identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DA66BA10FFD5FFF20DF10A100418D322.text	DA66BA10FFD5FFF20DF10A100418D322.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diploglossidae Cope 1865	<div><p>Family Diploglossidae Cope, 1865</p> <p>Neotropical Forest Lizards</p> <p>Fig. 4</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of this family have (1) claw sheath, present or absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, present or absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, 4–6, (4) postnasal scales, 1–2, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central or posterior, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present or absent, (7) digits per limb, zero, four, or five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 8–35 except for limbless species, (9) dorsal scale rows, 65–171, (10) relative head width, 8.52–20.0, (11) relative rostral height, 37.6–67.0, (12) relative frontonasal length, 1.47–4.44, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0–1.42 (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 49.7–76.6.</p> <p>Content. Fifty-five currently recognized species in three subfamilies (Table 3): Celestinae subfam. nov., Diploglossinae, and Siderolamprinae subfam. nov.</p> <p>Distribution. Diploglossidae occurs in Middle America, South America, and on islands in the Caribbean (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Etymology. As for the type genus.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFD5FFF20DF10A100418D322	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFD5FFE90DF10CFC03C8D3E4.text	DA66BA10FFD5FFE90DF10CFC03C8D3E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celestinae Schools & Hedges 2021	<div><p>Subfamily Celestinae subfam. nov.</p> <p>Caribbean Forest Lizards</p> <p>Figs. 5–6</p> <p>Type genus. Celestus Gray, 1839.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of this subfamily have (1) claw sheath, present or absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present or absent, (7) digits per limb, four or five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 8–26, (9) dorsal scale rows, 80–233, (10) relative head width, 8.52–20.0, (11) relative rostral height, 37.6–66.5, (12) relative frontonasal length, 1.47–3.65, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0–1.42, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 49.7–71.4.</p> <p>The subfamily Celestinae subfam. nov. is distinguished from the other two subfamilies by scales in contact with the nasal scale (four versus 5–6 in Diploglossinae and Siderolamprinae), the postnasal scales (one versus two in Siderolamprinae), and the position of the nostril in the nasal scale (central versus posterior in Diploglossinae and Siderolamprinae).</p> <p>Content. Twenty-four currently recognized species in seven genera (Table 3): Advenus gen. nov., Caribicus gen. nov., Comptus gen. nov., Celestus Gray, 1839, Panolopus Cope, 1862, Sauresia Gray, 1852, and Wetmorena Cochran, 1927.</p> <p>Distribution. One species in this subfamily occurs in eastern Panama, near the border with Colombia. All others occur on Caribbean islands, including Cayman Brac, Little Cayman, Jamaica, Navassa, and Hispaniola.</p> <p>Etymology. As for the type genus.</p> <p>Remarks. The subfamily Celestinae subfam. nov. is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). We have defined seven genera that fall into this subfamily based on molecular and morphological evidence (Advenus gen. nov., Caribicus gen. nov., Comptus gen. nov., Celestus, Panolopus, Sauresia, and Wetmorena). Our phylogeny includes six of the seven genera, with Advenus gen. nov. not being present. Here, we resurrect one of the seven genera, Panolopus (Cope, 1862). Previous authors have accepted or disregarded Sauresia and Wetmorena based on usage of the presence or absence of a claw sheath as a diagnostic characteristic trait (see above). For most of the time since being named, Sauresia and Wetmorena have been recognized as a valid genera, distinct from Celestus. The genera were synonomized with Celestus by Hass et al. (2001) because their study using immunological data found relationships that differed from previous studies (Savage &amp; Lips 1993).</p> <p>Myers (1973) used a single specimen of Advenus montisilvestris to define this species that he collected on the southeastern slope of Cerro Pirre, Serranía de Pirre, Province of Darién, Republic of Panama. Morphologically, it groups with Celestinae subfam. nov. because of contact between the nasal and rostral scale, the scales in contact with the nasal scale, the number of postnasal scales, and the position of the nostril in the nasal scale.</p> <p>We have chosen to use generic names to classify species in this subfamily for several reasons. First, we do so for a more manageable classification. While the current number of species (24) is not excessive, we know that the actual number is more than twice that amount. Four species in this subfamily are not monophyletic and there are deep divergences among populations within most species (Fig. 3). Our greater sampling of populations has confirmed this, indicating that more than 30 additional species of celestines are undescribed (Schools &amp; Hedges, unpubl.). Secondly, the times of divergence of the celestine genera (10–15 Mya) are typical of squamate reptile genera (mode of 485 genera, 13.3 Mya; Hedges et al. 2015). Thirdly, the use of genera for clades in this subfamily has been the status quo. Four of the six clades (Celestus, Panolopus, Sauresia, and Wetmorena) already had generic names, and three of them (Celestus, Sauresia, and Wetmo rena) have been in use, on and off, for much of the last two centuries.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFD5FFE90DF10CFC03C8D3E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFCEFFE80DF10CBA0211D23C.text	DA66BA10FFCEFFE80DF10CBA0211D23C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Advenus Schools & Hedges 2021	<div><p>Genus Advenus gen. nov.</p> <p>Pirre Mountain Forest Lizards</p> <p>Fig. 7</p> <p>Type species. Diploglossus montisilvestris Myers, 1973:3.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Advenus gen. nov. have (1) claw sheath, present, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, absent, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 16–17, (9) dorsal scale rows, 96, (10) relative head width, 12.0, (11) relative rostral height, 50.1, (12) relative frontonasal length, 2.46, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0.632, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 60.0.