taxonID	type	description	language	source
7E390905FF984140FF3C22A54E14FE75.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The presence of distinct lateral spines on the basal antennal segments in the male and the larger forewing length (c. 45 mm) are diagnostic characters for distinguishing this genus from all known genera in the tribe Ascalaphini except Glyptobasis McLachlan, 1873 in Pakistan. It can be distinguished from Glyptobasis by lack of distinct triangular projection on the anal area of forewing (Fig. 2), which is well-developed in Glyptobasis (Fig. 8). Apart from other differences, considerable variation in wing coloration has been noticed in this genus. Note. McLachlan (1873 a) speculated about the stages of maturity in four species described by Walker (1853) belonging to the genus Ascalaphus, i. e., A. anticus and A. longus from Bengal, A. loquax from Brazil [misprint for Bengal], and A. trux without label data. These species were described based on the variability of color patterns. Later, McLachlan attempted to correlate the color patterns to the maturity of individuals within the species, i. e., the older the specimens, the darker the coloration. Thus, he treated A. anticus, A. loquax and A. trux as the junior synonyms of A. longus and transferred them to Acheron. Since the coloration in owlflies is known to change after preservation (Michel & Mansell 2018), the two subspecies, viz. A. trux trux (Walker) and A. trux loquax (Walker) proposed by Ghosh (1988) based on variations in wing markings, have been considered as synonyms (van der Weele 1909). Tauber et al. (2019) reported that the type depository of Acheron longus comprised three female specimens at Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH), United Kingdom; two of them have label data as Silhet, Bangladesh (previously known as East Bengal). Instead of following McLachlan’s work (1873 a), van der Weele (1909) synonymized A. anticus, A. loquax and A. longus under A. trux. Following van der Weele (1909), later taxonomists used A. trux as a valid species name (Fraser 1922; Ghosh & Sen 1977; Ghosh 1988, 2000; Michel 2005; Wang et al. 2018), a practice that was recently corrected by Tauber et al. (2019) in accordance to ICZN Article 24, since the first reviser “ was justified in establishing precedence among the simultaneously published names ”. Thus, A. longus, which is the name the authors selected as the senior synonym, has priority over the other three names. The distributional range of this monotypic genus is widespread in the Oriental region.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF994145FF3C25124BCFFEE5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Acheron longus is characterised by a relatively large body size (forewing length: 39.1 mm) and hyaline or dark wing membrane, which depends upon the maturity of the individual, but it lacks distinct markings. The pterostigma is brownish in both wings, wider than long, with five crossveins, and the apical area beyond Sc + R has three rows of cells. Although the antennae are normal in the female, without serration, the basal flagellomeres in male have distinct lateral spines. Measurement (♂ n = 1). Forewing length: 39.1 mm, width 10.4 mm; hind wing length: 36.1 mm, width 9.4 mm; abdominal length 41.0 mm; body length 51.5 mm. Re-description. Male (Fig. 1 A). Head (Fig. 1 B). Postorbital sclerite and occiput yellow. Vertex flat at distal half, yellow, coronal suture brownish, with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Frons yellow, with mixed dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Paraocular band greyish yellow. Clypeus dark brown, slightly brownish yellow at lateral margins, distally with rows of dark brown setae. Labrum dark brown, with stiff dark brown and brownish setae. Mandibles brownish yellow, reddish brown at tip, with black setae at proximal 1 / 3. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow, with black setae. Posterior genal triangle greyish yellow. Eyes divided by a transverse furrow. Antennal toruli greyish yellow, arise more or less below the transverse furrows of eyes (Fig. 1 H). Antenna shorter than distance between base of forewing to pterostigma, brownish yellow; scape yellow, anterolaterally dark brown, with mixed dark and greyish yellow setae; pedicel brownish with dark setae; basal flagellomeres with distinct lateral spines. Club brownish, pyriform, with verticils (Figs 1 A – C, G). Thorax (Fig. 1 B). Dorsal cervical plates yellow, with long dark brown and short greyish yellow setae; cervical sclerite yellow. Pronotum broader than long, yellow, medially with a dark brown stripe, lateral and posterolateral margins dark brown, with dark brown setae; anterior- and posterior margins flexed upward, lateral margins rounded. Mesonotum brownish yellow, with a predominant dark brown longitudinal stripe on the median, sub-median and anterolateral margins, with dark brown setae. Metanotum brownish yellow, anterolateral margins of postscutellum narrowly dark brown, with dark brown setae (Fig. 1 B). Pleuron dark brown, with distinct yellow stripes, transverse on meso- and inclined on metatorax, with greyish yellow and dark brown setae (Fig. 1 D). Legs dark brown to brownish yellow (Fig. 1 D). Foreleg. Coxae brownish with pale yellow setae, posterolaterally with black setae. Trochanter brownish, with short black setae. Femur brownish, anterolaterally brownish yellow, with mixed short and long black setae. Tibia brownish, dorsomedially with a narrow yellow spot, with mixed long and short black setae; tibial spurs reddish brown, equal in length to Ta 1 – Ta 2. Tarsomeres dark brown, Ta 5 as long as the combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Pretarsal claws reddish brown. Mid leg. Coxae dark brown, yellow at hind margin, with long greyish yellow setae, hind and lateral margins with dark brown setae. Trochanter brownish, with short black setae. Femur dark brown, setae as in foreleg. Tibia and tibial spurs as in foreleg. Hind leg. Coxae, trochanter, femur and tibia concolorous with mid leg. Tibial spurs equal in length to Ta 1. Ta 1 is slightly longer than Ta 2; Ta 2 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 is shorter than combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Wings (Fig. 2). Membrane transparent, subcostal area shaded with light brown. Veins brownish yellow, with sparse short black setae. Pterostigma wider than long, rhomboid-shaped, brownish, with five crossveins, apical area beyond Sc + R with three rows of cells (Figs 1 E – F). Forewing slightly longer than hind wing. Presectoral area with eight crossveins, with the distal one biaereolated. Rs with seven major forks. Hind wing. Presectoral area with six crossveins, with the distal one biaereolated. Rs with seven major forks. Abdomen longer than hind wing in male (Fig. 1 A), shorter in female. Tergum evenly dark brown, with a brownish yellow median stripe. T 1 split dorsally, with long dark brown setae. Acrotergite brownish yellow. T 2 yellowish brown, lateral margins dark brown, with short black setae. T 3 brownish yellow, lateral and hind margins dark brown, proximally with a few short black setae. T 4 brownish yellow, lateral and hind margins dark brown, without distinct setae. T 4 – T 8 mostly dark brown, lateral margins distinctly covered with short black setae. Sternum dark brown. S 1, proximal half of S 2, and proximal 1 / 3 of S 3 – S 8 brownish yellow, with short black setae. Male genitalia (Figs 3 A – E). Brownish yellow. Tergum 9 (T 9) oblong, posterolateral margin slightly produced, covered with long black setae; sternum 9 (S 9) subquadrate, with triangular apex in ventral view, covered with long black setae; ectoprocts (epr) subquadrate, narrow at distal margin, covered with long black setae; gonarcus (gs) brownish yellow, medially notched, slightly divergent at lateral margins; parameres (pa) brownish, bean-shaped in ventral view, waved-face laterally; pulvini (pv) yellow, with several long yellow gonosetae.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF994145FF3C25124BCFFEE5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Balochistan province: 1 ♂, District Pishin, 26. vi. 2006, NIM, leg. Mishkat Ullah (NIM).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF994145FF3C25124BCFFEE5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (New country record); Bangladesh (Sylhet), Bhutan, China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Assam, Sikkim, Meghalaya, West Bengal), Malaysia, Myanmar, Japan, Thailand (Walker 1853; McLachlan 1873 a; van der Weele 1909; Fraser 1922; Ghosh & Sen 1977; Ghosh 1988, 2000; Michel 2005; Wang et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2018; Tauber et al. 2019; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF9C4145FF3C210F4F6BF819.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ascalaphus abdominalis is unique among its congeneric species by the well-developed abdominal tergum 4, which has a median dilation in lateral view that is covered with short black setae (Kimmins 1949: fig. 3). Apart from the above characters, the male differs from the female in that the antennae are slightly angled at the proximal region, and the flagellomeres are basally serrated, while in the female they are straight, i. e., neither angled nor serrated.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF9C4145FF3C210F4F6BF819.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (exact location unknown, it might be distributed in Punjab province); India (Karnataka, Odisha, West Bengal) (Ghosh 1988; Sziráki 1998; Whittington 2002; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF9C4145FF3C26A24FD1FA49.taxon	synonymic_list	Ascalaphus Fabricius, 1775: 313. Type species: Myrmeleon barbarum Linnaeus, 1767: 914. Monotypy. Helicomitus McLachlan, 1873 a: 261. Type species: Ascalaphus insimulans Walker, 1853: 429. Subsequent designated by McLachlan, 1873 b: 402.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF9C4145FF3C26A24FD1FA49.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ascalaphus can be characterized by the combination of the following characters: wing membrane hyaline, without markings (Figs 4 A – C, 5 A – C); pterostigma dark brown to light brownish, usually wider than long, rhomboid-shaped; apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells; forewing without triangular projection on the anal area. Moreover, the proximal 1 / 3 of flagellomeres in male with distinctly S-shaped (Fig. 6 D), but straight in female (Fig. 6 E); the mesoscutum anteromedially with a brownish triangular process (more prominent in male but smaller in female) (Figs 6 A – B); the abdominal terga 4 – 6 with or without dense, long black setae in male (Figs 4 A – C), absent in female (Figs 5 A – C).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF9C4145FF3C26A24FD1FA49.taxon	discussion	Note. To date, eight species of the genus Ascalaphus have been recorded from Asia and Pacific Islands (Sziráki 1998). Two of them, i. e., A. abdominalis (Kimmins, 1949) and A. dicax Walker, 1853 from Pakistan, were listed as present in the National Museums of Scotland by Whittington (2002), but without precise location data. However, Ascalaphus abdominalis and A. dicax are widely distributed in India (Fig. 27). Despite no precise location, it is possible to infer that it was collected in the Punjab province because of the distribution data of these species from the neighbouring countries, i. e., India and Iran. No new specimens were recorded in this study. The finding of A. prothoracicus (Kimmins, 1949) is a new record for Pakistan; the species was originally described from India by Kimmins (1949) and placed in the genus Helicomitus. Tjeder later (1972) considered Helicomitus as synonym of Ascalaphus (Oswald & Penny 1991). Prior to this study A. prothoracicus was known only from India and Thailand (Ghosh 1988; Michel 2005).