taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D6987B4472B12FFF681420FBB9E0CA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Chelotriton paradoxus Pomel, 1853 by monotypy. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One incomplete trunk vertebra (SPV 710).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4472B12FFF681420FBB9E0CA.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe vertebra preserves the centrum, incomplete prezygapophyses and the right rib-bearer. Ŋe centrum is opisthocoelous, its condyle being well-ossified. Ŋe rib-bearer is bicipital; the two processes are clearly, although not widely, divergent and connected by a bony lamina up to their tips. Ŋe anterior zygapophyseal crest is not horizontal; it extends posteroventrally to join the lamina that unites the rib-bearers. Ŋe surface of the bone shows an ornamention comprising pits and ridges.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4472B12FFF681420FBB9E0CA.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Although the specimen is incomplete, the available characters permit identification below family level. Ŋe connection of the anterior zygapophyseal crest to the lamina of the rib-bearer is characteristic of a small assemblage of extinct and living Salamandridae. Among them is Chelotriton (Bailon et al. 2011), the only genus of this assemblage that occurs in the Oligocene of Europe. Ŋe overall morphology of the fossil is consistent with Chelotriton; however, the ornamentation of the bone surface appears to be more marked than in the known remains of this genus. Ŋerefore, the referral to Chelotriton cannot be accepted without reservation. Chelotriton was reported only in Europe, from the Middle Eocene (MP 11) to the Late Pliocene (MN 16) (Bailon 1989). It occurs more frequently in the Oligocene and Miocene than in the other levels.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4472B128FCD01665FF51E45E.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One radius (SPV 711), one femur (SPV 712), and one incomplete humerus (SPV 713).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4472B128FCD01665FF51E45E.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Ŋe small size and slenderness of these specimens are likely not consistent with the above-described vertebra.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4475B128FF54119AFBF9E3AC.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 A-C)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4475B128FF54119AFBF9E3AC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Discoglossus pictus Otth, 1837 (by monotypy) or Latonia seyfriedi von Meyer, 1843 (by monotypy). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Four incomplete maxillae (SPV 714), one angular (SPV 715), two urostyles (SPV 716), one scapula (SPV 702), one humerus (SPV 703), nine ilia (SPV 701 and SVP 717).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4475B128FF54119AFBF9E3AC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe ilium bears a dorsal crest and its pars ascendens ends as an elongate ischiatic process. Ŋe posterior border of the crest is thickened; the thickened part forms the tuber superius. Ŋe angle formed by the pars ascendens and the tuber superius is widely obtuse. Ŋe urostyle is provided with two cotyles and a pair of transverse processes. Ŋe scapula is short dorsoventrally, more specifically the pars suprascapularis is not elongate dorsoventrally. Ŋe incomplete humerus had likely a paraventral crest; the humeral condyle is shifted laterally, whereas the diaphysis was likely comparatively straight. Ŋe maxillae are not ornamented and their infraorbital areas are relatively deep. Ŋe coronoid process of the angular is short and it is tilted medially; the medial border of the process forms some dorsal tubercles and pits. Ŋe bone lacks a paracoronoid process.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4475B128FF54119AFBF9E3AC.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Assignment to the Alytidae (formerly Discoglossidae) is supported by the combination of the following features: ischiatic process of the ilium elongated posteriorly, presence of two transverse processes on the urostyle, scapula short dorsoventrally, presence of a paraventral crest on the humerus, infraorbital area of maxillae comparatively deep, and coronoid process of the angular inclined medially. Within alytids, the presence of a dorsal crest on the ilium and the tuber superius formed by a thickening of the posterior border of this crest are characteristic of the “ Discoglossus group ”. Ŋis referral is consistent with the presence of two cotyles on the urostyle and the absence of a clear curvature of the humeral diaphysis. Ŋe “ Discoglossus group ” includes two extant genera (Discoglossus and Latonia) that are known also in the European Cenozoic. It is generally difficult to discriminate between these two genera, as shown by the fact that the living Latonia nigriventer (Mendelssohn & Steinitz, 1943) was long assigned to Discoglossus (Biton et al. 2013). Among fossils, the size was often used as one of the main “ diagnostic ” features. Extinct Latonia are larger than Discoglossus, but the recent referral of D. nigriventer to Latonia has shown that the size cannot be significant. Reliable osteological features were listed by Biton et al. (2013); unfortunately, none of these characters is preserved on the specimens from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux. In addition, a peculiar character occurs on the angular of the fossil: the medial part of the coronoid process forms a border bearing some pits and tubercles that face dorsally. Such a feature is observed for the first time. Consequently, the fossil from Saint- Privat-des-Vieux cannot be confidently referred to either Discoglossus or Latonia. Whatever the genus, this frog likely required the permanent presence of fresh water. Ŋe earliest probable Latonia was reported from the earliest Oligocene (MP 21; Rage & Roček 2003), the referral at genus level of older alytids being questionable. Latonia was frequently reported from the late Cenozoic of Europe (Roček 1994; Roček & Rage 2000). Ŋe earliest confirmed Discoglossus is known from the latest Oligocene (MP 30), although a form close to the genus was recovered from MP 21 (Rage & Roček 2003). Ŋese two genera have never been reported together from the same locality.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4474B129FD7C11BAFB04E603.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Five fragments of plates (SPV 743).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4474B129FD7C11BAFB04E603.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Some fragments of plates show that turtles were present. However, they cannot be identified.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4474B129FD6F133EFB3BE3AC.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — About 200 complete and incomplete, isolated teeth (SPV 744 [conical teeth], SPV 745 [globular teeth]) and five fragments of skull bones (SPV 746).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4474B129FD6F133EFB3BE3AC.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION Almost all teeth are conical, comparatively elongate and slightly curved lingually. However, rare teeth are short and globular; they come from the posterior portion of the tooth row. Ŋe longest tooth reaches 12 mm. Longitudinal striae appear to be present on some teeth. Some specimens bear mesial and distal, non-serrated carinae. Such teeth were often referred to as Diplocynodon Pomel, 1847, an alligatoroid endemic to Europe. Five fragments of skull bones bearing relatively large pits likely belong to the same taxon.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4474B129FF441178FED9E48C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Pelophylax esculentus (Linnaeus, 1758) by original designation.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4474B129FEBD11BAFB32E49F.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 D, E)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4474B129FEBD11BAFB32E49F.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Four incomplete maxillae (SPV 718), one angular (SPV 719), one vertebra (SPV 720), one urostyle (SPV 721), one humerus (SPV 705), six ilia (SPV 704 and SPV 722).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4474B129FEBD11BAFB32E49F.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe ilia bear a high dorsal crest; the posterior bor- der of the crest is thickened and it forms the tuber superius. Ŋis tuber rises rather steeply with regard to the pars ascendens and its anterior limit is clearly marked. On the angular, the coronoid process is almost vertical. Ŋe single available vertebra is amphicoelous; it is therefore the 8 th, i. e. the last presacral vertebra. Ŋe urostyle has two circular cotyles, well-distinct from each other. Ŋe diaphysis of the humerus was likely straight and the humeral condyle is in line with its axis. Ŋe infraorbital area of the maxillae is shallow and not ornamented.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4474B129FEBD11BAFB32E49F.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Ŋe ilia do not preserve their ischiatic processes; however, the dorsal crest is higher than that of alytids and the posterior border of the tuber superius is closer to the vertical. Ŋese features, as well as the nearly vertical orientation of the coronoid process and the axial position of the humeral condyle point to the Ranidae. Ŋe amphicoelous condition of the vertebra corroborates this referral since the 8 th vertebra of ranids and other ranoids is amphicoelous. Ŋe morphology of the urostylar cotyles and the shallowness of the infraorbital area of the maxillae are not diagnostic characters, but they are consistent with the Ranidae. Within Ranidae, this fossil is referred to the water (or green) frogs, that is to the genus Pelophylax. Mainly, the steep slope of the tuber superius, in lateral view, is a conspicuous characteristic of this genus. In addition, the height of the dorsal crest and the marked anterior limit of the tuber superius support this assignment. Pelophylax, an extant genus, is first reported in the early Oligocene (MP 22) of Germany (Sanchiz et al. 1993). Ŋese frogs do not live permanently in fresh water, but they live close to and they often enter it.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4477B12AFF5B1482FDDDE031.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Krokolithes wilsoni Hirsch, 1985.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4477B12BFEBF15E3FDFEE720.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Seven small fragments (from 1 to 3 mm 2); thickness = 0.33, 0.35, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.42, 0.45 mm; SPV 750.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4477B12BFEBF15E3FDFEE720.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (Fig. 3 A) Two fragments of eggshells from this locality are figured in Bonnet et al. (2011: pl. II, figs B, C). Ŋe size of fragments does not allow to infer the shape of the egg. Like in Krokolithes wilsoni Hirsch, 1985 the outer surface is rough, and shows erosion craters and circular pore openings (diameter = 0.09 and 0.13 mm) with stepped erosion rings; therefore there are low blunt anastomosed and irregular ridges. Basal knobs are well distinct on two fragments and worn on the others. Ŋus, the radiating wedges are visible. Ŋe units are relatively wide (as wide as high, or wider than high) and display the typical wedge pattern of crocodylian eggshells. Ŋere are deep insterstices between the units. Ŋe fragments are thinner than in the Eocene K. wilsoni Hirsch, 1985 and much more than the Miocene crocodylian indet. (Hirsch & Kohring 1992).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4477B12BFEBF15E3FDFEE720.