taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A9147BFFE1FFCCB4D7FA17FBDB442B.taxon	discussion	Remarks: As the focus of this paper is alpha taxonomy, rather than a revision of higher taxonomy, I have retained the definition of Morrow and Cárdenas (2015), adding oxeas among the megascleres as the only modification. However, it should be noted that a more thorough revision is needed, and would likely result in further changes. The description of Svenzea zeai, for example, does not include prominent spongin fibers.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFE1FFCCB4D7F8E7FE164497.taxon	description	Definition same as order.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEEFFC2B4D7F9F3FADC43FB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Scopalina have abundant spongin, while Svenzea are described as having limited spongin, primarily at the nodes of a reticulated spicule network. Svenzea tend to have shorter spicules, (200 – 300 µm), whereas in Scopalina they mostly range from 400 to 2000 µm (though S. canariensis averages only 199 µm). The skeletal architecture of Svenzea has been noted as more like that of the haplosclerida than Scopalina. Svenzea are massive or thickly encrusting, while Scopalina are thinly to thickly encrusting. Stylissa are erect, flabellate, or lobate, rather than possessing encrusting morphologies seen in Scopalina. Stylissa are noted as having a skeletal architecture like that of the Halichondridae, with many spicules in confusion.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113.taxon	description	(Fig. 3)	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: (CASIZ 235474) Point Loma, San Diego, California, USA (32.69438, - 117.26860), 15 m depth, 2 / 7 / 20. Paratypes: (CASIZ 235471) Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara, California, USA (34.40450, - 119.87890), 11 m depth, 8 / 30 / 19; (CASIZ 235472) Isla Vista Reef, Santa Barbara, California, USA (34.40278, - 119.85755), 12 m depth, 8 / 1 / 19; (CASIZ 235473) Arroyo Quemado Reef, Santa Barbara, California, USA (34.46775, - 120.11905), 11 m depth, 1 / 7 / 20.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the fictional character Nausicaä from the film Nausicaä and the Valley of the Wind. Morphology. Encrusting, 2 – 4 mm thick, up to 10 cm across (Fig. 3). Soft and compressible. Prominent conules 0.5 – 1.0 mm in height, 1.5 – 3.5 mm apart; spicules protrude at conules, making them microscopically hispid. Scattered oscules 1 – 2 mm in diameter. In nature, ectosome appears opaque at conules but often lacy and porous between them; ectosome more opaque in collected samples. Ectosome peach colored, choanosome yellow when alive; all tissues fade to beige when preserved in ethanol. Skeleton. Vertical trunks of spongin, 100 – 550 μm wide, arise from a basal spongin mat and terminate in surface conules. Secondary branches of spongin 50 – 100 μm wide arise from primary trunks, branching off at an angle of less than 90 degrees and still extending towards surface. Primary and secondary trunks cored with spicules with pointed ends up; spicules entirely enclosed in spongin or with tips projecting; projecting tips fan out to create a bouquet that pierces the ectosome at conules. An additional type of spongin tract is distinct from those described above: 60 – 90 μm wide, these tracts branch from primary trunks at approximately 90 - degree angles, then meander through the choanosome in a vermiform fashion, sometimes branching; these vermiform tracts do not contain spicules. Basal spongin, spicule-containing spongin trunks, and vermiform tracts are sporadically cored with sediment. Spiculecontaining and vermiform spongin tracts are often filled and / or coated with what appear to be algal cells; these are red in preserved tissue. Spicules. Styles only, usually bent towards the head end, thickest at the head and tapered to a point. Some show “ telescoping ” (width decreasing in a step-wise fashion) at the pointed end. Average spicule length for each voucher: 454, 483, 505, 532 μm (N = 31 – 40 per sample); total range in spicule length across vouchers 375 – 623 μm (N = 135). Average spicule width at head, for each voucher: 9, 9, 11, 11 μm (N = 31 – 40 per sample); total range in spicule width at head 5 – 17 μm (N = 135).	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. This species is common on the shallow (5 – 16 m) rocky reef at Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara, California. Often found on vertical rock walls or boulders, it can also occur on flatter areas, and has been found partially buried by sand. It was not found at most other locations investigated, but was located in similar habitat at the Arroyo Quemado Reef (near Point Conception) and in the kelp forests in extreme Southern California, off Point Loma and La Jolla, San Diego. It is therefore likely that the specie’s range encompasses at least the Southern Californian and Ensenadan biogeographical provinces, bounded by Point Conception in the North and Punta Eugenia in the South (Blanchette et al. 2008; Valentine 1966).	