</p> <p>From Caribicus gen. nov., we distinguish Advenus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Caribicus gen. nov.), keels on the dorsal scales (absent versus their presence in Caribicus gen. nov.), relative head width (12.0 versus 13.6–17.2), relative frontonasal length (2.46 versus 2.98–3.32), and the relative axilla-groin distance (60.0 versus 67.1–69.1). From Celestus, we distinguish Advenus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Celestus) and the relative axilla-groin distance (60.0 versus 60.9–66.3). From Comptus gen. nov., we distinguish Advenus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Comptus gen. nov.), keels on dorsal scales (absent versus their presence in Comptus gen. nov.), relative rostral height (50.1 versus 53.2–65.5), relative frontonasal length (2.46 versus 2.95–3.65), and the relative interparietal distance (0.632 versus 0–0.435). From Panolopus, we distinguish Advenus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Panolopus) and the relative axilla-groin distance (60.0 versus 49.7–59.6). From Sauresia, we distinguish Advenus gen. nov. by the digits per limb (five versus four), the longest toe lamellae (16–17 versus 8–12), the dorsal scale rows (96 versus 101–127), the relative interparietal distance (0.632 versus 0–0.431), and the relative axilla-groin distance (60.0 versus 63.9–69.9). From Wetmorena, we distinguish Advenus gen. nov. by the digits per limb (five versus four), the number of longest toe lamellae (16–17 versus 8–12), and the dorsal scale rows (96 versus 98–117).</p> <p>Content. One species (Table 3): Advenus montisilvestris.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from only one specimen collected on the southeastern slope of Cerro Pirre (1440 m), Serranía de Pirre, Province of Darién, Republic of Panama (Fig. 7). By our calculation, the location is 7.9242, - 77.7000.</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name Advenus is a masculine noun derived from the Latin advena (“stranger”), referring to the distribution of this species in Middle America when all of its close relatives are on Caribbean islands.</p> <p>Remarks. Advenus montisilvestris is the only member of the subfamily Celestinae subfam. nov. that is found outside of the Caribbean. The name montisilvestris refers to the mountain forest at the type locality. Morphological traits align this species with the other members of Celestinae subfam. nov. that are distributed in the western Caribbean, on the islands of Jamaica and Hispaniola, but not with any one genus. Genetic data are necessary to further clarify the relationship of Advenus montisilvestris within the Diploglossidae.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFCEFFE80DF10CBA0211D23C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFCFFFEA0DF10DC1049BD28E.text	DA66BA10FFCFFFEA0DF10DC1049BD28E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caribicus Schools & Hedges 2021	<div><p>Genus Caribicus gen. nov.</p> <p>Northern Hispaniola Forest Lizards</p> <p>Figs. 8–9</p> <p>Type species. Celestus darlingtoni Cochran, 1939:2.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Caribicus have (1) claw sheath, absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 12–19, (9) dorsal scale rows, 80–233, (10) relative head width, 13.6–17.2, (11) relative rostral height, 39.7–58.3, (12) relative frontonasal length, 2.98–3.32, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0.468–1.42, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 67.1–69.1.</p> <p>From Advenus gen. nov., we distinguish Caribicus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in Advenus gen. nov.), keels on the dorsal scales (present versus their absence i n Advenu s gen. nov.)), relative head width (13.6–17.2 versus 12.0), relative frontonasal length (2.98–3.32 versus 2.46), and the relative axilla-groin distance (67.1–69.1 versus 60.0). From Celestus, we distinguish Caribicus gen. nov. by the relative axilla-groin distance (67.1–69.1 versus 60.9–66.4). From Comptus gen. nov., we distinguish Caribicus gen. nov. by the relative interparietal distance(0.468–1.42 versus0–0.435), and the relative axilla-groin distance(67.1–69.1 versus51.9–60.0). From Panolopus, we distinguish Caribicus gen. nov. by keels on the dorsal body scales (present versus their absence in Panolopus), relative frontonasal length (2.98–3.32 versus 1.93–2.94), and the relative axilla-groin distance (67.1– 69.1 versus 49.7–59.6). From Sauresia, we distinguish Caribicus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in Sauresia), keels on the dorsal body scales (present versus their absence in Sauresia), digits per limb (five versus four), relative head width (13.6–17.2 versus 9.36–12.2), relative frontonasal length (2.98–3.32 versus 1.70– 2.56), and the distance between the parietal scales (0.468–1.42 versus 0–0.431). From Wetmorena, we distinguish Caribicus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in Wetmorena), keels on the dorsal scales (present versus their absence in Wetmorena), digits per limb (five versus four), and the relative frontonasal length (2.98–3.32 versus 1.47–2.69).</p> <p>Content. Three species (Table 3): Caribicus anelpistus, C. darlingtoni, and C. warreni.</p> <p>Distribution. Caribicus gen. nov. occurs on the geological North Island of Hispaniola and adjacent Ile de Tortue (Fig. 9).</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name (Caribicus gen. nov.) is a masculine noun derived from the name for the region (Caribbean) in which it occurs and the suffix - icus (“belonging to”).</p> <p>Remarks. Caribicus gen. nov. is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). Our phylogenies do not include C. anelpistus. That species and C. warreni are both giant (up to 279 mm SVL) whereas C. darlingtoni is much smaller (up to 85 mm SVL) and was never thought to be closely related to the giant species. For many years, the giant species were placed in Diploglossus and the small species was placed in Celestus (Schwartz &amp; Henderson, 1991).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFCFFFEA0DF10DC1049BD28E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFCDFFE00DF10E6A07C1D1A9.text	DA66BA10FFCDFFE00DF10E6A07C1D1A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celestus Gray 1839	<div><p>Genus Celestus Gray, 1839</p> <p>Jamaican Forest Lizards</p> <p>Figs. 10–14</p> <p>Celestus Gray, 1839:288. Type species: Celestus striatus Gray, 1839:288, by original designation.