taxonID	type	description	language	source
0392EA7CFFD6FF95FF38FBB8FD75FA10.taxon	description	The Annonaceae are a diverse family comprised of trees and lianas, most of which occur in tropical rain forests. In the Asia-Pacific region the family is represented by many genera most of which were described in the nineteenth century or earlier. Of the small number of genera described in the twentieth century, most have been reduced to synonyms of older genera in recent years (e. g. Ellipeiopsis R. E. Fr., Guamia Merr., Mezzettiopsis Ridl., Oreomitra Diels). A few are still considered good genera: Schefferomitra Diels, Woodiella Merr. (≡ Woodiellantha Rauschert). The genus Cleistopetalum H. Okada was only described in 1996 based on two cauliflorous tree species, one from Borneo and the other from Sumatra. It has not received any critical attention since its description. In working on the Annonaceae for the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak it was necessary to evaluate Cleistopetalum.	en	Turner, I. M. (2010): A consideration of Cleistopetalum and a new combination in Polyalthia (Annonaceae). Phytotaxa 8: 41-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.4
0392EA7CFFD6FF94FF38F9ACFA62FBAE.taxon	discussion	The species, Cleistopetalum borneense Okada (1996: 4) and C. sumatranum Okada (1996: 5), were described as new and not transferred from other genera. Although it has not been possible for me to gain direct access to the type material of either species, by studying the original protologues, paratype material and other collections, and photographs of type specimens, I have been able to identify the two species of Cleistopetalum as taxa already published. Cleistopetalum borneense was designated as the type species of the genus, so I will deal with it first. The collections reported as being C. borneense, both from East Kalimantan, are sufficiently similar to what was first described as Polyalthia macropoda King (1892: 60) from the Malay Peninsula to be considered conspecific. Given that C. borneense is the type of Cleistopetalum it is necessary to consider if the genus should be maintained or reduced to the synonymy of Polyalthia Blume (1830: 68). Polyalthia is a large and distinctly unnatural genus of Old World Annonaceae that has been something of a dumping ground for nonclimbing species bearing relatively open flowers with little difference between the corolla whorls. Molecular analysis has provided strong evidence of the polyphyletic nature of Polyalthia sensu lato (Mols et al. 2004). Polyalthia macropoda King, with its single-seeded monocarps, clearly belongs in Polyalthia section Monoon (Miq.) Benth., though this is itself something of a mixed bag of species and still remains to be typified. Other genera, such as Enicosanthum Becc. and Woodiellantha, need to be considered as well as Monoon Miq. The molecular analysis of Mols et al. (2004) distinguished clade F 4 which included species of Enicosanthum and Polyalthia section Monoon (though species of Cleistopetalum and Woodiellantha were not sampled). The characters emphasised by Okada (1996) in describing Cleistopetalum - cauliflory, relatively closed flowers with the petals remaining more or less erect at anthesis and the base of the inner petals pressed over the reproductive structures (more evident in C. borneense than C. sumatranum) - are common in Enicosanthum, and present in Woodiellantha (distinguished by its basally connate petal whorls), as is the single basal ovule per carpel. Other species of Polyalthia section Monoon, such as Polyalthia lateriflora (Blume) Kurz (1874: 52), have petals reflexed at anthesis. There is, as Mols et al. (2004) concluded, considerable variation in floral form in clade F 4, but more consistent fruit morphology. Molecular analysis to ascertain the phylogenetic position of Cleistopetalum and Woodiellantha is required in order to improve resolution of the membership and any subdivisions of clade F 4. Meanwhile, I consider Cleistopetalum to be a synonym of Polyalthia sensu lato. Unfortunately P. macropoda King is a later homonym of P. macropoda (Miq.) Mueller (1877: 95), a species from New Guinea. I therefore provided an avowed substitute Polyalthia sinclairiana Turner (2007: 275). I was not aware at that time of the identity of Cleistopetalum borneense. As a synonym of Polyalthia macropoda King, C. borneense should provide the correct name for the species. However Polyalthia borneensis is already occupied by a different species (P. borneensis Merrill, 1929: 65), so Cleistopetalum borneense cannot be transferred to Polyalthia and Polyalthia sinclairiana continues to be the correct name.	en	Turner, I. M. (2010): A consideration of Cleistopetalum and a new combination in Polyalthia (Annonaceae). Phytotaxa 8: 41-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.4
