corpus bursae without sclerotization (with round, sclerotized area near ductus bursae in P. doryliformis). Barcodes. P. euglossaeformis together with P. icteropus forms the sister clade of P. ceriaeformis.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E810FFFA5BA4FA55BD4EFA89.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplant is an unidentified bitter-tasting species of Rumex (pers. observation Bläsius).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E810FFFA5BA4FA55BD4EFA89.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from north-eastern Algeria (Lucas 1849) and from Tunisia (here). Specimens examined. Neotype ♂ (Fig. 103) with labels: “ 18. III. 2001 e. l. / Tunesien / Ain Draham / leg. R. Bläsius ”; “ Neotypus / Sesia euglossaeformis / Lucas, 1849 / ♂ / D. Bartsch, des. 2020 ”. Further specimens: 1 ♀ (Fig. 105), Tunisia, Ain Draham, e. l. 26. III. 2001 (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 39) (Fig. 116) (SMNS); 3 ♂, ibid., (CWS); 2 ♂, ibid., 28. V. 1999 (BOX- 2219 F 08) (CFP); 2 ♂ (Fig. 104), ibid., 28. and 29. V. 1999; 1 ♂, Tunisia, Tabarka, e. p. 14. VI. 1999 (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 38) (Fig. 109) (CDB); 1 ♂, Tunisia, Makthar 15 km W Kesra, 1000 m, 9. VI. 2000 (CCDB- 04684 G 10) (CFP), all specimens leg. RB; 1 ♂, Tunisia, N, 2 km E Tabarka, 45 m, L 22. IV. 2001, leg. Hoppe & Fischer (CCDB- 04686 F 05) (coll. H. Fischer).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E812FFFF5BA4FA39BB38FDE2.taxon	description	(Figs 95, 96, 112, 119)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E812FFFF5BA4FA39BB38FDE2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Both sexes differ from other members of the species group by the white subapical spot of the antenna and the narrow silver-white posterior margins of tergites 2, 4 and 6 (and 7 in male) abdomen, which is completely black otherwise except for the anal tuft (abdomen dusted or marked with yellow or red in related species). Furthermore, the distally bright red discal spot and the red apical area of the forewing are characteristic. A red discal spot and reddish suffused apical area of the forewing (in male) is also seen in P. ceriaeformis, which clearly differs by the colour of the abdominal cingulation. The genitalia of both sexes of P. biedermanni differ significantly from all congeners. Males have the crista sacculi of the valva nearly straight, stretching towards the apex, the distal portion without setae, but with a single triangular, large tooth medially (ventrad curved or angled in all congeners; with a smaller tooth present only in P. ceriaeformis). Females with the papillae anales and segment 8 much smaller and longer than in other members of the group, ductus bursae longer and narrower and corpus bursae conspicuously bean-shaped; however, in some analyses (not shown) it was sister to all other species in the P. doryliformis species group.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E812FFFF5BA4FA39BB38FDE2.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplant is Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerhuth (our own observations); adults are on the wing in May and June and fly in the immediate vicinity of this plant. We also observed oviposition and reared several specimens from this plant. Typical habitats are meadows and pastures, but often also anthropogenic places such as roadsides, parks and graveyards. This species is highly endangered by overgrazing of most habitats in the small distribution area.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E812FFFF5BA4FA39BB38FDE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to the north-eastern parts of the Middle Atlas Mts, Morocco (Špatenka et al. 1999). Specimens examined. 1 ♂ (Fig. 95), 1 ♀, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Ifrane, 1700 m, e. l. larvae X. 1996 adults 16. and 19. III. 1997, leg. AL; 2 ♂, ibid., 1500 – 1800 m, 2. – 5. VI. 1996, leg. Blum; 4 ♂, 4 ♀, ibid., 1600 m, 1. – 5. VI. 1996, leg. Bettag; 2 ♂, ibid., 8. VI. 1999, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, prov. Kenifra, El Khemis, 1800 m, 26. V. 2005, leg. DB; 1 ♂, 4 ♀ (Fig. 96), ibid., e. p. ex Rumex thyrsiflorus, pupae 26. V., adults 1. VI. 2005, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. preps. 2019 - 29; 2019 - 30) (Figs 112, 119) (CDB, SMNS); 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Ifrane, 1600 m, 15. VI. 1996, leg. AK (BOX- 2219 F 05, DNAtax 10 - 16); 1 ♀, ibid., 1600 m, 3. VI. 1996, leg. E. Bettag (CCDB- 04684 H 10) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E817FFFF5BA4FD11BDCCFA1E.taxon	description	This inconspicuous species is widespread in the Mediterranean region. It can be confused with other small and grey members of the genus including P. affinis and P. meriaeformis, or small specimens of the usually larger P. hispanica, P. maroccana, P. koschwitzi and P. borreyi. Pyropteron leucomelaena is characterized by the typically pure white fore coxa, the inner margin of the tegula, which is much narrower than in most congeners, white in male, orange-yellow in female, and the indistinct medial stripe of the abdomen. Furthermore, males have the antenna dorsally black (with a white subapical stripe in P. hispanica, P. maroccana), forewing ETA large, cell between R 3 and R 4 very long, similar to other cells (ETA smaller, cell between R 3 and R 4 significantly shorter or reduced in other species), the discal spot narrow, widening towards the apex (broader, not widening towards the apex in other species), the abdomen and the anal tuft narrow and pointed, dorsally black, laterally narrow white (abdomen and anal tuft usually broader, the latter dorsally with white or yellowish scales in other species). Females of the typical subspecies lack the white margin of abdominal tergite 2 (present in other species). Barcode analysis revealed a deep split of an average 4.1 % between populations of P. leucomelaena from Morocco and southern Spain and populations from the rest of the range. This correlated with small but consistent differences in the size of the discal spots and coloration of the abdomen. We thus consider both clades distinct subspecies. Notably, the type localities of all taxa combined under P. leucomelaena belong to the range of the eastern clade, making it necessary to establish a new name for the western clade.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E817FFFF5BA4FD11BDCCFA1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplant for both subspecies is Sanguisorba minor Scopoli (Rosaceae) (Tosevski 1986, and our own observation). We have bred the species from this hostplant both in the western and eastern part of its range. Notably, however, in Morocco the species is sometimes very abundant in places where Sanguisorba is not present. Thus, other hostplants are likely to play an important role. Laštůvka & Laštůvka (2001) also reported oviposition on Geranium sanguineum Linnaeus (Geraniaceae) in Sicily.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E817FFFE5BA4F98DBB6CF93E.taxon	description	(Figs 120 – 122, 221, 222, 229, 230)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E817FFFE5BA4F98DBB6CF93E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The typical subspecies is known from southern France in the west across southern Europe to Turkey in the east. It also occurs on the Mediterranean islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999). Based on Gorbunov (pers. communication), this species is absent from Crimea. Specimens from central and northern Spain are here provisionally assigned to the typical subspecies; however, more detailed analyses are needed to map the precise distribution of the two subspecies of P. leucomelaena in the Iberian Peninsula. Specimens examined. 17 ♂, Spain, Huesca, Graus, 30. VI. – 10. VII. 2009, leg. Riefenstahl & Wagenblass (Bartsch gen. prep. 2020 - 04) (Fig. 222); 2 ♂, Spain, Teruel, Frias / Albarracin, 1400 m, 1. – 10. VII. 1999, leg. Riefenstahl & Wagenblass (SMNS); 1 ♂, Spain, Castillia-La-Mancha, Umgeb. Los Alares, 26. VI. 2012, 580 m, leg. AL; 1 ♀, same locality, 19. VI. 2012, 580 m, leg. AL; 1 ♂, Spain, Castilla-La-Mancha, Horcaja de los Montes, 435 m, 18. VI. 2012, leg. AL; 1 ♀, same locality, 19. VI. 2012, leg. AL (CAL); 6 ♂, Spain, Teruel, Portillo de Guadalaviar (El Portillo), 1760 – 1770 m, 9. VII. 2018, leg. FP (CFP); 1 ♂, Spain, Teruel, Albarracin, 1200 m, 30. VI. 1993, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Spain, Huesca, Graus, 500 m, 30. VI. 2009, leg. AL (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 52) (CDB); 1 ♂, Spain, Teruel (Aragon), Albarracin, 25. VI. 1928, leg. Predota; 1 ♂, Spain, Catalonia, Vidreras nr. Gerona, 12. VI. 1993, leg. A. Pürstinger; 1 ♂, same data, 15. VI. 1993 (CFP). 1 ♂, France, Ardeche, Saint-Maurice-d’Ibie, 350 m, 6. VII. 1998, leg. B. Vanholder (CCDB- 02110 B 07, gen. prep. FP 98 / 64); 1 ♂, France, Corsica, Castirla NW Corte, 950 m, 10. VI. 1999, leg. H. Fischer (BOX- 2219 H 11, gen. prep. FP 99 / 11) (CFP); 1 ♀, France, Alpes de Haut Provence, Luberon, Manosque, 14. VI. 2006, leg. E. Blum (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 53) (Fig. 230) (CDB). 5 ♂, Provence, Montbrun les Bains, 6., 7. and 8. VII. 1991, leg. DB; 1 ♀, France, Drome, Séderon, Col de la Pigiere, 25. VII. 1992, leg. DB; 1 ♂, France, Provence, Esterel, Agay, 25. VI. 1991, leg. DB (CDB). 3 ♂, Italy, Sicily, PA, N Castelbuono, 120 m, 10. VI. 2001, leg. FP (DNAtax 02 - 18, gen. prep. FP 02 / 08); 12 ♂, Italy, Sicily, SR, Pedagaggi NW Sortino, 700 m, 15. VI. 2001, leg. FP (DNAtax 02 - 19, gen. prep. FP 02 / 06); 2 ♂, Italy, Sicily, SR, W Sortino, 530 m, 13. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 2 ♂, ibid., 600 m, 15. VI. 2001, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 H 12, gen. prep. FP 02 / 09) (CFP); 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, W of Sortino, 600 m, 15. VI. 2001, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Italy, Abruzzi, Tuffo, 800 m, 22. VII. 1991, leg. HR (CRS); 1 ♂, Albania, Lezha, W Reps, 260 m, 8. VII. 2016, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, Chernomorets, 30 m, 9. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 5 ♂, Bulgaria, Slivno, N Sliven (Slivno), 390 m, 3. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 2 ♂, ibid., 400 m, 10. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 25. VI. 2016, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Crete, Chania, Marathi (Halbinsel Akrotiri), 10 m, 6. VI. 2000, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 50 m, 7. VI. 2000, leg. FP (CCDB- 02113 F 04); 2 ♂, Greece, Crete, Rethymnon, Skaleta E Rethymnon, 2. VI. 1996, leg. FP (photo 24 / 1 / 40 - 42, 2 / 35 - 41); 1 ♂, ibid., 4. VI. 1996, leg. FP; 6 ♂, ibid., 6. VI. 2000, leg. FP (CCDB- 02110 B 10, photo 41 / 6 / 1 - 4); 2 ♂, ibid., 7. VI. 1996, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Fthiotis, 5 km N Bralos, 450 m, 30. VI. 2002, leg. FP (DNAtax 01 - 16); 3 ♂, ibid., 3. VII. 2003, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 F 11); 1 ♂, Greece, Fthiotis, Iti (Oiti), 670 m, 22. VI. 2002, leg. FP (photo 51 / 5 / 33 - 41); 1 ♂, Greece, Fthiotis, Pavliani, 1000 m, 22. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 5 ♂, Greece, Ioannina, Kipi (= Kipoi, Timfi Mts), 780 m, 28. VI. 2002, leg. FP (DNAtax 02502, photo 52 / 5 / 11 - 13); 3 ♂, Greece, Ioannina, Koukouli, 930 m, 30. VI. 2003, leg. FP (CCDB- 02110 B 08); 1 ♂, Greece, Komotini, N Drama, 350 m, 6. VII. 2003, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Larissa, Ossa Mts, SW Stomio (n), 1000 – 1090 m, 20. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 5 ♂, ibid., 2. VII. 2003, leg. FP (BOX- 2220 A 05) (CFP); 1 ♂, Greece, Peloponnese, inner Mani, Kendro, 1200 – 1800 m, 7. VII. 2005, leg. DB; 1 ♀ (Fig. 122), Greece, Peloponnese, outer Mani, Kariovouni, 600 m, e. l. ex. Sanguisorba minor, larva 19. IX. 2000 adult 30. V. 2001, leg. DB (CDB); 1 ♂, Bulgaria, Vlas, 27. VI. – 3. VII. 2005, leg. Riefenstahl; 1 ♂, Turkey, Antalya, Saklikent, 640 m, 28. VI. 2002, leg. Riefenstahl; 2 ♂, ibid., 1380 m, 28. VI. 2002, leg. Riefenstahl; 9 ♂, ibid., 900 m, 28. – 29. VI. 2002, leg. Riefenstahl; 2 ♂, ibid., 1610 m, 29. – 30. VI. 2002, leg. Riefenstahl; 10 ♂, Turkey, Anatolia, Feke, 1000 m, 5. VII. 1992, leg. Riefenstahl (SMNS); 7 ♂, Turkey, Toros Daglari, road Antalya-Saklikent, 1000 m, 29. and 30. VI. 1998, leg. DB; 7 ♂ (Figs 120 – 121), ibid., 600 m, 16. VI. and 3. VII. 2002, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Turkey, Mersin, Pusatli Dagi, 10 km S Kirobasi, 1260 m, 29. VI. 2002, leg. AL (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 50) (Fig. 221); 9 ♂, ibid., 1280 m, 29. VI. 2002, leg. DB; 1 ♀, Turkey, Konya, Beysehir, 1170 m, 27. VI. 2002, leg. AL (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 51) (Fig. 230); 2 ♂, Konya, Taskent, 1570 m, 1. VII. 2002, leg. DB; 2 ♂, Turkey, Konya, 45 km S Beysehir, Bakaran, 1420 m, 18. VI. and 2. VII. 2002, leg. DB; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Turkey, Adiyaman, 25 km W Gölbasi, 24. VI. 1993, leg. G. & M. Novak; 2 ♂, Cyprus, Limassol, Souni, 400 m, 19. V. 2001, leg. G. & M. Novak; 1 ♂, Cyprus, Paphos, Akamas, Ag. Minas, 23. V. 2001, leg. G. & M. Novak; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Cyprus, Troodos, 2 km NW Fioni, 1200 m, larvae 25. III. 2000, e. l. ex. P. minor, leg. DB (CDB).