</p> <p>Macrogongylus Werner, 1901:299. Type species Macrogongylus brauni Werner, 1901:299, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Celestus have (1) claw sheath, absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present or absent, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 10–23, (9) dorsal scale rows, 82–140, (10) relative head width, 11.8–20.0, (11) relative rostral height, 47.6–66.5, (12) relative frontonasal length, 2.12–3.94, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0–0.953, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 60.9–66.3.</p> <p>From Advenus gen. nov., we distinguish Celestus by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in Advenus gen. nov.) and the relative axilla-groin distance (60.9–66.3 versus 60.0). From Caribicus gen. nov., we distinguish Celestus by the relative axilla-groin distance (60.9–66.3 versus 67.1–69.1). From Comptus gen. nov., we distinguish Celestus by the relative axilla-groin distance (60.9–66.3 versus 51.9–60.0). From Panolopus, we distinguish Celestus by the relative axilla-groin distance (60.9–66.3 versus 49.7–59.6). From Sauresia, we distinguish Celestus by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in Sauresia) and the digits per limb (five versus four). From Wetmorena, we distinguish Celestus by the absences of the claw sheath (versus its presence in Wetmorena) and the digits per limb (five versus four).</p> <p>Content. Eleven species (Table 3): Celestus barbouri, C. crusculus, C. duquesneyi, C. fowleri, C. hewardii, C. macrolepis, C. macrotus, C. microblepharis, C. molesworthi, C. occiduus, and C. striatus.</p> <p>Distribution. Celestus occurs almost entirely on Jamaica, with a single species (C. macrotus) on Hispaniola (Fig. 14). The map does not include the distributions of Celestus macrolepis and C. striatus, which are unknown other than being restricted to Jamaica.</p> <p>Etymology. Not defined in the original description, but a masculine noun probably from the Latin caelestis (heavenly), in reference to the “silvery” color of the type species noted by Gray (1839).</p> <p>Remarks. Celestus is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). Our phylogenies include five of the eleven species of Celestus (Celestus barbouri, C. crusculus, C. duquesneyi, C. hewardii, and C. macrotus). Our trees show that the two subspecies of Celestus crusculus (C. c. crusculus and C. c. cundalli) are not related, indicating that cundalli warrants species recognition (Schools &amp; Hedges, unpubl.). In addition, Celestus crusculus crusculus is not monophyletic and includes populations with deep divergences (3.7–6.7 Mya; Fig. 3). These results, together with other molecular and morphological data, indicate that the genus Celestus includes at least six additional species (Schools &amp; Hedges, unpubl.).</p> <p>The origin and classification of Celestus striatus, the type species of the genus, are unresolved, even though the original describer indicated a general locality “West Indies” (Gray 1845; Boulenger 1885). Schwartz (1964) examined photographs of the type of Celestus striatus and concluded that it was not from the Caribbean based on its large size (145 mm SVL), low midbody scale count (41) and, that it had three prefrontal scales—this latter condition being virtually unknown among West Indian taxa. Strahm and Schwartz (1977) “provisionally” considered C. striatus to be Central American based on its unusual scalation. Savage et al. (2008) did not examine the holotype of Celestus striatus but followed Schwartz’s (1964) characterization of its head scalation (one frontonasal and two prefrontals in the terminology of Savage et al.). However they did not readily accept a Central American origin for C. striatus, leaving its provenance a mystery.</p> <p>One of us (S.B.H.) examined the type specimen of Celestus striatus in the Natural History Museum (London) and found that it is missing the frontonasal scale (Fig. 11). Instead, the underlying integument shows pseudosutures, which apparently led Schwartz to conclude, based on only a photograph, that there were three scales present instead of one, an easy error to make. We have available the photograph used by Schwartz and it shows the same pseudosutures, confirming that the specimen is missing the frontonasal scale. Boulenger (1885: pl. 16, fig. 1a) illustrated that specimen showing a single large frontonasal scale, apparently before it fell off. Now, with this correction, the head scalation is consistent with the notation by Gray (1845) that the specimen is from the “West Indies,” where a single large frontonasal scale is common.</p> <p>Celestus striatus has all three diagnostic characters of the subfamily Celestinae (Table 2). Within the Celestinae it differs from Advenus in lacking a claw sheath. Also, its combination of large size (144.5 mm SVL), high relative axilla-groin distance (89.0 mm = 61.6%), low midbody scale count, and high number of toe lamellae distinguish it from all genera in the family except Celestus, which is restricted to Jamaica and Hispaniola. The single species of Celestus in Hispaniola, C. macrotus, differs in many ways from C. striatus (Table 2) and therefore Celestus striatus is most likely a Jamaican species, which also makes sense from historical considerations, in that Jamaica was the major British colony in the West Indies and source of BMNH herpetological specimens in the early 19 th century.</p> <p>Barbour (1910) is one of the few researchers, besides us, to have considered that Celestus striatus is from Jamaica. He placed that species and C. hewardii in the synonymy of the Jamaican species C. occiduus. Both are diagnosable from C. occiduus, and most authors since have treated C. hewardii as a distinct species. However, after the status of C. striatus was placed in limbo following confusion over the frontonasal scale (Schwartz 1964), the species became forgotten and was not listed in any major checklist or synthesis of West Indian herpetology, even as a synonym (Schwartz &amp; Thomas 1975; Schwartz &amp; Henderson 1988; 1991; Henderson &amp; Powell, 2009; Hedges et al. 2019). The Reptile Database (Uetz et al. 2020) lists it as a synonym of the Hispaniolan species Comptus stenurus, from which it differs in many ways, as noted above. Also, Celestus striatus is an older name so it should not be a synonym of that species.</p> <p>Celestus striatus differs from all other species in the genus by a combination of its large size, lack of a claw sheath, absence of a median keel on the dorsal scales, a high number of toe lamellae (24–26), a rounded tail (not laterally flattened as in C. occiduus) and a pale (golden) coloration noted when it was described. The head shape is unusually flattened and the snout acuminate from above, resembling the head of the arboreal Jamaican species C. fowleri. That species differs from C. striatus by having a claw sheath but both are similar in their low midbody scale count and high number of toe lamellae, suggesting that they might be related and that C. striatus might be another arboreal species. Presumably, the introduction of the mongoose to Jamaica in 1872 (Hedges &amp; Conn 2012) either severely decimated C. striatus or caused it to go extinct. This is not unexpected considering that another Jamaican species, C. occiduus, has not been seen since the 19 th century, and several other Jamaican species are exceedingly rare, all attributed to the mongoose introduction (Barbour 1910; Hedges &amp; Conn 2012).