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Ŋe small size of our fragments does not allow to make a precise identification. Ŋe general ultrastructure – coarse wedges and tabular crystalline structure –, the figures of erosion, the arrangement of units and their width allow an assignment to Krokolithes. Ŋis ootaxon was formerly recovered from the Eocene of North America (Hirsch 1985) and from the Eocene and Miocene of Germany. Kohring & Hirsch (1996) suggested that at least part of the material assigned to Krokolithes may represent eggs of Diplocynodon.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4476B12BFF5213FEFC56E41D.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Six incomplete maxillae (SPV 723), five incomplete dentaries (SPV 724), four fragments bearing teeth (SPV 725).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4476B12BFF5213FEFC56E41D.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe teeth are all pleurodont; the anterior ones have a single cuspid, others (probably from the midsection of the tooth row) are bicuspid, whereas the larger teeth, i. e. from the posterior section, have three cuspids. Well-marked vertical striae occur on the apices. None of the teeth is amblyodont (i. e. “ molariform ”). On the maxillae, the anteriormost teeth are acute and recurved.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4476B12BFF5213FEFC56E41D.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Ŋe combination of mono-, bi- and tricuspid teeth in a single tooth row, presence of anterior recurved maxillary teeth and the striation of apices point to Lacerta s. l. filholi. Ŋis small lizard is frequent in the Oligocene of western Europe. However, the preserved parts of the maxillae do not bear osteoderms. Ŋerefore, although this absence may be only of ontogenetic nature, assignment to this species cannot be accepted without reservation. Lacerta s. l. filholi was reported from MP 21 to MN 2 (Augé 2005; Augé & Smith 2009).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4476B12BFF47129CFDBCE64C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4476B12BFD781139FB3BE3AB.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 F)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4476B12BFD781139FB3BE3AB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Pseudeumeces cadurcensis (Filhol, 1877). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One anterior part of dentary (SPV 706).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4476B12BFD781139FB3BE3AB.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe dentary is deep and its subdental shelf (sensu Rage & Augé 2010) markedly thickens anteriorly. Teeth are pleurodont; the most anterior ones are not enlarged but the last tooth of the preserved row is amblyodont, i. e. it is larger than normal teeth. Ŋe enlargement, from the most anterior to the more posterior teeth is progressive. Ŋe apices are round and devoid of cuspids. Striae are present on the apices but they are weak on the largest tooth.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4476B12BFD781139FB3BE3AB.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Several lizard taxa with amblyodont teeth, or showing tendency toward amblyodonty, are known in the European Cenozoic, mainly from the Oligocene (Rage 1987, Augé 2005). Ŋe amblyodont condition is weak in Mediolacerta roceki Augé, 2005 (MP 23 - MP 30) and is very prominent in Dracaenosaurus croizeti Gervais, 1848 - 52 (MP 28 - MP 30). Morphologically, between these two species occur the intermediate taxa Amblyolacerta Roček, 1884 and Ligerosaurus Augé, Bailon & Malfay, 2003 from the Miocene and Pseudeumeces from the Oligocene. Ŋe fossil from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux may be distinguished from Amblyolacerta and Mediolacerta Augé, 2005 by its stronger amblyodonty. It differs from Ligerosaurus in having a subdental shelf that grows clearly thinner posteriorly and a facet for contact with the splenial that does not reach the anterior part of the bone. In contrast, the fossil does not show any difference with Pseudeumeces and only the incomplete nature of the specimen prevents confident referral to this genus. Pseudeumeces includes a single species, P. cadurcensis (Filhol, 1877), that is known from MP 25 to MP 28. Apparently, amblyodont lizards fed at least partly on shelled mollusks (gastropods).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4479B124FF3812BCFB05E49F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Ophisaurus ventralis (Linnaeus, 1766) by monotypy. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Six trunk (SPV 727) and 15 caudal (SPV 728) vertebrae, and about 140 osteoderms (SPV 729).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4479B124FF3812BCFB05E49F.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe trunk vertebrae are depressed as well as are their cotyles and condyles. Ŋe ventral surface of the centrum is almost flat and it clearly widens anteriorly. Ŋe caudal vertebrae are more elongate than those from the trunk and they bear haemapophyses fused to the centrum. Most caudals have an autotomous septum. Ŋe osteoderms are approximately rectangular; their external face is made up of an anterior smooth, gliding surface and a posterior larger, ornamented part. Ŋe ornamentation is comprised of ridges and grooves; a low longitudinal keel occurs in the ornamented part. Ŋe internal face is entirely smooth, but two small foramina are present.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4479B124FF3812BCFB05E49F.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Ŋe morphology of these vertebrae and osteoderms is quite typical of the Anguinae, a taxon that includes elongate, limbless forms. Ŋe vertebral centrum, whose lateral borders markedly diverge anteriorly, shows that the vertebrae do not belong to Anguis Linnaeus, 1758. Ŋe other genera belonging to the Anguinae may be securely distinguished only on the basis of cranial bones; they are often collectively referred to as “ Ophisaurus s. l. ” Ŋerefore, the anguine from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux is referred to the latter assemblage, without further identification. Anguinae occur in most localities from the European Cenozoic; they were all terrestrial.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447BB127FE901665FECCE6C5.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447BB127FE901665FECCE6C5.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 11 trunk (SPV 737) and four caudal (SPV 738 to SPV 741) vertebrae.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447BB127FE901665FECCE6C5.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION All vertebrae are small (length of centrum <3 mm). Trunk vertebrae are mainly characterized by their markedly depressed neural arch and by the presence of an obtuse posterior median notch. Ŋe neural spine is developed, but not high, and it does not reach the zygosphene anteriorly. Ŋe interzygapophyseal constriction is well expressed. Ŋe centrum does not markedly widen anteriorly. Ŋe most significant features occur on caudal vertebrae. Aside from ventral structures, the overall morphology, and more specifically the neural spine and neural arch of caudal vertebrae are similar to those of the trunk region. A vertebra (SPV 738) from the anterior portion of the caudal region bears a hypapophysis; although damaged, it appears clearly that its extremity is hollowed by a shallow sagittal groove (Fig. 2 A-C). Another caudal (SPV 739) is provided with a haemal keel whose posterior part has a ventral groove (Fig. 2 D-F). It is regarded as a vertebra from the posterior part of the anterior portion of the caudal region. SPV 740 possesses the bases of broken off haemapophyses (Fig. 2 G-I); it comes from the mid-caudal region. Ŋe position within the caudal region of a vertebra (SPV 741), the ventral structures of which are broken off, cannot be determined.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447BB127FE901665FECCE6C5.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Trunk vertebrae do not clearly differ from those of Platyspondylia lepta Rage, 1974 (MP 28 - MP 30). However, in the latter the anterior border of the neural spine is vertical whereas it is inclined posteriorly on the specimens from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux. Ŋis is apparently a minor morphological difference, but stratigraphically the inclined border appears to be permanent from MP 22 to MP 26 (it being understood that no fauna including Platyspondylia is known from MP 27) (Szyndlar & Rage 2003), whereas the vertical border occurs from MP 28 to MP 30, which may be significant. Augé & Rage (1995) suggested that this form with an inclined anterior border may represent a species distinct from P. lepta. At higher taxonomic level, the fossils from Saint- Privat-des-Vieux afford an important information. Ŋe sequence of ventral structures observed on caudal vertebrae characterizes the Tropidophiinae, or Tropidophiidae s. s. (Szyndlar et al. 2008). Up to now, the only known caudals of Platyspondylia were provided with paired haemapophyses, i. e. the condition known in vertebrae from the mid-section of the caudal region of Tropidophiidae s. s. but also in the entire caudal region of most snakes. Ŋe fossils from Saint-Privatdes-Vieux show that haemapophyses are absent in the anterior portion of the caudal region of Platyspondylia. In this portion, the ventral structure is azygous; it is either a hypapophysis, anteriorly, or a haemal keel, posteriorly. Only the available vertebra from the midcaudal region bears haemapophyses. Ŋis sequence of ventral structures in the caudal region (hypapophysis, haemal keel, haemapophyses) is known only in the Tropidophiidae s. s. Unfortunately, no vertebra from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux represents the third portion of the caudal region. Nevertheless, the available caudal vertebrae from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux confirm the referral of Platyspondylia to the Tropidophiidae s. s., an assignment that was questioned by Holman & Harrison (1998). Today, tropidophiids are restricted to northern South America, Central America and Carribean islands. However, representatives of the family were recorded in Europe from the early Eocene to the early Miocene.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447BB126FF421523FF5CE0B7.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Platyspondylia lepta Rage, 1974 by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447AB127FF491645FD93E3AC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Peratherium elegans (Aymard, 1846) by subsequent designation of Aymard (1850).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447AB127FD3110B8FCE1E7C1.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Four fragments of upper M 1 - 2 - 3 ṙ (three lingual worn fragments, SPV 790 - 792, one labial fragment weakly worn, SPV 793).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447AB127FD3110B8FCE1E7C1.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION When directly compared, the size of the teeth is the same as in Peratherium elegans from Mas-de-Pauffié. But, as the teeth are rare and incomplete, it is difficult to determine them at the species level. On the only available labial fragment, the stylar cusp C is a little more reduced than on the few teeth from Mas-de-Pauffié. On the base of the paracone, the stylar surface of the enamel bears two weak crestules linguo-labially oriented. Ŋe styles are less sharp than in P. elegans.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447AB121FD7313FEFECDE602.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Geotrypus acutidentatus de Blainville, 1840 by subsequent designation of de Blainville (1840). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — SPV 800 - 802: one complete lower molar (m 1 ṙ: L = 2.16, Ltrig. = 1.09, Ltal. = 1.08, wtrig. = 1.35, wtal. = 1.58), and a broken lower molar (m 2 ṙ), both weakly worn out and one lower premolar.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447AB121FD7313FEFECDE602.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe complete molar is probably an m 1, the talonid being wider than the trigonid. Ŋe other trigonid being still wider, it would be that of an m 2. Cuspids are high. Ŋe hypoconid is as high as the protoconid. Ŋe paraconid is twice as high as the metaconid, and it has the same height as the entoconid. Seen in lingual profile, the metaconid is almost cylindrical, sharper only at the top. Ŋe lingual profile of the entoconid is more conical than the metaconid, but with a relatively narrow base and an acute angle at the top. Ŋe postcristid is directly and transversely connected with the entoconid. Ŋere is no preentocristid. A strong entostylid can be seen near the end of the very low posterior cingulum. It then extends to the lingual surface of the tooth more or less continuously, by a weak cingular bulge dotted with more or less distant vertical crestules, to join the anterior cingulid. At the lingual base of the crown the collar is rectilinear. Ŋe anterior cingulid extends labially and disappears at the base of the protoconid. Labially a weak and very low cingulum limits the base of the hypoflexid; it does not extend to the base of the hypoconid.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447AB121FD7313FEFECDE602.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Ŋese specimens show similarities with Geotrypus (cusps very slender, somewhat lingually oblique ridge joining the base of the posterior trigonid wall, entocristid reduced or absent, anterior cingulum developed; Crochet 1995). However, a number of differences prevent its attribution with certainty to that genus. Ŋe lingual cusps are more slender than those of Geotrypus cf. acutidentatus (de Blainville, 1840) from Le Garouillas (Lot, Quercy, MP 25). Ŋe teeth from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux differ from those of this species and also from Geotrypus antiquus (de Blainville, 1840) from Pech du Fraysse (MP 28) by their larger size and especially their width. Ŋey also differ from these two species in having longer cingulid, smaller parastylid and stronger entostylid, a small difference in height between protoconid and hypoconid and the development of a very low and discontinuous labial cingulid. Ŋe lingual base of the crown is in the same vertical plane while it is concave at the opening of the trigonid in G. antiquus. It shares with these two species the well cuspidate paraconid, the high labial elongation of the anterior cingulid, and with G. cf. acutidentatus the absence of entocristid. It differs from the type of Myxomygale (Filhol, 1890) by the absence of entocristid and metastylid, and the crista obliqua ending less lingually.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447CB121FF1C13DEFE0EE113.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Cuvierimops parisiensis (Cuvier in Pictet, 1844) by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447CB123FEA71400FE1EE45E.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENTS (MM). — One left m 2 (L = 1.75, w = 1.29, talonid = trigonid), one left m 3 (L = 1.58, wtrig. = 1.15, wtal. = 0.97), one fragment of left mandible bearing p 4 - m 1 (p 4: L = ṙ 1.09, w = 0.81, m 1: L = 1.62, w = 1.00); one right C (L = 1.27, w = 1.06, H = 2.04), one left P 4, one left M 1 (L 1, at the paracone-metacone level = 1.79, L 2, at the hypocone level = 1.23, w = 2.15), two right M 2 (L 1 - broken-, L 2 = 1.39, w = 2.33, L 1 = 1.74, L 2 = 1.33; H = 2.15), one posterior fragment of M 3.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447CB123FEA71400FE1EE45E.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (Fig. 3 C-I) Size greater than in Cuvierimops sp. from Le Garouillas (Sigé 1995); dental features more advanced than in the latter (myotodonty, hypocone with a continuous edge from the postprotocrista to the posterior cingulum). It probably represents a new species. Lower teeth All morphological elements of the premolar (p 4) are not visible because this tooth is set in a fragment of dentary. Hence its talonid is fitted under the front part of the m 1. Ŋe peripheral cingulum is well marked, except on the lingual side where it is partially offset by wear. Ŋe protoconid is high. Two lingual cuspids are visible, although they are worn. Ŋe anterior cuspid, at the anterior lingual base of the protoconid, is a swelling of the lingual cingulum which also bears a bulge (metaconid ṙ) at the contact with m 1. Ŋe talonid is about ¼ of the length of the p 4. Two out of three molars (m 2 and m 3) are myotodont, a doubt remains for the third one, the m 1 (SPV 810), which is too worn out posteriorly; in addition to the direct connection between hypoconid and entoconid, the m 2 shows a small low connection with the hypoconulid, this cuspid being, however, reduced. Ŋe third molar is labially damaged. Upper teeth Canine size and P 4 structure are comparable to those of Cuvierimops from Le Garouillas (Fig. 3 F; Sigé 1995: pl. 1, fig. 10). Upper molars are slightly larger than that of the Le Garouillas species. Ŋe presence of lingual and posterior cinguli is constant. Ŋe lingual side of the crown appears wider and higher than that of the teeth from Le Garouillas (see profiles; Fig. 3 H-I). A cutting edge develops there, and continues on M 2 from the postprotocrista to the posterior cingulum, through the crista obliqua running along the hypocone and its lingual slope. Ŋis makes this cusp losing the conical shape seen on the other species of Cuvierimops. Ŋis edge is also found on M 1, but it is short. Ŋe posterior fragment of M 3 is similar to M 3 from Le Garouillas (Sigé 1995: fig. 14) with a little more compressed metacone.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447CB123FEA71400FE1EE45E.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Ŋe small population of bats from Saint-Privat-des- Vieux clearly fits with the Molossidae, and more precisely, it can be referred to the genus Cuvierimops. Ŋis is indicated in particular by a well developed hypocone, forming a well characterized lobe, a deep ectoloph, and valleys narrow and pinched, mesostyle and parastyle rounded. However, as our specimens show more advanced characters, they are different from Cuvierimops from Le Garouillas (Sigé 1995). Ŋese differen- cies mainly concern myotodonty – generalized on lower teeth –, pinched ectoloph or development of the crista obliqua on hypocone, elevation of this hypocone relative to protocone and elongation of lingual edge of the crown. Ŋese teeth most likely belong to a new species, not named here given the small number of specimens.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447EB123FF04131EFEB3E6D2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Issiodoromys pseudanaema Gervais, 1848 by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447EB123FF2011BAFE9FE7D0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY. — Ŋe locality of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux has yielded remains of two species of Ŋeridomyidae, allocated to the two subfamilies Ŋeridomyinae (Protechimys major Schlosser, 1884) and Issiodoromyinae (Issiodoromys pauffiensis Vianey-Liaud, 1976). Issiodoromys is very abundant (388 teeth, and postcranial elements) while Protechimys Schlosser, 1884 is much less represented (20 teeth).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447EB139FF041440FF5BE088.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Left dentary with p 4 - m 3, MPF- 1 (Vianey- Liaud 1976 )); coll. UM 2. TYPE LOCALITY. — Mas-de-Pauffié, Lot, Quercy, MP 26 (Chattian). EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — (Completing Vianey-Liaud 1976: 55 and Schmidt-Kittler & Vianey-Liaud 1987): Evolutionary stage intermediate between I. minor (Schlosser, 1884) and I. quercyi (Schlosser, 1884). Cement rarely present at the bottom of sinus and sinusid. Horizontal uppermasseteric crest strongerthan in I. minor, especially in its posterior part. Differs from I. minor by the more elongated anterior lobe of dp 4, including two well-developed oblique ridges, mesially to the mesolophid (Ldp 4 of I. pauffiensis from Mas-de-Pauffié = 2.71 mm to 3.01 mm); antesinusid generally absent on molars, anteroconid reduced to a weak vertical ridge when present, and in some specimens preceded by a small additional inflection of the crown on dp 4; enamel cover thinner; simplified occlusal patterns in some individuals. Differs from I. quercyi by itssmaller size and relatively frequent remnants of the antesinusid-anteroconid on molars. Differs from I. limognensis Schmidt-Kittler & Vianey- Liaud, 1987, in having the anterior lobe of dp 4 less stretched, including less pronounced antesinusids (Ldp 4 of I. limognensis from Pech-Desse = 2.96 mm to 3.67 mm), cement limited to the bottom of sinussinusid when present, whereas it reaches the occlusal surface – including teeth slightly to moderately worn – in I. limognensis. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 29 DP 4 (SPV 200 - 228), 40 P 4 (SPV 229 - 266), 113 M 1 - 2 (SPV 267 - 389), 26 M 3 (SPV 390 - 414); 29 dp 4 (SPV 415 - 442), 21 p 4 (SPV 443 - 463), 101 m 1 - 2 (SPV 464 - 564), 23 m 3 SPV 565 - 589).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447EB139FF041440FF5BE088.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS. — To the variations in size between the first and second molars (the first being generally smaller than the second) must be added those due to effects of wear on the occlusal surface orientation of hypsodont teeth (Vianey-Liaud et al. 1995: 274, fig. 12), and finally those due to individual variability. Ŋe size variations are expressed by the Pearson coefficient: v = 100 Sd / Lmoy (Table 2). Ŋe low size variability observed at Saint-Privat-des-Vieux reinforces the hypothesis on the taphonomy of the fossil assemblage from this locality (Bonnet et al. 2011: 12). DESCRIPTION Lower teeth dp 4 (Fig. 4). Ŋe morphology of dp 4 posterior lobe is constant, while some variations are observed in the anterior lobe. Ŋis is actually the part of dp 4 that most changes during the evolution of the lineage, extending mesially the abrading surface of the tooth row. All dp 4 show 2 - 3 oblique ridges between the mesolophid and the prelobe tip. Ŋe protoconid is split by a small labial notch, already sketched in populations of I. minor and present in the type population of I. pauffiensis (e. g., Schmidt-Kittler et al. 1997: 385, fig. 7; Vianey-Liaud et al. 1995: 267, fig. 5). Ŋe elongated central cuspid, which occupies the mesolophid position, runs obliquely towards the anterior arm of the protoconid to which it may be connected or not. Once upon 20 well preserved teeth, this central cusp reaches the tip of the prelobe. In all other cases, it is preceded by two oblique crestids parallel to it. Ŋe first is usually reduced to a small cusp. A continuous cingulid, as high as other ridges, follows the outline of the anterior lobe of teeth from the front flank of the 1.31 0.138 1.42 protoconid to the antero-lingual side of synclinid III (SIII). Labially, this cingulid shows two constant inflections: the antesinusid ahead of the protoconid, and a generally shallow pre-antesinusid. Ŋe lingual portion of the cingulid is vertically flat, and starts in continuity with the anterior cuspid of prelobe. Ŋis cuspid is prominent on unworn teeth. Ŋe size and morphology of these dp 4 are very similar to that of dp 4 type population (Table 2). p 4 (Fig. 5 A-C). Ŋere is a low morphological variability. A short mesio-distal expansion starting from the anterolophid inward SII is rarely