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E816FFF15BA4F8ADBE93F866.taxon	description	(Figs 16, 123 – 128, 223, 231) This subspecies appears to be limited to Northern Africa and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The single male from southern Spain that was DNA-barcoded in this study clearly clusters with specimens from Morocco but is externally indistinguishable from those of the typical subspecies. We here include it as well as further specimens from the same region provisionally with P. leucomelaena blaesii ssp. nov. However, more work is required to clarify the identity of the populations on the Iberian Peninsula.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E816FFF15BA4F8ADBE93F866.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Wingspan of holotype 14.0 mm. Males of this subspecies differ from the typical ones by the ventrally pure black abdomen and the somewhat broader forewing apical area and discal spots of both wings. Females differ by an additional white caudal margin of tergite 2 (missing in Spanish specimens).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E816FFF15BA4F8ADBE93F866.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Currently known from Morocco and southern Spain. Laštůvka & Laštůvka (1995, 2001) and Špatenka et al. (1999) also mention Algeria and Tunisia, which is likely to relate to P. leucomelaena blaesii ssp. nov. The geographical delimitation to the nominate subspecies in south-western Europe is still insufficiently known.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E816FFF15BA4F8ADBE93F866.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This new subspecies is named after Rolf Bläsius, Eppelheim, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the knowledge of the Western Palaearctic Sesiidae and other Lepidoptera. Specimens examined. Holotype ♂ (Figs 126 – 127) with labels: “ Maroc: Prov. Marrakech, / Haut Atlas, northern slope of / Tizi-n Test, ca. 1500 m, / 30 ° 50 ’ 30 ’’ N 8 ° 22 ’ 53 ’’ W, / 24. VI. 2007, at Pheromon, / D. Bartsch leg. ”; “ Holotypus / Pyropteron / leucomelaena blaesii / ♂ / D. Bartsch, des. 2020 ” (SMNS). Paratypes: 2 ♂, same data as holotype, leg. DB; 5 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, southern slope of Tizi-n Test, 2000 – 2200 m, 10., 11. and 14. VI. 1999, leg. DB; 3 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2700 m, 23. VI. 2007, leg. DB; 1 ♀ (Fig. 125), Morocco, High Atlas, vic. valley d’Ait Bou Guemes, valley d’Arrous, Aid Said, 1850 m, e. l. ex Sanguisorba minor, larva 25. V., adult 27. VI. 2005, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Prov. Ifrane, Val d’Ifrane, 1600 m, 21. VI. 2007, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Prov. Ifrane, Tizi’n Tretten, 1950 m, 20. VI. 2007, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2020 - 11) (Fig. 223); 3 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Khenifra, southern slope of Col du Zad, 2000 m, 18. VI. 2007, leg. DB; 7 ♂, 1 ♀ (Fig. 128), Morocco, Middle Atlas, Khenifra, 2 km NE Aghbala, 1850 – 1900 m, 16. VI. 2007, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2020 - 12) (Fig. 214); 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Beni Mellal, Tizi-n Ifar, 1680 m, 16. VI. 2007, leg. DB; 1 ♂, ibid., 1400 – 1600 m, 6. VI. 1999, leg. DB (CDB). 6 ♂, Morocco, Tizi-n Test, 2100 m, 14. VI. 1999, leg. AL; 4 ♂, Morocco, Tizi-n Tichka, 1800 m, 29. VI. 1998, leg. AL; 1 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, 2700 m, Oukaimeden, 25. VI. 1998, leg. AL; 1 ♂, Middle Atlas, Ifrane, 1700 m, 3. VII. 1998, leg. AL; 3 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Tizi-n Ifar, 1400 m, 5. VI. 1999, leg. AL; 1 ♂, Morocco, Mittl. Atlas, Azilal- Ait Mhammed, 1800 m, 30. VI. 1998, leg. AL; 5 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, Tizin-n Ilissi, 2600 m, 26. VI. 2015, leg. AL; 7 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Boulemane, 1780 m, 28. VI. 2015, leg. AL; 17 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, Ourika valley, vic. Setti Fatma, 1460 m, 22. VI. 2015, leg. AL; 2 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, Teluet Tasga, 1980 m, 18. VI. 2015, leg. AL;. 2 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, Asif Arous b. Agouti, 1800 m, 8. VI. 2003, leg. RB; 3 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, Rbat [b. Ait Bou Gemez], 1900 m, 6. VI. 2003, leg. RB; 2 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, S Taddert N Tizi-n-Tichka, 1690 m, 20. VI. 2008, leg. FP (CCDB- 02110 B 12 = FP Lep 00024); 3 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, Tizi-n-Tichka, 2220 m, 23. VI. 2005, leg. FP (photo 2005 / 595 - 604); 1 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, W Telouet (Tizi-n-Tichka), 2000 m, 30. VI. 2005, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, E Aghbala, 1860 m, 27. VI. 2005, leg. FP (CCDB- 02110 B 06 = FP Lep 00018), photo 2005 / 1446 - 1451; abdomen in ethanol); 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, N Azilal, 1480 m, 16. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, N Ifrane, Str. nach Fez, 1610 m, 25. VI. 2005, leg. FP (photo 2005 / 756 - 758); 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Ifrane, Source Vittel, 1600 m, 18. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 23. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Ifrane, 1640 m, 9. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Khenifra, El Khemis, 1540 m, 7. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, M. F. Ait-Azrou N El Khemis, 1050 m, 7. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, W Tizi n’Ifar, 1720 m, 15. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Ait Mhammed SE Azilal, 1750 m, 29. VI. 2005, leg. FP (photo 2005 / 1058 - 1070); 5 ♂, ibid., 1690 – 1740 m, 16. VI. 2008, leg. FP (CCDB- 02110 B 09 = FP Lep 00021); 6 ♂, ibid., 1690 – 1800 m, 27. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 5 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, SE Boulemane, 1790 m, 24. VI. 2009, leg. FP (CCDB- 02112 A 07 = FP Lep 00197) (CFP). Specimens not included in the type series. 35 ♂, Spain, Sierra Nevada, Mt. Prado Llano, 1500 m, 1. VII. 1989, leg. AL; 14 ♂, Spain, Sierra de Alfacar, 1200 m, 24. VI. 1989, leg. AL; 6 ♂, Spain, Sierra Nevada, 2000 m, vic. Trevelez, 14. VII. 1993; 18 ♂, Spain, Sierra Nevada, 2030 m, 37 ° 07 ’ 07,6 ’’ N, 03 ° 26 ’ 13,0 ’’ W, 26. VI. 2012, leg. AL (Figs 123 – 124) (CAL). 1 ♂, Spain, Malaga, Puerto de Encinas Borrachas SW Ronda, 900 – 1000 m, 2. VII. 2000, leg. FP; 1 ♀, Spain, Granada, VI. 1925, leg. Predota; 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, Pico del Veleta, Monte Ahí de Cara, 1900 m, 12. VII. 2000, leg. FP (photo 44 / 2 / 31 - 39); 1 ♂, Spain, Sierra Nevada, Juviles S Berchules, 1400 m, 11. VII. 2000, leg. FP (CCDB- 02110 B 11 = FP Lep 00023), photo 44 / 2 / 20 - 25); 1 ♀, Spain, Sierra Nevada, S Puerto de la Ragua, 1500 m, 25. VI. 1988, leg. M. Schwarz; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Spain, Jaen, Cambil, 23. VI. 1988, leg. M. Schwarz (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E818FFF05BA4FF09BF26F96C.taxon	description	(Figs 17, 19, 129 – 131) Synansphecia aistleitneri Špatenka 1992: Alexanor. Revue des le ́ pidopte ́ ristes franc ̧ ais, 17 (7): 436, 437 Fig. 5, 445 Figs 14 – 15. Holotype: ♀, Spain, Prov. Granada, Sierra de Guillimona (ZSM). This and the following species are close related. Despite the small difference in the DNA barcodes of an average less than 2 %, both species seem well separated by external appearance and local distribution. Although both species utilize the same hostplant, they are limited to different altitudes. In the Sierra Nevada, P. aistleitneri occurs in direct proximity (6 km) to P. kautzi, but it remains limited to a much lower altitude (pers. observations Lingenhöle, Pühringer).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E818FFF05BA4FF09BF26F96C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In P. aistleitneri, the body is black with white markings, labial palps dorsally and ventrally densely suffused with white; especially frons, pericephalic scales and fore coxa laterally white; tegula caudally white; a white lateral spot on the meso-thorax below the forewing; a white lateral patch on mid- and hind tibia; abdominal tergites 2, 4 and 6 with white narrow caudal margins. In P. kautzi, the body, including labial palps, frons, lateral part of meso-thorax and entire fore coxa, is dark bronze-brown; pericephalic scales, tegula caudally and a lateral patch of mid- and hind tibia ochre-yellow; caudal margins of abdominal tergites 2, 4 and 6 yellowish. One specimen of P. aistleitneri from Sierra Nevada (2200 m) has the usually white markings pale yellow as P. kautzi, but is otherwise typical. Its location is just 6 km (airline distance) from the nearest P. kautzi - biotope (2870 m). Variability. One specimen of P. aistleitneri from the Sierra Nevada (2200 m) has the usually white markings pale yellow as in P. kautzi, but is otherwise typical. Its location is just 6 km from the nearest P. kautzi habitat (2870 m). Barcodes. Despite the considerable external differences, this species differs from its sister, P. kautzi, by only 2.0 % in the barcode. A very homogenous species with intraspecific barcode differences of less than 0.2 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E818FFF05BA4FF09BF26F96C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The host plants are perennial Erodium spp. such as the closely related E. cheilanthifolium Boissier, E. glandulosum Cavanilles and E. saxatile Paul (Geraniaceae) (Pühringer & Pöll 2004 a, pers. observation Laštůvka; Manceñido in litt. 2015). The latter is concluded from the sole occurence of E. saxatile (= E. valentinum (Lange) Greuter & Burdet) in Sierra de Maria and Sra de Espuña, where P. aistleitneri has been detected recently (pers. observation Pühringer & Pöll). The species occurs in dry and stony places on mountain slopes and in the summit areas of mountain ranges in altitudes of 1350 – 2200 m. It seems confined to lime stone or dolomite, whereas P. kautzi lives on crystalline floor.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E818FFF05BA4FF09BF26F96C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to mountain ranges of northern, central and southern Spain (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Pühringer & Pöll 2004 a, González-Estébanez & Manceñido-González 2012, pers. observation Pühringer & Pöll 2018). Specimens examined. 11 ♂ (Figs 129 – 130), 1 ♀ (Fig. 131), Spain, Granada, Sierra Guillimona, 29. VI. 2004, 22. VI. 2009, 21. VI. 2010, 25. VI. 2011 (♀), 23. VI. 2012, 20. VI. 2014, 17. VI. 2015, leg. Laštůvka (CDB, SMNS); 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, Cañadillas, 2200 m, 2. VII. 2018, leg. FP (photo IMG _ 033599 - 621); 9 ♂, ibid., 2170 m, 3. VII. 2018, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra Arana, 2000 m, 9. VII. 2000, leg. FP & N. Pöll (BOX- 2219 H 02, DNAtax 02 - 20, photo 43 / 6 / 9 - 45, gen. prep. FP 01 / 18); 2 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra de Guillimona, Cuenca de Guillimona, 1980 m, 6. VII. 2000, leg. FP (DNAtax 02 - 22, photo 43 / 4 / 10 - 12); 2 ♂, Spain, Albacete, Sierra de las Cabras SW Nerpio, 2050 m, 7. VII. 2000, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 H 03, DNAtax 02 - 21, gen. prep. FP 01 / 17); 1 ♂, Spain, Almeria, Sierra de Maria, 1460 m, 26. VI. 2018, leg. FP (male with antennae subapically white!); 9 ♂, ibid., 1680 – 1740 m, 27. VI. 2018, leg. FP (photo IMG _ 033311 - 29); 2 ♂, Spain, Murcia, Sierra de Espuña, 1530 m, 28. VI. 2018, leg. FP & N. Pöll (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E818FFF35BA4F969BC97FB7E.taxon	description	(Figs 18, 20, 132 – 134)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E818FFF35BA4F969BC97FB7E.taxon	description	Barcodes. This species is sister to P. aistleitneri. As to be expected by the small, relictary distribution it is a very homogenous species with an intraspecific barcode difference of less than 0.3 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E818FFF35BA4F969BC97FB7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The species occurs in stony, cold and stormy places in summit areas (2380 – 3000 m) of the Sierra Nevada where the hostplant, Erodium cheilanthifolium, is growing. In the raw habitat, where you wouldn’t suspect a moth approaching, you don’t even need a net to catch the specimens. They can be more easily taken with a jar when flying to the pheromone just above the ground or sometimes even crawling there! A male was observed in early afternoon suckling on flowers of E. cheilanthifolium and esp. Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae), flying targeted from plant to plant (FP). Larvae were detected in two size classes during the flight time of the moth and therefore assumed to undergo a three-year development (Pühringer & Pöll 2004 b).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E818FFF35BA4F969BC97FB7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sierra Nevada, Southern Spain (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Pühringer & Pöll 1999; Pühringer & Pöll 2004 b). Specimens examined. 3 ♂ (Figs 132 – 133), Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, Pico del Veleta, 3000 m, 12. VII. 2000, leg. Pühringer & Pöll (CDB, SMNS). 