</p> <p>We also recognize Celestus macrolepis as a valid species. It was given that name because of the presence of a large, seven-sided frontonasal scale purportedly representing the unusual fusion of the internasals and frontonasal (Gray 1845). One of us (S.B.H.) examined the holotype and it has the normal seven-sided frontonasal, not fused to the internasals (Fig. 12). The two (normal) pairs of internasals are present. The specimen agrees in other important details with the description by Gray, including its unique bi-colored pattern (see below), so there is no doubt that it is the same specimen that he described. Because the enlarged, seven-sided frontonasal of Celestus is unusual among lizards, it was an easy error to make. Boulenger (1885) placed Celestus macrolepis in the synonymy of C. occiduus and it has been largely forgotten for 136 years. Neither Barbour (1910, 1914) nor Grant (1940a) mentioned the species, but its position as a synonym of Celestus occiduus was noted more recently (Schwartz &amp; Thomas 1975; Schwartz &amp; Henderson 1988).</p> <p>The holotype of Celestus macrolepis (Fig. 12), 248 mm SVL, is surprisingly distinct from the similarly sized C. occiduus. It has a shorter, almost beak-like, snout and is mostly dark brown anteriorly (above and below) and paler posteriorly. The transition between the two colors is patch-like rather than gradual. A distinctive feature of scalation, noted by Gray (1845), is that the subocular scale is much smaller than in Celestus occiduus (and other species), barely pointed at the bottom, and does not protrude into the supralabial row. Celestus occiduus has a longer, more normal and slightly depressed (not beak-like) snout and a considerably larger subocular that protrudes into the supralabial scales. Other aspects of the head scalation also differ between the two species, as one would expect with such different head shapes. For these reasons, we consider Celestus macrolepis to be a valid species of Caribbean diploglossid lizard.</p> <p>The holotype of Celestus macrolepis does not have a specific locality, only “West Indies,” but the body proportions (large, long legs) agree more with Jamaican species than other diploglossids in the West Indies. For example, the giant Caribicus of Hispaniola have distinctly smaller and shorter legs, and longer tails. Also, only two Jamaican species, Celestus occiduus and C. striatus, approach the high number (24) of 4th toe lamellae of Celestus macrolepis. Based on these morphological characteristics, we consider Celestus macrolepis to be endemic to Jamaica, and a species that may have occupied an ecological niche different from others. As with Celestus striatus, the introduction of the mongoose in 1872 may have driven C. macrolepis to great rarity or extinction.</p> <p>With the addition of Celestus macrolepis, C. macrotus, and C. striatus, the newly restricted genus Celestus, which is almost exclusively a Jamaican radiation, now contains 11 species. However, the additional six species that warrant recognition (see above), mostly confused with what is now Celestus crusculus, will bring the total in Celestus to 17 species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFCDFFE00DF10E6A07C1D1A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFC7FFE20DF10F750579D0F2.text	DA66BA10FFC7FFE20DF10F750579D0F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Comptus Schools & Hedges 2021	<div><p>Genus Comptus gen. nov.</p> <p>Caribbean Rough-scaled Forest Lizards</p> <p>Figs. 15–16</p> <p>Type species. Diploglossus stenurus, Cope, 1862:188. Diagnosis. Species of Comptus gen. nov. have (1) claw sheath, absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 13–23, (9) dorsal scale rows, 88–107, (10) relative head width, 11.9–15.0, (11) relative rostral height, 53.2–65.5, (12) relative frontonasal length, 2.95–3.65, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0–0.435, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 51.9–60.0.</p> <p>From Advenus gen. nov., Comptus gen. nov. is distinguished by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in Advenus gen. nov.), keels on dorsal scales (present versus their absence in Advenus gen. nov.), relative rostral height (53.2–65.5 versus 50.1), relative frontonasal length (2.95–3.65 versus 2.46), and the distance between the parietal scales (0–0.435 versus 0.632). From Caribicus gen. nov., we distinguish Comptus gen. nov. by the relative interparietal distance, (0–0.435 versus 0.468–1.42) and the relative axilla-groin distance (51.9–60.0 versus 67.1– 69.1). From Celestus, we distinguish Comptus gen. nov. by the relative axilla-groin distance (51.9–60.0 versus 60.9–66.4). From Panolopus, we distinguish Comptus gen. nov. by keels on the dorsal scales (present versus their absence in Panolopus), relative rostral height (53.2–65.5 versus 37.6–51.9), and the relative frontonasal length (2.95–3.65 versus 1.93–2.94). From Sauresia, we distinguish Comptus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in Sauresia), keels on the dorsal body scales (present versus their absence in Sauresia), digits per limb (five versus four), the longest toe lamellae (13–23 versus 8–12), the relative frontonasal length (2.95–3.65 versus 1.70–2.56), and the relative axilla-groin distance (51.9–60.0 versus 63.9–69.9). From Wetmorena, we distinguish Comptus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (absent versus its presence in Wetmorena), keels on the dorsal body scales (present versus their absence in Wetmorena), digits per limb (five versus four), longest toe lamellae (13–23 versus 8–12), the relative frontonasal length (2.95–3.65 versus 1.47–2.69), and the distance between the parietal scales (0–0.435 versus 0.447–1.03).</p> <p>Content. Three species (Table 3): Comptus badius, C. maculatus, and C. stenurus.</p> <p>Distribution. Comptus gen. nov. occurs in the Cayman Islands, Navassa Island, and throughout most of Hispaniola, including the associated islets of Ile-a-Vache, Île à Cabrit, and Ile Grande Cayemite (Fig. 16).</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name (Comptus) is a Latin masculine noun meaning adornment, referring to the keeling of the dorsal scales in this genus.