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF9D4144FF3C27A74B3BFDDF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ascalaphus dicax can be easily distinguished by the angled antenna at the proximal region in the male, with short black setae on basal flagellomeres, while straight in female. Although this species shows similarities with the other two congeners known from Pakistan, it can be distinguished from A. prothoracicus due to the absence of a well-developed triangular process on the mesonotum which is present in A. prothoracicus, and from A. abdominalis due to lack of well-develpoed median dilation on the lateral margin of abdominal tergum 4, which is well-developed in A. abdominalis.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF9D4144FF3C27A74B3BFDDF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (exact location unknown, it might be distributed in Punjab province); Bangladesh, China (Guangxi, Guizhou), India (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Syria, Japan, Philippines, Sri Lanka (Sziráki 1998; Ghosh 2000; Whittington 2002; Yang et al. 2018; Hassan et al. 2019).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF91414EFF3C21944EB8FD69.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species is similar to Ascalaphus placidus (Gerstaecker, 1894), but it can be distinguished by the presence of a more prominent triangular anteromedial processes on the mesonotum in both sexes (distinct in male, while comperatively smaller in female A. placidus). Moreover, it differs from A. placidus in having the long black setae on the distal half of terga 3 – 5 in male (Figs 4 A – C), contrasting with the black setae which is limited to tergum 4 in A. placidus. Measurement (♂ n = 5, ♀ n = 11). Forewing length: ♂ 25.3 – 28.6 mm, ♀ 30.5 – 32.0 mm, width ♂ 6.4 – 7.2 mm, ♀ 8.6 – 9.5 mm; hind wing length: ♂ 21.3 – 22.6 mm, ♀ 25.0 – 26.6 mm, width ♂ 4.8 – 5.5 mm, ♀ 6.9 – 7.8 mm; abdominal length: ♂ 16.5 – 20.4 mm, ♀ 13.0 – 16.0 mm; body length: ♂ 26.0 – 29.7 mm, ♀ 22.5 – 26.0 mm. Re-description. Male (Figs 4 A – C) and female (Figs 5 A – C). Head (Fig. 6 F). Postorbital sclerite and occiput yellow. Vertex flat at distal half, brownish yellow, with mixed dark brown and greyish yellow setae or in some specimens the proximal half with dark brown setae and the distal half with greyish yellow setae. Frons yellow, with greyish yellow setae. Anterior orbital sclerite narrow. Lateral margins of paraocular band brownish yellow. Clypeus yellow, with greyish yellow setae. Labrum yellow, with stiff dark brown setae. Mandibles yellow, reddish brown at tip, covered with greyish yellow setae at proximal 1 / 3. Maxillary and labial palpi yellow, with short black setae. Posterior genal triangle greyish yellow. Eyes divided by a transverse furrow. Antennal toruli yellow, arise more or less dorsally from the longitudinal transverse furrows of eyes (Fig. 6 F). Antenna shorter than distance between base of forewing to pterostigma, dark brown; male with proximal 1 / 3 of flagellomeres distinctly S-shaped (Fig. 6 D), but straight in female (Fig. 6 E); scape and pedicel brownish yellow, with long greyish yellow setae or in some specimens with mixed dark and greyish yellow setae; flagellomeres dark brown, but brownish yellow at base. Club pyriform, dark, with verticils. Thorax (Figs 6 A – B). Dorsal cervical plates yellow, with greyish yellow setae; cervical sclerite greyish yellow. Pronotum narrow, brownish yellow, medially with a pair of narrow longitudinal brownish stripes, lateral margins brownish, with greyish yellow setae, anterior- and posterior margins flexed upward, lateral margins rounded, posterior and lateral margins covered with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Mesonotum brownish yellow, lateral margins slightly dark brown, with dark brown or greyish yellow setae; prescutum with a proximal transverse dark stripe, narrowly separated in the middle, anterolateral margins with dense short black setae in male, but normal dark brown and greyish yellow setae in female; mesonotum with a distinct anteromedian brownish triangular process in male, but smaller in female, covered with brownish yellow setae, except greyish yellow setae at posterolateral margins. Metanotum brownish yellow, lateral margins dark brown, with long greyish yellow setae. Pleuron yellow, with distal 2 / 3 of mesoanepisternum, the proximal half of mesobasisternite and mesokatepisternum brownish, covered with long greyish yellow and dark brown setae (Fig. 6 C). Legs yellow (Fig. 6 C). Foreleg. Coxae with long greyish yellow setae. Trochanter with short brownish yellow setae. Femur ventrally with mixed short and long greyish yellow setae, proximal 2 / 3 with a few long dark brown setae. Tibia with mixed short and long black setae; tibial spurs equal in length to Ta 1 – Ta 2. Tarsomeres with short black setae; Ta 1 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 3. Mid leg. Coxae dark brown, yellow at hind margin, with long greyish yellow setae. Trochanter with short brownish yellow setae, a few black setae at distal margin. Femur with mixed short and long black setae, ventral margin with long greyish yellow setae. Tibia with mixed short and long black setae; tibial spurs equal in length to Ta 1 – Ta 2. Tarsomeres with short black setae; Ta 1 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 3. Hind leg. Coxae and trochanter similar to mid leg. Femur with long greyish yellow setae, except with a few short and long black setae at proximal and anterolateral margins. Tibia with mixed short and long black setae; tibial spurs equal in length to Ta 1. Tarsomeres with short black setae; Ta 1 slightly longer than Ta 2; Ta 2 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 slightly shorter than combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 3. Wings (Figs 4 A – C, 5 A – C). Membrane transparent. Veins brownish yellow to dark brown, with sparse short black setae. Pterostigma wider than long, rhomboid-shaped, dark brown to light brownish, with 4 – 5 crossveins; apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells. Forewing slightly longer than hind wing. Presectoral area with five crossveins. Rs with six major forks. Hind wing. Presectoral area with two crossveins. Rs with six major forks. Abdomen as long as or slightly shorter than hind wing in male. Tergum dark brown to brownish yellow, lateral margins dark brown. T 1 split dorsally, with mixed long brownish and greyish yellow setae. Acrotergite not distintive. T 2 without distinct setae. T 3 with long yellow setae at proximal half, distally with mixed long black and greyish yellow setae. T 4 – T 6 with dense long black setae. T 7 – T 8 with short black setae. Sternum greyish yellow, with long greyish yellow setae; S 4 and proximal half of S 5 with short greyish yellow setae; S 6 – S 8 with short black setae. Abdomen in female shorter than hind wing. Tergum brownish yellow to yellowish orange, lateral margins dark, in plump female the lateral margins dark at medially with alternate greyish and yellow bands. Tergum. T 1 concolorous with male, covered with long greyish yellow setae. T 2 concolorous with male. T 3 with long greyish yellow setae. Proximal half of T 4 with greyish yellow setae, distal half with short black setae. T 5 – T 8 with short black setae. Sternum. Brownish yellow with a median black stripe. S 2 – S 7 with short greyish yellow setae. Male genitalia (Figs 7 C – G). Brownish yellow. Tergum 9 (T 9) quadrate; sternum 9 (S 9) subquadrate with triangular apex, covered with black setae; ectoprocts (epr) quadrate, with long black setae; gonarcus / parameres complex gradually wider at proximal margin; gonarcus (gs) widely separated at proximal margin; parameres (pa) orange yellow, dorsoventrally elongated with obliquely striated and a distinctly rounded protuberance (gonarcal bulla; gb) below parameres; pulvini (pv) yellow, with long brownish yellow gonosetae. Female genitalia (Figs 7 A – B). Brownish yellow, covered with black setae. Tergum 8 (T 8) quadrate; tergum 9 (T 9) quadrate; ectoprocts (epr) rounded; anterior gonapophyses (ga) long, slightly wide at apex, thumb-liked; lateral gonapophyses (gl) rounded in lateral view, brownish yellow; linguella chitinized with rather short brown setae.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF91414EFF3C21944EB8FD69.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Islamabad Capital Territory: 1 ♀, Quaid-e-Azam University, [33 ° 43 ’ 54.012 ” N, 73 ° 2 ’ 10.1754 ” E], 582 m, 14. viii. 2019, 2 ♀, Check Shehzad, [33 ° 39 ’ 50.2194 ” N, 73 ° 9 ’ 9.8994 ” E], 446 m, 31. viii. 2019, 2 ♀, National Institute of Health & Science, [33 ° 41 ’ 10.68 ” N, 73 ° 8 ’ 21.8394 ” E], 465 m, 27. viii. 2019, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Faiz Abad, [33 ° 39 ’ 50.6154 ” N, 73 ° 9 ’ 9.36 ” E], 480 m, 17. viii. 2019; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province: District Mansehra, 3 ♀, 2 ♂, Garhi Habibullah, [34 ° 24 ’ 23.0394 ” N, 73 ° 22 ’ 28.1994 ” E], 770 m, 22. viii. 2019, 3 ♀, 1 ♂, Batrasi Gali, [34 ° 24 ’ 35.64 ” N, 73 ° 20 ’ 21.12 ” E], 1208 m, 21. viii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (CAU; PMNH; NIM).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF91414EFF3C21944EB8FD69.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (New country record); India (Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal), Thailand (Central Thailand) (Kimmins 1949; Ghosh & Sen 1977; Ghosh 1988, 2000; Sziráki 1998; Michel 2005).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF97414DFF3C242E4FD5FE25.taxon	synonymic_list	Ascalohybris Sziráki, 1998: 59. Type species: Ascalaphus javana Burmeister, 1839: 1001. Original designation. Hybris Lefèbvre, 1842: 6. Type species: Ascalaphus javana Burmeister, 1839: 1001. Original designation.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF97414DFF3C242E4FD5FE25.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ascalohybris can be distinguished from Glyptobasis McLachlan and Nousera Navás by the lack of distinct triangular projection on the anal area in forewing and from all other split-eyed owlfly genera except Acheron by the presence of three rows of cells beyond Sc + R vein (van der Weele 1909: fig. 184).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF97414DFF3C242E4FD5FE25.taxon	discussion	Note. The genus Hybris was originally described by Lefèbvre (1842), with Ascalaphus javana Burmeister, 1839 as the type species, but later recognized as a junior homonym of a bird genus (Aves), Hybris Nitzsch, 1833 by Oswald & Penny (1991). Sziráki (1998) in the annotated checklist of Ascalaphidae from Asia and the Pacific Islands provided a new name for Hybris, i. e., Ascalohybris Sziráki, 1998. Currently Ascalohybris includes a single species, Ascalohybris javana (Burmeister, 1839) in Pakistan. In the annotated checklist of Ascalaphidae from Asia and the Pacific Islands, Sziráki (1998) recorded this sepcies from Pakistan (Sindh province: Karachi). Other records about the exact locality, number of specimens or distribution data in Pakistan are not available. No new specimens were recorded in this study.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF94414DFF3C26FE4E34FD7F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This is a medium sized species (forewing length: 28.0 – 35.0 mm), characterized by the relatively long male ectoprocts (equal to the length of last two abdominal segments), the presectoral area in fore- and hind wing with six and seven crossveins, and with the distal one biaereolated in both wings (van der Weele 1909: figs 184 – 185).