observed (4 / 20). A small cingulid may be present at the base of the lingual opening of SIII (5 / 20). A p 4 (1 / 20) bears only a remnant of the anteroconid. m 1 - 2. Ŋe vestigial anteroconid / antesinusid – as a mesiolabial vertical bulge – seems more frequent on molars than on p 4, but this may be due to the more important number of m 1 - 2. On little worn m 1 - 2, 18 / 77 teeth have this vestige, while it is absent (or lost due to abrasion) on 23 worn teeth. Fourteen teeth exhibit a short mesiodistal spur in SII. On a single specimen, a mesiodistal spur is added to that in the SIV. Another specimen shows a lingual interruption of the mesolophid, and displays two small lin- gual protrusions, the most distal one blocking the lingual opening of the SIII (Fig. 5 E). Ŋe only very worn tooth (H = 0.77 mm) exhibits a thin layer of cement at the bottom of the sinusid (Fig. 5 I); this cement is not visible on the other teeth. m 3 (Fig. 5 J-L). Ŋe mesiodistal spur (Fig. 5 L) is present in the SII of 5 / 14 teeth and the anteroconid is detectable on one tooth only. Upper teeth DP 4 (Fig. 6). Again morphological variations are minimal (Fig. 6 A-O). Ŋe anticline 4 may be continuous (21 / 24) or split into two parts (3 / 24). We observe a light variability in the labial cingulum blocking the opening of the median syncline (SII) (e. g., Fig. 6 C). It is sometimes absent and sometimes high, resulting of proximity of two spurs coming from the labial ends of the anticlines 2 and 3, or only one labial spur from the anticline 2, mesiodistal or oblique. Ŋe buccal cingular edge of the syncline III is usually swollen as a cusp that can spawn a spur extending into the syncline. P 4 (Fig. 7 A-C). Ŋe lingual end of the anticline 4 is free (12 / 29) or connected to the posterior cingulum (17 / 29). Ŋe labial portion of the anterior cingulum is rarely complete (1 / 29), it is either vestigial (11 / 29) or absent. Ŋe paracone is sometimes isolated from the protocone (7 / 29) due to the interruption of the protoloph (anticline 2). M 1 - 2 (Fig. 7 D-K). the morphological variations are minor and mainly concern SIV, which is mostly closed (98 / 101), or rarely mesially opened (2 / 101). A small mesiodistal spur runs backwards from the anticline 3 in the SIII (1 / 101). M 3 (Fig. 7 L, M). Ŋe size and shape of the M 3 are more variable than those of M 1 - 2, especially because of the greater or lesser reduction in the posterior lobe. On one of the smaller specimens, it only remains the anticline 3 at the back of the tooth.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B447EB139FF041440FF5BE088.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Since the description of I. pauffiensis (Vianey-Liaud 1976), we collected additional material for its type locality; for the present work, it has been measured, observed and compared to that of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux. Molars from Saint- Privat-des-Vieux are similar in size to those of I. pauffiensis from Mas-de-Pauffié. Ŋeir size is significantly smaller than that of I. quercyi (Ehrenstein 7, Germany [Fig. 6 P-Z; Fig. 8 B], and Sarèle, France; MP 27) (Table 2). Ŋe size variability (length and width of teeth) of I. pauffiensis from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux is not higher than that observed in extant populations of brachyodont rodents or other mammals (e. g., Vianey-Liaud & Legendre 1986: 921, table 1). Ŋis variability is also less than that observed in fossil rodent teeth populations displaying a strong asymmetric hypsodonty, from both fissure fillings and stratified sedimentary deposits (e. g Vianey-Liaud & Legendre 1986: 921, table 3). It is thus a little lower than that of the I. pauffiensis type population from Mas-de-Pauffié, or that of I. quercyi from Ehrenstein 7 (Table 2; Fig. 8 B). Ŋe range of crown height is within that of species exhibiting similar to close hypsodonty (the maximum and minimum heights being slightly lower than those from Mas-de-Pauffié, and slightly higher than in I. minor from Le Garouillas). Ŋis range is clearly wider for I. quercyi from Ehrenstein 7, and also for I. limognensis from Pech Desse, both species being significantly more hypsodont (Fig. 8 A). Morphological variability observed in Mas-de- Pauffié, especially for deciduous teeth, is the same as described above for Saint-Privat-des-Vieux. Minor differences can be noted with regard to the dp 4. Morphological variation in 25 dp 4 from Mas-de-Pauffié shows the same characteristics as in the population of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux, except the presence of a low cingulid which partially or completely closes the bottom of the opening of the SIII on five specimens. Ŋis cingulid is also occasionally present on p 4 from both localities or on molars: its absence on these five dp 4 may be a statistical bias. Postcranial elements of I. pauffiensis from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux – in particular astragali, calcanei and humeri fragments – are quite similar to those of Mas-de-Pauffié (Vianey-Liaud et al. in press).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4464B13BFF321645FDFBE740.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Protechimys major Schlosser, 1884 by subsequent designation of Schlosser (1884). Protechimys major Schlosser, 1884 (Fig. 9) HOLOTYPE. — Left maxillary bearing DP 4 to M 2 (1879 XV 518, BSPG, Munich); Vianey-Liaud 1976. TYPE LOCALITY. — Quercy, Old Collections. EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — (after Vianey-Liaud 1976: 55; 1998; Mödden 1993; Mödden & Vianey-Liaud 1997). Evolutionary stage more progressive than in Protechimys blainvillei (Gervais, 1848) (Archaeomys gervaisi Ŋaler, 1966 is a junior synonym of P. blainvillei). Presence of a thin layer of cement even on deciduous teeth. Lower teeth: Fusion between synclinid I and presynclinid on dp 4. Upper teeth: On P 4 - M 3, syncline I present only in very slightly worn teeth, or missing. Syncline II absent. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Two p 4 (one left p 4 partly digested, one very damaged); one fragment of left dp 4 prelobe; four complete m 1 - 2 (three left, one right); three fragments of m 1 - 2 trigonids, slightly worn; one right m 3 heavily worn; two fragments of right maxillaries, strongly damaged (digested) bearing M 1 - M 2, one being a very old individual; one right P 4; one lingual fragment of left P 4 heavily worn; one left M 2 barely worn; one left M 1 - 2 very old.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4464B13BFF321645FDFBE740.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS (in mm). — Ŋe teeth being most often damaged – including at the lower half of the crown – the measurements given here are those of length and width (L × w) taken on the occlusal surface (see Vianey-Liaud 1979). SPV 01: left p 4 moderately worn: 3.30 × 1.71; SVP 04: right m 1 - 2 worn: 2.56 × 2.49; SVP 05: left m 1 - 2 strongly worn: 2.14 × 2.34; SVP 06: left m 1 - 2 very little worn out: 1.91 × 1.85; SVP 07: m 1 - 2 moderately worn: 1.96 × 2.71; SVP 09: right m 3 heavily worn: 2.40 × 2.24; SPV 012: left P 4 moderately worn: 2.39 × 2.51; spv 014: left M 2 very little worn out: 1.66 × 1.75. DESCRIPTION Ŋe slightly worn lower teeth show the lingual opening of SII, and the marked angle of the two anticlinids bordering SII (Fig. 9 A, B, D), as in P. major and P. blainvillei. A fresh upper molar (M 1 - 2, Fig. 9 J) shows the presence of a tiny SI, and the absence of SII. Ŋe sinus occupies the entire width of the tooth, and it is oblique, like following syncline III. Ŋe syncline IV is present and open distally, but very shallow, and must disappear quickly with wear. Ŋe base of the crown is broken, which does not allow measuring A 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 the total height. Ŋe moderately worn P 4 exhibits SI and SII, SIII is absent. SIV has disappeared due to wear. In the bottom of the sinus of a much abraded M 1 - 2, some cement is noticeable.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4464B13BFF321645FDFBE740.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION When compared directly with M 1 or M 2 of P. blainvillei of Rigal – Jouet 1 and Le Garouillas (Quercy, France; MP 25), theM 2 islargerandhighercrowned. However, it is very similar to P. major from Mas-de-Pauffié and also to a new material from Les-Milles (Bouches-du- Rhône, France), which is also allocated to P. major.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B13BFF3C12BCFB2FE761.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Pseudocricetodon montalbanensis Ŋaler, 1969 by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B13BFF3C12BCFB2FE761.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — (Combining the original diagnosis of Ŋaler 1969; Vianey-Liaud 1974; Dienemann 1987; de Bruijn et al. 2003; Kalthoff 2006): small to medium-sized cricetid; infra-orbitary foramen hystricomorph, a little pinched dorsally; flat palate (Vianey-Liaud 1974); lower incisors with highly derived enamel (type 7 - 8, Kalthoff 2006); lophodont molar pattern; main cusps and crests slender and usually straight, rarely irregular, separated by valleys with a flat bottom; wide anterocone on M 1 and lingual border of M 1 straight or slightly concave.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B13BFF3C12BCFB2FE761.taxon	discussion	REMARK Ŋe most abundant (144 teeth) Cricetidae of Saint- Privat-des-Vieux is assigned to Pseudocricetodon incertus (Schlosser, 1884). Ŋe cricetid material from BoujacA, in the same sedimentary basin, had also been allocated to this species (Comte 1985). In his description of the material from the province of Teruel (Spain), Freudenthal (1994) had erected the genus Allocricetodon for medium-sized forms of the genus Pseudocricetodon Ŋaler, 1969. Ŋe validity of this new genus is discussed by de Bruijn et al. (2003). In agreement with their conclusions, we consider here the genus Allocricetodon as synonymous to the genus Pseudocricetodon. Two taxa described by Freudenthal (1994) from the Oligo- cene of Mirambueno (Spain) can be identified in the Alès Basin: Pseudocricetodon (non Allocricetodon) incertus and Pseudocricetodon (non Allocricetodon) landroveri Freudenthal, 1994. We compare the abundant population from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (MP 26) with that of MIR 4 C, from Mirambueno (MP 26). We expand the comparison to the cricetids of younger localities: on the one hand, BoujacA (MP 27) in the Alès basin where P. incertus is also recorded and, on the other hand, MIR 1 at Mirambueno (Teruel, Spain; MP 27) from which another species – Pseudocricetodon cornelii (Freudenthal, 1994) – has been described (Freudenthal 1994).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B10CFD4C12DDFB3BE7E2.taxon	description	(Fig. 10)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B10CFD4C12DDFB3BE7E2.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Comte 1985: 42, 43.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B10CFD4C12DDFB3BE7E2.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Left dentary, bearing m 2 - m 3, no. 1879. XV. 171 a (coll. BSPG, Munich), Schlosser 1884. TYPE LOCALITY. — Mouillac (Quercy, Old Collections).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B10CFD4C12DDFB3BE7E2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Late Oligocene: MP 26 to MP 29 (cf. e. g., Comte 1985)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B10CFD4C12DDFB3BE7E2.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENTS (Tables 3, 4). — Ŋe normality of distributions was tested by the coefficient of variation of Pearson (100 Sd / average) distributed normally between four and ten for mammals (e. g., Simpson et al. 1960). In cases where this ratio was less than four, the normality of the samples was checked by the Shapiro-Wilk test (L. M 3 / W = 0.855> W 0.05; w M / 1: W = 0.9543> W 0.05, LM / 2: W = 0.9488> W 0.05).