</p> <p>Remarks. Comptus gen. nov. is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). Our phylogenetic tree includes all three species of Comptus gen. nov. and three of the four subspecies of Comptus stenurus (C. stenurus rugosus, C. stenurus stenurus, and C. stenurus weinlandi), missing only Comptus stenurus alloeides.</p> <p>Surprisingly, Comptus maculatus from the Cayman Islands, previously considered a subspecies of Celestus crusculus (Schwartz &amp; Henderson 1991), a Jamaican species in a different genus, is nested within Comptus stenurus in the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 2). The character completely separating Celestus from Comptus gen. nov., relative axilla-groin distance, supports that finding. The Navassa species, Comptus badius, also is nested within Comptus stenurus. Comptus stenurus is not monophyletic and includes populations with deep divergences (3.1 Mya; Fig. 3). These results, together with other molecular and morphological data, indicate that the genus Comptus includes at least three additional species (Schools &amp; Hedges, unpubl.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFC7FFE20DF10F750579D0F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFC3FFE70DF10B3B0238D666.text	DA66BA10FFC3FFE70DF10B3B0238D666.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panolopus Cope 1862	<div><p>Genus Panolopus Cope, 1862</p> <p>Caribbean Smooth-scaled Forest Lizards</p> <p>Figs. 17–18</p> <p>Panolopus Cope, 1862:494. Type species: Panolopus costatus Cope, 1862:494, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Panolopus have (1) claw sheath, absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, absent, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 12–22, (9) dorsal scale rows, 83–100, (10) relative head width, 10.6–15.5, (11) relative rostral height, 37.6–51.9, (12) relative frontonasal length, 1.93–2.94, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0.0691 –0.911, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 49.7–59.6.</p> <p>From Advenus gen. nov., we distinguish Panolopus by the absence of a claw sheath (present in Advenus gen. nov.) and the relative axilla-groin distance (49.7–59.6 versus 60.0). From Caribicus gen. nov., we distinguish Panolopus by the absence of keels on the dorsal body scales (present in Caribicus gen. nov.), the relative frontonasal length (1.93–2.94 versus 2.98–3.32), and the relative axilla-groin distance (49.7–59.6 versus 67.1–69.1). From Celestus, we distinguish Panolopus by the relative axilla-groin distance (49.7–59.6 versus 60.9–66.4). From Comptus gen. nov., we distinguish Panolopus by the absence of keels on the dorsal scales (present in Comptus gen. nov.), relative rostral height (37.6–51.9 versus 53.2–65.5), and relative frontonasal length (1.93–2.94 versus 2.95–3.65). From Sauresia, we distinguish Panolopus by the absence of a claw sheath (present in Sauresia), digits per limb (five versus four), dorsal scale rows (83–100 versus 101–127), and the relative axilla-groin distance (49.7–59.6 versus 63.9–69.9). From Wetmorena, we distinguish Panolopus by the absence of a claw sheath (present in Wetmorena), the digits per limb (five versus four), and the relative axilla-groin distance (49.7–59.6 versus 59.9–71.4).</p> <p>Content. Three species (Table 3): Panolopus costatus, P. curtissi, and P. marcanoi.</p> <p>Distribution. Panolopus occurs on Hispaniola and some surrounding islets (Fig. 18).</p> <p>Etymology. Cope (1862) did not give the etymology of the generic name (Panolopus) but the name presumably refers to the fusion of numerous head scales mentioned in his diagnosis (pan, all; lopus, scale). Some of those traits are not diagnostic of the group and may represent healed injuries or deformities in a specimen he examined.</p> <p>Remarks. Panolopus is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). Our phylogenies include all three species of Panolopus as well as five of the 11 subspecies of Panolopus costatus (P. costatus costatus, P. costatus leionotus, P. costatus neiba, P. costatus nesobous, P. costatus oreistes) and all four subspecies of P. curtissi. However, P. costatus and P. curtissi are not monophyletic and there are deep divergences (2–6 Mya) among populations of species and subspecies (Fig. 3). Our trees do not include Panolopus costatus aenetergum, P. costatus emys, P. costatus saonae, P. costatus chalcorhabdus, P. costatus psychonothes, and P. costatus melanchrous. These results, together with other molecular and morphological data, indicate that the genus Panolopus includes at least nine additional species (Schools &amp; Hedges, unpubl.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFC3FFE70DF10B3B0238D666	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFC0FFE60DF1093905DBD202.text	DA66BA10FFC0FFE60DF1093905DBD202.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sauresia Gray 1852	<div><p>Genus Sauresia Gray, 1852</p> <p>Long-headed Four-toed Forest Lizards</p> <p>Fig. 19</p> <p>Sauresia Gray, 1852:282. Type species: Sauresia sepsoides Gray, 1852:282, by original designation.</p> <p>Embryopus Weinland, 1863:135. Type species: Embryopus habichii Weinland, 1863:135, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Sauresia have (1) claw sheath, present, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, absent, (7) digits per limb, four, (8) longest toe lamellae, 8–12, (9) dorsal scale rows, 101–127, (10) relative head width, 9.36–12.2, (11) relative rostral height, 41.3–66.2, (12) relative frontonasal length, 1.70–2.56, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0–0.431, (14) relative axilla-groin distance 63.9–69.9.</p> <p>From Advenus gen. nov., we distinguish Sauresia by the digits per limb (four versus five in Advenus gen. nov.), the longest toe lamellae (8–12 versus 16–17), the dorsal scale rows (101–127 versus 96), the distance between the parietal scales (0–0.431 versus 0.632), and the relative axilla-groin distance (63.9–69.9 versus 60.0). From Caribicus gen. nov., we distinguish Sauresia by the claw sheath (present versus absent in Caribicus gen. nov.), keels on the dorsal body scales (absent versus their presence in Caribicus gen. nov.), digits per limb (four versus five), relative frontonasal length (1.70–2.56 versus 2.98–3.32), and the distance between the parietal scales (0– 0.431 versus 0.468–1.42). From Celestus, we distinguish Sauresia by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Celestus) and the digits per limb (four versus five). From Comptus gen. nov., we distinguish Sauresia by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Comptus gen. nov.), keels on the dorsal body scales (absent versus their presence in Comptus gen. nov.), digits per limb (four versus five), the longest toe lamellae (8–12 versus 13–23), the relative frontonasal length (1.70–2.56 versus 2.95–3.65), and the relative axilla-groin distance (63.9–69.9 versus 51.9–60.0). From Panolopus, we distinguish Sauresia by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Panolopus), digits per limb (four versus five), dorsal scale rows (101–127 versus 83–100), and the relative axilla-groin distance (63.9–69.9 versus 49.7–59.6). From Wetmorena, we distinguish Sauresia by the distance between the parietal scales (0–0.431 versus 0.447–1.03).