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEFFFC0B4D7FB2BFDBC4113.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Skeletal architecture, spiculation, and genotype all conspire to place this species within the Scopalina. I was unable to detect the “ graininess ” said to characterize other Scopalinidae. However, this was hard to assess due to the abundant sediment within the sponge: dark grains were apparent, but appeared to be sediment rather than refractile cells. Spicule dimensions, skeletal morphology, and genotype all serve to differentiate S. nausicae sp. nov. from the three other species newly described here. Fourteen other species are currently placed in the genus Scopalina, according to the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2019). None of these are known from the Eastern Pacific, making them unlikely conspecifics with any of the species described here. The gross morphology of S. nausicae sp. nov. in the field is quite similar to published images of S. ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977) (West Atlantic) and S. erubescens (Goodwin et al., 2011) (Faulkland Islands). Spicule length and sponge color also match S. erubescens better than other Scopalina, making this species the most likely conspecific. In addition to geographic separation, however, S. erubescens is larger, more thickly encrusting, and has thicker spicules and spicule bundles. The description of S. erubescens also lacks any mention of the vermiform spongin tracts that pervade S. nausicae sp. nov. (Goodwin et al. 2011). Scopalina ruetzleri can be excluded as a conspecific based on genetic data at both cox 1 and 28 S as well as color and habitat (Rützler et al. 2003). This species is described as ranging throughout the Caribbean, but was also recently reported from the tropical Eastern Pacific (Carballo et al. 2019). This latter report is not accompanied by morphological or genetic information, so comparisons between tropical Pacific Scopalina and S. nausicae sp. nov. await future investigation. Within its range, it is likely that this sponge can be identified from field photos, as I have seen no other sponge with a similar morphology to date.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEDFFC0B4D7FD3FFCF644BB.taxon	description	(Fig. 4)	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEDFFC0B4D7FD3FFCF644BB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: (CASIZ 235469) Naples Reef, Santa Barbara, California, USA (34.42212, - 119.95154), 12 m depth, 7 / 31 / 19.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEDFFC0B4D7FD3FFCF644BB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the village of Kuyamu, a community of Barbareño Chumash that once stood onshore at the site where the sponge was discovered. Morphology. Encrusting, 1 – 2 mm thick, 6 cm across (Fig. 4). Soft and compressible. Surface hispid due to a profusion of protruding styles. Distinct ectosome not apparent. Peach colored in nature, except for translucent-white varicose channels running along surface. Few scattered oscules, each ~ 300 μm diameter; smaller pores (approxi- mately 80 μm diameter) abundant and uniformly distributed. Beige when preserved in ethanol. Skeleton. Basal mat of spongin cored with sediment. Extensions of spongin arise from this mat: most are low mounds, some only 25 – 50 μm high, but some are fingers 100 – 300 μm high and cored with sediment. Heads of spic- ules are embedded in these mounds and fingers, either singly or in bundles of up to 12. Spicules extent vertically and pierce the surface of the sponge. Spicules. Styles only, usually bent towards the head end, thickest at the head and tapered to a point. Some spicule tips are “ telescoping ” (width decreasing in a step-wise fashion) at the pointed end. Spicules averaged 1557 μm in length (N = 35, range 879 – 1948 μm); 16 μm in width (N = 35, range 11 – 21).	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEDFFC0B4D7FD3FFCF644BB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Only a single individual has been found, on a vertical wall at 12 m depth, at Naples Reef, in Santa Barbara, California. Habitat was rocky reef with abundant bryozoan, sponge, and anthozoan cover, adjacent to year-round kelp forest. Three additional dives at the same location failed to locate other individuals; similar, nearby habitat to the East and West also had considerable search effort, so this species appears to be rare in this area.