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B10CFD4C12DDFB3BE7E2.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Upper molars M 1. Ŋe prelobe is always larger than half the tooth width, and on most of the teeth (33 / 37) there is a sharp angle between its lingual side and the mesial flank of the protocone. Ŋis angle is less defined on four specimens. 3.70 4.70 On most teeth, the anterocone is simple and more or less transversely stretched (32 / 37). A tendency to split occurs (5 / 37). A spur behind the anterocone is present on 13 of the 35 teeth: it ends (10 / 13) in the prelobe basin. It bends to reach the lingual cingulum (2 / 13); on a single specimen (SPV 30) it connects to the anterior arm of the protocone. On most of the other teeth (33 / 35), this arm, which can be bent to the paracone, ends freely in the anterosinus. A crest is frequently observed in front of the paracone (18 / 35): it can be short (2 / 15) or bend to reach the labial cingulum (1 / 15), but in most cases (15 / 18) it joins the anterocone (= anterior ectoloph, according to the nomenclature of Freudenthal et al. 1994: 61). Ŋe lingual anteroloph joins the front side of the protocone in 31 teeth out of 35, closing the protosinus. More often interrupted (12 / 35), the labial anteroloph closes the anterosinus in 23 of 35 teeth. Ŋe platform of the protocone (“ triangle lingually to the anteroloph and in front of the protocone ”; Freudenthal 1994: 9) is observed over about half of M 1 (15 / 35); it is well established on the 2 / 3 of them (10 / 35). Ŋe protolophule is widely retroverted i. e. connected to the back of the protocone or to the endoloph (38 / 39), and in one case, it is linked to the protocone (transverse). A single tooth (SPV 54) also shows the connection of the anterior arm of the protocone with the paracone: therefore two junctions between the anterior cusps are present. Ŋe sinus is strongly proverse (it frequently ends between the protocone and the paracone: 31 / 39), just proverse in other cases (8 / 39). Ŋe lingual cingulum is rarely complete, and in this cases (2 / 39), completely closing the opening of the sinus. Ŋis cingulum is absent on about half of the teeth (21 / 39). An entostyle, more or less developed, is visible in 10 teeth (10 / 39); it can be isolated (3 / 39) or associated with an incomplete lingual cingulum (7 / 39). Ŋe mesoloph is absent on SPV 50 (1 / 38), medium in length on about 23 / 38 specimens, sometimes it is a little shorter (6 / 38), and more rarely 3 / 4 length (2 / 38). It connects the labial edge of 6 / 38 specimens with an interruption on one of them. Ŋe mesostyle is absent on 4 / 37 teeth, in other cases (22 / 37) it forms a cingular crest bearing (6 / 37) or not a cusp, the cusp being isolated (11 / 37). An entomesoloph is visible on SPV 47. Ŋe metalophule is always proverse (36 / 36). On about 2 / 3 of the teeth (22 / 33), a more or less developed crest is observed on the distal flank of the paracone; occasionnally oblique to the labial edge, it can be connected to the mesostyle. A short ridge in front of the metacone is visible on two teeth (SPV 31 and SPV 39). In most cases (32 / 36) the posteroloph ends freely, leaving open the posterosinus; except on four teeth on which it closes the latter, curving toward the posterior wall of the metacone. 11.9 14.2 10.9 12.6 M 2. Ŋe anterior lingual cingulum is most often (22 / 31) well developed and clearly defines a protosinus; on four specimens (4 / 31), it is reduced to a low ridge without individualized protosinus; on the contrary, it is highly developed on five other teeth (5 / 31) where it extends over the inner side of the tooth, skirting the protocone. On SPV 88, there is a labial connection between the anteroloph and the protolophule. Ŋe latter is attached on the anterior arm of the protocone. Beyond its junction with the endoloph, the posterior arm of the protocone extends mostly towards the paracone without reaching it (23 / 31); a complete double link of the anterior cusps is performed on 6 specimens (6 / 31). No trace of this double linking is visible on SPV 66 and SPV 80. Ŋe sinus, almost transverse on SPV 75, does not extend deeply behind the protocone (24 / 31); it can be seen clearly around the protocone on 6 specimens. On SPV 63 there is a ridge on the posterior flank of the protocone, while on SPV 79 a complete but low protocone – hypocone connection is present. Ŋe mesoloph is usually of medium length (18 / 30), long in other cases (12 / 30), and it can reach the labial edge (6 / 30) but it is interrupted on two specimens. A link metaloph – mesoloph is seen on two teeth. A second mesoloph is present on SPV 83. A complete (6 / 29) or incomplete labial cingulum, is present on the majority of teeth (28 / 29); on SPV 71, it is a small cusp independent of the mesoloph. On about half of the teeth (15 / 29) this cingulum is in line (9 / 15), either directly or after an interruption, with a more or less developed ridge descending obliquely from the top of the paracone. Ŋe metaloph, proverse (31 / 31), is inserted on the anterior arm of the hypocone more or less in front of this cusp. On SPV 79, behind the metaloph, a ridge runs towards the posteroloph without reaching it. Ŋe posterior cingulum joins the metaloph, closing the posterosinus (9 / 30). M 3. Ŋe lingual anteroloph is present in seven of eight specimens, only weakly indicated for three of them on which the protosinus is absent. Four other teeth show a strong anteroloph defining a sharp protosinus; the anterolingual cingulum extends to the hypocone. Ŋe protolophule is connected to the anterolophule (4 / 6) or anterocone. Ŋe sinus is absent (3 / 8), small (3 / 8) or deep (2 / 8), the neoendoloph being missing or incomplete. Ŋe mesoloph is either absent (1 / 8), of medium length (2 / 8), or long (2 / 8), reaching the labial edge on three other specimens. Ŋe endoloph is complete (5 / 8) or absent (3 / 8). Ŋe axioloph is complete (2 / 8), incomplete (3 / 8) or absent (3 / 8). A complete labial cingulum closes the mesosinus only on half the teeth (4 / 8). Ŋe metacone forms a swollen cusp on five specimens (5 / 7); it is merged in the labial ridge on the others (2 / 7). In continuation of this ridge, the posteroloph closes the posterosinus on most specimens (6 / 7). Lower teeth m 1. Ŋe anteroconid position is axial or slightly offset lingually. Ŋe lingual anterolophid is absent on SPV 110. On the other teeth, it joins (12 / 17) or not (4 / 17) the metaconid. Ŋe labial anterolophid is short (5 / 15), or progressively runs down the base of the protoconid (10 / 15). Ŋe anterolophulid is complete (18 / 18), obliquely to the axis of the ectolophid. Ŋe metalophulid is absent (6 / 16) or reduced to a short spur (10 / 16). Ŋe posterior arm of the protoconid is always connected to the metaconid (18 / 18); the mesolophid is short (2 / 16), mostly halflong (11 / 16) or long (3 / 16), without reaching the lingual side. A second mesolophid is present on four teeth. Ŋe sinusid is most often slightly oriented backward, and transverse on two teeth (2 / 18); it is closed by a discrete and often incomplete cingulum. A poorly developed ectomesolophid is present on four specimens (4 / 17). Ŋe hypolophulid is attached in front of the anterior arm of the hypoconid (17 / 18); it is interrupted before this junction on SPV 112, and directly connected at the hypoconid on SPV 113. Ŋe posterosinus is closed by the prolongation of the posterolophid toward the entoconid. Ŋe posterior arm of the hypoconid is absent. m 2. Ŋe tooth SPV 149 has a short labial anterolophid; it descends to the base of the protoconid on all other specimens (32 / 33). Ŋe anterolophulid is complete (32 / 32) and almost as high as the anteroconid. Ŋe metalophulid is complete, obliquely forwards, and is always inserted on the anterior arm of protoconid. A crest behind the metalophid (metalophulid II ṙ) connects to the posterior arm of the protoconid on SPV 130. It generally ends free. It is short on SPV 124 or generally of medium length (28 / 33); on some specimens (4 / 33) it curves toward the metaconid. Ŋe mesoconid is rarely distinct. Ŋe mesolophid may be absent (8 / 33), short (6 / 33), halflong (16 / 33) or long (3 / 33), and in this case, it can be very low and slender (SPV 130). About one third of the teeth (10 / 33) have an ectomesolophid. Ŋe sinusid, tranverse (15 / 33) or weakly retroverted (18 / 33) is closed on most specimens (28 / 31) by a low and often incomplete cingulum. On the lingual side, the distal flank of the metaconid forms a ridge down to the base of the entoconid, but without joining it. Ŋe hypolophid is generally (30 / 33) inserted onto the anterior arm of the hypoconid and oblique forward; it is transverse, inserted just before the hypoconid on three specimens (3 / 33). Lingually, the posterolophid joins the top of the entoconid, closing strongly the posterosinusid. Ŋe posterior arm of the hypoconid is absent. + – + – – m 3. Ŋe labial portion of the anterolophid always reaches the base of the protoconid (10 / 10), while its lingual part is connected to the metaconid. Ŋe metalophulid is complete and connected to the anterolophulid (7 / 10) or to the anteroconid (3 / 10). Behind the metalophid, two teeth (2 / 11) show a ridge that does not reach the posterior arm of the protoconid. Ŋe latter is long, freely ending (10 / 11), and joins the lingual edge only on SPV 155. Ŋe mesolophid is absent (11 / 11). Ŋere is no mesoconid, and two teeth (2 / 11) have an ectomesolophid. On all teeth a crest, variable in thickness, runs down from the metaconid and closes the mesosinusid. Ŋe sinusid is most often closed by a cingulum more or less complete (9 / 10). Ŋe hypolophulid oblique forward fits the anterior arm of the hypoconid, more or less in front of this cuspid. Ŋe posterolophid is connected lingually to the top of the entoconid, strongly closing the posterosinus. Ŋe posterior arm of the hypoconid is absent. Incisors. Numerous lower incisors display an ornamentation of longitudinal ribs associated with ribs becoming oblique labially. Ŋis pattern is similar to that of two fragments of incisors from BoujacA (Gard, Alès basin; MP 27) assigned to Pseudocricetodon incertus (Comte 1985: 34, fig. 11 g, h, and 47, 48).