</p> <p>Content. One species (Table 3): Sauresia sepsoides.</p> <p>Distribution. Sauresia is only known from Hispaniola but is notably absent from the driest parts of the island, including northwestern Haiti and some areas in the southern Dominican Republic (Fig. 19).</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name (Sauresia) is a feminine noun derived from the Greek word sauros (lizard) and the suffix - esia (originating within), alluding to the fact that members of this genus resemble snakes but are actually lizards.</p> <p>Remarks. Sauresia is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). For most of the time since it was named in 1852, Sauresia has been recognized as a valid genus, distinct from Celestus. The genus was synonomized with Celestus by Hass et al. (2001) because their study using immunological data found relationships that differed from previous studies (Savage &amp; Lips 1993). Our study shows that the stem divergence time of Sauresia is comparable to the stem times of other genera of celestines (Fig. 3). Our phylogenies also show high levels of divergence (4–7 Mya) among populations of this species (Fig. 3). These results, together with other molecular and morphological data, and greater sampling of populations, indicate that the genus Sauresia includes at least 11 additional species (Schools &amp; Hedges, unpubl.).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFC0FFE60DF1093905DBD202	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFC1FFD80DF10D9D04CDD321.text	DA66BA10FFC1FFD80DF10D9D04CDD321.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wetmorena Cochran 1927	<div><p>Genus Wetmorena Cochran, 1927</p> <p>Short-headed Four-toed Forest Lizards</p> <p>Fig. 20</p> <p>Wetmorena Cochran, 1927:91. Type species. Wetmorena haetiana Cochran, 1927:91, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Wetmorena have (1) claw sheath, present, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, four, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, central, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, absent, (7) digits per limb, four, (8) longest toe lamellae, 8–12, (9) dorsal scale rows, 98–117, (10) relative head width, 8.52–14.5, (11) relative rostral height, 38.7–61.8, (12) relative frontonasal length, 1.47–2.69, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0.447–1.03, (14) relative axilla-groin distance (59.9–71.4).</p> <p>From Advenus gen. nov., we distinguish Wetmorena by the digits per limb (four versus five in Advenus gen. nov.), longest toe lamellae (8–12 versus 16–17), and dorsal scale rows (98–117 versus 96). From Caribicus gen. nov., we distinguish Wetmorena by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Caribicus gen. nov.), keels on the dorsal scales (absent versus their presence in Caribicus gen. nov.), digits per limb (four versus five), and the relative frontonasal length (1.47–2.69 versus 2.98–3.32). From Celestus, we distinguish Wetmorena by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Celestus) and the digits per limb (four versus five). From Comptus gen. nov., we distinguish Wetmorena by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Comptus gen. nov.), keels on the dorsal body scales (absent versus their presence in Comptus gen. nov.), digits per limb (four versus five), longest toe lamellae (8–12 versus 13–23), the relative frontonasal length (1.47–2.69 versus 2.95–3.65), and the distance between the parietal scales (0.447–1.03 versus 0–0.435). From Panolopus, we distinguish Wetmorena by the claw sheath (present versus its absence in Panolopus), the digits per limb (four versus five), and the relative axilla-groin distance (59.9–71.4 versus 49.7–59.6). From Sauresia, we distinguish Wetmorena by the distance between the parietal scales (0.447–1.03 versus 0–0.431 in Sauresia).</p> <p>Content. Two species (Table 3): Wetmorena agasepsoides (comb. nov.) and W. haetiana.</p> <p>Distribution. Wetmorena occurs only on Hispaniola, in the Massif de la Selle (Haiti) and Sierra de Bahoruco (Dominican Republic) (Fig. 20).</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name references Dr. Alexander Wetmore, who was Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington D.C.) at the time of description.</p> <p>Remarks. Wetmorena is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). Our phylogenies include all three subspecies of Wetmorena haetiana. Previously, authors considered Wetmorena agasepsoides to be a species of Sauresia because of similarities in their appearance, including the presence of an ear opening. However, molecular data support the clustering of Wetmorena agasepsiodes with W. haetiana with a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses, which indicates that the loss of the auricular opening occurred within the clade recognized here as the genus Wetmorena.</p> <p>For most of the time since it was named in 1927, Wetmorena has been recognized as a valid genus, distinct from Celestus. The genus was synonomized with Celestus by Hass et al. (2001) because their study using immunological data found relationships that differed from previous studies (Savage &amp; Lips 1993). Our study shows that the stem divergence time of Wetmorena is comparable to the stem times of other genera of celestines (Fig. 3). The high levels of divergence (4–6 Mya) among subspecies of Wetmorena haetiana (Fig. 3), together with additional molecular and morphological data (Schools &amp; Hedges, unpubl.), and greater sampling of populations, suggest that Wetmorena is a complex that includes four additional species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFC1FFD80DF10D9D04CDD321	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFFFFFD80DF10CFD03D3D0AF.text	DA66BA10FFFFFFD80DF10CFD03D3D0AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diploglossinae Cope 1865	<div><p>Subfamily Diploglossinae Cope, 1865</p> <p>Neotropical Forest Lizards</p> <p>Fig. 21</p> <p>Diploglossidae Cope, 1865:228. Type genus. Diploglossus Wiegmann, 1834.