1 ♂, ibid., 2800 m, 30. VII. 1998, leg. N. Pöll & FP (CCDB- 02114 C 11, gen. prep. FP 98 / 62); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ibid., 2900 – 2950 m, pupae in roots of Erodium cheilanthifolium (4. VII.), e. p. 8. – 9. VII. 2000, leg. FP & N. Pöll (photo 43 / 5 / 16 - 6 / 8 (♀), 44 / 2 / 4 - 19 (♂ )); 6 ♂, ibid., 2950 m, 11. VII. 2000, leg. FP & N. Pöll; 5 ♂, ibid., 2950 – 3000 m, 12. VII. 2000, leg. FP & N. Pöll; 23 ♂, ibid., 2950 – 3000 m, 14. VII. 2000, leg. FP & N. Pöll (CCDB- 02113 F 05, DNAtax 02 - 14); 9 ♂, ibid., 2950 m, 16. VII. 2000, leg. FP & N. Pöll (BOX- 2219 H 01, gen. prep. FP 01 / 20); 5 ♂, ibid., 2870 – 2900 m, 4. VII. 2018, leg. FP (photo IMG _ 033682 - 702); 17 ♂, ibid., 2870 m, 7. VII. 2018, leg. FP (photo IMG _ 033877 - 93); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ibid., 2890 m, pupae in roots of Erodium cheilanthifolium (7. VII.), e. p. 23. – 25. VII. 2018, leg. FP (photo IMG _ 034172 - 82 (♀ )); 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, San Juan, 2770 m, 13. VII. 2000, leg. FP & N. Pöll (BOX- 2219 G 12, gen. prep. FP 01 / 19); 14 ♂, Spain, Almería, Sierra Nevada E, Cerro Almirez, 2410 – 2500 m, 5. VII. 2018, leg. FP (photo IMG _ 033754 - 78); 5 ♂, Spain, Almería, Sierra Nevada E, W Pico del Buitre, 2380 – 2400 m, 5. VII. 2018, leg. FP (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81BFFF35BA4FB6DBABBF829.taxon	description	(Figs 21, 135 – 137)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81BFFF35BA4FB6DBABBF829.taxon	description	Barcodes. P. mannii is a very homogenous species with small intraspecific differences of about 0.3 %. It is sister to P. hera with an average distance of 4.8 %, and both form a well-supported clade together with P. atypica.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81BFFF35BA4FB6DBABBF829.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. Life history and habitat were described by Laštůvka & Laštůvka (1980). The hostplant is Geranium rotundifolium Linnaeus (Geraniaceae); development takes one year. The larvae live in the root and bore a tunnel of about 50 mm length. Mating takes place in the late morning, oviposition on various plants close to the root of the hostplant, at a time when the parts above ground are completely dry or lost. It has been found in xerothermic bush, forest edges and road sides, even near the seashore.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81BFFF35BA4FB6DBABBF829.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South-eastern Bulgaria and northern Turkey (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999, Garrevoet et al. 2007, our own findings). Specimens examined: 1 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, Silistar Beach 5 km S Sinemorets, 30 m, 11. VII. 2014, leg. FP (photo IMG _ 25213 - 5267); 6 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, Silistar S Sinemorets, 15 – 25 m, 29. VI. 2016, leg. FP; 6 ♂, Turkey, Bolu, Mengen, 700 m, 4. VII. 1995, leg. H. Riefenstahl (BOX- 2219 G 11, DNAtax 10 - 06, DNAtax 02593); 1 ♂, Turkey, Kirklareli, Dereköy, 600 m, 7. VII. 1993, leg. M. Bakowski (CFP); 58 ♂ (Figs 135 – 136), 6 ♀ (Fig. 137), Turkey, Bolu, Yenicaga, 1000 m, 30. VI. 1995, leg. Riefenstahl (CCDB- 14564 - G 06; G 07) (CDB, SMNS).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81CFFF75BA4FBABBA9CFF0A.taxon	description	(Figs 141 – 143)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81CFFF75BA4FBABBA9CFF0A.taxon	description	Barcodes. This species is sister to both P. mannii and P. hera. There is some heterogeneity in the barcodes of specimens from different parts of Iran and Turkey with maximum intra-specific differences of 1.7 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81CFFF75BA4FBABBA9CFF0A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplant of P. atypica is unknown; however, based on its close relationship with P. hera and P. manni, we speculate that it feeds in a Geraniaceae. In Iran this species occurs on dry and stony mountain slopes (Kallies & Špatenka 2003). Habitats in Turkey are riverbanks in close vicinity of ungrazed, slightly bushy and stony mountain slopes (pers. observation Lingenhöle).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81CFFF75BA4FBABBA9CFF0A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South-east Turkey (Hakkari), north, west and central Iran (Kallies & Špatenka 2003, Garrevoet et al. 2007). Specimens examined: 1 ♂ (paratype), Iran, Fars, S Abadeh, Eglid-Aspas Gardanye Timur gun, 2650 m, 26. V. 1997, leg. Hofmann & Kautt; 1 ♂, Iran, Yazd, Shir Kuh Mts, 15 km N Nir, Gard Bunser, 26. V. 2004, leg. Keil; 1 ♂ (Figs 143), Iran, Esfahan, Fereydun, S Shahr, SE Sibak, Kuh-e Sibak, 1900 – 3300 m, 21.9.2009, leg. Hofmann & Meinecke; 1 ♂, Iran, Fars, 7 km NW Ardakan, 2600 m, 26. V. 2013, leg. Klir; 1 ♂, Iran, Fars, 20 km S Yasuj, 2400 m, 26. V. 2013, leg. Klir (CDB); 1 ♂, Iran, Lorestan, W Kuh-e Osturan, 2200 m, Dorud / Saravand, 2200 m, 28. V. 2001, leg. Keil (SMNS); 1 ♂, Iran, Kerman, Rafsangan SWm, 2300 m, Shar-e Babak 20 km N, 7. V. 2007, leg. A. Salk; 7 ♂, Fars, Shiraz 150 km NE, Quaderabad, 2200 – 2400 m, 11. v. 2007, leg. A. Salk; 2 ♂, Esfahan, 15 km NE Damaneh, Kuh-e Segbend, Ashan, 2400 m, 28. v. 2004, leg. Keil; 1 ♂, Fars, Pass W Eglid, 2500 – 2700 m, 24. v. 2005, leg. W. ten Hagen (CAK); 6 ♂ (Figs 141 – 142), Turkey, Hakkari, Zuvanhalil valley, 1200 m, 16. VII. 2005, leg. AL (CAL). 1 ♂, Iran, Fars, Timargun pass (road Eqlid — Hayati), 2650 m, 26. V. 1997, leg. A. Hofmann & P. Kautt (CCDB- 04613 A 12) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81CFFF45BA4FF09BF55FC3C.taxon	description	(Figs 138 – 140)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81CFFF45BA4FF09BF55FC3C.taxon	description	Barcodes. Specimens from the Taurus show little variation in their barcodes (0 – 0.6 %). A specimen from Adiyaman (Prov. Malatya, Turkey), however, differs by a maximum of 4.4 % and may represent a different species or subspecies.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81CFFF45BA4FF09BF55FC3C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplant is unknown, but it is most likely a species of Geranium or Erodium (Geraniaceae). Most localities where this species was found are in forests on mountain slopes with dry and stony soil. The males are attracted to various artificial pheromones from the morning up to early afternoon.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81CFFF45BA4FF09BF55FC3C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. So far only known from the highlands of the Taurus Mts in southern Turkey (Špatenka 1997, Špatenka et al. 1999, Garrevoet et al. 2007, our own findings). Specimens examined: 10 ♂ paratypes, Turkey, Konya, 50 km S Beysehir, vic. Bademli, 1300 m, 8. VII. 1992, leg. AL (CAL); 2 ♂, Turkey, Konya, 45 km S Beysehir, Bakaran, 1420 m, 2. VII. 2002, leg. DB (BOLD DB-Lep- 00028); 14 ♂, (Figs 138 – 139), Turkey, Alayli Daglari, 12 km N Saimbeyli, 1200 m, 19. VI. 1998, leg. DB (CDB, SMNS); 1 ♂, Turkey, Adiyaman, Malatya, 20 km NE Goelbasi, Karanlikdere, 9. VI. 2002, leg. de Freina (CCDB- 04609 B 02) (Fig. 140) (ZSM).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81FFFF65BA4FEB9BBE8F9F2.taxon	description	(Figs 2 a, 22, 25, 144 – 149, 169, 170, 227, 228)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81FFFF65BA4FEB9BBE8F9F2.taxon	description	The DNA barcode sequences split P. triannuliformis into at least three distinct clades. Although we did not observe reliable morphological differences between these clades, it is pssible that they constitute distinct species or subspecies. To address this issue comprehensively, it will be required to re-examine the type material of all taxa currently subsurmised under P. triannuliformis. In particular, attention will have to be payed to the morphology and barcodes of specimens from north-western Turkey, the type locality of P. triannuliformis. Given that several distinct barcodes seem to cluster around the Black Sea, it will also be necessary to locate the types or designate neotypes for Sesia triannuliformis, Sesia braconiformis Herrich-Schäffer, 1846, and Sesia armeniaca Bartel, 1906 to stabilized the nomenclature of this group. Barcodes. RAxML analysis recovers P. triannuliformis as monophyletic group; however, it shows substantial heterogeneity based on DNA barcode sequences. The average intraspecific differences are very high with 5.5 % and reach a maximum of 8.2 %, highly indicative of hidden diversity. P. triannuliformis falls into three distinct clusters with high geographic correlation. The first cluster includes specimens from central and south-eastern Europe, the second cluster contains a specimen from Georgia, and the third cluster specimens from Turkey and Armenia.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81FFFF65BA4FEB9BBE8F9F2.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. Various species of Rumex constitute the hostplants of this species; the following are listed in the literature: R. conglomeratus, R. crispus, R. palustris Smith, R. thyrsiflorus, R. scutatus Linnaeus, R. acetosa, R. acetosella (Kallies & Sobczyk 1993, Špatenka et al. 1996, Špatenka et al. 1999, Lepidopterologen-Arbeitsgruppe 2000, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 2001, Laštůvka 2007). Špatenka et al. (1996) also mentioned Geranium sanguineum as occasional hostplant. The larvae, seldom more than one, feed in the main root and develop over one year.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81FFFF65BA4FEB9BBE8F9F2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species occurs in a wide, partially scattered range from south-western France, southern and northern Italy, central and eastern Europe, through the Balkans, the Ukraine, the Baltic states, southern Russia and Turkey to the Middle East, the Caucasus region, the Caspian Sea coast and northern Iran (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999). Note. Most of the standard literature (e. g. Špatenka et al. 1999) cites 1842 as publication year for this taxon. However, we follow the conclusions of Olivier (2000) and consider 1843 the year of publication. Specimens examined: 1 ♀, France, Provence, Manosque, 22. VI. 1991, leg. DB; 1 ♀, France, Provence, Drome, Plaisians, 250 m, 26. VII. 1992, leg. DB; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Italy, Sicily, prov. Catania, S slope of Mt. Etna, 1800 – 1900 m, e. l. ex Rumex scutatus, larvae 3. VI., adults 14. VI. – 1. VII. 2013, leg. DB (CDB); 14 ♂, Italy, Sicily, CT, Etna, Rifugio Sapienza, 1900 – 2050 m, 12. VI. 2001, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 F 12, DNAtax 02 - 06, DNAtax 02585, photo 47 / 5 / 3 - 10); 23 ♂, Italy, Veneto, VR, Monte nr. Sant’ Ambrogio, 480 m, 20. VI. 1998, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 10. VII. 1999, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 6. VII. 2002, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 10. VI. 2004, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 E 09); 6 ♂, ibid., 16. VI. 2018, leg. FP (CFP); 2 ♂, 6 ♀, Germany, Saxony, Hoyerswerda, e. l. 1. – 9. VII. 2001, leg. Sobczyk (CCDB- 14564 - H 02); Poland, Poznan-Nowa Wies, 29. VII. 1997, leg. Bakowski (CCDB- 14564 - G 12) (SMNS); 2 ♂, Germany, ibid., 3. VII. 1993, leg. Sobczyk; 1 ♀, ibid., Burg-Burghammer, 28. VI. 1992, leg. Sobczyk; 17 ♂ (Figs 144 – 145), 24 ♀ (Fig. 146), Austria, Styria, Sausalgebirge, Kitzeck, e. l. ex R. acetosa, larvae 3. VI., adults 6. VI. – 28. VII. 1994, leg. DB (CDB); 1 ♀, Austria, Burgenland, Inzenhof S Güssing, [e. l.] VI. 1948, leg. R. Pinker; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Austria, Niederösterreich, Gumpoldskirchen N Baden, [e. l.] V. 1946, leg. R. Pinker; 1 ♂, Austria, Niederösterreich, Mannersdorf am Leithageb., e. l. 1928, leg. O. Bubacek; 10 ♂, Austria, Niederösterreich, Mitterretzbach, Heiliger Stein, 20. VI. 1999, leg. FP; 1 ♀, Austria, Niederösterreich, Retz, e. l. 14. – 19. VI. 1928, leg. Kautz; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ibid., e. l. 4. – 8. VII. 1929, leg. H. Reisser; 1 ♀, ibid., e. l. 4. – 11. VII. 1932, leg. H. Reisser; 5 ♂, Austria, Niederösterreich, Retz – Gollitsch, 300 m, 28. V. 2005, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 H 06, photo 2005 / 316 - 327) (CFP); 1 ♂, Slovenia, Polovnik, 400 – 500 m, 15. VI. 2001, leg. Predovnik; 1 ♀, Slovenia, Vrhovo, 200 m, e. l. ex Rumex sp., larva 6. VI., adults 3. VII. 2001, leg. Predovnik; 1 ♂, Bulgaria, Slivno, E Sliven (Slivno), Str. nach Sinite Kamani, 570 m, 10. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Bulgaria, Burgas, Cape Akra N Chernomorets, 1 m, 7. VII. 2014, leg. FP (photo IMG _ 25085 - 110 (♀ )); 2 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, Chernomorets, 3 m, 7. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 4 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, S Sozopol, 10 m, 2. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 5 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, Nos Agalina NE Dyuni, 20 – 30 m, 5. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 5 ♂, ibid., 12. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 17 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, St. Thomas (Sveti Toma) S Djuni, 10 m, 1. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 11 ♂, ibid., 27. VI. 2016, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, Arkutino, 5 – 20 m, 6. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 8. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 7 ♂, ibid., 11. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 6 ♂, ibid., 23. VI. 2016, leg. FP; 2 ♂, ibid., 28. VI. 2016, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 30. VI. 2014, leg. FP (photo IMG _ 24617 - 25); 1 ♂, ibid., 30. VI. 2014, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Bulgaria, Burgas, S Kiten, 10 m, 11. VII. 2014, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Greece, Achaia (Peloponnese), Kalogria W Kato Achaia, 5 m, 5. VI. 1997, leg. FP (photo 28 / 6 / 29 - 29 / 1 / 8, gen. prep. FP 98 / 65); 2 ♂, ibid., 7. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 7 ♂, ibid., 14. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 25 ♂, ibid., 18. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Evritania, 8 km W Karpenisi (= Karpenision, Timfristos Mts), 17. VI. 2002, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Komotini, Skaloti (Rhodopen), 1090 m, 5. VII. 2003, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Greece, Larissa, Ossa Mts, SW Stomio (n), 1000 m, 20. VI. 2002, leg. FP (gen. prep. FP 02 / 34); 1 ♂, ibid., 1050 m, 2. VII. 2003, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 G 01) (CFP); 5 ♂, Greece, Timfi Oros, Ioannina, vic. Kepesovo, 900 m, 22. VI. 2005, leg. DB; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Greece, Gravena, Karpero, e. l. ex Rumex sp., larva 16. V., adult 20. – 25. VI. 2012, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Greece, Monodentri, 1500 m, 20. VI. 1997, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Greece, Timfi Oros, Ioannina, Vrissohori, Aoosbridge, 800 m, 25. VI. 2005, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Greece, Larissa, Ossa Oros, 1 km S Karitza, 450 m, 8. VII. 2008, leg. DB (BOLD DB-Lep- 00123); 3 ♂, Greece, Florina, 800 – 900 m, 20. VI. – 7. VII. 1990, leg. Arheiliger (CDB); 1 ♀, Greece, Pindos, Timfristos, 1800 m, 14. VI. 1999, leg. AL (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 42) (Fig. 228) (CAL); 1 ♂, Jugoslawia, Porec, 26. VI. 1988, leg. H. Popp (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 54) (Fig. 169); 1 ♀, same data, 20. VI. 1988, (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 55) (Fig. 227); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Turkey, Bolu, Mengen, 700 m, 2. – 6. VII. 1995, leg. Riefenstahl; 1 ♂ (Figs 147 – 148), Turkey, Bolu, Yenicaga, 1000 m, 30. VI. 1995, leg. Riefenstahl; 5 ♂, Turkey, Sinop, Bayabat, 300 m, 24. VI. 1995, leg. Riefenstahl (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 56) (Fig. 170); 3 ♂, Turkey, Ordu, Güncyca, 1500 m, 22. VI. 1995, leg. Riefenstahl; 3 ♂, Turkey, Ordu, Fatsa, 18. VI. 1995, leg. Riefenstahl; (SMNS); 5 ♂, Turkey, Nevsehir, Mustafapasa valley, 1200 – 1400 m, 24. VI. 2002, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Turkey, Konya, Fasikan Gecidi, 1700 m, 30. VI. 2002, leg. DB; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Turkey, Konya, 45 km S Beysehir, Bakaran, 1420 m, 14. VI. 2002, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Turkey, Artvin, Kackar Daglari, 1500 m, 16. VII. 1995, leg. DB; 2 ♀ (Fig. 149), Armenia, Ararat prov., vic. Lanjar, St. Karapet, 1880 – 2000 m, 8. VII. 2013, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Iran, Teheran prov., Elburz Mts, 3 km NNW Shemshak, 2860 m, 24. VII. 2003, leg. Ebert & Trusch (CDB).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81EFFE85BA4F9E1BA08FC16.taxon	description	(Figs 150 – 152, 165)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81EFFE85BA4F9E1BA08FC16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is very similar to the following, P. jordanicum sp. nov., and both are characterized by the orange-red pericephalic scales and abdominal tergite four, the narrow lateral stripe of the abdomen and by the white markings of the legs, which contrasts with its otherwise glossy steel-blue, black colour. The male genitalia are similar to those of P. jordanicum sp. nov.; see there for differentiation. They are also similar to those of P. leucomelaena; however, P. pipiziformis cannot be confused with this species. The female is unknown to us. Špatenka et al. (1999) state “ Not distinctly different from male ”. Barcodes. This and the following species form a well-supported clade within the genus; however, its precise position remains unclear. In all analyses, it groups with P. triannuliformis and the species of the P. umbrifera group, albeit with low support. Based on morphology, a close relationship with these species is unlikely, and more work is required to establish its position within the genus.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81EFFE85BA4F9E1BA08FC16.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplant is unknown. Styrax officinalis Linnaeus (Styracaceae) and Cistus sp. (Cistaceae) were proposed as possible hostplants by (Špatenka et al. 1999, Špatenka & Pavlicko 2011); however, this appears unlikely based on the hostplant preferences of other species in the genus.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E81EFFE85BA4F9E1BA08FC16.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known from Lebanon and Syria as well as from the Turkish provinces of Mersin, Adana and Hatay (Špatenka et al. 1999, Freina & Lingenhöle 2000, Špatenka & Pavlicko 2011). Note. The single specimen in coll. Lederer (MFNB) is the holotype: “ [...] bei Beirut, das einzelne Stück an Weizenähren am Hundsflusse [Nahr al-Kalb] gefangen “ (Lederer 1855). It was erroneously labelled as the lectotype by Naumann (unpublished) and designated as such by Špatenka & Laštůvka (1989). Specimens examined. Holotype ♂: Lebanon, Beirut, V. 1853, leg. F. Zach; with labels: “ Beirut ”; “ Coll. Led. ”; “ Origin. ”; “ Genitaluntersuchung / C. Naumann praep. / Praep. Nr. 630 ”; “ Lectotypus ♂ / Sesia pipiziformis / Lederer, 1855. / teste C. Naumann / des. 1969 ” (MFNB). 12 ♂ (Fig. 152), Turkey, Kirit, 500 m, 28. V. 1992, leg. Riefenstahl (SMNS); 2 ♂, same data (AL gen. prep. 114, 115) (CAL); 3 ♂ (Figs 150 – 151), N Syria, Ballozeh, 300 m, 35 ° 9,49 ’ N 36 ° 5,425 ’ E, 19. VIII. 2008, leg. Špatenka (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 28) (Fig. 165) (CDB).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E800FFEB5BA4FB85BDB4FB1A.taxon	description	(Figs 23, 152 – 155, 166 – 168, 226) This species was recorded as P. pipiziformis from several localities in Israel by Freina & Lingenhöle (2000). The same authors also gave a brief description and illustrate the variability of the male genitalia. Almost the entire type series was captured by Lingenhöle, who donated specimens to other collections. Description. Male. Alar expanse 11.0 – 18.0 mm (holotype 17.0 mm). Head almost entirely brownish-black; inner side of labial palpus white ventrally; frons additional with purple shine; vertex glossy black; pericephalic scales orange, laterally somewhat paler; antenna dorsally with white, subapical patch or even with some white scales. Thorax black with steel-blue gloss; patagia and mesothorax ventro-laterally with large orange patch. Legs black with steel-blue gloss; tarsus white, slightly mixed with dark grey distally, first tarsomere on proximal half dark grey; spurs white; fore leg with lateral half of coxa white and tibia ventrally with tuft of pale brownish-yellow scales; tibia of mid and hind leg with large white patch laterally. Wings black with steel-blue gloss; forewing transparent areas well developed; the PTA reaching discal spot; ETA consisting of 5 – 6 cells; discal spot narrow; apical area absent; hindwing discal spot short and narrow. Abdomen black with steel-blue gloss, laterally with longitudinal, orange stripe, widened distally on sternites 4 – 7; tergite 4 orange; anal tuft black. Male genitalia. Gnathos flaps well-developed, ovoid, the middle one distally shorter; crista sacculi medially flattened, distally very high, setae subdistally mostly but not always with a more or less large gap. Female. Alar expanse 13.0 – 15.0 mm. Similar to male, but antenna without white scales; tarsus of all legs black; spurs ventrally brownish-black; transparent areas smaller, the PTA not reaching the discal spot; ETA consisting of 5 cells, first and last one very short; apical area present.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E800FFEB5BA4FB85BDB4FB1A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The male of P. jordanicum differs from that of P. pipiziformis as follows: ETA very large (smaller in P. pipiziformis); apical area reduced (well-developed in P. pipiziformis); forewing discal spot somewhat smaller, caudally narrowed; white elements of the legs more prominent; anal tuft black (basally and laterally suffused with orange in P. pipiziformis). The male genitalia are very similar to that of P. pipiziformis, but have the setaceous area well separated from the distal portion of the crista sacculi (connected by a narrow stripe of setae in P. pipiziformis). The difference in the DNA barcode of the two species is large, with more than 5 %. Both, P. pipiziformis and P. jordanicum sp. nov. are similar to P. atypica. With more than 20 mm wingspan the latter species is, however, distinctly larger, has its head and thorax entirely black, lacks white markings of the legs, has the proximal half of tibia of mid and hind leg dorso-laterally pale orange and a ventrally closed orange ring on abdominal segment four. Variation. There is little variation in the external appearance of this species. Specimens from Jordan are somewhat larger than those from Israel and have sometimes the stalk of veins R 4 and R 5 extremely long. Occasionally there are specimens with the space between veins R 4 and R 5 filled with scales, not partially hyaline as usually. One specimen from Beit Zayit, Israel, has the coxa of the fore leg nearly completely white. A relatively large variability is seen in the crista sacculi of the male valve. The field of setae can be continuous or have a clear gap (Freina & Lingenhöle 2000). Barcodes. This species is sister to the previous with an average distance of 5.6 %, while the average intraspecific variation is just above 1 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E800FFEB5BA4FB85BDB4FB1A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplant is unknown. Freina & Lingenhöle (2000) report that numerous specimens were collected in ruderal places in Israel with the help of various artificial pheromones. Males attracted to pheromones fly very low, close to the ground (pers. observation Lingenhöle).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E800FFEB5BA4FB85BDB4FB1A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. So far known from Israel and Jordan (Freina & Lingenhöle 2000).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E800FFEB5BA4FB85BDB4FB1A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the river Jordan, whose banks are in the centre of its distribution area. Specimens examined. Holotype ♂ (Figs 153 – 154) with labels: “ Israel / Süd Golan / Umg. Eli Al 350 m / 30.4. – 1.5.1999 / leg. Lingenhöle ”; “ Holotypus / Pyropteron / jordanicum / ♂ / D. Bartsch, des. 2020 ” (SMNS). Paratypes: 105 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as holotype (Fig. 155) (1 ♂ AL gen. prep. 101) (Fig. 167); 37 ♂, Israel, 15 km W Jerusalem, Beit Zayit, 700 m, 8. V. 1999 (3 ♂ AL gen. prep. 108, 109, 110); 43 ♂, Israel, North Golan, vic. Banyas, 500 m, 3. – 4. V. 1999 (3 ♂ AL gen. prep. 102, 111, 112) (102, Fig. 168), (1 ♂ Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 27) (Fig. 166) (BOLD DB-Lep- 00013); 4 ♂, N-Israel, Meron Mts, vic. Zefat, 5 km S Meron, 5. V. 1999; 4 ♂, Israel, Galiläa, Gilboa Mts, Ha-Gilboa Res., 350 m, 28. – 29. IV. 1999; 2 ♂, N-Israel, Mount Kamal, vic. Isfiya, 400 – 500 m, 5. V. 1999, all leg. AL (SMNS, CAK, CAL, CDB, CTG, CTS); 1 ♀ (Bartsch gen. prep. 2020 - 06) (Fig. 226), Israel, Mt. Carmel-Nahal Nesher, 14. VI. 2000, leg. Török (slide DB 2020 - 06, SMNS); 7 ♂, Jordan, Ajloun gouvernorate, Ajloun, 32 ° 19 ’ 49,4 ’’ N, 35 ° 43 ’ 46,2 ’’ E, 28. V. 2009, leg. Stalling; 1 ♂, same locality, 32 ° 19 ’ N, 35 ° 44 ’ E, 29. V. 2009, leg. Stalling; 3 ♂, Jordan, Irbid Gouv., Jadita, Wadi Yabis, 32 ° 24 ’ 00 ’’ N, 35 ° 40 ’ 22 ’’ E, 260 m, 28. V. 2009, 11: 00 h, leg. Stalling (CTS); 1 ♂, Jordan, Prov. Ajloun, Ajloun, 08. V. 2008, leg. W. Garrevoet (CTG); 4 ♂, Israel, Golan, vic. Eli Al, 350 m, 30. IV. - 1. V. 1999, leg. AL; 3 ♂, Israel, Beit Zayit w. Jerusalem, 700 m, 8. V. 1999, leg. AL (BOX- 2219 A 02); 1 ♂, Israel, Nord-Golan, Banyas — Umg., 500 m, 3. – 4. V. 1999, leg. AL (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E803FFEA5BA4FA89BFAAFD12.taxon	description	(Figs 27 – 30, 156 – 159)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E803FFEA5BA4FA89BFAAFD12.taxon	description	Barcodes. P. cirgisa and the following two species form a distinct clade, which is also well-supported by morphological and biological evidence as outlined above.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E803FFEA5BA4FA89BFAAFD12.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. This species occurs in salt steppes with stands of large Limonium species. The larvae feed in the upper part of the root. Development takes one year. In Central Anatolia we found adult larvae and pupae in a large, perennial Limonium that dries up after flowering. Only plants that had an inflorescence from the previous year were infested. The flight period is in June and July. Zukowsky (1915) states Limonium gmelini Kuntze as hostplant of P. cirgisa, but other species of Limonium constitute the hostplants of this species in Central Anatolia (Turkey) (pers. observation Lingenhöle, Bartsch). The habitats of this species, salt steppes and lakes, are critically endangered by grazing or drainage and conversion into arable land. Therefore, this species is of considerable conservation value.