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF94414DFF3C26FE4E34FD7F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Sindh province: District Karachi); Indonesia (Sziráki 1998).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF94414DFF3C24194F02FAA2.taxon	synonymic_list	Bubopsis McLachlan, 1898: 159. Type species: Ascalaphus agrionoides Rambur, 1838. Subsequent designation by van der Weele, 1909: 271. Bubo Rambur, 1842: 353. Type species: Ascalaphus agrionoides Rambur, 1838. Subsequent designation. Phyurus Navás, [1901] 1900 – 1901: 95. Type species: Ascalaphus agrionoides Rambur, 1838. Monotypy.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF94414DFF3C24194F02FAA2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Bubopsis can be characterized by the presence of long male ectoprocts (equal to the length of last four abdominal segments taken together) with long median branch directed downward (Yang et al. 2016: figs 10 – 13). Moreover, it differs from Deleproctophylla Lefèbvre by the hyaline, immaculate wings.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF94414DFF3C24194F02FAA2.taxon	discussion	Note. In Asia, this genus is represented by five species and one subspecies (Sziráki 1998, 2000). It currently includes a single species in Pakistan, Bubopsis tancrei van der Weele, 1909, which was listed as present among the Neuropterida in the National Museums of Scotland (Whittington 2002). Until now, there is no detailed information available about the exact locality of this species in Pakistan. No new specimens were recorded in this study.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF94414DFF3C22634F37F96D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. It is a medium sized species (forewing length: 28.0 – 33.0 mm), characterized by the long male ectoprocts (as long as the last four abdominal segments taken together) and the proximal 1 / 3 of ectoprocts with a rod-shaped branch directed downward. In addition, it differs from Deleproctophylla dusmeti (Navás), a similar species with long and medially branched male ectoprocts, by the hyaline wings with yellow pterostigma (van der Weele 1909: figs 236 – 237; Yang et al. 2016: figs 10 – 13).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF94414DFF3C22634F37F96D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (exact location unknown, it might be distributed in the northern areas); China (Xinjiang), Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Sziráki 1998; Whittington 2002; Yang et al. 2016; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF94414CFF3C20264E3FFEFA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This genus is remarkably similar to Bubopsis by the long male ectoprocts with one long median branch, and the hyaline forewing with two rows of cells on apical area beyond Sc + R vein, but it can be easily separated by the hind wing with a large brown spot below pterostigma, which is absent in Bubopsis (Yang et al. 2016: figs 10 – 13; Rodríguez-Flores et al. 2017: figs 1 A – B, 7 A – B). Note. In Asia, this genus is represented by only two species, i. e., Deleproctophylla dusmeti (Navás, 1914) and D. variegata (Klug, 1845) (Sziráki 1998). It currently includes a single species in Pakistan, D. dusmeti (Navás), which was listed for Ascalaphidae from Turkey by Dobosz & Ábrahám (2007). There is no information about the exact locality of this species in Pakistan. No new specimens were recorded in this study.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF95414CFF3C269B4938FC85.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Deleproctophylla dusmeti can be easily distinguished from its congeneric species in Asia by the hyaline forewing and a large brown spot just below pterostigma in hind wing. In addition, distinct diagnostic characters for this widespread species comprise the brownish yellow pterostigma and the pale greyish Sc vein in both wings, the hind femur with brown spot, and the position of short median process on male ectoprocts at middle half (Monserrat et al. 2014: figs 3 A – C; Rodríguez-Flores et al. 2017: figs 1 A – B, 7 A – B).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF95414CFF3C269B4938FC85.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (exact location unknown, it might be distributed in the northern areas); Azerbaijan, France, Spain, Turkey (Dobosz & Ábrahám 2007; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF95414CFF3C245E49EDF99A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Glyptobasis is similar to Acheron in having the distinct lateral spines on the basal flagellomeres in male and similar to Nousera Navás by the presence of a distinct triangular projection on the anal area of forewing. The genus can be distinguished from Acheron by the presence of the distinct triangular projection on the anal area of forewing and from Nousera by the presence of distinct lateral spines on the basal antennal segments in male. Note. Glyptobasis is represented by eight species which are mostly restricted to South Asia (5 species) and Southeast Asia (3 spp.). The greatest diversity of this genus occurs in India (5 spp.) and Myanmar (3 spp.). However, the discovery of members of this genus, i. e., Glyptobasis dentifera (Westwood, 1847), from Pakistan suggests that the fauna of eastern Pakistan is of Oriental affinity. The specimen we examined agrees with the photographs of syntypes of G. dentifera in Tauber et al. (2019) in regard to general morphology, except for slight color variations in the wing membrane, which are slightly brownish along the costal region in forewing and also on the apical region of hind wing in the photographs of syntypes. In our specimen the wings are completely hyaline. For now, we treat our specimen as Glyptobasis dentifera, based on comparison with photographs provided by Tauber et al. (2019) and hope that future discovery of a male from Pakistan will yield information on the correct identification. The similar variability of color patterns on wing membrane has also been noticed in some other split-eyed owlfly species, such as Acheron longus (Walker, 1853), by Tauber et al. (2019: figs 15 A – C) and Ábrahám (2008 b), and Ogcogaster tessellata (Westwood, 1847) (Figs 14 A – C, 15 A – D) in the present study.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF954157FF3C21BB4966FD99.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. It is a medium sized species (forewing length: 31.6 mm) with dark brown thorax and pleuron, covered with long black setae. It is also characterized by the presence of a broad median longitudinal yellow stripe across pro-, meso- and metanota, a short yellow stripe on the posterolateral margins of mesonotum, and a median yellow stripe on pleuron. Measurement (♀ n = 1). Forewing length: 31.6 mm, width 9.6 mm; hind wing length: 28.4 mm, width 7.5 mm; abdominal length 19.0 mm; body length: 25.3 mm. Re-description. Female (Fig. 8). Head (Fig. 9 F). Postorbital sclerite and occiput greyish yellow (Fig. 9 A). Vertex flat at distal half, yellow, with brownish setae. Lateral plates greyish yellow. Mesal plate yellow. Frons reddish brown, medially with long greyish yellow setae, mixed brownish and greyish yellow setae at lateral margins. Anterior orbital sclerite indistinct. Paraocular band greyish yellow, anterolateral margins slightly reddish brown. Clypeus reddish brown, slightly greyish yellow at median and anterolateral margins, with mixed dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Labrum greyish yellow, slightly reddish brown at lateral margins, with stiff dark brown setae. Mandibles reddish brown, greyish yellow at base, with long dark brownish setae at proximal 1 / 3. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow, with short black setae. Posterior genal triangle greyish yellow. Eyes divided by a transverse furrow. Antennal toruli brownish, arise more or less dorsally from the longitudinal transverse furrows of eyes (Fig. 9 B). Antennae as long as distance between base of forewing to pterostigma, dark brown; scape and pedicel brownish with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae; flagellomere brownish, with verticils at each joint. Club pyriform, dark, with verticils (Fig. 9 E). Thorax (Fig. 9 A). Dorsal cervical plates yellow, with mixed long brown and greyish yellow setae; cervical sclerite greyish yellow. Pronotum narrow, both margins flexed upward, dark brown, medially with a broad yellow stripe, covered with brown setae. Mesonotum dark brown, medially with a broad yellow stripe, covered with long dark brown setae; posterolateral margins of mesoscutum with an unevenly rounded yellow marking; posterior margin of mesoscutellum with a lateral yellow stripe. Metanotum dark brown, with a distinct median yellow stripe. Pleuron dark brown, with a median yellow stripe, covered with long dark brown setae (Fig. 9 B). Legs dark brown (Fig. 9 B). Foreleg. Coxae with long greyish yellow setae, and the posterior margin with a few dark brown setae. Trochanter with short black setae. Femur with mixed short and long black setae. Tibia with mixed short and long black setae; tibial spurs equal to the length of Ta 1 – Ta 3. Tarsomeres with short black setae; Ta 1 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Mid leg similar to foreleg. Hind leg. Coxae, trochanter, femur and tibia similar to foreleg. Tibial spurs equal to the length of Ta 1 – Ta 2. Tarsomeres with short black setae; Ta 1 slightly longer than Ta 2; Ta 2 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 shorter than combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Wings (Fig. 8). Membrane transparent, veins brownish with sparse short black setae, moderately wide at middle and rounded at apex. Pterostigma wider than long, sub-rhomboid, light brownish, with 5 – 6 crossveins; apical area beyond Sc + R with three rows of cells. Forewing longer than hind wing. Anal area of forewing with distinct triangular projection. Presectoral area with seven crossveins. Rs with six major forks. Hind wing. Presectoral area with seven crossveins. Rs with six major forks. Abdomen shorter than hind wing (Fig. 8). Abdominal terga dark to brownish, with rounded yellowish orange spots, hind margin with narrowly greyish yellow stripe. Female. T 1 split dorsally, lateral margins brownish, with long mixed greyish yellow and brownish setae. Acrotergite not distinctive. T 2 short, dark brown, without distinct setae. T 3 short, longer than T 2, covered with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae. T 4 – T 7 covered with short black setae. Sternum dark brown. S 1 greyish yellow, with greyish yellow setae at lateral margins. S 2 proximal half greyish yellow, an inverted V-shaped suture, with long greyish yellow setae. S 3 with longitudinal brownish stripe at lateral margins at medially, covered with dark brown setae except the proximal 1 / 5 with greyish yellow setae. S 4 – S 8 slightly brownish at anterolateral margins, covered with short black setae. Female genitalia (Figs 9 G – H). Brownish, covered with black setae. Tergum 8 (T 8) subtrapezoidal; tergum 9 (T 9) quadrate; ectoprocts (epr) rectangular; anterior gonapophyses (ga) acuminated medially; lateral gonapophyses (gl) rounded in lateral view; linguella slightly chitinized with rather short brown setae.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF954157FF3C21BB4966FD99.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Islamabad Capital Territory: 1 ♀, Quaid-e-Azam University, Shahdarah, [33 ° 45 ’ 5.1474 ” N, 73 ° 9 ’ 40.1754 ” E], 555 m, 30. viii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (CAU).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF954157FF3C21BB4966FD99.