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of this subfamily have (1) claw sheath, present or absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, present or absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, 5–6, (4) postnasal scales, 1–2, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, posterior, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present or absent, (7) digits per limb, 0 or 5, (8) longest toe lamellae, 8–18 except for limbless species, (9) dorsal scale rows, 88–171, (10) relative head width, 9.20–19.0, (11) relative rostral height, 49.6–62.1, (12) relative frontonasal length, 2.11–4.44, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0–0.658, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 52.8–76.6.</p> <p>The subfamily Diploglossinae is distinguished from the other two subfamilies by scales in contact with the nasal scale (5–6 instead of four in Celestinae subfam. nov.), the position of the nostril in the nasal scale (posterior instead of central in Celestinae subfam. nov.), and the number of dorsal scales (88–171 instead of 65–85 in Siderolamprinae subfam. nov.).</p> <p>Content. Sixteen currently recognized species in two genera (Table 3): Diploglossus Wiegmann, 1834 and Ophiodes Wagler, 1828.</p> <p>Distribution. Diploglossinae occurs on Caribbean islands (Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Montserrat) and in South America (including Malpelo Island).</p> <p>Etymology. As for the type genus.</p> <p>Remarks. The subfamily Diploglossinae is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). We place Ophiodes in this subfamily based on molecular and morphological evidence.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFFFFFD80DF10CFD03D3D0AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFFDFFDD0DF10DA005E8D5FD.text	DA66BA10FFFDFFDD0DF10DA005E8D5FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diploglossus Wiegmann 1834	<div><p>Genus Diploglossus Wiegmann, 1834</p> <p>Neotropical Forest Lizards</p> <p>Figs. 22–23</p> <p>Diploglossus Wiegmann, 1834:36. Type species: Tiliqua fasciatus Gray, 1831:71, by subsequent designation (Fitzinger 1843:23).</p> <p>Microlepis Gray, 1839:334. Type species: Microlepis undulata Gray, 1839:334, by original designation.</p> <p>Camilia Gray, 1845:118. Type species: Tiliqua jamaicensis Gray, 1839:293, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Diploglossus have (1) claw sheath, present or absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, present or absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, 5–6, (4) postnasal scales, 1–2, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, posterior, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present or absent, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 8–18, (9) dorsal scale rows, 88–99, (10) relative head width, 9.20–19.0, (11) relative rostral height, 49.6–62.1, (12) relative frontonasal length, 2.11–4.44, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0–0.658, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 52.8–76.6.</p> <p>From Ophiodes, we distinguish Diploglossus by the digits per limb (five versus none, because of lack of limbs in Ophiodes), number of lamella on longest toe (8–18 versus none, because of lack of limbs in Ophiodes), and the number of dorsal scales (88–99 versus 130–171).</p> <p>Content. Ten species (Table 3): Diploglossus delasagra, D. fasciatus, D. garridoi, D. lessonae, D. microlepis, D. millepunctatus, D. monotropis, D. montisserrati, D. nigropunctuatus, and D. pleii.</p> <p>Distribution. Diploglossus occurs throughout Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Montserrat, as well as in Lower Central America and South America including Malepo Island (Fig. 23). The map does not include the distribution of Diploglossus microlepis, which is unknown.</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name is a masculine noun formed from the Latin words diplo (two) and glossus (tongue), meaning two tongues, referencing the two forms of papillae found on the anterior and posterior regions of the tongue.</p> <p>Remarks. Diploglossus is a monophyletic clade with a Bayesian support value of 100% and a ML bootstrap value of 81% (Fig. 2). Our molecular phylogeny includes six of the ten species of Diploglossus (D. delasagra, D. garridoi, D. lessonae, D. monotropis, D. nigropunctuatus, and D. pleii).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFFDFFDD0DF10DA005E8D5FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFFAFFDD0DF10A810408D2A7.text	DA66BA10FFFAFFDD0DF10A810408D2A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiodes Wagler 1828	<div><p>Genus Ophiodes Wagler, 1828</p> <p>South American Glass Lizards</p> <p>Figs. 24–25</p> <p>Ophiodes Wagler, 1828:740. Type species. Pygopus striatus, Spix, 1824:25.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Ophiodes have (1) claw sheath, absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, present, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, five, (4) postnasal scales, one, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, posterior, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, absent, (7) digits per limb, none, (8) longest toe lamellae, none, (9) dorsal scale rows, 130–171, (10) relative head width, n/a, (11) relative rostral height, n/a,(12) relative frontonasal length, n/a, (13) relative interparietal distance, n/a, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, n/a.</p> <p>From Diploglossus, we distinguish Ophiodes by the lack of limbs (versus limbs present in Diploglossus), and the number of dorsal scales (130–171 versus 88–99).</p> <p>Content. Six species (Table 3): Ophiodes enso, O. fragilis, O. intermedius, O. luciae, O. striatus, and O. vertebralis.</p> <p>Distribution. Ophiodes occurs in southern South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay) (Fig. 25).</p> <p>Etymology. The Greek stem (ophio -) means “snake” and Latin suffix (- odes) means “likeness,” hence “like a snake.”</p> <p>Remarks. Ophiodes is a monophyletic clade with a Bayesian support value of 100% and a ML bootstrap value of 77% (Fig. 2). Cacciali &amp; Scott (2015) provided a key to most of the species of Ophiodes and indicated the presence of several undescribed species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFFAFFDD0DF10A810408D2A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFFAFFDE0DF10E66074FD6A9.text	DA66BA10FFFAFFDE0DF10E66074FD6A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siderolamprinae Schools & Hedges 2021	<div><p>Subfamily Siderolamprinae subfam. nov.