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E803FFEA5BA4FA89BFAAFD12.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Very local in south-eastern Europe (south-western Russia, Ukraine) and south-western Asia (Turkey, western Kazachstan) (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999, Garrevoet et al. 2007). An old record from Romania is questionable. Špatenka et al. (1999) also report this species from Iran; however, Kallies & Špatenka (2003) did not find evidence for the presence of this species in this country. Specimens examined: Holotype ♀: “ Uralsk / 4. VII. 07 ♀ / Max Bartel. ” “ cirgisa / Bartel ” “ Type ” “ holotype ” “ N. C. Rothschild Coll. / B. M. 1939 - 432 ” “ Abgebildet / in “ Seitz ” / A. 50 K. ” “ Lectotypus ♀ / Chamaesphecia / cirgisa Bartel, 1912 / K. Špatenka des. 1991 ” (NHMUK). Paratype ♀: “ Rossia mer. / Sarepta / H. Rangnow jr. 1911 ” (MFNB); 27 ♂ (Figs 156 – 158), 12 ♀ (Fig. 159), Turkey, Cappadocia, Develi Ovasi, Cöl Gölü, 1150 m, e. l. ex Limonium sp., larva 23. V., adult 14. VII. 1998, leg. DB; 2 ♂, Turkey, Anatolia, Aksaray Ovasi, vic. Yapilcan, 950 m, 16. VI. 1998, leg. DB (CDB); 30 ♂, Turkey, Anatolia, 10 km W. Aksaray, 940 m, 23. VII. 1996, leg. AL; 10 ♂, Turkey, Sivas, vic. Sarkisla, 1200 m, 18. VII. 1996, leg. AL; 6 ♀, same data, leg. AL; 6 ♂, Turkey, Kayseri, Tuy Gölü, 1100 m, 20. VII. 1996, leg. AL (CAL).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E802FFEA5BA4FC81BA71FAB1.taxon	description	(Figs 160, 161)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E802FFEA5BA4FC81BA71FAB1.taxon	description	Barcodes. P. cirgisa and P. koshantschikovi are situated more basally in the clade, perhaps suggesting a central Asian origin of this species group. P. koshantschikovi and P. umbrifera show an average distance of 6.4 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E802FFEA5BA4FC81BA71FAB1.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. Similar to previous species, local in low lying salt steppe (Špatenka et al. 1999). Limonium meyeri Boissier is reported as host plant by Špatenka et al. (1996). The larva is feeding 2 years in the root.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E802FFEA5BA4FC81BA71FAB1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Uzbekistan and eastern Kazakhstan (Špatenka et al. 1999). Specimens examined. Holotype ♀: “ [Uzbekistan] Syr-Daria / Baigacum / [leg.] Koshantschikoff ” “ Type / Koshantschikovi Püng. ♀ / gef. 13 / 26 / VI 1913 Kosh. / abgebildet Iris 1914 / Püng. ” “ Praep. ♀ / Genit. / Nr.: 3115 / I. Căpușe ” “ Holotypus ♀ / Chamaesphecia / koshantschikovi Püng. ” (MFNB); 1 ♀, Uzbekistan, Chinaz, 22 m, 25. V. 1995, leg. Špatenka (CCDB- 04611 - A 11) (SMNS); 1 ♂, same data (Fig. 160), 1 ♀, same data (Fig. 161) (CZL); 1 ♂, Uzbekistan, Chinaz-Syrdarya, 350 m, 24. V. 2004, leg. K. Špatenka (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E802FFED5BA4FA2DBC00FE73.taxon	description	(Figs 24, 26, 162 – 164)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E802FFED5BA4FA2DBC00FE73.taxon	description	Barcodes. This species seems the most derived in the group with intraspecific barcode differences, up to 2.6 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E802FFED5BA4FA2DBC00FE73.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. Salt marshes with large stands of Limonium brevipetiolatum Artelari & Erben, the hostplant of the larva. Further species of Limonium may also be utilized as hostplants. The larva lives one year in the upper part of the root and the rhizome.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E802FFED5BA4FA2DBC00FE73.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to the south-western Balkan peninsula, from where it is currently only known from the Ionian coast of Greece (Petersen & Bartsch 1998, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999). It is also likely to be present in Albania. Specimens examined. 1 ♀, Greece, Igoumenitza, Thiamis delta, e. l. ex Limonium brevipetiolatum, larva 23. V., adult 14. VII. 1995, leg. DB; 8 ♂ (Figs 162 – 163), 12 ♀ (Fig. 164), Greece, Amphrakikos Kolpos, Arta, Salaora, e. l. ex Limonium brevipetiolatum, larvae 23. and 25. V., adults 18. VI. – 19. VII. 1995, leg. DB; 8 ♂, 5 ♀, ibid., 2. VI. 1995, leg. DB; 13 ♂, 1 ♀, ibid., 17. VI. 1995, leg. DB; 4 ♂, ibid., e. l. ex Limonium brevipetiolatum, larvae 24. V., adults 12. VI. – 10. VII. 2012, leg. DB (CDB); 35 ♂, 13 ♀, ibid., 12. VI. 1997, leg. FP (photo 29 / 3 / 35 - 4 / 31, gen. prep. FP 98 / 20); 13 ♂, ibid., 17. VI. 2002, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 B 11); 7 ♂, Greece, Achaia (Peloponnese), Kalogria W Kato Achaia, 5 m, 14. VI. 1997, leg. FP (photo 29 / 5 / 11 - 27); 10 ♂, ibid., 18. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 19. VI. 1997, leg. FP; 4 ♂, ibid., 21. VI. 1997, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 G 09) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E804FFEF5BA4FF09BCE3FF0A.taxon	description	(Figs 35, 171 – 173, 180 – 182, 187, 188)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E804FFEF5BA4FF09BCE3FF0A.taxon	description	Barcodes. Pyropteron affinis shows substantial heterogeneity in barcode sequences with up to 2.6 % differences across all specimens. There is, however, no clear geographical pattern. Thus, at present there is little support for hidden, taxonomically relevant diversity. It is sister to P. erodiiphaga, and both species, together with P. atlantis, form a well-supported clade that is sister to the most speciose clade in Pyropteron, the P. muscaeformis species group.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E804FFEF5BA4FF09BCE3FF0A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. This species occurs in warm places on sandy, stony or rocky ground. The larvae live in the upper parts of the woody roots of Helianthemum species (Cistaceae). Their presence is indicated by yellow to brownish-red excrement extruded from the bore and often adhering to the root or lowest branches of the plant close to the ground. Pupation takes place without cocoon in the gallery of the larva. Development takes one year.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E804FFEF5BA4FF09BCE3FF0A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known from the Iberian Peninsula through central and southern Europe, eastwards to Turkey and the Caucasus region; it is missing from the Mediterranean islands except for Sicily (Bella et al. 2017, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999). Based on Gorbunov (pers. communication), this species is absent from Crimea. Specimens examined. 2 ♀, Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, Pico del Veleta — Mojón del Trigo, 2600 m, 4. VII. 2000, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 H 04); 1 ♂, ibid., 8. VII. 2000, leg. FP (DNAtax 02591, gen. prep. FP 01 / 06); 1 ♂, ibid., 9. VII. 2000, leg. FP (DNAtax 02590, gen. prep. FP 01 / 15); 2 ♂, Spain, Granada, Baza, 900 m, e. l. 16. – 17. V. 1999, leg. RB (BOX- 2219 H 07, DNAtax 02611, gen. prep. FP 02 / 15); 2 ♂, Spain, Granada, zw. Benamaurel u. Cullar Baza, 770 m, 30. IV. 1999, leg. FP (DNAtax 03 - 04, photo 38 / 3 / 29 - 31); 4 ♂, Spain, Granada, W Castillejar, 770 – 810 m, 26. IV. 1999, leg. FP (DNAtax 03 - 02, photo 37 / 6 / 3 - 27); 4 ♂, ibid., 30. IV. 1999, leg. FP (CFP); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Spain, Sierra Baza, e. l. ex Helianthemum sp., adults 19. and 30. V. 1999, leg. RB (1 ♂, Bartsch gen. prep. 2013 - 02) (Fig. 181); Spain, Pyrenees, Esterri d’Aneu, e. l. ex Helianthemum sp., adults 1. and 30. V. 1992, leg. DB; 3 ♂, France, Provence, Esterel, Agay, 26. VI. 1991, leg. DB; 1 ♂, France, Provence, Noyers, 10. VII. 1991, leg. DB; 6 ♂, Switzerland, Wallis, Gampel, 7. VII. 1992, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Switzerland, Wallis, Bratsch, e. l. ex Helianthemum sp., adult 22. V. 1996, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Switzerland, Wallis, Leukerfeld, e. l. ex Helianthemum sp., adult 27. V. 1996, leg. DB (CDB). 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Grissheim, e. l. ex H. nummularium, larvae 28. IV. 1991 adults 20. and 22. VI. 1991, 4 ♂ (Figs 171 – 172) (1 ♂ Bartsch gen. prep. 2020 - 09) (Fig. 180), 2 ♀ (Fig. 173), ibid., e. l. ex H. nummularium, larvae 28. XII. 1991, adults III. 1992, leg. DB; 1 ♀, Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Grissheim, e. l. ex H. nummularium, larva 9. V., adult 22. V. 1993, leg. DB; 4 ♂, 4 ♀, Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Donau, Gutenstein, e. l. ex H. nummularium, adults 13. IV. – 30. V. 1992, leg. DB (1 ♀, Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 60) (Fig. 187); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Hartheim, e. l. ex H. nummularium, larva 12. V., adults 4., 6. and 14. VI. 1992, leg. DB; 4 ♂, 1 ♀, Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kaiserstuhl, Oberbergen, e. l. ex H. nummularium, larva 20. III., adults 29. – 30. V. and 5. VI. 1992, leg. DB (CDB). 1 ♂, Switzerland, Wallis, Sion, Nax, 700 m, 5. VII. 1992, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2007 - 57) (SMNS); 1 ♀, “ Central Europe ” without further data, ex coll. Etzel (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 58) (Fig. 188) (SMNS); 1 ♂, Italy, Sicily, Le Madonie, Piano de Bataglia, 1600 m, 20. VII. 1996, leg. Bruer (SMNS Lep. - prep. 3701) (Fig. 182); 4 ♂, Italy, Calabria, Sila NP, 10 km ESE Acri, 1080 – 1120 m, 6. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 3 ♂, Italy, South Tyrol, Latsch — Sonnenberg, 900 m, 7. VII. 1999, leg. FP (DNAtax 03 - 05, gen. prep. FP 02 / 11); 2 ♂, Italy, Veneto, VR, Monte nr. Sant’ Ambrogio, 3. VI. 1998, leg. FP (photo 33 / 6 / 25 - 34 / 1 / 8, 34 / 1 / 23 - 33); 12 ♂, ibid., 20. VI. 1998, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 H 06); 7 ♂, ibid., 10. VII. 1999, leg. FP (gen. preps. FP 02 / 13, 02 / 14); 2 ♂, Austria, Tyrol, Fragenstein nr. Zirl, 700 – 720 m, 2. VII. 1997, leg. FP (photo 30 / 3 / 14 - 44); 2 ♀, Austria, Niederösterreich, Gumpoldskirchen N Baden, 12. VI. 1940, leg. R. Pinker; 2 ♀, ibid., 20. VI. 1940, leg. R. Pinker; 1 ♀, ibid., V. 1946, leg. R. Pinker; 1 ♂, Austria, Niederösterreich, Hundsheimer Berg nr. Hainburg, 11. VI. 1989, leg. K. Mazzucco; 1 ♀, Austria, Niederösterreich, Hundsheimer Kogel nr. Hainburg, 15. VII. 1987, leg. K. Mazzucco; 1 ♀, Austria, Niederösterreich, Bruck a. d. Leitha — Spitalberg, 15. V. 1915; 2 ♂, Austria, Niederösterreich, Leithagebirge, leg. Predota; 1 ♂, Austria, Burgenland, Purbach am Neusiedlersee, 5. VII. 1990, leg. L. Ledwinka (gen. prep. FP 02 / 12); 3 ♂, Greece, Ioannina, Timfi Mts, Vradeto, 1300 m, 26. VI. 2002, leg. FP (gen. prep. FP 02 / 33); 3 ♂, Greece, Aitoloakarnania, Agios Vlasios NE Agrinio, 780 m, 17. VI. 2002, leg. FP (DNAtax 03 - 06); 4 ♂, Greece, Peloponnese, Achaia, Kalogria W Kato Achaia, 100 – 130 m, 10. VI. 1997, leg. FP (photo 29 / 2 / 5 - 3 / 5); 3 ♂, ibid., 14. VI. 1997, leg. FP (gen. prep. FP 98 / 63); 8 ♂, ibid., 15. VI. 1997, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 H 05) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E807FFEE5BA4FAFABCD9FC16.taxon	description	(Figs 2 b, 31 – 34, 174 – 176, 183 – 185, 189, 190)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E807FFEE5BA4FAFABCD9FC16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Very similar to P. affinis, but usually larger and the white lateral patch of the thorax almost absent. Špatenka et al. (1999) state that P. erodiiphaga is generally brighter than P. affinis. The type series of P. erodiiphaga was, however, bred from larvae; thus, these specimens are very fresh and the suffusion of white scales strong. In the specimens collected in the field, the white suffusion is largely lost; therefore, they appear much darker than specimens of the type series. We found only small differences in the genitalia structures of P. affinis and P. erodiiphaga. Males of P. erodiiphaga have the medial gnathos flap simple, large and long, protruding beyond the lateral flaps (typically bifurcate, short and flat in typical P. affinis from Central Europe); the crista sacculi of the valva with distal part more sharply ventrad bent, length ratio of straight part to bent part up to 3: 1 (about 2: 1 in typical P. affinis). Females of P. erodiiphaga have the signum of the bursa copulatrix somewhat stronger with distinct centre line (indistinct, without centre line in typical P. affinis). Barcodes. P. erodiiphaga and P. affinis clearly fall into two separate clusters with an average distance of 4.5 %. Within P. erodiiphaga, specimens from Morocco and Tunisia show considerable differences in their barcode sequences of up to 2.1 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E807FFEE5BA4FAFABCD9FC16.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. In Tunisia, the larvae were found in the fleshy root of Erodium arborescens Willdenow (Geraniaceae) (Dumont 1922, pers. observation Mai). This plant is not present in the localities in Morocco where this species was collected; however, other Erodium species do occur. The development appears to last one year. In Tunisia the species occurs in semi-desert with stands of the hostplant (pers. observation Mai), in Morocco in sunny and stony places in Cedar forests (our own observations).