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (New country record); India (Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal) (Kimmins 1949; Ghosh 1988; Sziráki 1998).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF8E4157FF3C25BE4FD0FA7F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nousera is similar to Glyptobasis in having the distinct triangular projection on the anal area of forewing and it can be distinguished by the presence of narrow wings with rhomboid-shaped pterostigma (Figs 10 A – B, 11 E – H).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF8E4157FF3C25BE4FD0FA7F.taxon	discussion	Note. Navás (1923) described Nousera based on a single species, Nousera gibba from India, and latter Sziráki (1998) treated Nousera as a junior synonym of Pseudoptynx van der Weele, 1909, but the later genus was recognized as a junior homonym of an Aves genus, Pseudoptynx Kaup, 1848 by Oswald and Penny (1991). Consequently, Sziráki (1998) placed Nousera gibba and Pseudoptynx furcifer in Nousera. Ábrahám & Mészáros (2006) reinstated Pseudoptynx and proposed a new name, Ascapseudoptynx for Pseudoptynx furcifer, which is distinguishable from Nousera based on the longer male abdomen in comparision with the hind wing and the presence of long bifurcate projection on tergum 2 (van der Weele 1909: fig 161 III). Currently Nousera includes two species, i. e., Nousera gibba Navás, 1923 from China, India, Laos, Malaysia and Thailand, and N. herczigi Ábrahám & Mészáros, 2006, only known from the type locality in Pakistan. A key to species of Nousera is constructed based on present material collected from Pakistan.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF8E4156FF3C21124F35F94F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species is similar to N. herczigi in general morphology but can be distinguished by the presence of ochre brown pterostigma with light brown shades on the proximal region and by the yellow prescutum with a pair of distinct brownish spots on the anterolateral margins. Measurement (♀ n = 2). Forewing length: 30.0 – 31.0 mm, width 7.2 – 7.5 mm; hind wing length: 26.0 – 27.0 mm, width 5.5 – 5.6 mm; abdominal length: 22.5 mm; body length: 30.0 mm. Re-description. Female (Figs 10 A – B). Head (Fig. 11 I). Postorbital sclerite greyish yellow. Occiput brownish yellow. Vertex brownish, with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Mesal and lateral plates brownish yellow. Frons brownish, with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Anterior orbital sclerite brownish. Lateral margins of paraocular band brownish yellow. Clypeus brownish yellow, slightly brownish at lateral margins, with distal row of black setae, proximally with short greyish yellow setae. Labrum brownish yellow, with feebly curved brownish yellow setae. Mandibles brownish yellow, with dark brown apex. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow, with short black setae. Posterior genal triangle brownish yellow. Antennal toruli brownish, arise more or less dorsally from the longitudinal transverse furrows of eyes. Antennae brownish yellow; scape and pedicel with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Club pyriform, brownish yellow, except slightly dark brown at base, with verticils. Thorax (Fig. 11 A). Dorsal cervical plates dark brown, with long pale brown setae; cervical sclerite yellow. Pronotum narrow, both margins flexed upward, dark brown, with a broad median yellow stripe, covered with mixed dark brown and greyish yellow setae at lateral margins, anterior and posterior margins with greyish yellow setae. Mesonotum dark brown; prescutum yellow, with a pair of distinct brownish spots at anterolateral margins, covered with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae; scutum dark brown, with a median brownish yellow stripe, an indistinct brownish spot at submedian and above wing base, covered with black setae; scutellum dark brown, proximal 1 / 4 with a transverse yellow stripe, subdistal margin with a greyish yellow transverse stripe, covered with black setae. Metanotum dark brown, with indistinct yellow markings at lateral margins, covered with mixed long brown and greyish yellow setae. Pleuron dark brown with yellow markings, covered with greyish yellow setae, except proximal half on mesopleuron with brown setae (Fig. 11 D). Legs (Fig. 11 D). Foreleg. Coxae dark brown, with brownish yellow setae. Trochanter brownish yellow, with greyish yellow setae. Femur dark brown, with short greyish yellow setae at proximal 2 / 3 on dorsal margin, with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae on ventral margin. Tibia dark brown, yellow at base, with mixed short and long black setae, a narrow yellow fasica at dorsomedially; tibial spurs equal to length of Ta 1 – Ta 3. Tarsomeres dark brown, with short black setae; Ta 1 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 as long as combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Mid leg. Coxae dark brown with greyish yellow and long brown setae. Trochanter similar to foreleg. Femur dark brown, slightly brownish yellow at anterodorsally, with mixed long black and greyish yellow setae. Tibia dark brown, yellow at base, covered with short and long black setae, a narrow yellow fasica at submedian and subdistal margins, connected at dorsal margin; tibial spurs equal to length of Ta 1 – Ta 3. Tarsomeres similar to foreleg. Hind leg. Coxae dark brown with greyish yellow and long brown setae. Trochanter brownish yellow, with short greyish yellow setae. Femur dark brown, setae similar to mid leg, a complete brownish yellow stripe on posterolateral margin. Tibia similar to mid leg. Tibial spurs equal to length of Ta 1 – Ta 2. Tarsomere similar to mid leg. Tibial spurs and pretarsal claws dark brown. Wings (Figs 10 A – B). Membrane transparent, veins brownish, with sparse short black setae. Pterostigma wider than long, rhomboid-shaped, ochre brownish, proximal portion light brown, with 2 – 4 dark brown crossveins; apical area beyond Sc + R with three rows of cells but on edges with only two rows of cells. Forewing longer than hind wing. Presectoral area with six crossveins. Rs with seven major forks. Hind wing. Presectoral area with 4 – 5 crossveins. Rs with seven major forks. Abdomen shorter than hind wing in female. Tergum evenly dark brown. T 1 greyish yellow, split dorsally, with long brown setae, and long greyish yellow setae at lateral margin. Acrotergite brownish. T 2 with long black setae. T 3 – T 8 dark brown, with indistinct irregular brownish spots, with short black setae. Sternum dark brown, except a pair of yellow spots at middle half on S 2; S 1, S 2, and proximal 1 / 4 of S 3 with greyish yellow setae; S 4 – S 8 with short black setae. Female genitalia (Figs 11 J – K). Brownish yellow. Tergum 8 (T 8) subquadrate, posterodorsal margin slightly produced, with short black setae; tergum 9 (T 9) quadrate, with short black setae; ectoprocts (epr) quadrate, with long black setae; anterior gonapophyses (ga) long, thumb-like, brownish, with long black setae; lateral gonapophyses (gl) rounded in lateral view, brownish, with black setae; linguella slightly chitinized with rather short brown setae.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF8E4156FF3C21124F35F94F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Islamabad Capital Territory: 2 ♀, 19. vii. 2007, Malaise Trap, PMNH (C # 46542, 46561), leg. Khurram / Fida (PMNH).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF8E4156FF3C21124F35F94F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (New country record); China (Yunnan), Thailand (Sakon Nakhon), Laos (North Laos, Luang Namtha), Malaysia, Vietnam? (New 2003; Michel 2005; Ábrahám & Mészáros 2006; Wang et al. 2018).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF8F4155FF3C200A4B71F87B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is similar to N. gibba, but it can be distinguished by the presence of a darker pterostigma, the proximal region of which has ochre brown shades, and by the dark brown prescutum, which has a pair of distinct yellowish circular spots at anterolateral and posterolateral margins, and a median yellow stripe slightly narrowed at hind margin, covered with mixed long black and greyish yellow setae. Measurement (♀ n = 1). Forewing length: 30.0 mm, width 7.0 mm; hind wing length: 26.7 mm, width 5.2 mm; abdominal length: 22.0 mm; body length: 29.0 mm. Re-description. Female (Fig. 12). Head (Fig. 13 F). Postorbital sclerite yellow. Occiput brownish. Vertex brownish, with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Lateral plates yellow, slightly brownish at lateral margins. Mesal plate yellow. Frons dark, with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Anterior orbital sclerite brownish. Lateral margins of paraocular band brownish yellow. Clypeus brownish yellow, slightly brownish at lateral margins, with distal row of black setae, proximal margin with short greyish yellow setae. Labrum brownish, lateral margins yellow, with feebly curved brownish yellow setae. Mandibles brownish yellow, with dark brown apex. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow. Posterior genal triangle greyish yellow. Antennal toruli brownish yellow, arising more or less dorsally from the longitudinal transverse furrow of eyes. Antennae missing; scape dark brown, with mixed long dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Thorax (Fig. 13 A). Dorsal cervical plates dark brown, with long greyish yellow setae; cervical sclerite yellow. Pronotum narrow, both margins flexed upward, yellow, dark brown at lateral margins, with long, black setae at lateral margins, white medially and mixed black and white setae at posterolateral margins. Mesonotum dark brown; prescutum dark with distinct yellow circular spots at anterolateral and posterolateral margins, median yellow stripe slightly narrow at hind margin, covered with long black and greyish yellow setae; scutum with a median brownish yellow stripe, an indistinct submedian brownish yellow marking, with black setae, anterolaterally with mixed black and greyish yellow setae; scutellum with proximal 1 / 4 brownish yellow transverse stripe, distal margin brownish, with black setae, proximal brownish yellow stripe without setae. Metanotum dark brown, with brownish yellow pruinose, covered with long black and greyish yellow setae. Pleuron dark brown with yellow markings, covered with greyish yellow setae, except proximal half of mesopleuron with brown setae (Fig. 13 C). Legs (Fig. 13 C). Foreleg. Coxae dark brown, with brownish yellow setae. Trochanter with mixed short black and white setae. Femur dark brown, with short white setae at proximal half, ventral margin with mixed long black and white setae. Tibia dark brown, yellow at base, with short and long black setae, a narrow yellow fasica at dorsomedially; tibial spurs equal in length to Ta 1 – Ta 3. Tarsomeres dark brown, with short black setae; Ta 1 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 as long as combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Mid leg. Coxae dark brown, with brownish yellow setae. Trochanter similar to foreleg. Femur dark brown, slightly brownish yellow at anterodorsally, with mixed short and long white setae, ventral margin with long black and white setae. Tibia dark brown, yellow at base, with short and long black setae, a narrow yellow fasica at submedian and subapical margins; tibial spurs equal in length to Ta 1 – Ta 3. Tarsomeres similar to foreleg. Hind leg. Coxae dark brown with greyish yellow setae. Trochanter brownish, posterior margin yellow, covered with short white setae. Femur dark brown, setae similar to mid leg, a complete brownish yellow stripe on the ventral margin, an incomplete brownish yellow stripe at anterolateral margin. Tibia similar to mid leg. Tibial spurs equal to length of Ta 1 – Ta 2. Tarsomere similar to mid leg. Tibial spurs and pretarsal claws dark brown. Wings (Fig. 12). Membrane transparent, veins dark brown, with sparse short black setae. Pterostigma wider than long, rhomboid-shaped, dark brown, proximal portion ochre brown, with four dark brown crossveins; apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells. Forewing longer than hind wing. Presectoral area with seven crossveins. Rs with seven major forks. Hind wing. Presectoral area with five crossveins. Rs with seven major forks. Abdomen shorter than hind wing in female. Tergum evenly dark brown. T 1 greyish yellow, split dorsally, with long brown setae. Acrotergite brownish. T 2 brownish yellow, hind margin dark brown, with long greyish yellow setae. T 3 dark brown with short black setae, anterolateral margins with short white setae, hind margin with narrowly transverse yellow stripe. T 4 – T 8 with short black setae, hind margin with narrow indistinct yellow stripe. Sternum dark brown. S 1, S 2 and proximal 1 / 4 of S 3 with white setae; S 4 – S 8 with short black setae. Female genitalia brownish yellow (Figs 13 H – I). Tergum 8 (T 8) sub-rhomboid, with short black setae; tergum 9 (T 9) subquadrate, posterolateral margins slightly produced, with short black setae; ectoprocts (epr) quadrate, with long black setae; anterior gonapophyses (ga) long, thumb-liked, brownish, with black setae; lateral gonapophyses (gl) rounded in lateral view, brownish, with black setae; linguella slightly chitinized with rather short brown setae.