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEDFFC0B4D7FD3FFCF644BB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This sponge is quite genetically and morphologically distinct from S. nausicae and S. jali. The spicular architecture is fairly similar to S. goletensis, though the spicule density is lower. As a result, S. goletensis is removable from the substrate as a fairly firm sheet, while S. kuyamu peels away in rubbery strips that curl up upon themselves. Also, the spicules average over twice as long in S. kuyamu, with non-overlapping size ranges among the spicules measured. These morphological differences seem unlikely to be due to environmental influences, as the two species were collected at the same depth, at very similar reefs, less than 5 km apart. Together with the considerable genetic divergence, these differences support species status for both species. Among Scopalina from other regions, the only species with spicules as large as S. kuyamu are S. lophyropoda (Schmidt, 1862) (Blanquer & Uriz 2008) (Mediterranean) and S. bunkeri (Goodwin et al., 2011) (Falkland Islands). In addition to great geographic distance, S. lophyropoda can be excluded based on genetic data (Fig. 1); S. bunkeri has a different spicular architecture, gross morphology, and color (Goodwin et al. 2011). It does not seem likely that this species can be identified from field photos alone, though it is difficult to say if there are reliable field marks until more individuals are found.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEAFFC6B4D7FB8CFCF64233.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEAFFC6B4D7FB8CFCF64233.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: (CASIZ 235470) Elwood Reef, Santa Barbara, California, USA (34.41775, - 119.90150), 12 m depth, 10 / 23 / 19.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEAFFC6B4D7FB8CFCF64233.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the town of Goleta that is onshore from the location where the sponge was discovered. Morphology. Encrusting, 1.0 – 1.2 mm thick, approximately 2.5 cm across (figure 5). Firm and incompressible. Surface hispid due to dense profusion of protruding styles. Distinct ectosome not apparent. Beige / cream colored in nature; retained the same color when preserved in ethanol. Surface traced by varicose, translucent channels; pores (approximately 200 – 300 μm diameter) abundant and uniformly distributed. Skeleton. Basal mat of spongin cored with sediment. Vertical extensions of spongin 10 – 600 μm high arise from this mat: none of these were cored with sediment, but loose sediment was abundant throughout the sponge. Heads of some spicules are embedded singly, directly in the basal mat of spongin, but most are embedded as tiered bundles in the vertical extensions of spongin. Spicules. Styles only, usually slightly bent towards the head end, thickest at the head and tapered to a point. Some spicule tips are “ telescoping ” (width decreasing in a step-wise fashion) at the pointed end. Spicules averaged 687 μm in length (N = 37, range 388 – 801 μm); 15 μm in width (N = 37, range 6 – 21).	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEAFFC6B4D7FB8CFCF64233.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Only a single individual has been found, on a vertical ledge at 12 m depth, at Elwood Reef, in Santa Barbara, California. Habitat was rocky reef with abundant bryozoan, sponge, and anthozoan cover, under a year-round kelp canopy. Considerable search effort at Elwood Reef and nearby locations failed to locate additional individuals, so this species is likely to be rare in this area.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEAFFC6B4D7FB8CFCF64233.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is most similar to S. kuyamu, but is morphologically and genetically distinct, as detailed in the S. kuyamu remarks. The spicule dimensions are similar to several species from other regions (S. azurea (Bibiloni, 1993), S. blanensis (Blanquer & Uriz, 2008), S. hispida (Hechtel, 1965 )), though none of these others is known to have spicules as thick. All but S. azurea can also be excluded based on the available genetic data (Figs. 1, 2). Conspecificity with S. azurea is unlikely based on geographic isolation, color, and spicular architecture (Bibiloni 1993). It does not seem likely that this species can be identified from field photos alone, though it is difficult to say if there are reliable field marks until more individuals are found.