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E807FFEE5BA4FAFABCD9FC16.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northern Morocco (Rif Mts and Middle Atlas), Tunisia. Note. A male specimen listed under P. affinis from a population from Sicily feeding in Helianthemum (Piano de Bataglia, Fig. 182) is indistinguishable from Tunisian P. erodiiphaga. Thus, it cannot be excluded that this population belongs to P. erodiiphaga, which may also utilize Helianthemum as hostplant. A specimen from Malaga identified as P. erodiiphaga by Kallies (1999) is here considered to belong to P. affinis. More material and additional barcoding is needed to clarify the precise distribution of P. erodiiphaga. Specimens examined. 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Col du Zad, 2160 m, 21. VI. 2009, leg. FP (CCDB- 02112 A 12, photo 2009 / 168 - 184); 2 ♂, ibid., 2160 – 2165 m, 22. VI. 2009, leg. FP (photo 2009 / 278 - 279); 2 ♂, ibid., 2150 m, 25. VI. 2009, leg. FP (CCDB- 02112 A 05); 2 ♂, ibid., 2125 m, 3. VII. 2009, leg. FP (CCDB- 02112 A 06, gen. prep. FP 10 / 02) (CFP); 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Col du Zad, 2200 m, 7. VIII. 1998, leg. RB (CDB); 3 ♂, 3 ♀, Morocco, Rif, Ketama, VI. 1941, leg. W. Marten (1 ♂, Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 61) (Fig. 183), (1 ♀, Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 59) (Fig. 189) (ZSM); 3 ♂, 6 ♀ (1 ♀, Fig. 176), Tunisia occ., Kasserine W, 28. and 30. V. 1981, leg. A. Hofmann & G. Reiss (1 ♀, Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 57) (Fig. 190), (1 ♂, gen. prep. Špatenka) (Fig. 185) (ZSM); 1 ♂, same locality, leg. RB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2013 - 03) (Fig. 184); 1 ♂ (Figs 174 – 175), Tunisia, Djerba, e. l. ex Erodium arborescens, larva X. 2014 adult 11. II. 2015, leg. Mai (CDB).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E806FFE35BA4FB85BBFAFC82.taxon	description	(Figs 177 – 179, 186)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E806FFE35BA4FB85BBFAFC82.taxon	description	Redescription. Male. Alar expanse 19 – 22 mm. Head with labial palpus white with some black scales, second palpomere with black stripe laterally; frons glossy silver-white; vertex black with some reddish-brown, hair-like scales, a small silver-white spot between antenna and ocellus; pericephalic scales dorsally reddish-brown, laterally white; antenna black, scapus with same whitish scales ventrally. Thorax glossy black, inner margin of tegulae and a small spot below forewing base white. Legs black, tibiae and tarsi dark brownish-grey; fore leg with lateral half of coxa, ventral edge of femur and lateral side of tibia white; tibia of other legs laterally in proximal two-thirds white, distally with narrow white ring. Forewing black, transparent areas with ATA and PTA short, ETA oval to round, as broad as apical area, consisting of five cells, first and last cell sometimes very small; vein interspaces of apical area with white stripes in distal half; hind wing with discal spot rather broad and long, nearly reaching M 3, distal margin dark grey, narrow. Abdomen glossy black, dorsal stripe and narrow posterior margin of tergites 2, 4 and 6 white, sternites with few white scales, anal tuft medially and laterally narrow white, outer side of valva white. Male genitalia. As usual for the species group. Gnathos flaps well developed, the middle one rather broad; valva with outer margin concave, apex slightly pointed; crista sacculi long and narrow, slightly s-curved and distally ventrad bent. Female. Similar to male, but darker and stronger. Head with palpomeres 1 and 2 dorsally black with some white scales, laterally and ventrally white, palpomere 3 black throughout; frons monochrome dark grey. Thorax, wings, legs and abdomen almost completely black; prothorax with a small, yellow-white spot laterally; abdominal tergites 1 and 4 with white spot laterally; posterior margin of tergite 4 narrow white; coxa of fore leg laterally white, tibia of mid and hind leg laterally with some white scales; forewing transparent areas with ATA very short, PTA absent, ETA round, consisting of five cells. Female genitalia. Not examined.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E806FFE35BA4FB85BBFAFC82.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. atlantis is very similar to other species in the group, but differs by the distinct white pattern on deep black ground colour and the completely black abdominal sternites. Fresh specimens have a silvery shine, which is lost over time. Large and dark specimens of P. affinis as they occur especially in the Iberian Peninsula can be similar. However, P. affinis as well as P. erodiiphaga differ from P. atlantis by the lack of a white posterior margin of abdominal tergite 2, the dark grey base colour (black in P. atlantis), the abdominal sternites and the forewings, which are densely mixed with bright scales (almost completely black in P. atlantis). We did not find consistent differences in the structure of the male genitalia of these three taxa. There are some differences in the size and shape of the crista medialis of the gnathos, which is long and round in P. atlantis and P. erodiiphaga, small, short and somewhat triangular in P. affinis from western and central Europe. Furthermore, the distal 1 / 6 of the crista sacculi of the valva is curved ventrad in P. atlantis (distal 1 / 4 angled at almost 90 degrees in P. erodiiphaga and distal 1 / 3 bent in a blunt angle in P. affinis). P. atlantis is also similar to P. borreyi, P. koschwitzi, P. hispanica and P. maroccana. P. atlantis differs from all of them by the black base colour, the absence of the PTA in both sexes and the pure white (never yellowish) colour of the body patterns. Males of P. hispanica, P. maroccana, and P. aistleitneri also differ from P. atlantis by the presence of a white, subapical spot of the antennae. P. kautzi has a very short PTA and a dark brown (not black) body colour, yellowish (not white) pattern and a medial dark brown (not white) anal tuft. Barcodes. Based on our sequence analysis, P. atlantis is sister to both P. affinis and P. erodiiphaga, suggesting a north-west African origin of the affinis species group.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E806FFE35BA4FB85BBFAFC82.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The larvae feed in the upper part of the strong root of Helianthemum croceum (Desfontaines) Persoon (pers. observation Bläsius & Bartsch). The presence of larvae is detected by small amounts of granular, reddish brown excrement extruded from the bore, which loosely adheres to the roots of the hostplant. Some caterpillars found at the end of May produced abundant frass during the summer but did not develop into moths, suggesting that the development takes at least two years. Pupation takes place in the gallery of the larva in the lowest part of the stem or a basal branch. Before pupation, the larva constructs a short tunnel closed by a well visible, silken lid, which is mixed with frass. In the area of Oukaimeden two Helianthemum species occur, the abundant H. croceum and the closely related, but much rarer H. helianthemoides (Desfontaines) Grosser. Larvae could only be found in the first, which is widespread on crystalline soils at high altitude in the High Atlas Mts where it often forms masses on gently to moderately grazed slopes (Jury et al. 2008). This species is poorly attracted to currently available artificial pheromones. Only a single male could be caught flying around a pheromone contaminated backpack in strong wind in late afternoon (RB).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E806FFE35BA4FB85BBFAFC82.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the High Atlas Mts south of Marrakech, Morocco. Specimens examined. 1 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, Oukaimeden, 12. VI. 2003, leg. RB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2004 - 13) (Fig. 186) (CDB); 1 ♂ (Figs 177 – 178), Morocco, High Atlas, NE slope of Jebel Oukaimeden, 2800 – 2900 m, e. l. ex Helianthemum croceum, larva 23. V., adult 5. VI. 2005, leg. DB (BOLD DB-Lep- 00054); 2 ♂, ibid., e. l. ex H. croceum, larvae 13. V., adults 5. VI. and 10. VI. 2006, leg. DB; 1 ♂, ibid., e. l. ex H. croceum, larva 14. VI., adult 17. VI. 2005, leg. DB (CDB). 1 ♀, High Atlas, Plateau Yagour E., 2300 m, 25. VII. 1955 [without hind legs] (CWS).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80BFFE35BA4FC31BDBAF8B9.taxon	description	(Figs 42, 43, 191 – 193)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80BFFE35BA4FC31BDBAF8B9.taxon	description	Barcodes. P. maroccana is the most basal of a large clade of species, the P. muscaeformis species group. This group contains a number of similar species that feed on Armeria, Limonium and Rumex. P. borreyi is the nearest neighbour of P. maroccana, with an average distance of 5.7 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80BFFE35BA4FC31BDBAF8B9.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The larva feeds in the main root of Rumex acetosa (Kallies 1999, pers. observations Bettag, Bläsius and authors) in humid places at altitudes between 1650 and 2700 m.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80BFFE35BA4FC31BDBAF8B9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the High Atlas and the Middle Atlas Mts, Morocco (Kallies 1999, our own results). Specimens examined. 3 ♂ (paratypes), Morocco, High Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2700 m, 22. VI. 1998, leg. AL (CDB); 4 ♂ paratype, ibid., 2600 m, 5. – 10. VII. 1994, leg. Drechsel; 9 ♂ (paratypes), ibid., 2300 – 2700 m, 5. – 10. VII. 1994, leg. Löbel (CDB, SMNS); 1 ♀ (Fig. 193), ibid., 2650 m, 25. VI. 2001, leg. RB; 5 ♂, ibid., 2300 – 2700 m, 12. VI. 1999, leg. DB; 47 ♂ (Figs 191 – 192), ibid., 2700 m, 14., 22. and 23. VI. 2007, leg. DB (CDB) 4 ♂, 1 ♀ (paratypes), Morocco, Middle Atlas, Ifrane, 1700 m, 27. VI. – 6. VII. 1994, leg. Riefenstahl; 4 ♂, 1 ♀ (paratypes), Morocco, Middle Atlas, Tizi-n Tretten, 2200 m, 30. VI. – 5. VII. 1994, leg. Riefenstahl (SMNS); 66 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2620 – 2740 m, 2. VII. 2005, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 C 08 and BOX- 2219 G 02, photo 2005 / 1274 - 1293); 3 ♂, ibid., 6. VI. 2008, leg. FP (photo 2008 / 180 - 198); 17 ♂, ibid., 20. VI. 2008, leg. FP; 48 ♂, ibid., 28. VI. 2009, leg. FP (photo 2009 / 408 - 422); 1 ♂, ibid., 29. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 4 ♂, ibid., 29. VI. 2009, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Tizi-n-Ilissi SE Ait Mhammed, 2780 m, 29. VI. 2005, leg. FP (photo 2005 / 1071 - 1093) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80AFFE55BA4FF09BF6FFF26.taxon	description	(Figs 40, 41, 194 – 199)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80AFFE55BA4FF09BF6FFF26.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. borreyi is similar to several medium sized, dark brownish-grey to black coloured species of the genus, namely P. atlantis, P. maroccana and P. erodiiphaga from North Africa, and P. hispanica, P. koschwitzi and P. kautzi from south-western Europe. P. atlantis differs clearly by the glossy black (not dark grey to black) body, the pure white (not partly yellowish) markings, the deep black (not whitish mottled) abdomen. The remaining species differ by the more brownish base colour, the presence of a white patch between antenna and ocellus in male (present in males of P. maroccana and P. hispanica). One specimen (Fig. 99) from Mischliffen, Middle Atlas Mts, has the inner margins of the tegulae and the dorsal stripe of the abdomen white, very similar to P. atlantis, but the abdominal sternites are densely mottled with white (black in P. atlantis). Variability. This species shows a considerable degree of variability. Populations from higher altitude and feeding in Armeria show somewhat smaller transparent areas of the forewings, wider discal spots and appear grey rather than brownish. Barcodes. Despite the small range inhabited by this species, sequence analysis shows some heterogeneity among P. borreyi, also reflected in the morphology, including the size of the transparent areas of the forewing. This is perhaps due to the wide range of habitats and hostplants, ranging from open, stony and bushy terrain with Armeria as well as forest openings with Limonium and Armeria in the Middle Atlas Mts to alpine meadows with exclusively Armeria in the High Atlas Mts. The maximal intraspecific sequence differences are at 1.5 %, suggesting that all specimens examined are conspecific.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80AFFE55BA4FF09BF6FFF26.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. P. borreyi is an oligophagous species, whose larvae live in the root of various species of Limonium and Armeria (Plumbaginaceae). It inhabits humid subalpine and alpine meadows between 1600 and 2900 m, and often occurs together with the previous species.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80AFFE55BA4FF09BF6FFF26.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the High and Middle Atlas Mts and from Rabat, Morocco (Kallies 1999, our own observations). Specimens examined. 