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4466B10CFD4C12DDFB3BE7E2.taxon	discussion	REMARK AND COMPARISONS Ŋe species Pseudocricetodon incertus was reported from BoujacA (MP 27; Alès Basin, France) on the basis of a relatively small sample (Comte 1985). Freudenthal (1994: 19) notes strong contradictions in the size distributions at MIR 4 C and BoujacA, suggesting that the material contains more than one species in this latter locality. Ŋe comparison of BoujacA material with the more abundant one now known from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux, in the same basin, allows adopting this view. A few teeth (one M 1, one M 3, one m 1 and two m 2) must be separated out of BoujacA material initially assigned to P. incertus. Ŋey demonstrate the existence of a larger form that could be affine to Pseudocricetodon landroveri (Daams, Freudenthal, Lacomba & Alvarez, 1989), a species initially considered as a small species of the genus Heterocricetodon Schaub, 1925. Ŋerefore, a few teeth from BoujacA belong to Pseudocricetodon aff. landroveri (Daams et al. 1989: 43 - 48): m 1 (BJA 763): 1.86 × 1.23 mm, m 2 (BJA 780): 1.64 × 1.51 mm, m 2 (BJA 781): 1.72 × 1.43 mm, (BJA 726): 1.81 × 1.63 mm, M 3 (BJA 750): 1.29 × 1.31 mm. Ŋe dimensions of these teeth fall within the range of variation of the type species from Pareja (Guadalajara, Spain; Daams et al. 1989), except for the M 2 (L = 1.81 mm) which is longer than in Pareja (L. max = 1.71 mm), and rather in the upper part for m 2. Ŋe single m 1 BJA 763 is moderately worn. Its lingual anterolophid is strong and fully closes the very deep antesinusid. Ŋe labial anterolophid gradually extends to the base of the protoconid. Ŋe anterior arm of the protoconid (anterolophulid) is oblique and joins the anteroconid. Ŋe posterior arm of the protoconid is connected to the metaconid. Ŋere is no metalophid. Ŋe mesoconid has a very broad base, but there is no trace of mesolophid or ectomesolophid. On the lingual side, the trace of a crest remains behind the metaconid. Ŋe sinusid is wide open with no trace of labial cingulum. Ŋe posterolophid is widely connected to the entoconid. Ŋe rest of the BoujacA material remains allocat- ed to P. incertus. Ŋis material has been measured again after exclusion of the largest teeth (Table 4). Normality of the samples was controlled by the Shapiro-Wilk test (with values of W: 0.82 <W <0.96 always exceeding the limit value). Tooth size of this small population was compared to that of P. incertus from Ehrenstein 7 (Germany), but also to that of P. cornelii Freudenthal, 1994 of Mirambueno 1 (Spain). Although precise comparison of dimensions of P. cornelii of MIR 1 with the population from BoujacA suffers from the reduced sample in the latter locality, the dental proportions remain comparable (Table 5). Ŋe differences concern the M 2, m 1, m 2 and m 3, longer in BoujacA; these are significant, with t-values that are less than 6. Ŋe m 1, m 2 and M 2 are also wider, but the differences are weakly significant. With the same caution, the comparison between Mirambueno 1 materials with that of BoujacA indicates that the M 2 and m 2, best represented molars in the latter locality, are significantly longer and wider. Ŋe dimensions of the m 1 and the length of m 3 of the species from BoujacA would also be stronger. In general terms, the differences are most pronounced between P. cornelii of MIR 1 and the species of BoujacA, which indicate a slightly greater size for the latter. Ŋe frequencies of morphological features were compared using the chi-square. Morphologically, the m 1 from BoujacA differ very significantly from those of P. cornelii from Mirambueno 1 by the absence of the characters “ high anterolophid ” and “ absence of ectomesolophid ” (Table 6; 7). In BoujacA, the posterior arm of the protoconid is connected to the metaconid on m 2 and can reach the lingual side of m 3, while these characters are absent in P. cornelii. Ŋe development of the mesolophid of m 2 is again comparable in these two localities. COMPARISONS AND DISCUSSION ABOUT PSEUDOCRICETODON POPULATIONS Ŋe size of the teeth of P. incertus from Mirambueno 4 C (MIR 4 C) and Saint-Privat-des-Vieux were compared using the t-test (Table 5). Ŋe difference between the dimensions of the M 3 is only weakly significant (with a confidence coefficient of 95 %). Ŋe m 2 length difference is also weakly significant (t = 2.7). Ŋe difference between the M 1 lengths of the two localities disappears when excluding the large specimen SPV 23 (2.11 × 1.39 mm). In addition, the distribution of the lengths of the M 1 population of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux, by mean of Shapiro test, is normal (Shapiro-Wilk with W = 0984, above the limit values for risk 5 % [W = 0935] and 1 % [W = 0912]). Otherwise, the dimensions of the tooth SPV 23 fall outside those of the M 1 of Pseudocricetodon landroveri. Ŋerefore we keep the attribution of this tooth to P. incertus. Differences, including the length of M 1, could thus result from the small sample from Mirambueno 4 C. Ŋe dimensions of most molars of P. incertus from Mirambueno 4 C and Saint-Privat-des-Vieux appear very similar with a possible trend of size increase of some of them in the Alès basin. According to Freudenthal (1994: 20), P. cornelii from the younger locality MIR 1 at Mirambueno (MP 27), with identical dimensions, differs from P. incertus from MIR 4 C in its morphology (Tables 7, 8). Frequencies of the distinctive features retained by Freudenthal (1994) as well as a few others are compared using the chi-square, for the populations of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux and MIR 4 C (P. incertus) on one hand, Saint-Privat-des-Vieux and MIR 1 (P. cornelii) on the other. For M 1, the characters that distinguish P. incertus (MIR 4 C) from P. cornelii (MIR 1) are not significant. For all other morphological characters selected by Freudenthal, the population of Saint-Privat-de-Vieux does not show any difference with that of P. incertus of MIR 4 C, which however represents a small sample. However if one refers to the differential diagnosis (and M 1 aside), significant differences appear allowing to separate the population of BoujacA with P. cornelii from MIR 1: lingual anterolophid never high, ectomesolophid of m 1 more frequently absent, mesolophid more frequent and better developed on m 2, posterior arm of the protoconid reaching the lingual edge of m 3. Finally, in terms of dimensions and of morphology, the populations of Pseudocricetodon incertus from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (MP 26) in southern France and MIR 4 C (MP 26) in Spain are similar. Ŋey both differ from the population described as P. cornelii (Freudenthal 1994), from Mirambueno 1 (MP 27). Ŋe species incertus was described by Dienemann (1987: 45 - 56, fig. 23) under the genus name Eucricetodon Ŋaler, 1969 from different localities in Germany, the species being particularly well represented in Ehrenstein 7 (MP 27). Ŋe comparison with the forms of BoujacA and Mirambueno 1 shows that the m 1 from Ehrenstein 7 exhibits features of P. incertus (lingual anterolophid always low, almost complete absence of ectomesolophid) comparable to those from BoujacA, but also from Mirambueno 4 C and Saint-Privat-des-Vieux. Ŋe m 2 of Ehrenstein 7 are different in having the posterior arm of the protoconid not connected to the metaconid (Dienemann 1987: fig. 23). Ŋe absence of mesolophid shows a comparable frequency in Ehrenstein 7 and BoujacA. Ŋis confirms the attribution of the population of BoujacA to P. incertus. Ŋus, in two subcontemporaneous localities close to the MP 27 standard level, the frequency of character “ mesolophid absent ” (7 / 10 at BoujacA and 29 / 32 at Erhenstein 7) in P. incertus is of same order as that in P. cornelii of Mirambueno 1 (33 / 47). Ŋe decrease in the frequency of the mesolophid on m 2, which is 2 / 17 at Mirambueno 4 C and 8 / 33 at Saint-Privatdes-Vieux (MP 26), compared to its frequency at BoujacA and Ehrenstein 7 (MP 27), may indicate a simplification of the tooth pattern over time. However, it is important to be cautious because the number of specimens is small in Mirambueno 4 C and BoujacA. Ŋe lack of the character “ posterior arm of the protoconid not connected to metaconid ” in Ehrenstein 7, also suggests geographical variations affecting these subcontemporaneous populations. Freudenthal (1994: 29) considered premature to establish a phylogeny of the three species P. incertus, P. cornelii and P. landroveri. However, he suggested that P. incertus could have given rise to P. cornelii with increasing complexity of teeth, whereas P. landroveri may not be the ancestor of the latter because of its size and its occurrence together with P. cornelii in Vivel del Rio (Spain, MP 28). Ŋe occurrence of P. aff. landroveri in BoujacA (MP 27) introduces a new step in this lineage, while that of P. incertus in this level invalidates the hypothesis of a direct filiation P. incertus - P. cornelii. However, the differences noted between P. incertus from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux or Mirambueno 4 C (MP 26) and P. cornelii from Mirambueno 1 (MP 27) are less pronounced between P. incertus of BoujacA and Ehrenstein 7 (MP 27) on the one hand and P. cornelii on the other hand. Ŋus P. cornelii could be a descendant of P. incertus or a geographical variant of this species, a hypothesis suggested by its differences with the contemporary populations from BoujacA and Ehrenstein 7. However, the particular characteristics of m 1 of P. cornelii (“ high anterolophid ” and “ absence of ectomesolophid ”) are absent in all populations assigned to P. incertus whereas they occur in P. landroveri. Pseudocricetodon cornelii and P. landroveri, which coexist in the MP 26 and MP 27 levels, could have evolved in a parallel way from a common stock. Since m 1 characters – like presence of high anterolophid and absence of ectomesolophid – occur in P. montalbanensis, this species may represent the stem species.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4451B10CFD74135DFB3BE089.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Eucricetodon collatus (Schaub, 1925) by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4451B10CFD74135DFB3BE089.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — “ Differs from Pseudocricetodon by its greater size, the clearly bunodont teeth, the crests generally simple, the strongly reduced posterior lobe of lower M / 3, and the convex labial edge of upper M 1 /. Anterocone of M 1 / generally simple, occasionally tending to split somewhat. Posterior arm of the hypoconid more or less developed, occasionally lacking. Anteroconid always simple ” (Vianey-Liaud 1972: 4).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4451B10CFD74135DFB3BE089.taxon	discussion	REMARK Beyond the successive discussions about the definition of the genus Eucricetodon (e. g., Comte 1985; Dienemann 1987; Freudenthal 1996; Hugueney 1999; de Bruijn et al. 2003; Kalthoff 2006; Gomes Rodrigues et al. 2013), it appears that the genus is probably polyphyletic, including various lineages.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4451B10DFD3015A5FE99E740.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — UM 501, maxillary fragment bearing M 1 - 2, NHM, Basel. TYPE LOCALITY. — Oensingen (Solothurn, Switzerland), MP 26.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4451B10DFD3015A5FE99E740.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — See Comte (1985: 12) for size and molars and for the enamel microstructure see Kalthoff (2006): primitive schmelzmuster, type 1.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4451B10DFD3015A5FE99E740.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENTS (in mm). — One maxillary fragment (SPV 165) bearing M 1: 2.53 × 1.68 and M 2: 1.80 × 1.78; M 1 (SPV 166): 2.72 × 1.78, M 2 (SPV 167): 2.01 × 1.40, one M 2 and one m 2 fragments (SPV 168 - 169).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4451B10DFD3015A5FE99E740.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Due to their large size, high crown and massive cusps with large wear facets, these teeth are referred to E. huerzeleri.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4450B10DFF3E1482FF78E056.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Heterocricetodon stehlini Schaub, 1925 by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4450B10FFF4F15C4FD04E3AC.taxon	description	(Fig. 12)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4450B10FFF4F15C4FD04E3AC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Fragment of right lower jaw, bearing m 1 - 3, BSP 1939 XI 4, BSPG, Munich. TYPE LOCALITY. — Gaimersheim (South Germany), MP 27 - 28. ORIGINAL DIAGNOSIS. — See Freudenberg (1941: 105). Description and variability of teeth of the type-population: Kristkoiz (1992: 63 - 72).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4450B10FFF4F15C4FD04E3AC.