0392EA7CFFD7FF97FF3DFB73FB78FC9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type: MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia, Perak: June 1883, King’s Collector 4279 (lectotype, designated by Turner (2007), K!, duplicates BM!, L!).	en	Turner, I. M. (2010): A consideration of Cleistopetalum and a new combination in Polyalthia (Annonaceae). Phytotaxa 8: 41-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.4
0392EA7CFFD7FF97FF3DFB73FB78FC9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type: INDONESIA. Borneo, East Kalimantan: Sungai Menubar, 12 December 1980, Kato & Wiriadinata 7119 (holotype KYO, isotypes BO, L). Additional specimens examined: INDONESIA. Borneo, East Kalimantan: Sangkulirang subdivision, Sg Susuk region, 1 July 1951, A. Kostermans 5581 (K!, SING!); Sangkulirang District, Mt. Medadem, N. of Sangkulirang, 9 August 1957, A. Kostermans 13413 (K!, SING!); PT. Inhutani I Berau area, along stream near camp 35, 17 May 1998, K. Sidiyasa et al. Berau 1260 (A!, K!). MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia, Penang: Richwood Pool, December 1910, Haniff 15550 (K [x 2]!). Perak: open jungle, August 1886, King’s Collector 10756 (K!); Sungei Siput, 12 December 1920, Md. Haniff & Nor 6957 (K!). Selangor: Ulu Gombak F. R., 7 January 1962, J. Wyatt-Smith KEP 94396 (K [x 2]!); Ulu Gombak V. J. R., 22 February 1967, F. S. P. Ng FRI 1959 (K!); Bukit Lagong F. R., 7 June 1955, Motan Kepong F. N. 80650 (K!). Negri Sembilan: Jelebu Forest Reserve, 2 July 1969, T. Suppiah FRI 11277 (K!); Jelebu Forest Reserve, 3 July 1969, T. Suppiah FRI 11293 (K!). Johore: Gunong Panti, 12 February 1933, E. J. H. Corner SFN 26168 (K!); Sungai Kayu, 14 October 1936, Kiah SFN 32067 (K [x 2]!). SINGAPORE. Selitar, November 1889, H. N. Ridley 429 (K!); Bukit Timah Reserve, 30 September 1938, M. R. Henderson SFN 35906 (K [x 2]!).	en	Turner, I. M. (2010): A consideration of Cleistopetalum and a new combination in Polyalthia (Annonaceae). Phytotaxa 8: 41-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.4
0392EA7CFFD4FF96FF3DFC57FEC3F9B4.taxon	materials_examined	Type: MALAYSIA. Borneo, Sarawak: Mt Mattan [Gunung Matang], May 1866, O. Beccari P. B. 1605 (holotype: FI-B (photo! ))	en	Turner, I. M. (2010): A consideration of Cleistopetalum and a new combination in Polyalthia (Annonaceae). Phytotaxa 8: 41-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.4
0392EA7CFFD4FF96FF3DFC57FEC3F9B4.taxon	materials_examined	Type: MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia, Perak: Waterfall Hill, June 1888, L. Wray 2075 (lectotype, selected here, K!, duplicates CAL, SING!).	en	Turner, I. M. (2010): A consideration of Cleistopetalum and a new combination in Polyalthia (Annonaceae). Phytotaxa 8: 41-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.4
0392EA7CFFD4FF96FF3DFC57FEC3F9B4.taxon	materials_examined	Type: MALAYSIA. Peninsular Malaysia, Perak: January 1883, King’s Collector [H. H. Kunstler] 3817 (lectotype, designated by Sinclair (1955), K!, duplicates BM!, L!, P (photo! )).	en	Turner, I. M. (2010): A consideration of Cleistopetalum and a new combination in Polyalthia (Annonaceae). Phytotaxa 8: 41-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.4
0392EA7CFFD4FF96FF3DFC57FEC3F9B4.taxon	materials_examined	Type: INDONESIA. Sumatra, West Sumatra: Gunung Gadut, Bukit Pinang Pinang, c. 20 km east of Padang, 14 December 1987, H. Okada 4607 (holotype: BO (photo!), isotype: KYO). Additional specimens examined: BRUNEI. Temburong, Selapon, valley of Sg. Selapon, 20 November 1990, D. Kirkup 336 (K!). MALAYSIA. Sabah: Mount Kinabalu, Tenompok 5000 ft, 9 May 1932, J. Clemens & M. S. Clemens 29605 (K!, L!); Mount Nunkok 3000 ft, 15 April 1933, J. Clemens & M. S. Clemens 32819 (A!, L!); Tawau, Balung, 26 November 1962, Aban Gibot SAN 32493 (K!, L!); Labuk Sugut, 19 September 1984, Amin et al. SAN 67612 (A!, K!); Ranau, above hot springs, 27 September 