</p> <p>Mesoamerican Forest Lizards</p> <p>Fig. 26</p> <p>Type genus. Siderolamprus Cope, 1861.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Members of this subfamily have (1) claw sheath, present or absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, present or absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, six, (4) postnasal scales, two, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, posterior, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present or absent, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 11–35, (9) dorsal scale rows, 65–85, (10) relative head width, 9.88–15.6, (11) relative rostral height, 44.7–67.0, (12) relative frontonasal length, 2.46–2.88, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0.561–1.14, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 53.5–65.3.</p> <p>The subfamily Siderolamprinae is distinguished from the other two subfamilies by scales in contact with the nasal scale (six instead of four in Celestinae subfam. nov.), the position of the nostril in the nasal scale (posterior instead of central in Celestinae subfam. nov.), and the number of dorsal scales (65–85 instead of 88–171 in Diploglossinae).</p> <p>Content. Fifteen currently recognized species in two genera: Siderolamprus Cope, 1861 and Mesoamericus gen. nov. (15 sp.).</p> <p>Distribution. This subfamily occurs in Middle America, from southern Mexico to Panama.</p> <p>Etymology. As for the type genus.</p> <p>Remarks. The subfamily Siderolamprinae is monophyletic with a Bayesian support value of 96% and a ML support value of 93% (Fig. 2). We have identified two genera that fall into this subfamily based on molecular and morphological evidence, Mesoamericus gen. nov. and Siderolamprus, both represented in our molecular phylogeny. Cope (1861) used Siderolamprus to define Siderolamprus enneagrammus before it became a synonym of Celestus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFFAFFDE0DF10E66074FD6A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFF9FFDE0DF10A4F05D8D385.text	DA66BA10FFF9FFDE0DF10A4F05D8D385.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesoamericus Schools & Hedges 2021	<div><p>Genus Mesoamericus gen. nov.</p> <p>Central American Forest Lizards</p> <p>Fig. 27</p> <p>Type species. Celestus bilobatus O’Shaughnessy, 1874:257.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Mesoamericus gen. nov. have (1) claw sheath, present, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, present, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, six, (4) postnasal scales, two, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, posterior, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, absent, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 11–18, (9) dorsal scale rows, n/a (10) relative head width, 12.0–14.0, (11) relative rostral height, 65.0– 67.0, (12) relative frontonasal length, n/a, (13) relative interparietal distance, n/a, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, n/a.</p> <p>From Siderolamprus, we distinguish Mesoamericus gen. nov. by the claw sheath (present versus absent in Siderolamprus) and relative rostral height (65.0–67.0 versus 44.7–63.9).</p> <p>Content. One species (Table 3): Mesoamericus bilobatus.</p> <p>Distribution. Mesoamericus gen. nov. occurs in Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama) (Fig. 27).</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name is a masculine noun derived from the name for the region (Mesoamerica) where it occurs.</p> <p>Remarks. Mesoamericus gen. nov. is a monophyletic clade that has a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). The large molecular divergence among populations of M. bilobatus, with some splits as old as 5 Mya (Fig. 3), suggests the presence of three undefined species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFF9FFDE0DF10A4F05D8D385	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
DA66BA10FFF9FFD30DF10D1306A4D6F1.text	DA66BA10FFF9FFD30DF10D1306A4D6F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siderolamprus Cope 1861	<div><p>Genus Siderolamprus Cope, 1861</p> <p>Middle American Forest Lizards</p> <p>Fig. 28</p> <p>Siderolamprus Cope, 1861:368. Type species. Siderolamprus enneagrammus Cope, 1861:368, by original designation. Oneyda Gray, 1845:118. Type species: Diploglossus owenii Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1839:594, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of Siderolamprus have (1) claw sheath, absent, (2) contact between the nasal and rostral scales, present or absent, (3) scales in contact with the nasal scale, six, (4) postnasal scales, two, (5) position of the nostril in the nasal scale, posterior, (6) keels on dorsal body scales, present or absent, (7) digits per limb, five, (8) longest toe lamellae, 14–35, (9) dorsal scale rows, 65–85, (10) relative head width, 9.88–15.6, (11) relative rostral height, 44.7–63.9, (12) relative frontonasal length, 2.46–2.88, (13) relative interparietal distance, 0.561–1.14, (14) relative axilla-groin distance, 53.5–65.3. From Mesoamericus gen. nov., we distinguish Siderolamprus by the claw sheath (absent versus present in Mesoamericus) and relative rostral height (44.7–63.9 versus 65.0–67.0).</p> <p>Content. Fourteen species (Table 3): Siderolamprus adercus, S. atitlanensis, S. bivittatus, S. cyanochloris, S. enneagrammus, S. hylaius, S. ingridae, S. laf, S. legnotus, S. montanus, S. orobius, S. owenii, S. rozellae, S. scansorius.</p> <p>Distribution. Siderolamprus occurs in Middle America, from southern Mexico to Panama (Fig. 28). The map does not include the distribution of Siderolamprus owenii because its distribution is unknown.</p> <p>Etymology. The generic name is from the Greek sideros (iron) and lampros (bright, radiant), apparently in allusion to “glossy black” color of the type species, noted in the original description (Cope 1861).</p> <p>Remarks. Siderolamprus is a monophyletic clade with a support value of 100% in Bayesian and ML analyses (Fig. 2). Our phylogenetic tree includes five of the 14 species of Siderolamprus (S. bivittatus, S. cyanochloris, S. enneagrammus, S. laf, and S. rozellae). The high levels of divergence (with some splits as old as 8 Mya) within the species Siderolamprus enneagrammus (Fig. 3) suggest that it is a complex that includes at least one undefined species.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA66BA10FFF9FFD30DF10D1306A4D6F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schools, Molly;Hedges, S. Blair	Schools, Molly, Hedges, S. Blair (2021): Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201-257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.2.1