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF8F4155FF3C200A4B71F87B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Azad Kashmir Territory: 1 ♀, Azad Patan, [33 ° 42 ’ 41.50 ” N, 73 ° 36 ’ 18.33 ” E], 490 m, 10. vii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (CAU).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF8F4155FF3C200A4B71F87B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Islamabad Capital Territory: Margalla Hills, Pir Sohava) (Ábrahám & Mészáros 2006; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF834159FF3C23964FD0FAA0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ogcogaster can be easily distinguished by its long and cylindrical male ectoprocts, which extend downward with a rounded apex in lateral view, and which are covered with short black setae (Figs 18 C – D; Mészáros & Ábrahám 2003: figs 3, 7). The coloration of wing membranes is highly variable, hyaline to dark brown, as is common in Ascalaphinae. The genus is also characterized by the narrow brownish marking just below the pterostigma, forming a V-shape in both wings or by the distinct dark brown speckles of crossveins along the costal area, between R and M and the apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF834159FF3C23964FD0FAA0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two monotypic genera, i. e., Horischema and Perissoschema, were described by Mészáros & Ábrahám (2003) from Pakistan with H. ronkayorum Mészáros & Ábrahám (2003) and P. evae Mészáros & Ábrahám (2003) as type species, respectively. The former species was considered restricted to the northeastern part of Pakistan, and the later species was distributed from the northeastern part of Pakistan to Nepal Himalayas. The diagnostic characters used by the authors to define Horischema include the relatively larger body size (forewing length: 31.0 – 32.0 mm) and robustness of the body, and for Perissoschema the speckled wings with bright ochre-yellow pterostigma. The two genera were originally described as closely related to the species of Deleproctophylla and Puer by Mészáros & Ábrahám (2003) due to similarities in external morphology and male genitalia. However, the similarities are even greater when Horischema and Perissoschema are compared to Ogcogaster. The diagnostic characters and description of Perissoschema evae Mészáros & Ábrahám (2003) easily fit with that of Ogcogaster segmentator Westwood, 1847, and the two species are quite similar in wing coloration and external morphology as determined by photographs of the type species in Tauber et al (2019: figs 20 – 22). Hence, we consider the earlier described monotypic genera, Horischema and Perissoschema, as junior synonyms of Ogcogaster and regard Perissoschema evae as the junior synonym of Ogcogaster segmentator. The genus Ogcogaster is currently represented by six species which are restricted to India (4 species), Pakistan (3 spp.) and Nepal (1 sp.). Until now, only three species of Ogcogaster were known from Pakistan. The taxonomic history of Ogcogaster tessellata was initially associated with Westwood (1847), who placed it under the genus Ascalaphus within the new subgenus Ogcogaster. Later, Hagen (1866) elevated the subgenus to generic status. Until now, the species is only known from Pakistan and India. It is mentioned in the checklists of Indian Neuroptera (Ghosh & Sen 1977; Ghosh 1988, 2000), annotated checklist of Ascalaphidae of Asia and the Pacific Islands (Sziráki 1998) and in the catalogue of Neuropteridae from Pakistan (Hassan et al. 2019). Most recently, Tauber et al. (2019) provided the first detail photographs of the dorsal habitus of three females, showing variability in color patterns and wing markings. According to the label information, these specimens, which are housed at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH), United Kingdom, are from India. We re-described the species based on our recent materials, particularly that collected from the northern parts of Pakistan, exhibiting the similar variability of color patterns and wing markings (Figs 14 A – C, 15 A – D). The variation may be due to different stages of maturity or ecological factors.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF804159FF3C22674BA4F96A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Morphologically, this species resembles Ogcogaster tessellata (Westwood, 1847) in having the narrow brownish marking just below pterostigma proximal to Sc + R vein, and the apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells. However, it can be easily separated by the transparent wing membrane and the equal length of a tibial spur to Ta 1.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF804159FF3C22674BA4F96A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Islamabad Capital Territory: Margalla Hills, Pir Sohava); Nepal (Annapurna Himal) (Mészáros & Ábrahám 2003).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF804158FF3C20104EFFFE2D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is unique among its congeners by the presence of bright ochre-yellow pterostigma and distinct brown speckles of crossveins along the costal area, presectoral area, proximal 1 / 4 of mediocubital area and first row of crossveins between R and Rs in both wings. Moreover, it differs from its congeners by having yellow Sc and R veins and the hind wing with heavily brownish speckles below the pterostigma.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF804158FF3C20104EFFFE2D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Azad Kashmir Territory: District Muzaffarabad; Gilgit-Baltistan Territory: Himalaya; Islamabad Capital Territory: Margalla Hills, Pir Sohava); India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh) (Ghosh & Sen 1977; Mészáros & Ábrahám 2003; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF81415FFF3C26EB4EF7FAF1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is similar to O. ronkayorum in external appearance, but it can be easily distinguished by the presence of distinct dark brown markings at the distal margin on mediocubital area in both wings.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF81415FFF3C26EB4EF7FAF1.taxon	description	Measurement (♂ n = 3, ♀ n = 5). Forewing length: ♂ 25.3 – 28.7 mm, ♀ 28.4 – 32.3 mm, width ♂ 7.5 – 8.7 mm, ♀ 8.7 – 10.0 mm; hind wing length: ♂ 21.0 – 24.5 mm, ♀ 24.3 – 28.3 mm, width ♂ 6.0 – 7.0 mm, ♀ 7.5 – 8.5 mm; abdominal length: ♂ 14.0 mm, ♀ 11.5 – 13.2 mm; body length: ♂ 22.0 – 35.0 mm, ♀ 18.0 – 22.5 mm. Re-description. Male (Figs 14 A – C) and female (Figs 15 A – D). Head (Fig. 16 C). Postorbital sclerite and occiout yellow. Vertex flat, brownish yellow, with mixed long greyish yellow and brown setae. Lateral plates yellow. Mesal plate brownish yellow. Frons reddish brown, with dark brown or mixed long brownish and greyish yellow setae. Anterior orbital sclerite and lateral margins of paraocular band reddish brown or brownish yellow. Clypeus reddish brown, with greyish yellow setae. Labrum reddish brown, with stiff brownish setae. Mandibles brownish yellow, reddish brown at tip, covered with greyish yellow setae at proximal 1 / 3. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow, with short black setae. Posterior genal triangle reddish brown. Eyes divided by a transverse furrow. Antennal toruli brownish, arise more or less dorsally from the longitudinal transverse furrows of eyes. Antennae shorter than distance between base of forewing to pterostigma, brownish yellow. Antennae brownish yellow; scape and pedicel brownish, with mixed dark brown and greyish yellow setae; flagellomeres brownish yellow; club pyriform, dark, with verticils. Thorax (Fig. 16 A). Dorsal cervical plates yellow, with long greyish yellow setae; cervical sclerite yellow. Pronotum narrow, broader than long, dark brown, anterior and posterior margins yellow and flexed upward, covered with long setae, black at lateral margins, medially with greyish setae. Mesonotum dark brown, with a median longitudinal yellow marking; prescutum dark, a distinctive yellow heart-shaped marking in the middle, covered with long brownish setae; scutum dark with a pair of median yellow triangular markings, an indistinct brownish yellow marking above wing base, with brownish setae; scutellum yellow, except proximal 1 / 3 and anterolateral margins dark, a narrow median yellow transverse stripe, with brownish setae. Metanotum dark brown, with a distinct median yellow stripe, narrow at middle, covered with brownish setae. Pleuron with distinctly longitudinal dark brown and yellow markings, covered with mixed brownish and greyish setae (Fig. 16 B). Legs dark brown (Fig. 16 B). Foreleg. Coxae with mixed brownish and greyish yellow setae. Trochanter with short black setae. Femur and tibia with short and long black setae, except short black setae on dorsal margin; tibial spurs equal to length of Ta 1 – Ta 2. Tarsomeres with short black setae; Ta 1 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Mid leg. Coxae with brown and greyish yellow setae. Trochanter with short black setae. Femur and tibia mixed with short and long black setae; tibial spurs and tarsomere similar to foreleg. Hind leg. Similar to mid leg, except tibial spurs equal to length of Ta 1. Ta 1 slightly longer than Ta 2; Ta 2 – Ta 4 equal in length; Ta 5 shorter than combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Wings (Figs 14 A – C, 15 A – D). Membrane transparent but with light brown shades in some specimens. Crossveins with brownish speckled on proximal 1 / 3. Proximal to hind margin in both male and female with distinct brownish markings at distal margin on mediocubital area. Hind wing in female with distinct brownish marking at distal margin on radial area but absent in male, and also in some female specimens. Veins brownish, with sparse short black setae. Pterostigma wider than long, sub-rhomboid, highly variable in coloration, brownish to dark brown, with 3 – 5 crossveins; apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells. Forewing longer than hind wing. Presectoral area with five crossveins. Rs with five major forks. Hind wing. Presectoral area with three crossveins. Rs with five major forks. Abdomen