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, 30 km W Azrou, Mrirt, e. l. ex Limonium sp., 10. V. 1997, leg. AL (BOLD DB-Lep- 00057 [contaminated]); 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Tanout-ou-Filiali, 6. VI. 1999, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, S slope of Col du Zad, 2000 m, 18. VI. 2007, leg. DB; 3 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Ifrane, Tizi-n Tretten, 1950 m, 19. and 21. VI. 2007, leg. DB; 1 ♂, ibid., e. l. ex Limonium sp., larva 16. IV., adult 25. V. – 15. VI. 1997, leg. AK (CDB); 1 ♂ (Fig. 196), Morocco, Middle Atlas, Mischliffen, 23. VI. 1998. leg. Špatenka; 4 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2700 m, 23. VI., 25. VI. and 8. VII. 1998, leg. AL; 1 ♂, ibid., 11. VI. 1999, leg. DB; 31 ♂ (Figs 197 – 198), 3 ♀ (Fig. 199), ibid., 22. – 24. VI. 2007, leg. DB (Bartsch gen. prep. 2007 - 50; 2007 - 51) (CDB, SMNS); ibid., 23. VI. 1998, leg. AL (Bartsch gen. prep. 2007 - 56); 4 ♂, 1 ♀, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Ifrane, Tizi-n Tretten, 2200 m, 30. VI. – 5. VII. 1994, leg. Riefenstahl; 8 ♂ (Fig. 194), 3 ♀, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Ifrane, Tizi-n Tretten, 1700 m, 27. VI. – 6. VII. 1994, leg. Riefenstahl; 1 ♀, ibid., 1900 m, e. l. ex Limonium sp., larva 16. IV., adult 10. VII. 1997, leg. AK (CCDB- 04613 - C 07) 1 ♂, Morocco, Middle Atlas, Col du Zad, 2000 m, 5. VII. 1998, on Limonium sp., leg. AL (Bartsch gen. prep. 2007 - 57); 1 ♀ (Fig. 195), Morocco, Middle Atlas, 5 km NNE Mrirt, 1200 m, e. l. ex Limonium sp., larva 14. IV., adult 15. - 31. V. 1997, leg. AK (CCDB- 04613 - C 09); 5 ♂, Morocco, High Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2630 m, 29. VI. 2009, leg. FP (SMNS); 16 ♂, Morocco, Haut Atlas, Oukaimeden, 2630 – 2720 m, 1. VII. 2005, leg. FP (BOX- 2220 F 07, photo 2005 / 1199 - 1227); 16 ♂, ibid., 2. VII. 2005, leg. FP (BOX- 2221 C 07); 17 ♂, ibid., 20. VI. 2008, leg. FP (photo 2008 / 864 - 869); 34 ♂, ibid., 29. VI. 2009, leg. FP (CCDB- 02113 - F 11 and F 12, photo 2009 / 435 - 445); 1 ♀, ibid., 6. VII. 2009, leg. FP (photo 2009 / 557 - 565); 4 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Col du Zad, 2100 – 2165 m, 22. VI. 2009, leg. FP (photo 2009 / 258 - 277); 29 ♂, ibid., 25. VI. 2009, leg. FP (CCDB- 02112 A 11); 5 ♂, ibid., 3. VII. 2009, leg. FP; 36 ♂, ibid., 4. VII. 2009, leg. FP (CCDB- 02113 F 09, CCDB- 02112 A 10, photo 2009 / 464 - 474); 1 ♂, Morocco, Moyen Atlas, Ait Mhammed SE Azilal, 1690 m, 27. VI. 2009, leg. FP (CCDB- 02113 F 10) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80DFFE45BA4FED5BA9AFD2E.taxon	description	(Figs 39, 200 – 202, 224, 234) This species has so far been misidentified as P. muscaeformis. It is here identified as a distinct species based on its barcode and external differences. Description. Male. Alar expanse 15 – 20 mm (holotype 18.5 mm). Head with labial palpus white, interiorly with slight yellow tinge, second and third palpomere laterally black; frons dark anthracite grey with metallic gloss, dusted with some yellow in upper part orange-yellow scales; vertex glossy black with some yellow scales, a narrow yellow-white spot between antenna and ocellus; antenna black, scape ventrally orange-yellow; pericephalic scales orange-yellow, dorsally rather long. Thorax glossy black, dorsally with sparse yellow, short hair-like scales, laterally with large yellow spot below wing base; inner margin of tegula broad yellow; dorso-lateral scale tufts of metathorax yellow-grey. Legs dark anthracite-grey; lateral half of fore coxa as well as ventral side of tibia yellow-white; tibia of mid leg dorso-laterally and distally yellow-white; tibia of hind leg proximal of middle pair of spurs yellow-white, dorsally narrow, ventrally broad anthracite-grey, distally with narrow yellow-white ring; tarsus of all legs ventrally whitish, first tarsomere distally with indistinct, narrow white ring; spurs whitish. Wings black, with some yellow scales at veins; transparent areas well developed, PTA short, not reaching discal spot, ETA round, consisting of five sub-cells; underside proximal of discal spot yellow-white, vein interspaces of apical area with some pale yellow scales; hindwing opaque, veins, margins and discal spot black; the latter long cuneiform, nearly reaching common stalk of M 3 / Cu 1; fringes of all wings anthracite-grey. Abdomen black, basal segments with some yellow scales dorsally; narrow posterior margin of tergite 2 yellow-white, of tergites 4 and 6 silver-white; sternites mottled with yellow-white; anal tuft medially and laterally as well as outer side of valve yellow. Male genitalia. Gnathos flaps well developed, round, the middle one narrow; valva with outer margin concave, apex narrow rounded; crista sacculi of valva, narrow, slightly s-curved and distally sharply ventrad bent medial part with rather large, broad and flat setae. Female. Similar to male, but brown-yellow markings more intense; labial palpus ventrally orange-yellow with black scales on distal part of second and on third palpomere; antenna with distinct white subapical patch; forewing with PTA absent or very small; abdomen ventrally black, sternite 4 with narrow white anterior margin; anal tuft dorsally densely mixed with orange-brown scales. Female genitalia. Apophyses anteriores short, papillae anales wide, ostium funnel shaped, antrum long, corpus bursae without signum.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80DFFE45BA4FED5BA9AFD2E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to several other dark grey to black coloured species of the genus, P. hellenicum differs from most of them by the absence of pale scales in the spaces between the veins of the forewing apical area and a bright, dorso-medial row of points or a longitudinal stripe on the abdomen (some specimens with indistinct spots on anterior tergites). Based on our molecular analysis, P. hellenicum is closely related to P. meriaeformis, which is smaller and daintier and pale bronze in colouration. It also has much smaller forewing transparent areas, the PTA being usually absent. The genitalia structure in male is very similar to that of several other members of the genus, including P. triannuliformis, P. meriaeformis, P. maroccana, P. borreyi, P. muscaeformis, P. koschwitzi, P. hispanica. The female genitalia are similar to those of P. muscaeformis, but the apophyses anteriores are substantially shorter, the papillae anales relatively wide, the ostium wider and the antrum longer. Barcodes. The precise relationship of P. hellenicum within the genus remains unclear. While it is solidly embedded in the P. muscaeformis species group, in some analyses it groups as the sister of P. meriaeformis, whereas in others (RAxML) it is sister to all other species with the exception of P. maroccana and P. borreyi. Notably, it is the only representative of the whole species group in the eastern Mediterranean.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80DFFE45BA4FED5BA9AFD2E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplant is unknown, but most probably Armeria canescens (Host) Boissier, which was present where specimens of P. hellenicum were collected. P. hellenicum occurs from around 1000 m to the alpine zone close to 2500 m. Most specimens were captured at higher elevations with the help of various artificial pheromones, partly on a grazed plateau at the bottom of a small high valley at more than 1800 m altitude. This habitat was characterized by short but rich vegetation on limestone, including large stands of Armeria sp. (Lingenhöle). Other specimens, including a female, which was netted in the afternoon, were captured in subalpine meadows where Armeria canescens was abundant (Pühringer). At the same locality the first author succeeded in finding a larva in Armeria, which, however, did not develop into a moth.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80DFFE45BA4FED5BA9AFD2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from Mt Timfristos, Mt Timfi and Chalkidiki Peninsula in central and northern Greece and from neighboring Albania.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80DFFE45BA4FED5BA9AFD2E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This interesting species is named after Hellas (Greece), where most of the type specimens were caught. Specimens examined. Holotype ♂ (Figs 200 – 201) with labels: “ Zentral Griechenland / Pindosgebirge / Timfristos 1800 m / 14. VII. 1999 / leg. Lingenhöle ”; “ Holotypus / Pyropteron hellenicum / ♂ / D. Bartsch, des. 2020 ” (CCDB- 14648 - H 11) (CAL). Paratypes: 9 ♂, same data as holotype (Bartsch gen. prep. 2019 - 40) (Fig. 224) (CAL, CDB). 2 ♂, Greece, Central Macedonia, Chalkidiki Peninsula, 6 km WSW Arnea, 1020 m, 18. VI. 2012, leg. Mai (CFM). 11 ♂, 1 ♀, Greece, Epirus, Ioannina, Timfi Mts, Gamila, 2100 m, 12. VII. 2003, leg. FP (CCDB- 02113 F 07, CCDB- 04642 D 09); 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Fig. 202), ibid., 2130 m, 12. VII. 2003, leg. FP (♀ gen. prep. FP 20 / 06) (Fig. 234); 4 ♂, ibid., 2280 m, 12. VII. 2003, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 2480 m, 12. VII. 2003, leg. FP; 1 ♂, Albania, Gjirokastra, NE Kakoz, 1490 m, 4. VII. 2016, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., summit, 1750 m, 4. VII. 2016, leg. FP; 2 ♂, ibid., 1680 m, 5. VII. 2016, leg. FP; 1 ♂, ibid., 1700 m, 5. VII. 2016, leg. FP; 2 ♂, ibid., near summit, 1740 m, 5. VII. 2016, leg. FP (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80CFFE65BA4FCDDBDF5FE56.taxon	description	(Figs 36 – 38, 203 – 205)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80CFFE65BA4FCDDBDF5FE56.taxon	description	Barcodes. A homogenous species with minor differences in barcodes between specimens from the Iberian Peninsula and France.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80CFFE65BA4FCDDBDF5FE56.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The hostplant is Rumex acetosella. The relatively thin main root is usually completely destroyed by the activity of the larva and replaced by a silken tube in the empty root channel. Pupation takes place without cocoon in this tube. The moth is on the wing in May and June. The flight is slow and low in the immediate vicinity of the hostplant, often interrupted for resting in the vegetation or flower visiting. The latter has been observed in Corsica on Matricaria (Asteraceae), Globularia (Plantaginaceae) and Scabiosa (Caprifoliaceae). The species occurs in many different habitats with preference for sandy, schistous or volcanic soils, like beaches, dunes, stony slopes or rocks.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80CFFE65BA4FCDDBDF5FE56.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South-western Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula, through southern and western France, northwards to the southern Bretagne, eastwards to Central and Southern Italy, including the Mediterranean islands Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, Špatenka et al. 1999). Specimens examined. 1 ♂, Portugal, Guarda [Beira Alta], Pinzio, 21. VI. 2008, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 02112 E 07); 1 ♂, Spain, Malaga, Almogia, e. l. 13. IV. 1993 (ex Rumex scutatus), leg. RB (CCDB- 04684 H 06); 1 ♂, Spain, Avila, Las Vueltas, 15. – 16. VI. 2005, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 02112 E 08); 2 ♂, Spain, Katalonien, Vidreras, Puig Ventos, 27. V. 1996, leg. Kettner; 2 ♂, ibid., 30. V. 1996, leg. Kettner (CFP); 1 ♂, Portugal, Candee iros Valverde, 13. VI. 2010, leg. Laštůvka & Laštůvka; 3 ♂, Spain, Andalusia, Sierra Nevada, Trevelez, 1450 m, 21., 22., 23. VI. 1991, leg. DB; 1 ♂, Spain, Andalusia, Sierra Nevada, N Laujar, 1450 m, 29. VI. 1992, leg. Laštůvka & Laštůvka; 1 ♂, Spain, Almeria, Sierra Baza, El Haza, 16. VI. 1997, leg. Laštůvka & Laštůvka; 11 ♂ (Figs 203 – 204), 11 ♀ (Fig. 205), France, Pyrenees, Estagel, Col de la Dona, e. l. ex Rumex acetosella, larvae 22. III., adults 4. VI. – 13. VII. 1995, leg. DB; 4 ♂, 7 ♀, France, Cevennes, Dept. Gard, St. Etienne, Val Francaise / Andajac, 500 – 550 m, e. l. ex R. acetosella, larvae 18. X. 2007 adults 28. V. – 21. VI. 2008, leg. DB (BOLD DB-Lep- 00056; DB-Lep- 00165); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, France, Roussillon, Estagel, 5. VI. 1995 and e. l. 20. – 30. VI. 1995, leg. E. Bettag (BOX- 2219 F 11); 2 ♂, France, Corsica, Evisa, VII. 1921, leg. Bubacek; 1 ♂, Italy, Sardinia, SS, Monte Limbara, 1200 m, 4. VI. 1999, leg. F. Laube (DNAtax 09 - 17) (CFP); 11 ♂, 7 ♀, France, Corsica, vic. Ghisonaccia, costal dunes at Etang de Palo, 2. 5. and 10. VI. 2019, leg. DB; 5 ♂, Italy, Scilly, Etna N of Nicolosi, 1150 m, 10. VI. 1993, leg. Kristal (CDB).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80EFF995BA4FE45BA4EFD76.taxon	description	(Figs 206 – 211, 233) Sphinx muscaeformis Esper, 1783: Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen: 217; pl. 32, figs. 5 – 6. Syntypes: ♂, ♀, Germany, Frankfurt (lost).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80EFF995BA4FE45BA4EFD76.taxon	description	Barcodes. In our dataset, P. muscaeformis shows only limited intraspecific differences of maximally 0.8 %. However, we were only able to barcode specimens from central and north-western Europe, including Poland, Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Given the highly fragmented range of this species in the south of Europe, more sampling may reveal greater diversity.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80EFF995BA4FE45BA4EFD76.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. Hostplants are several species of Armeria (Plumbaginaceae), mostly growing on rocky or sandy soils. The larva feeds in the main root, which breaks off easily under tension. Pupation takes place without cocoon in the gallery of the larva. The moth is on the wing in May and June, or in July at higher eleveations, and can be observed visiting flowers of the hostplant.