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS (in mm). — Eight isolated teeth: 1 M 1 (2.54 × 1.66), 3 M 2 (2.12 × 1.94, 2.17 × 1.86, 1.94 × 1.79), 1 M 3 (1.72 × 1.54), 1 m 1 (2.65 × 1.60), 1 m 2 (2.54 × 1.47), 1 m 3 (2.37 × 1.78). DESCRIPTION M 1. Ŋe anterior arm of the protocone and the mesoloph join the labial edge of the tooth, like on several specimens from Gaimersheim. M 2 - M 3. Ŋere is a double connecting of the anterior cusps (complete metalophule I and II) and the mesoloph reaches the labial edge of the teeth, as it happens on some specimens from Gaimersheim. m 1. Ŋe two mesolophids are short, like it is often the case in the type population. m 2. Ŋe posterior arm of the protoconid is short but exceeds the mesolophid length, extending towards the metaconid, as for some specimens from Gaimersheim. m 3. Ŋe posterior arm of the protoconid is long and joins the labial edge of the tooth, at the base of the metaconid ridge.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4450B10FFF4F15C4FD04E3AC.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Four species of relatively large size have been referred to this genus. Among them, H. stehlini Schaub, 1925, H. schlosseri (Schaub, 1925) and H. helbingi Stehlin & Schaub, 1951, remain poorly defined. Hugueney (1980), in her discussion about the species of Heterocricetodon from Saint-Menoux, has suggested that the variations between the three species stehlini, schlosseri and helbingi could enter a unique species, when more material would be known. Concerning H. gaimersheimensis Freudenberg, 1941, Engesser (1987) supposed that “ the material from Gaimersheim described by Freudenberg includes two species, H. stehlini and H. helbingi ”. Later, an extensive study has been achieved by Kristkoiz (1992). He established the presence of only one species although with a great variability in the abundant material from Gaimersheim. Ŋerefore, H. stehlini and H. helbingi could be two morphotypes within H. gaimersheimensis and H. gaimersheimensis Freudenberg, 1941 would be a junior synonyme of H. stehlini Shaub, 1925. However, the species H. stehlini is based on an isolated lower jaw from an undetermined locality from Quercy (“ Bach ”, Old collections). Morphological and dimensional variations of the material of Saint Privat-des-Vieux fall within those of H. gaimersheimensis, and are not completely similar with the type of H. stehlini. Ŋe teeth from Saint- Privat-des-Vieux are thus reported to H. gaimersheimensis; because it is the only one species whose variability is known until now. It is the same for a few teeth from Sarèle (Vianey-Liaud 1972) and BoujacA.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4452B10FFD5A167EFCA8E3AB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Gliravus priscus Stehlin & Schaub, 1951 by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4455B108FF4B13BFFC77E1A7.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Left M / 2, no. 96182, Lyon 1 University. TYPE LOCALITY. — Coderet (Allier, France), MP 30.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4455B108FF4B13BFFC77E1A7.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — “ Gliravus with teeth significantly larger than those of G. majori Stehlin & Schaub, 1951, and G. tenuis, Bahlo, 1975, smaller than those of G. bravoi Hugueney et al., 1985, and size close to that of G. daamsi, Bosma & de Bruijn, 1982. Differs from the other Gliravus species by the absence of mesoconid and the reduced mesolophid; mesolophid occasionally connected to the hypoconid. Centrolophs generally reduced, and very low when present ” (Vianey-liaud 1994: 133, translated from French).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4455B108FF4B13BFFC77E1A7.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENTS (in mm). — Two M 1 - 2: SPV 192: 1.23 × 1.50, SPV 193: 1.12 - 1.40; three m 1 - 2: SPV 194: 1.24 × 1.29, SPV 195: 1.28 × 1.39, SPV 196: 1.22 × 1.39.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4455B108FF4B13BFFC77E1A7.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Teeth size and morphological characters fall into the variations of those of Gliravus bruijni Hugueney, 1967, as described from different localities where the species occurs (e. g., Hugueney 1967; Vianey- Liaud 1994; Vianey-Liaud et al. 1995). M 1 - 2 pattern is simple, with a single centroloph, and the lingual ends of anteroloph and posteroloph swollen and well separated from the protocone. On m 1 - 2, the mesoconid is absent.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4455B109FC9F1542FB3AE47F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Eomys zitteli Schlosser, 1884 by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4455B109FC9F1542FB3AE47F.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Ŋe few eomyid teeth are assigned to Eomys based on their uninterrupted mure or ectolophid, contrary to Eomyodon Engesser, 1987, Rhodanomys Depéret & Douxami, 1902 or Pseudotheridomys Schlosser, 1926, and on the well-marked cusps contrary to the three latter genera. Eomys aff. zitteli Schlosser, 1884 (Fig. 14 A-D)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4455B109FC9F1542FB3AE47F.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENTS (in mm). — One P 4 SPV 180: 0.92 × 0.99; one M 1 - 2 SPV 181: 0.86 × 1.08; one p 4 SPV 185: 1.00 × 0.89; one ml- 2 SPV 184: 1.04 × 1.09; one digested lower tooth row m 1 - m 3 SPV 183.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4455B109FC9F1542FB3AE47F.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION Ŋese isolated teeth are brachydont. P 4 has a weak antesinus, a reduced anterosyncline due to the direct connection of the paracone nearly to the labial end of the anteroloph, and a short mesoloph. On M 1 - 2, the protoloph is present and the anterosyncline longer than in P 4. Ŋe mesoloph is halflong. Teeth are of greater size than those of Eomys antiquus Aymard, 1853. Ŋe size of the two molars falls into the variations of the small population of Eomys aff. zitteli from Mas-de-Pauffié (Comte & Vianey-Liaud 1987), the two premolars being a little smaller. Ŋe morphology of the teeth of Saint Privat-des-Vieux is also close to that seen in Eomys zitteli. A fragment of a left dentary bearing m 1 - 3 is much damaged, pecularly m 1. It belongs to a species of smaller size (notably its width) than Eomys zitteli. Ŋe measurements (m 1: [0.99 × 0.71 mm]; m 2: [0.97 × 0.90 mm]; m 3: [0.81 × 0.83 mm]) are of the same order as those of the corresponding teeth in Eomys antiquus and Eomys minor Comte & Vianey-Liaud, 1987. Ŋe occurrence of a form close to Eomys zitteli (supposed to be derived from Eomys antiquus) at Saint Privat-des-Vieux as well as at Mas-de-Pauffié, would lead to refer this small form to another species, Eomys minor. However, the presence of a long mesolophid on m 2 does not match the morphology (no mesolophids) of the type of Eomys minor. As the variability of the latter is obviously unknown, we could refer the specimen of Saint Privat-des-Vieux to Eomys minor, known in the locality Belgarric 1 (Tarn-et- Garonne, MP 25) and La Blache (Maridet et al. 2010), but it could better represent an extreme variant of E. aff. zitteli. However, new eomyids were collected in Mas-de- Pauffié: two upper teeth (M 2 [0.79 × 1.09 mm] and M 3 [0.77 × 0.98 mm]; Fig. 14 E, F) can be more clearly referred to Eomys minor. Ŋeir sizes are compatible with that of the lower teeth of E. minor. Ŋe mesoloph is short on M 2, and this morphology can correspond to lower molars without mesolophid; such upper teeth are also described from La Blache.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4454B10BFD67127AFBC7E6E5.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Ŋat of the type-species. SPECIES INCLUDED. — C. bernardi n. sp.; ṙ C. giganteus (Freudenberg 1941).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4454B10BFD67127AFBC7E6E5.taxon	description	Comtia bernardi Vianey-Liaud, n. sp. (Fig. 15 A)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4454B10BFD67127AFBC7E6E5.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — Dedicated to the late Bernard Comte.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4454B10BFD67127AFBC7E6E5.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Right M ṙ 1 (SPV 190), Coll. UM 2. TYPE LOCALITY. — Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Gard, France), lower Chattian (MP 26).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4454B10BFD67127AFBC7E6E5.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Squirrel of large size (M 1 - 2: L × w = 3.4 × 4.02 mm); lingual flank of the tooth higher than the labial one. Cusps high and acute (parastyle, paracone, mesostyle, metacone, small hypocone and protocone); one small paraconule, two metaconules stronger than the paraconule; straight protoloph and metaloph higher than the anterior and posterior cinguli; enamel slightly wrinkled all along the cusps and lophs as well as in the basins. Differs from: – Oligopetes Heissig, 1979, in the absence of postparacrista connected to the mesostyle and the well marked paraconule and metaconules;	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4454B10BFD67127AFBC7E6E5.taxon	description	– Paracitellus Dehm, 1950, in the connection of the paraloph and metaloph to the protocone, and in the absence of labial connection between parastyle-paraconemesostyle-metacone and posteroloph; – Miopetaurista Kretzoi, 1962, or Forsythia Mein, 1970, in its non-crescentic cusps; – Blackia Mein, 1970, in the presence of conules, and the less wrinkled enamel.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4454B10BFD67127AFBC7E6E5.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENTS (in mm). — A single isolated right upper molar has been collected at Saint- Privat-des-Vieux. SPV 190 M ṙ 1: L × w = 3.4 × 4.02, protocone height = 2.48, paracone and metacone height = 1.95.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4454B10BFD67127AFBC7E6E5.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋis unworn molar has well-individualized cusps. Ŋe anterior cingulum runs from the base of the protocone to the anterior flank of the paracone which it is connected by a low ridge. It has a bulbous parastyle. Ŋe hypocone is small, but well protrud - ing at the lingual end of the posterior cingulum. Ŋe hypocone is connected to the distal end of the protocone through a low endoloph. Ŋe metacone is a little smaller than the paracone. Ŋe mesostyle is also bulbous, developed in the middle of the valley between the two labial cusps. It extends lingually by a short mesoloph. Ŋe protoloph is connected transversely to the anterior arm of the protocone. It displays one well distinct protoconule, and a weak other one, the more pronounced being the most labial. Ŋe metaloph is connected to the rear of the protocone in front of the endoloph anterior end. It is slightly oblique relative to the protoloph. It has two metaconules, wider than the protoconules. Ŋe labial metaconule is the most marked. Both lophs with their conules are lower than the main cones and styles, which are prominent. A short and low spur descends from the top of the protocone labially in the median valley of the tooth. Ŋe entire crown is relatively high, the lingual flank of the protocone + hypocone being the highest. Enamel is slightly crenulated on the surface of the valleys and transverse lophes, but without clear-cut crestules.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4454B10BFD67127AFBC7E6E5.