shorter than hind wing. Tergum dark brown, with rounded markings in male, while rounded and rhombus in female. Male (Figs 17 A – B). Tergum. T 1 brownish or yellow, split dorsally, lateral margins brownish, with long pale brownish setae. Acrotergite brownish. T 2 yellow, posterolateral margins dark, hind margin with narrow yellow stripe, with long pale yellow or brownish setae. T 3 – T 5 with rounded brownish yellow or yellowish orange marking, well separated at both ends or diffused at margins, hind margin with narrow greyish stripe, with short black setae. Lateral margins of T 2 – T 4 yellow, except dark brown at distal 1 / 4 of T 3; T 4 – T 8 brownish with indistinct median brownish yellow markings. Sternum yellow. S 1, S 2 and proximal 1 / 3 of S 3 with long white setae; S 3 posterolaterally, and S 4 – S 8 with hind margins dark; S 4 – S 8 with short black setae. Female (Fig. 17 C). Tergum. T 1 yellow, split dorsally, lateral margins dark brown, with long greyish yellow setae. Acrotergite brownish. T 2 yellow, posterolateral margins dark, hind margin with a narrow yellow stripe, with long pale yellow setae. T 3 with rounded yellow marking. T 4 with rounded or rhombus marking. T 5 – T 8 with rounded or rhombus marking, rounded markings confluent at anterior margin. Posterior margin of T 2 – T 8 with a narrow greyish yellow stripes; lateral margins of T 1, T 2 and proximal 1 / 2 of T 3 yellowish; T 6 – T 8 yellow at lateral margins except dark stripe on hind margin of T 7. Sternum dark brown, except S 1, S 2, S 3, proximal 1 / 5 of S 4 – S 5 and S 8 yellow; S 1, S 2 and proximal 1 / 3 of S 3 with long white setae; S 3 – S 8 with short black setae. Male genitalia (Figs 18 C – G). Brownish yellow. Tergum 9 (T 9) quadrate; sternum 9 (S 9) subquadrate, obtusely angled at apex, distal margin with short black setae; ectoprocts (epr) long, cylindrical, rounded at apex, with short black setae; gonarcus (gs) medially notched, slightly divergent at lateral margins, lunate at base, a pair of lateral projection below pulvini; parameres (pa) unevenly rounded in lateral view; pulvini (pv) yellow, with long yellow gonosetae. Female genitalia (Figs 18 A – B). Brownish, covered with black setae. Tergum 8 (T 8) subquadrate; tergum 9 (T 9) quadrate; ectoprocts (epr) rounded; anterior gonapophyses (ga) long, slightly wide at apex, thumb-liked; lateral gonapophyses (gl) rounded in lateral view, brownish yellow; linguella lightly chitinized and with short brown setae.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF81415FFF3C26EB4EF7FAF1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Islamabad Capital Territory: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Check Shehzad, [33 ° 39 ’ 50.2194 ” N, 73 ° 9 ’ 9.8994 ” E], 446 m, 10. viii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (NIM), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Ali Pur, [33 ° 39 ’ 5.256 ” N, 73 ° 14 ’ 2.8674 ” E], 476 m, 11. viii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (CAU); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province: 1 ♀, District Mansehra, Sarai Saleh, [33 ° 59 ’ 58.1994 ” N, 72 ° 58 ’ 38.5314 ” E], 535 m, 15. viii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (NIM), 1 ♀, District Swabi, Dagai [33 ° 9 ’ 49.0674 ” N, 72 ° 18 ’ 31.7514 ” E], 287 m, 25. viii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (CAU), 1 ♀, District Swat, [34 ° 49 ’ 18.9984 ” N, 72 ° 29 ’ 20.0004 ” E], 760 m, 22. viii. 2019, leg. Fazullah (PMNH).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF81415FFF3C26EB4EF7FAF1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Punjab province: Rawalpindi); India (Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) (Sziráki 1998; Ghosh 1988, 2000; Whittington 2002; Tauber et al. 2019; Oswald 2020). Genus Protidricerus van der Weele, 1909 Protidricerus van der Weele, 1909: 61. Type species: Idricerus exilis McLachlan, 1894: 424. Original designation. Diagnosis. Protidricerus can be characterized by its entire-eyes, unlike other members of the tribe Ascalaphini, which have eyes that are split by a transverse furrow. The species are generally dark grey or black, with hyaline wings, the anal area of the forewing with weakly or distinctly produced triangular projection and the apical area beyond Sc + R vein has three rows of cells. Note. Jones (2019) remarked that the traditional concept of entire or divided-eye is no longer the distinctive characteristics to differentiate between Ascalaphini & Haplogleniini, as the genus Protidricerus exhibits the distinctive feature of well-developed pleurostoma, a small facial sclerite previously only encountered in divided‐eye owlflies. Although we followed the new classification system proposed by Machado et al. (2019) for our present manuscript, the exact placement of this genus in the tribe Haplogleniini (Jones 2014, 2019) or Ascalaphini (Machado et al. 2019) remains uncertain and must be resolved in future studies. Protidricerus is the only entire-eyed owlfly genus in the tribe Ascalaphini in Pakistan. It includes seven described species that are distributed in the Central, East and South Asia (Machado et al. 2019).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF81415FFF3C26EB4EF7FAF1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Punjab province: Rawalpindi); India (Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) (Sziráki 1998; Ghosh 1988, 2000; Whittington 2002; Tauber et al. 2019; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF81415FFF3C26EB4EF7FAF1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Protidricerus can be characterized by its entire-eyes, unlike other members of the tribe Ascalaphini, which have eyes that are split by a transverse furrow. The species are generally dark grey or black, with hyaline wings, the anal area of the forewing with weakly or distinctly produced triangular projection and the apical area beyond Sc + R vein has three rows of cells.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF81415FFF3C26EB4EF7FAF1.taxon	discussion	Note. Jones (2019) remarked that the traditional concept of entire or divided-eye is no longer the distinctive characteristics to differentiate between Ascalaphini & Haplogleniini, as the genus Protidricerus exhibits the distinctive feature of well-developed pleurostoma, a small facial sclerite previously only encountered in divided‐eye owlflies. Although we followed the new classification system proposed by Machado et al. (2019) for our present manuscript, the exact placement of this genus in the tribe Haplogleniini (Jones 2014, 2019) or Ascalaphini (Machado et al. 2019) remains uncertain and must be resolved in future studies. Protidricerus is the only entire-eyed owlfly genus in the tribe Ascalaphini in Pakistan. It includes seven described species that are distributed in the Central, East and South Asia (Machado et al. 2019).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF86415FFF3422964804F876.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Protidricerus can be characterized by its entire-eyes, unlike other members of the tribe Ascalaphini, which have eyes that are split by a transverse furrow. The species are generally dark grey or black, with hyaline wings, the anal area of the forewing with weakly or distinctly produced triangular projection and the apical area beyond Sc + R vein has three rows of cells.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FF86415FFF3422964804F876.taxon	discussion	Note. Jones (2019) remarked that the traditional concept of entire or divided-eye is no longer the distinctive characteristics to differentiate between Ascalaphini & Haplogleniini, as the genus Protidricerus exhibits the distinctive feature of well-developed pleurostoma, a small facial sclerite previously only encountered in divided‐eye owlflies. Although we followed the new classification system proposed by Machado et al. (2019) for our present manuscript, the exact placement of this genus in the tribe Haplogleniini (Jones 2014, 2019) or Ascalaphini (Machado et al. 2019) remains uncertain and must be resolved in future studies. Protidricerus is the only entire-eyed owlfly genus in the tribe Ascalaphini in Pakistan. It includes seven described species that are distributed in the Central, East and South Asia (Machado et al. 2019).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBA4163FF3C27A7484FFD8C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species can be easily separated from its congeneric species by the broader wings with hyaline membrane and the distinctly rounded posterior margin of both wings (Zhang et al. 2015: figs 11, 14).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBA4163FF3C27A7484FFD8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Islamabad Capital Territory); China (Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet, Zhejiang), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya), Myanmar (Ghosh 1985, 1988, 2000; Sziráki 2000; Zhang et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2018; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBA4163FF3C23C14ED3F971.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Based on original description by Needham (1909) for Stylascalaphus obscurus and by Mészáros & Ábrahám (2005) for Stylascalaphus fabiani, the following combination of characters have been assigned for distinguishing these two morphologically similar species at the present time: a medium sized species with forewing length 28.0 – 29.0 mm; legs dark brown; pterostigma light ochreous, with three dark brown crossveins; abdominal terga dark brown with a median longitudinal yellow stripe, tergum 1 with long black setae. However, in S. obscurus the forewing length is about 23.0 mm; the legs are yellowish; the wings have a reddish pterostigma, with four crossveins; and the abdominal terga is brown, with tergum 1 covered with long white setae.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBA4163FF3C23C14ED3F971.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Islamabad Capital Territory: Gilgit-Baltistan Territory: District Gilgit, Bagroth Valley, Karakoram Mts., South Himalaya Mts.; Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province: District Mansehra, Kaghan Valley); Iran, Turkey (Adiyaman) (Mészáros & Ábrahám 2005; Dobosz & Ábrahám 2007; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBA4163FF3C25494BA4FB05.taxon	synonymic_list	Stylonotus Needham, 1909: 198. Type species: Ascalaphus obscurus Westwood, 1847: 69. Original designation. Junior homonym of Stylonotus Olfers, 1907 –– Collembola –– recognized by Oswald & Penny (1991). Stylascalaphus Sziráki, 1998: 65. New name for Stylonotus Needham, 1909 by Sziráki (1998).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBA4163FF3C25494BA4FB05.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Stylascalaphus can be easily distinguished by the anal area of forewing being without a triangular projection, the apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells, the presence of a unique dorsal process at the distal margin of male abdominal tergum 3 and the antenna as long as the distance between base of forewing to pterostigma (Needham 1909: fig. 2; Mészáros & Ábrahám 2005: figs 1 – 2, 5).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBA4163FF3C25494BA4FB05.taxon	discussion	Note. Needham (1909) erected Stylonotus based on a single species, Stylascalaphus obscurus (Westwood, 1848) from East India that was previously described from a single female specimen. Latter Sziráki (1998) proposed a new name, Stylascalaphus Sziráki for Stylonotus Needham due to a junior homonym of Stylonotus Olfers, 1907 (Collembola) noted by Oswald and Penny (1991). Currently, Stylascalaphus includes two species, i. e., S. obscurus (Westwood, 1848) from East India, and S. fabiani Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2005 which is endemic to Pakistan (Mészáros & Ábrahám 2005).