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEBFFC4B4D7FB61FD72426F.taxon	description	(Fig. 6)	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEBFFC4B4D7FB61FD72426F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: (CASIZ 235466) Big Rock, Santa Cruz Island, California, USA (34.05220, - 119.57360), 12 m depth, 1 / 19 / 20. Paratypes: (CASIZ 235467) Naples Reef, Santa Barbara, California, USA (34.42212, - 119.95154), 11 m depth, 9 / 26 / 19. (CASIZ 235468) Naples Reef, Santa Barbara, California, USA (34.42212, - 119.95154), 15 m depth, 12 / 10 / 19.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEBFFC4B4D7FB61FD72426F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The ectosome of live specimens in situ is reminiscent of a jali: a latticed screen common in Indo- Islamic architecture. Morphology. Thickly encrusting, 1.0 – 1.5 cm thick, up to 35 cm across (Fig. 6). Soft, spongey, and very compressible. Ectosome transparent, without spicules; a lattice-like mesh of spongin fibers visible in life; conules present, but very small (100 – 300 μm in width and height); ectosome more opaque after preservation in ethanol but remains partially transparent and lacy. Color in freshly collected specimens is terra-cotta (reddish-brown); red and orange tones are more muted in field photos, with color appearing to vary from tan to terra-cotta; samples fade to beige when preserved in ethanol. Oscules 10 – 20 mm in diameter; occur singly; sparse in some samples and denser in others; partially closed by ectosomal membrane in collected samples. Skeleton. Abundant spongin fibers cored with spicules form a chaotic mesh lattice within choanosome. Larger spongin tracts, 45 – 65 μm wide, are cored with bundles approximately 5 spicules wide; smaller tracts, 8 – 20 μm wide, are cored with single spicules. No spicules detected outside of spongin tracts. Considerable silt apparent in tissue sections, but none seen coring spongin tracts. Spicules. Oxeas only, gently curved; some spicule tips show “ telescoping ” (width decreasing in a step-wise fashion). Average spicule length for each voucher: 354, 358, 366 μm (N = 30 – 37 per sample); total range in spicule length across vouchers 219 – 436 μm (N = 100). Average spicule width at widest point, for each voucher: 8, 9, 11 μm (N = 30 – 37 per sample); total range in spicule width at head 2 – 18 μm (N = 100).	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEBFFC4B4D7FB61FD72426F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. In the winter of 2019 – 2020, this sponge was abundant on the shallow (5 – 17 m) rocky reefs off of Naples Point and the Elwood Bluffs, Santa Barbara, California. The species was not seen in 4 dives at these same locations in the Spring and Summer of 2019, suggesting that the population may vary seasonally or in a boom-and-bust fashion on longer timescales. Consistent with this latter possibility, many large individuals of this species were seen at the Big Rock dive site at Santa Cruz Island in January of 2020, while no individuals were seen in three dives at the same location in November of 2018. The only other probable sighting I am aware of is a photo uploaded to the site iNaturalist (inaturalist. org / observations / 41000570). This photo is very likely to be S. jali, as no other sponge with this morphology is known in Southern California. The photo is annotated as from Heisler Park, Laguna Beach, from 3 / 4 / 2007.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
03A9147BFFEBFFC4B4D7FB61FD72426F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Genetic data at two loci confirm that this species is within the Scopalina. Abundant spongin fibers cored with simple spicules, telescoping spicule tips, and lack of ectosomal skeleton are all consistent with this placement. The presence of oxeas, rather than styles, required modification of recent definitions of order, family, and genus -- though one species currently placed in Scopalina in the World Porifera database also contains only oxeas (S. agoga (de Laubenfels, 1954 )) and another contains both styles and oxeas (S. australiensis (Pulitzer-Finali, 1982 )). Scopalina jali is differentiated from S. agoga by spicule size and the presence of many tangential spicules in the ectosome of S. agoga; this previously described species is also known only from Palau (de Laubenfels 1954). The skeletal architecture of S. jali differs markedly from the other California species described herein due to its highly reticulated nature, but this is similar to the published description of the Atlantic species S. ceutensis (Blanquer & Uriz, 2008). It is likely that this sponge can be identified from field photos alone within Southern California, as I have seen no other sponge with a similar morphology to date.	en	Turner, Thomas L. (2021): Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4970 (2): 353-371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.8