1964, G. Mikil SAN 41932 (K!, SAN!); Kota Merudu, Bukit Madalong, A. Gambating SAN 109812 (SAN!). Sarawak: Serian, Tebedu, Bukit Tubeh, 25 June 1996, Jamree et al. S 73719 (K!, KEP!, SAN!, SAR!); G. Santubong, 6 June 1964, P. S. Ashton S 21472 (K!, SAR!); Kuching, Matang, Sg. Rayu, 30 March 1987, B. Lee S 53361 (K!, L!, SAR!); Lubok Antu, Bk. Besai 2800 ft, 16 January 1990, Dyg. Awa & Ilias Paie S 44118 (K!, SAN!, SAR!); First Division, Gunong Matang, 14 August 1966, P. S. Ashton S 20893 (K!, SAN!, SAR!); Kuching, Santubong, Batu Empar, P. S. Ashton S 21562 (SAR!); Second Division, Lingga, Gunung Lesong, 5 December 1981, B. Lee S 44314 (K!, SAN!, SAR!); First Division, Datu P. F., 27 March 1984, B. Lee S 41911 (K!, SAR!); Kuching, Gunung Santubong east, May 1961, Hj. Bujang S 12787 (K!, SAR!); First Division, G. Buri, 20 July 1983, P. C. Yii S 44184 (K!); Samarahan, Ulu Simunjan, G. Buri, P. C. Yii S 43923 (SAR!); Kuching, Matang, near path to summit, 4 July 1960, J. A. R. Anderson S 12638 (A!, K!); Simunjan, Sabal FR, Sungai Sabal Tapang, J. A. R. Anderson S 12653 (SAR!); Fourth Division, Baram District, Bario, path to Masap Aru Dalun, 10 November 1974, P. Chai S 35439 (A!, K!, L!, SAR!); Kuching, Matang, Kubah National Park, Gunong Serapi, 22 March 1996, Rantai Jawa et al. S 72934 (L!, SAN!, SAR!); Lundu, Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary, R. George S 40551 (K!, SAR! - (fls excl. )); Sri Aman, Gunung Lingga, J. Hewitt 342 (SAR!); Sri Aman, Lingga, Gunong Lesung, C. Hansen 1108 (SAR!); Julau, Lanjak Entimau WS, Nanga Segarah, P. C. Yii S 69965 (SAR!); Simunjan, Sabal, Sabal Sisi, Jalan Kanan, S. P. Runi et al. S 71258 (SAR!); Simunjan, Sabal-Balai Ringin Forest Reserve, L. Julaihi S 83565 (SAR!); Kuching, Penrissen Highland, M. Mohizah et al. S 66886 (SAR!); Bau, Bungo Range, Pengkalan Tebang, M. Mohizah et al. S 73082 (SAR!). Peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan: Jeli, Sg. Pergau, Sg. Long intake, 6 October 1992, L. Chua et al. FRI 38576 (K!). Trengganu: Jerteh K. Trengganu Hutan Simpan, G. Tebu, 12 October 1971, Zainuddin Sohadi FRI 17943 (K!). Perak: L. s. dat., Wray s. n. (K!); Kledang Saiong, 3 April 1931, C. F. Symington 25839 (K!); Sira Rimau, 2 January 1900, R. H. Yapp 592 (K!). Pahang: Krau Game Reserve, 10 November 1969, B. Everett FRI 13625 (K!); 6 mile south of Kg. Aur, 18 February 1971, T. Suppiah FRI 14775 (K!); Pulau Tioman, 10 April 1962, Kadim & Noor KN 537 (K!); Kuala Tahan, 24 February 1958, K. M. Kochummen Kepong F. N. 84966 (K!). Selangor: Gap Road, 13 February 1970, T. C. Whitmore FRI 15151 (K!); Ulu Selangor, Gading F. R., 22 September 1969, H. S. Loh FRI 13407 (K!); Gading F. R., 19 July 1969, Y. C. Chan FRI 11244 (K!); Ulu Gombak, 29 March 1961, K. M. Kochummen Kepong F. N. 99381 (K!); Ulu Gombak Jungle Reserve, 15 May 1962, K. M. Kochummen Kepong F. N. 94606 (K!). Negri Sembilan: Kuala Pilah, 29 November 1922, R. E. Holttum 9810 (K!). Johore: Kluang V. J. R., 21 October 1969, K. M. Kochummen FRI 2840 (K!); Ma’okil FR, 24 November 1968, K. M. Kochummen FRI 2622 (K!). INDONESIA. Borneo, Kalimantan: G. Beratus, 8 July 1952, A. Kostermans 7360 (A!, K!, L!); East Kalimantan, ITTO area, km 5 to Semoi road, 22 April 1993, Ambriansyah & Z. Arifin. AA 709 (K!); ITTO area, km 6 to Semoi road, 17 October 1995, Ambri et al. AA 1387 (A!, K!); Balikpapan, Sembodja, 24 September 1951, E. G. Sauveur K- 19 (K!, L!); Semoi Rd, km 5, 22 April 1996, Arbainsyah AA 1829 (A!, L!); West Kalimantan: G. Bentuang area, 150 km NE of Pontianak, 5 November 1989, J. S. Burley et al. 2665 (A!). Sumatra, Palembang: Simagas near Muara Enim, 13 April 1940, P. Buwalda 7573 (K!); North Sumatra: 14 August 1932, J. A. Lörzing 16572 (K!); Lampung, NW of Kota Agung, 12 May 1968, M. Jacobs 8360 (K!, fruits only).	en	Turner, I. M. (2010): A consideration of Cleistopetalum and a new combination in Polyalthia (Annonaceae). Phytotaxa 8: 41-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.4
0392EA7CFFD2FF91FF3DFE4CFD3CFD46.taxon	materials_examined	Type: INDONESIA. Java: Hortus Botanicus Bogoriensis, 1863, J. E. Teijsmann s. n. (neotype, designated here, L [ex Herb. J. K. Hasskarl] (sheet no. 89860230 )).	en	Turner, I. M. (2010): A consideration of Cleistopetalum and a new combination in Polyalthia (Annonaceae). Phytotaxa 8: 41-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.8.1.4