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBA4162FF3C2017491EFD99.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ghosh (1988), New (2003) and Ábrahám (2008 a) used the comparative length and width of fore- and hind wing, and the length and width of pterostigma to differentiate the genus from the closely related genus Suphalomitus van der Weele, 1909. Thus, the pterostigma is as long as wide (in Suhpalacsa) or longer, about twice as long as wide (Suphalomitus); hind wing wider (Suphalomitus) or shorter than forewing (Suhpalacsa); hind wing slightly shorter than forewing (Suhpalacsa) or relatively short, not extending beyond pterostigma in forewing (Suphalomitus). Note. Suhpalacsa currently includes 37 described species distributed in the Palearctic, Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions (Machado et al. 2019). It currently includes a single species, S. orsedice Banks in Pakistan. Suhpalacsa orsedice was firstly reported in Pakistan by Sziráki (2000) from the northern parts (Islamabad Capital) based on Ascalaphid collections housed at the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary. Although, we have not examined this species in the aforementioned depository (two specimens from Pakistan: 1 male and 1 female) and we did not find any specimens in the present study from Pakistan.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBB4162FF3C25BE4E0EFBEA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Suhpalacsa orsedice can be characterized by the combination of following characters: the head with lower margin of face yellow; the pale brown antenna which becomes darker at apex; thorax dark with slightly pale brown in the middle; abdomen dark in female, but the abdominal tergum in male yellowish, sternum pale with black stripe along the lateral margins; legs black, except brownish proximal margin of femora; wings hyaline, veins brownish; pterostigma brown, as long as wide, with four crossveins in forewing and five in hind wing, and the apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBB4162FF3C25BE4E0EFBEA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Islamabad Capital Territory); India (Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal (Ganesh Himal) (Banks 1914; Ghosh 1985; Sziráki 2000; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBB4162FF3C23AF4FDBF9B3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Suphalomitus is similar to Suhpalacsa in general darker body coloration, the weak triangular projection on the anal area of forewing and the apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells. It can be distinguished from Suhpalacsa in having a longer pterostigma, which is about twice as long as wide (Figs 20 E – H), the width of the hind wing slightly shorter or equal to width of forewing, and the length of hind wing relatively short, not extending beyond pterostigma in forewing (Figs 19 A – B) (Ghosh 1988; New 2003; Ábrahám 2008 a). Note. Suphalomitus currently includes 19 described species, distributed in the Palearctic, Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian realms (Machado et al. 2019). It currently includes a single species, S. brevis Kimmins in Pakistan.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBB4161FF3C215949A1F8D4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Suphalomitus brevis is characterized by the presence of distinct black setae at the base of abdominal tergum 2 (Fig. 20 C); male sternum 9 is quadrate with a triangular apex (Fig. 21 D); parameres finely granulose (Figs 21 E – G); pterostigma longer than wide (Figs 20 E – H); width of hind wing slightly shorter or as long as forewing; hind wing short, not extending beyond pterostigma of forewing (Figs 19 A – B). Measurement (♂ n = 2, ♀ n = 2). Forewing length: ♂ 25.0 – 27.0 mm, ♀ 30.7 – 31.0 mm, width ♂ 6.1 – 7.0 mm, ♀ 7.6 – 7.7 mm; hind wing length: ♂ 19.8 – 22.0 mm, ♀ 25.2 – 25.3 mm, width ♂ 5.0 – 6.0 mm, ♀ 6.4 – 6.5 mm; abdominal length: ♂ 23.5 – 24.5 mm, ♀ 16.0 mm; body length: ♂ 30.0 – 31.3 mm, ♀ 24.0 mm. Re-description. Male (Fig. 19 A) and female (Fig. 19 B). Head (Fig. 20 I). Postorbital sclerite greyish. Occiput brownish. Vertex flat, dark brown, covered with dense long bicolored setae, proximal half brownish yellow, distal margin dark brown. Frons dark brown, with greyish yellow setae. Lateral margins of paraocular band yellow. Clypeus brownish yellow, with long greyish yellow setae. Labrum brownish yellow, with stiff brown setae. Mandibles brownish yellow, with apical margin reddish brown. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow, with short black setae. Posterior genal triangle greyish yellow. Occiput brown. Eyes divided by a transverse furrow. Antennal toruli slightly above from the transverse furrows of eyes, brownish. Antenna shorter than distance between base of forewing to pterostigma, light brown; scape and pedicel brownish with setae concolorous to frons. Club pyriform, brownish yellow, except slightly brownish at base, with verticils (Fig. 20 B). Thorax (Fig. 20 A). Dorsal cervical plates with long brownish yellow setae; cervical sclerite dark brown. Pronotum narrow, dark brown, slightly brownish marking in the middle, with long brownish yellow setae, posterolateral margins with black setae. Mesonotum dark brown, anterolateral margins of mesoscutum and posterior margin of mesoscutellum slightly brownish, with dark brown setae, posterior margin of mesoscutellum with yellowish brown setae. Metanotum dark with an indistinct median dark brownish marking, with brown setae. Pleuron yellow and dark brown, with yellow setae, except mesoanepisternum with brownish setae (Fig. 20 D). Legs dark brown except femora brownish yellow (Fig. 20 D). Coxae with pale yellow setae. Trochanter with short pale yellow setae. Femur with long yellow setae, except anterolateral margin in fore- and mid femora with mixed black and yellow setae. Tibia dark brown, except dorsolateral margin of fore leg brownish yellow, with mixed short and long black setae. Antennal comb on fore tibia with short brownish setae. Tibial spurs reddish brown, equal to length of Ta 1. Tarsomeres dark, covered with short black setae; Ta 5 nearly equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 3. Pretarsal claws reddish brown. Wings (Figs 19 A – B). Membrane transparent, light brown shades in some specimens, veins dark brown, with sparse short black setae. Pterostigma longer than wide, rhomboid-shaped, ochre yellow with 3 – 5 crossveins; apical area beyond Sc + R has two rows of cells (Figs 21 E – H). Forewing longer than hind wing. Presectoral area with four crossveins. Rs with six major forks. Hind wing not extending beyond the pterostigma of forewing. Presectoral area with two crossveins. Rs with six major forks. Abdomen longer than hind wing in male (Fig. 19 A), shorter in female (Fig. 19 B). Tergum evenly dark brown. T 1 split dorsally, with long dark brown setae. Acrotergite yellowish brown. T 2 yellowish brown, hind and lateral margins dark brown, proximal margin with long black setae. T 3 – T 8 dark brown, with short black setae. Sternum. S 1 – S 2 yellow, with a median black stripe, lateral margins with long yellow setae. S 3 brownish, with a median black stripe, lateral margins with short yellow setae. S 4 – S 8, dark, slightly brownish at lateral margins, with sparse short yellow setae. Female. Sternum. S 1 – S 3 concolorous with male, S 4 – S 8 brownish yellow with short black setae, lateral margins with yellow spots. Male genitalia (Figs 21 C – G). Brownish yellow. Tergum 9 (T 9) oblong, posterolateral margin slightly produced, with short black setae; sternum 9 (S 9) quadrate, with triangular apex, distal 1 / 3 with brownish setae, apical margin with mixed short and long black setae; ectoprocts (epr) subquadrate, covered with short yellow setae, medially with long black setae; gonarcus (gs) mesally notched, slightly divergent at lateral margins; parameres (pa) in lateral margin with finely granulose; pulvini (pv) yellow, with several long yellow gonosetae. Female genitalia (Figs 21 A – B). Brownish yellow. Tergum 9 (T 9) subquadrate, posterolateral margin slightly produced backward, with short black setae; ectoprocts (epr) oblong shape, covered with short yellow setae, median with long black setae; anterior gonapophyses (ga) long, thumb-liked, with black setae; lateral gonapophyses (gl) rounded in lateral view, with black setae.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBB4161FF3C215949A1F8D4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Azad Kashmir Territory: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, District Bagh, [33 ° 58 ’ 18.29 ” N, 73 ° 47 ’ 37.45 ” E], 1150 m, 18. viii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (NIM), 19. viii. 2019, leg. A. Mateen (NIM), 1 ♀, District Poonch, Rawalakot Valley, Nergola Waterfall, [33 ° 50 ’ 44.5554 ” N, 73 ° 48 ’ 15.0114 ” E], 1580 m, 02. viii. 2019, leg. S. Hussain (CAU); Islamabad Capital Territory: 1 ♂, Margalla Hills, Faisal Mosque, [33 ° 43 ’ 54.012 ” N, 73 ° 2 ’ 10.1754 ” E], 562 m, 13. viii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (CAU).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBB4161FF3C215949A1F8D4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (New country record); India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Sri Lanka (Horowupotana, Trincomalee) (Kimmins 1949; Ghosh 2000; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBC4165FF3C22B64B97F8A7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Abronius is similar to Protidricerus, the only genus with entire-eyes in the tribe Ascalaphini, in having the apical area beyond Sc + R with three rows of cells and can be distinguished by the length of tibial spurs, which are as long as the combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 3 in Abronius and Ta 1 – Ta 2 in the hind leg of Protidricerus. Moreover, it can be distinguished from Idricerus McLachlan and Ptyngidricerus van der Weele by the presence of a distinct triangular projection on the anal area of the forewing, and the apical area beyond Sc + R having three rows of cells. Note. To date, Abronius canescens is the only known member of this genus from the type locality in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBC4164FF3C207A4834FEE4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. It was originally described based on a single specimen, with undetermined sex due to missing abdomen, thereafter no further description is available. Based on Needham (1909), Abronius canescens can easily be diagnosed by the transparent wing membrane with distinct yellow pterostigma, the apical area beyond Sc + R with three rows of cells and the length of tibial spurs, as long as the combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 3.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBC4164FF3C207A4834FEE4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Balochistan province: District Quetta) (Needham 1909; Sziráki 1998; Hassan et al. 2019; Machado et al. 2019; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBD416BFF3C21ED4FD0FE71.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Idricerus can be easily distinguished from other genera in the tribe Haplogleniini by the hyaline wing membrane or dark brown to yellowish brown specklings along the crossveins and the apical area beyond Sc + R having two rows of cells. Furthermore, the forewing with anal area has a weakly or distinctly produced triangular projection and the length of tibial spurs in fore- and mid leg is as long as the combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 2.