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E80EFF995BA4FE45BA4EFD76.taxon	distribution	Distribution. A strictly European species with a heavily fragmented range, which reaches from northern Spain, southern and western France and the British Islands, through central Europe, central Italy, eastwards to the Balkans (Dalmatia, Pag), Romania, Ukraine and western Russia (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, 2007, Kučinić et al. 1997, Špatenka et al. 1999, Kallies & Sobczyk 2002). The only records of P. muscaeformis from Spain relate to specimens collected in the provinces of Lerida (Kallies 1999, Laštůvka et al. 2000, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 2007) and Catalonia (Cervello & Bläsius 1998). Records from León (Manceñido-González & González-Estébanez 2014) may well belong to P. koschwitzi and should be re-examined. Larvae of Pyropteron were found in Armeria growing along the Atlantic coast as well as in Armeria growing on alpine meadows at around 2000 m altitude of the Picos de Europa in north-western Spain (Kallies, pers. observation). Thus, Armeria feeding Pyropteron appear to be widespread in parts of the Iberian Peninsula. More work is required to clarify their identity and to fully understand the distribution of P. muscaeformis and P. koschwitzi in Spain. In the light of our discovery of P. hellenicum in Greece and Albania, it will also be important to test the validity of P. muscaeformis records from other parts of the Balkans and central Italy. Specimens examined. 2 ♀, Denmark, Ribe, Skallingen, Ho, e. l. 2. – 3. VI. 1996, leg. Riefenstahl (CCDB- 14564 - G 09) (SMNS); 5 ♂, 5 ♀, Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, Eichholz nr. Lübeck, Teufelsmoor, e. l. [24. VI. – 23. VII.] 2000, leg. H. Riefenstahl (CCDB- 02113 F 08, photo 42 / 4 / 35 - 5 / 20, 44 / 4 - 29 - 5 / 12) (CFP); 13 ♂ (Figs 206, 207), 9 ♀ (Figs 209, 210), Germany, Mecklenburg, Pinnow near Schwerin, e. l. ex Armeria maritima, larvae 1. V., adults 22. VI. – 19. VII. 1995, leg. DB (BOLD DB-Lep- 00122) (1 ♀, Bartsch gen. prep. 2020 - 20) (Fig. 233); 10 ♂, 5 ♀, ibid., e. l. larvae 22. III., adults 10. V. – 2. VI. 1995, leg. DB; 3 ♂, ibid., e. l. larvae 30. III., adults 24. V. 2003, leg. DB (BOLD DB-Lep- 00124); 1 ♂, ibid., e. l. larva III., adult V. 2004, leg. DB (CCDB- 04616 - D 07) (CDB); 23 ♂, 21 ♀, ibid., e. l. 1991, leg. Riefenstahl; 31 ♂, 3 ♀, ibid., 2. VII. 1993, leg. Riefenstahl (SMNS); 1 ♀ (Fig. 208), Germany, Sylt, List, e. l. ex A. maritima, larva 20. III., adult 21. V. 1997, leg. DB; 2 ♂, France, Dépt. Lozère, Cévennes, 1 km W les Salidès, 1000 m, 28. VI. 2016, pheromone, D. Bartsch & J. Berg leg.; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, France, Dépt. Lozère, Cévennes, 4 km N Mont Aigoual, 1160 m, 28. VI. 2016, at Armeria flowers, D. Bartsch & J. Berg leg. (CDB). 1 ♂, Austria, Styria, Gulsenberg, 29. VI. 1992, leg. Hamborg (CDB); 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Austria, Styria, Gulsenberg near Kraubath, 690 – 900 m, 12. VII. 1994, leg. FP (photo 16 / 5 / 14 - 45); 16 ♂, ibid., 23. VII. 1994, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 G 05); 4 ♂, ibid., 22. VII. 1995, leg. FP (photo 20 / 1 / 40 - 2 / 42); 1 ♂, ibid., 5. VIII. 1995, leg. FP; 4 ♂, ibid., 20. VII. 1996, leg. FP; 8 ♂, 1 ♀, ibid., 17. VII. 1997, leg. FP (CCDB- 02113 F 06); 1 ♂, ibid., 4. VII. 1998, leg. FP (CFP); 2 ♂, Italy, Abruzzo, Colli de Montebove, 1200 m, 4. VII. 1991, leg. Prola (CCDB- 14564 - G 11); 2 ♂, Italy, Lazio, M. Terminille, Campeferegna, 1700 m, 17. VII. 1991, leg. Prola; 1 ♂, Italy, Lazio, Campo Staffi, 1650 m, 19. VII. 1991, leg. Prola (SMNS).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E871FF985BA4FD65BB70FF26.taxon	description	(Figs 44, 212 – 214)	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E871FF985BA4FD65BB70FF26.taxon	description	Barcodes. This species shows some heterogeneity in barcode sequences with up to 1.1 % intraspecific differences. In our analysis it clusters as sister of P. muscaeformis, however, with low statistical support (Fig. 1).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E871FF985BA4FD65BB70FF26.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. The larvae feed for one year in the root of Rumex scutatus Linnaeus and R. tingitanus Linnaeus (Polygonaceae). Along with its hostplants, the species lives in very different habitats, ranging from sand dunes near the sea and dried up river banks to rocky mountain slopes, often on shale, at up to 2000 m altitude (Kallies 1999 and our own observations). Pupation takes place without cocoon in the gallery of the larva, which often constructs a long exit-tube up to some centimetres above ground level. The moth is on the wing in May and June.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E871FF985BA4FD65BB70FF26.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Iberian Peninsula and southern France (Kallies 1999, Corley et al. 2009, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 2014). Specimens examined. 1 ♂, Portugal, Algarve, Odelouca, 20. VI. 2006, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 02112 D 08); 3 ♂, Spain, Toledo, Robledo del Mazo, 19. VI. 2002, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 02112 D 06 and D 07); 2 ♂, ibid., 19. VI. 2003, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CFP); 4 ♂, 3 ♀, Portugal, E Algarve, Ribeira de Foupana, 2.9 km NNW Tenencia, 120 – 140 m, e. l. ex Rumex scutatus, larvae 7. III., adults 29. V. 2009, leg. DB; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Portugal, W Algarve, vic. Lagos, Bensafrim, Baragem de Bravura, 60 – 80 m, e. l. ex R. scutatus, larvae 17. III., adults 20. – 22. V. 2006, leg. DB; 1 ♀, Portugal, W Algarve, vic. Lagos, Caramujeira, 30 – 60 m, e. l. ex R. scutatus, larva 22. III., adult 8. V. 2006, leg. DB (CDB); 1 ♂, Spain, Almeria, Sierra de Baza, 1800 m, e. l. 6. VI. 1993 (ex R. scutatus), leg. RB (CCDB- 04642 D 05); 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, Trevelez, 1500 m, 20. VII. 1993, leg. RB; 1 ♂, Spain, Granada, Fregenite NW Rubite, 1180 m, 27. VII. 1998, leg. FP (DNAtax 02 - 10, photo 35 / 4 / 40 - 5 / 11); 1 ♀, Spain, Almeria, Desierto de Tabernas, larva 30. IV. 1999 (in Rumex scutatus), adult 8. VI. 1999, leg. FP (CCDB- 04642 D 02) (CFP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (paratype), Spain, Andalusia, Sierra Baza, Escular, 1700 m, e. l. ex R. scutatus, larva 19. VI., adult 25. VI. and 28. VII. 1993, leg. DB; 4 ♂ (1 ♂ paratype), Spain, Andalusia, Serrania de Ronda, Ronda, 500 m, 26. and 27. VI. 1993, leg. DB; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Spain, Castillo-La-Mancha, vic. los Alares, 580 m, 19. VI. 2012, leg. AL; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Spain, Castillo-La-Mancha, Horcajo de los Mortes, 435 m, 18. VI. 2012, leg. AL; 9 ♂ (Figs 212 – 213), 3 ♀ (Fig. 214) (all paratypes), France, Camargue, Aigues Mortes, e. l. ex R. tingitanus, 3. IV., adults 16. VI. – 19. VII. 1995, leg. DB; 6 ♂, 8 ♀, France, Camargue, vic. Aigues Mortes, Mas de Sablons, e. l. ex R. tingitanus, larvae 3. IV., adults 1. VI. – 10. VII. 1999, leg. DB (BOLD DB-Lep- 00055) (CDB); 3 ♂, 4 ♀ (all paratypes), S France, Herault, Marseilian Plage, 29. VI. 1990, leg. Baumgarten; 1 ♀, Spain, el Rocia, 25. V. 1971, leg. Ertel; 5 ♂ (paratypes), Spain, Malaga, Benahavis, 25. VI. 1991, 200 m, leg. Riefenstahl; 1 ♀ (paratype), Spain, Almeria, Sa. Baza, e. l. ex R. scutatus, 5. V. 1993, leg. RB (SMNS).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E873FF9A5BA4FF09BC9CF84A.taxon	description	(Figs 45, 46, 215 – 220) Synansphecia koschwitzi Špatenka, 1992: Alexanor. Revue des le ́ pidopte ́ ristes franc ̧ ais, 17 (7): 437, 439 Fig. 6, 445 Fig. 16. Holotype: ♂, Spain, Prov. Toledo, Aranjuez (ZSM).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E873FF9A5BA4FF09BC9CF84A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. koschwitzi is similar to several small, greyish to brownish coloured congeners (eg P. muscaeformis, P. hispanica, P. maroccana, P. borreyi). It differs from all these species by the darker, blackish ground colour (dark grey to brownish grey in all species compared) and the well-defined markings, especially the dorsal stripe of the abdomen (more or less diffuse in all species compared). Differences from P. muscaeformis were listed by Laštůvka & Laštůvka (2007) as follows: frons brownish-black (brown-yellow in P. muscaeformis); labial palpus white (more or less yellow, males with longer scales in P. muscaeformis); ETA with cells between R 5 to M 3 gradually shortening (of similar length in P. muscaeformis); hind wing discal spot slightly broader, between costal margin and M 1 of constant breadth (gradually narrowed in P. muscaeformis); fore coxa white, in male only laterally (more or less yellow in P. muscaeformis), anal tuft of female dorsally with narrow white lateral stripe (dorsally brownyellow throughout in P. muscaeformis). The male genitalia are similar to several other members of the genus. The female genitalia have the antrum straight and distally funnel-shaped and the ductus bursae distally thin (antrum bent and distally only slightly widened; ductus bursae distally wide in P. muscaeformis). Barcodes. The populations from low altitudes (<600 m, ex Limonium) and those from higher altitudes (> 1400 m, ex Armeria) build two incompletely separated clusters with average barcode distances of 0.6 – 0.7 % and an average distance between these clusters of 1.6 %. However, some specimens from Pto. Guadarrama and Sierra de Guillimona do not cluster together with others from higher altitudes. The maximum intraspecific barcode distance is 2.6 %.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E873FF9A5BA4FF09BC9CF84A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and habitat. Hostplants are Limonium toletanum Erben (Plumbaginaceae) (Špatenka et al. 1996) and various species of Armeria (Laštůvka & Laštůvka 2007). Adults are on the wing from May to July, depending on habitat and altitude. The species occurs in saline, semidesert like areas and on sandy dunes near the coast with populations of Limonium, but it has also been found on sunny, bushy and stony mountain slopes or pastures with stands of Armeria at an altitude of 1400 – 1950 m (Laštůvka, Mai, our own observations). Thus, the populations developing in Limonium and Armeria, respectively, are geographically separated by altitude and hostplant habitat requirements, which most probably drives an ongoing speciation.	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
EB498780E873FF9A5BA4FF09BC9CF84A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Iberian Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal (Špatenka, 1992, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995, 2001, 2007, 2014, Špatenka et al. 1999). Specimens examined. 8 ♂ (Figs 215 – 216), 10 ♀ (Fig. 217), Spain, Castillio-La Mancha, Aranjuez, 14. VI. 2016, leg. AL; 1 ♀, ibid., 16. VI. 2004, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 02112 C 06) (CFP); 5 ♂, ibid., el Regajal, 1. V. 1999, leg. Pühringer & Pöll; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Spain, Huesca, Fraga, e. p. / e. l. ex Limonium sp., 17. V. 1994 and 2. VI. 1999, leg. RB (CDB), 12 ♂, 2 ♀, Spain, Madrid / Toledo, Aranjuez — El Regajal, 510 m, 25. IV. 1999, leg. FP (DNAtax 02586, photo 37 / 4 / 35 - 5 / 15 (♂ ♀ )); 24 ♂, ibid., 1. V. 1999, leg. FP (DNAtax 02504, photo 38 / 4 / 8 - 5 / 4); 2 ♂, 3 ♀, ibid., L / P 1. V. 1999 (in Limonium toletanum), adult 10. – 29. V. and 12. VI. 1999, leg. FP (CCDB- 04642 D 08); 1 ♂, Spain, Madrid / Toledo, Aranjuez, Mar de Ontigola, 510 m, 24. IV. 1999, leg. FP (CDB); 2 ♂, Spain, Madrid, Pto. Guadarrama, 1500 m, 24. VI. 1999, leg. Riefenstahl & Wagenblass (SMNS); 5 ♂, ibid, 1520 m, 3. VII. 2000, leg. FP (BOX- 2219 G 04, CCDB- 04688 B 05 and B 07, CCDB- 04642 D 03 and D 04, photo 43 / 1 / 4 - 20); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Spain, Avila, Navacepedilla [de Corneja], e. l. 2010, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 04684 D 01 and D 03); 13 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra Nevada, Pico de Veleta, Monte Ahi de Cara NE Dornajo, 1850 m, 6. VII. 2018, leg. FP; 15 ♂, ibid, 1880 m, 7. VII. 2018, leg. FP; 2 ♂, Spain, Granada, Sierra de Guillimona, Cuenca de Guillimona, 1870 - 1950 m, 5. VII. 2000, leg. FP (DNAtax 02592; BOX- 2219 G 03); 1 ♂, Spain, Almeria, Sierra de Maria, 1460 m, 26. VI. 2018, leg. FP (CFP); 1 ♀, Portugal, Algarve, Faro, Monte Francisco, [20 m], 20. VI. 2007, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 02112 C 07); 2 ♂, ibid., 17. VI. 2008, leg. Z. Laštůvka (gen. prep. FP 10 / 08); 1 ♂, Portugal, Algarve, Vila Real [de Santo Antonio], 17. VI. 2009, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 04643 D 06) (CFP); 1 ♂ paratype of P. muscaeformis lusohispanica (Figs 218 – 219), Portugal, Serra da Estrela, 23. VI. 2003, leg. Laštůvka; 1 ♀ (Fig. 220), ibid., 1850 m, e. p. 2007, leg. Laštůvka (CDB); 2 ♂, ibid., e. l. 2009, leg. Z. Laštůvka (CCDB- 02112 E 05 and E 06) (CFP).	en	Bartsch, Daniel, Pühringer, Franz, Milla, Liz, Lingenhöle, Arthur, Kallies, Axel (2021): A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation. Zootaxa 4972 (1): 1-75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4972.1.1