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFBD416BFF3C21ED4FD0FE71.taxon	discussion	Note. Idricerus currently includes five described species distributed in the Palearctic and Oriental realms (Zhang et al. 2015; Machado et al. 2019). Two species, I. decrepitus (Walker) and I. sogdianus McLachlan are known from Pakistan. Zhang et al. (2015) provided the distribution of I. decrepitus in Pakistan (unknown location). Herein, we confirm the distribution of I. decrepitus in the northeastern part of Pakistan, Rawalakot valley, Azad Kashmir.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB2416AFF3C252A4814FD55.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Idricerus decrepitus is characterized by having distinctive specklings along the crossveins in the fore- and hind wings a light brown pterostigma, and two crossveins in forewing and four crossveins in hind wing. Moreover, it can be easily distinguished by the yellow legs with broadly dark brown femora, and the dorsomedian black band on tibia. Measurement (♂ n = 1). Forewing length: 35.0 mm, width 8.0 mm; hind wing length: 30.2 mm, width 7.3 mm; abdominal length: 18.2 mm; body length: 27.0 mm. Re-description. Male (Fig. 22). Head (Figs 23 A, F). Postorbital sclerite brownish yellow. Occiput reddish brown. Vertex dark brown, with white setae. Frons brownish yellow, proximally dark brown, with white setae. Anterior orbital sclerite indistinct, proximal 1 / 3 of paraocular band brownish yellow, distally dark brown, proximal 1 / 3 with white setae, except with some mixed black setae. Clypeus brownish yellow, with greyish setae. Labrum brownish yellow, with stiff brown setae. Mandibles greyish yellow, reddish brown at tip, covered with greyish setae at proximal 1 / 3. Maxillary and labial palpi yellow, with short black setae. Posterior genal triangle greyish yellow, with white setae, mixed with some black setae. Eyes without transverse furrow. Antennal toruli brownish yellow. Antennae shorter than distance between base of forewing to pterostigma, yellow, with alternating yellow and black bands, intensity of black band reduce consecutively after each band; scape and pedicel brownish yellow, with greyish yellow setae or mixed dark and greyish yellow. Club pyriform, brownish yellow, with verticils (Fig. 23 E). Thorax (Fig. 23 A). Dorsal cervical plates dark brown, with greyish yellow setae; cervical sclerite greyish yellow, without setae. Pronotum narrow, brownish medially, margins brownish yellow; anterior- and posterior margins flexed upward, with greyish yellow setae, mixed with some dark brown setae; lateral margins rounded, dark brown, brownish yellow at posteriorly, with long brownish setae. Mesonotum ochre brown; prescutum with dark brown setae, anterolateral margins yellow with long greyish yellow setae; anterolateral margins of mesoscutum brownish yellow, with brownish setae, lateral margins with greyish yellow setae; mesoscutellum with a transverse grove subdistally, posteromedially yellow rhombus-shaped, with brownish setae, proximal 2 / 3 short, long at distal margin. Metanotum ochre brown; postnotum ochre brown, medially and posteriorly brownish yellow, with mixed greyish yellow and brown setae. Pleuron ochre brown, with greyish yellow setae (Fig. 23 B). Legs yellow (Fig. 23 B). Foreleg. Coxae dark brown, with long greyish yellow setae. Trochanter brownish yellow, with mixed short dark and greyish yellow setae. Femur dark brown, base and apex yellow, with mixed short and long black setae, the anterolateral margin covered with long greyish yellow setae. Tibia yellow, slightly darker at apex, a distinct median dark streak, with mixed black and greyish yellow setae. Tibial spurs dark brown, equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 3. Tarsomeres brownish yellow, dark at apex, covered with short black setae; Ta 1 – Ta 4 subequal in length; Ta 5 subequal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4. Mid leg. Concolorous to foreleg. Hind leg. Concolorous to mid leg, except tibial spurs equal to length of Ta 1 – Ta 2. Wings (Fig. 22). Membrane transparent. Veins alternating dark brown and brownish yellow, mottled, with sparse short black setae. Pterostigma indistinct, with two crossveins in forewing (Fig. 23 C), four in hind wing (Fig. 23 D), crossveins heavily brownish shaded, apical area beyond Sc + R with two rows of cells. Forewing longer than hind wing. Anal angle distinctly produced. Presectoral area with seven crossveins, with the distal one biaereolated. Rs with six major forks. Hind wing. Presectoral area with five crossveins, with the distal one biaereolated. Rs with six major forks. Abdomen shorter than hind wing (Fig. 22). Tergum dark brown, brownish yellow at hind margins, with brownish yellow setae. Tergum. T 1 split dorsally, posterolateral margins slightly greyish yellow, with mixed dark brown and greyish yellow setae. Acrotergite dark brown. T 2 short, medially with a pair of obtuse yellow markings, covered with greyish yellow setae, but a few short black setae in the middle. T 3 with a pair of distinct yellow markings at posteromedian margin, with short black setae, medially dense long greyish yellow setae. T 4 - T 8 with relatively indistinct yellow markings on the posterior margins, covered with short black setae black, but a few greyish yellow setae on the proximal margins. Sternum greyish, with greyish yellow setae. Male genitalia (Figs 24 A – E). Brownish yellow. Tergum 9 (T 9) subquadrate, with short black setae; sternum 9 (S 9) quadrate, with triangular apex, with mixed short and long black setae; ectoprocts (epr) subquadrate, covered with mixed short and long black setae; gonarcus (gs) medially notched, slightly wider at lateral margins; parameres (pa) saw-shaped in ventral margin with fine dentation on inner margin; pulvini (pv) yellow, with several long yellow gonosetae.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB2416AFF3C252A4814FD55.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PAKISTAN. Azad Kashmir Territory: 1 ♂, District Poonch, Rawalakot Valley, The University of Poonch, [33 ° 50 ’ 58.776 ” N, 73 ° 46 ’ 26.5434 ” E], 1645 m, 1. viii. 2019, leg. M. A. Hassan (CAU).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB2416AFF3C252A4814FD55.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan; China (Tibet), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal (Bagmati, Gandaki), Turkmenistan (McLachlan 1873 a; Ghosh & Sen 1977; Ghosh 1988; Sziráki 2000; Zhang et al. 2015; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB3416AFF3C240748E2FB22.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Idricerus sogdianus can be easily distinguished from I. decrepitus by its hyaline wings with dark brown veins, Sc with alternating dark brown and yellow patches, and by the body being densely covered with long white and greyish yellow setae, particularly on the face, vertex, thorax and pleuron (Zhang et al. 2015: fig. 7).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB3416AFF3C240748E2FB22.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan Territory: District Ghizer, Gupis, District Hunza, Hunza Valley, Sost); Afghanistan, China (Tibet), India (North India), Kazakhstan (Almaty), Turkey, Turkmenistan (McLachlan 1875; Sziráki 2000; Zhang et al. 2015; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB3416DFF3C23E84FD0FAFF.taxon	synonymic_list	Ptyngidricerus van der Weele, 1909: 67. Type species: Idricerus albardanus McLachlan, 1891: 514. Original designation. Omanoidricerus Ábrahám & Mészáros, 2002: 397. Type species: Ptyngidricerus venustus Tjeder & Waterston, 1977: 88. After Krivokhatsky, 2019: 151.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB3416DFF3C23E84FD0FAFF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ptyngidricerus can be distinguished from the known genera in the tribe Haplogleniini, except Ptyngidricerus venustus, by the male of this sexually dimorphic species having a heavily dark wing membrane compared to hyaline in females (excepting the darker apical area). Moreover, the length of the tibial spurs is as long as the combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4, the apical area beyond Sc + R has several rows of cells or forked longitudinal veins, and the forewing has the anal angle distinctly produced into a triangular projection. Sexual dimorphism is absent in P. venustus where the wing membranes of both sexes are hyaline except the subapical dark band and a narrow dark brown marking below the subapical mark at the proximal to hind margin in both wings.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB3416DFF3C23E84FD0FAFF.taxon	discussion	Note. Van der Weele (1909) described Ptyngidricerus based on a single species, Idricerus albardanus McLachlan from Iraq (Mesopotamia). Currently, the genus includes seven described species, including two subspecies, which are distributed in the Middle East (Ábrahám & Mészáros 2002; Machado et al. 2019). The first taxonomic revision of the genus Ptyngidricerus was presented by Ábrahám & Mészáros (2002), in which this genus was divided into two monotypic genera, Iranoidricerus for Ptyngidricerus iranensis Kimmins, 1938, known from Iran [The second species of this genus was recently descrided from Jordan, namely Iranoidricerus jordaniensis Ábraháma & Monnerat, 2021 (Ábraháma & Monnerat 2021)], and Omanoidricerus for Omanoidricerus venustus (Tjeder and Waterston, 1977), from Iran and Oman. However, Krivokhatsky (2019) considered Omanoidricerus to be a junior synonym of Ptyngidricerus. Ptyngidricerus currently includes two species, P. pakistanensis and P. venustus in Pakistan, which are narrowly distributed toward the northeastern part of Pakistan.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB4416DFF3C22904957F820.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ptyngidricerus pakistanensis can be easily distinguished from its congeneric species by the coloration of wing membrane, light brown in male, hyaline in female, and the elongated yellowish brown, rhomboid-shaped pterostigma in male, which is faintly yellow in female, the pterostigma is elongated toward the Sc + R vein to distal margin of wings and the apical area beyond Sc + R has some longitudinal forked veins in both male and female. Moreover, the female has a distinct large brown apical band, and the proximal to hind margin has a distinct brownish marking at the distal margin on the mediocubital area in both wings.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB4416DFF3C22904957F820.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Azad Kashmir Territory: Gilgit-Baltistan Territory: District Gilgit, Naltar Valley, Normal Village, District Nagar, Chalt Nagar, Hispar Valley, Karakorum Huru, Valley of Indus, District Shigar, Mts. Karakorum) (Ábrahám & Mészáros 2002; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB5416CFF3C27A74B96FE4F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ptyngidricerus venustus can be easily distinguished from its congeneric species by the absence of sexual dimorphism, the wing membranes are hyaline in both sexes except the subapical dark band, and the proximal to hind margin with a distinct brownish marking at the distal margin on the mediocubital area in both wings.	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
7E390905FFB5416CFF3C27A74B96FE4F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pakistan (Azad Kashmir Territory); Oman, United Arab Emirates (Tjeder & Waterston 1977; Sziráki 2000; Oswald 2020).	en	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2021): Taxonomic notes on owlflies from Pakistan (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphinae). Zootaxa 4970 (3): 401-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.1