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Even if the material is restricted to one tooth, we decided to describe a new taxon because it is easy to distinguish this form from the other large Oligocene and lower Miocene squirrels. One lower m 3 of close size (L = 4.07 mm, l = 3.41 mm) is known from Pech Desse (Quercy, MP 28 a), but its crown is clearly lower (H of metaconid = 1.79 mm, strongly overhanging the other cuspids and the low talonid basin) and the cuspids less acute. Another large sciurid is summarily reported as “ Sciurus ” giganteus in Freudenberg (1941) and Werner (1994) from the lower Miocene of Eckingen (Southern Germany). Only 2 m 3 (4.20 × 4.06 and 4.09 × 4.00) and 1 M 3 (3.53 × 3.74) are known. Ŋis species shares wrinkled enamel with Comtia bernardi Vianey-Liaud, n. gen., n. sp. Ŋe wrinkles seem more numerous in the former. It is difficult to compare the M 3 of Freudenberg with our M 1 - 2, mainly the height of the protocone and other cusps, the shape and number of buccal cusps and their mesio-distal connections, the occurrence of conules. Ŋis species is tentatively included in the genus Comtia n. gen. We keep provisionaly the two species: bernardi and giganteus, waiting for more material and information. A slightly smaller upper teeth is described as ṙ Ratufa sp. from Ulm-Westtangente by Werner (1994: 171). It differs from the M 1 - 2 from Saint- Privat-des-Vieux in its clearly lower crown, its less prominent cusps, especially the hypocone, the absence of metaconules, its smooth enamel. Some teeth of a large Sciuridae from an Oligocene Turkish locality (Kocayarmalar) have been attributed to the flying squirrels Petauristinae Brandt, 1855 and with doubt to Miopetaurista, by de Bruijn & Ünay (1989). Ŋorington et al. (2005) discussed the difficulties to identify fossil flying squirrels on the basis of dental morphology alone, considering many cases of convergent evolution. Ŋerefore, we assign the species of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux, represented by a single tooth, to the family Sciuridae without further details. Slightly smaller than the one of Saint-Privat-des- Vieux, the teeth from Kocayarmalar exhibit some similarities to it, such as the central mesostyle, separated both from paracone and metacone, the lingual mesoloph indicated by an outgrowth in the central basin (here drawn lingually by a spur from the protocone and labially by a marked ridge from the mesostyle) and by the low hypocone. Ŋe strong wear on teeth from Kocayarmalar makes them difficult to compare. However, some significant differences can be pointed, highlighting the strong metaconule, while the labial swellings of the metaloph are lower, in contrast to what occurs at Saint-Privat-des-Vieux. Despite the wear, accessory ridges from the mesostyle and metacone are well marked and the enamel surface is smooth (de Bruijn & Ünay 1989: figs 10, 11). Ŋere are no particular indications on the height of the crown for the Turkish material. Otherwise, being of the same size as the large Miocene Miopetaurista and Albanensia Daxner- Höck & Mein, 1975, the tooth from Saint-Privatdes-Vieux differs from them by a bunodonty more pronounced, the hypocone shorter, the protoloph and metaloph less convergent, and the crenulations of enamel seemingly more attenuated. NOMENCLATURAL REMARK Ŋis new species must be referred to “ Comtia bernardi Vianey-Liaud, 2014 ”, following the article 50.1 and the “ recommendation 50 A concerning multiple authors ” of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: 52, 182).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4458B105FD7C1542FCEFE096.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Caenomeryx procommunis (Filhol, 1877) by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4458B105FCC313DFFB26E1E7.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Left DP 3; one fragment of right upper molar (SPV 650).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4458B105FCC313DFFB26E1E7.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe very small size of these remains of Cainotheriidae allows to refer them to the genus Plesiomeryx Gervais, 1876, that is common in most “ middle ” Oligocene localities from Quercy (Sudre 1995).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4458B105FF451657FF78E3AC.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Plesiomeryx cadurcensis Gervais, 1873 by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4458B106FD711584FDF5E146.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Right lower jaw fragment with alveoli of p 1, p 2 and p 3 and p 4 well preserved; one upper right P 4.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B4458B106FD711584FDF5E146.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋis mandible, on which there is no diastema between p 1 and p 2, is close to specimens referred to C. communis (Filhol, 1877). Its dimensions are similar to those of this species, identified in older localities (Blondel 2005), and most abundant in the mid Oligocene deposits from Quercy (Sudre 1995). As seen in this species, the P 4 has the protocone situated forward, the parastyle and metastyle highly developed and a strong oblique ridge at the base of the ectoloph.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445BB106FF4514A1FF7AE048.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Lophiomeryx chalianati Pomel, 1854 by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445BB107FF2E15C4FE6AE6E5.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED AND MEASUREMENTS (in mm). — One left P 4: 10.4 × 10.7; one left p 3, 12.6 × 5; talus, L = 61.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445BB107FF2E15C4FE6AE6E5.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONS Ŋe P 4, almost as long as wide, is remarked by its incipient molarization. Indeed, on the flat but slightly concave ectoloph, the outer cusp begins to divide. Ŋe postprotocrista shows a particularly clear median bifurcation. Ŋe anterior cingulum is short and strong. Ŋe posterior cingulum, very strong also, stands up to the mid of the posprotocrista. Size and morphology of this specimen are the closest to those of the P 4 of Lophiomeryx cf. chalaniati from Le Garouillas (Sudre 1995). Among the rich material from this locality, some P 4 show an early bifurcation of the postprotocrista, and a beginning of division of the outer cusp. However, none has a degree of molarization as advanced as that observed on the tooth of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux. Ŋis morphology is unknown in other selenodont artiodactyls from the mid-Oligocene confirming the more derived state of this form. Ŋe p 3, very elongated and provided with a longitudinal ridge, has morphol - ogy consistent with that of L. cf. chalaniati from Le Garouillas (Sudre 1995: fig. 14 a, b). A calcaneus is also reported to this form (Fig. 16). Ŋe body is massive with a wide caput calcanei and the sustentaculum tali projecting medially and very thick rearwardly; the tendinous slide is flat medio-laterally and rounded dorsoventrally. Ŋe morphology of the surface suggests the important role of the tensio flexor of the phalanges. Ŋis is a configuration similar to that observed in the calcaneus of Lophiomeryx from Le Garouillas (Sudre 1995: 231, fig. 16), the latter being slightly smaller (L mean = 58.6 mm); the size of the specimen from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux exceeds the maximum value recorded in the form of Le Garouillas. On the basis of the material of L. chalaniati from Le Garouillas, the distal ends of the appendicular skeleton of this species show short and robust metapodials, and metatarsals nearly as long as the metacarpals (Sudre 1995). Ŋese features characterize a walking animal, and the species is probably dependent on soft soils, close to aquatic environments (Trofimov 1957; Blondel 1998). Ŋe paleoecological study of the fauna from Le Garouillas suggests such an environmental context (Legendre 1995). With regard to the largest mammals known from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux, we can estimate the weight of the animal as about 25 kg if one refers to that established for L. cf. chalaniati from Le Garouillas (Legendre 1995; Martinez & Sudre 1997). Ŋe chronological extension of the lineage of Lophiomeryx, initiated at the beginning of the Oligocene (L. mouchelini, at Villebramar, MP 21; Brunet & Sudre 1987) lasts up to the level MP 28. Ŋe last representative of the lineage is known from the site of Pech-Desse (MP 28 a; Blondel 1996). Ŋe dental elements referred to the species chalaniati from localities more recent than Le Garouillas does not allow meaningful comparisons.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445AB107FF471400FF7AE1D5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Bachitherium curtum (Filhol, 1877) by monotypy.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445AB107FE9D1542FB3BE7A1.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENTS (in mm). — Right P 4, SPV 690: 6.5 × 8.2; a trigonid of a left lower molar, SVP 691.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445AB107FE9D1542FB3BE7A1.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONS Ŋe P 4 is smaller than that of Lophiomeryx. Ŋe protocone is crescentiform; the external cusp is massive and provided with a small pillar, while the wing of the parastyle projects labially. Ŋis character set evokes those of the P 4 of Bachitherium (Geraads et al. 1987: 53, fig. 6). Ŋe lower molar trigonid differs from that of the Lophiomeryx molar in having a well-developed preprotocristid, approximately symmetrical with the postmetacristid; the metaconid is labio-lingually compressed (Geraads et al. 1987: 59, figs 26, 31). Although the size of these specimens is similar to that of Bachitherium medium Filhol, 1882 (excluding B. insigne Filhol, 1882), the material of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux is not diagnostic at a species level because several lineages of the genus coexist in the middle Oligocene, especially in MP 25 (Sudre 1995: 251, fig. 41). Ŋe last known species of Bachitherium, B. lavocati Sudre, 1986, from Pech- Desse (MP 28 a; Blondel 1997) is a smaller form than that of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Sudre 1986).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445AB107FD7B135DFC51E6B7.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE AND SINGLE SPECIES. — hvereutherium thylacodes Filhol, 1876 by monotypy; from Quercy (Old Collections, missing precise locality).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445AB101FD521460FB33E068.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — MNHN. F. QU 8588, anterior part of skull with left and right C-M 2 (Filhol 1877: figs 194 - 196).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445AB101FD521460FB33E068.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION AND AGE. — France only: Quercy (“ old collections ” and, for the recent, well-dated localities Itardies and Le Garouillas), Saint-Privat-des-Vieux; Oligocene, from MP 23 to MP 26 for the material from the well-dated localities.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445AB101FD521460FB33E068.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENTS. — Distal fragment of right M 1 (SPV 621). Length of the metastyle (from the carnassial notch to the distal rim) = 1.85 mm; height of the paracone (greatest distance between the cusp tip to the dentine / enamel junction) = 2.95 mm; angle between the metastyle and a line connecting the tip of the paracone to that of the metacone = 123 °.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445AB101FD521460FB33E068.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS Filhol (1876) created the species based on a single specimen. Ŋe brief description of this specimen (“ […] face avec le maxillaire inférieur en place et toutes les dents ”; Filhol 1876: 289) does not make easy its precise identification in the collections. According to Lange-Badré (1979: 171), “ Il est probable que la pièce Qu 8588 du M. N. H. N., portant la mention “ type ”, est effectivement celui de Filhol, bien que la mandibule n’y soit plus associée. C’est en tout cas le spécimen qu’a choisi cet auteur pour le figurer (1877, fig. 189 - 196) ”. Ŋis definition of the name-bearing type needs some revisions, however. Indeed, in Filhol (1877), the figures 189 to 196 refer to three different specimens: two fragments of hemimandibles, MNHN. F. QU 8592 (Filhol 1877: fig. 190, 191, 193) and MNHN. F. QU 8583 (Filhol 1877: fig. 189, 192), and the anterior part of skull with the upper dentition, MNHN. F. QU 8588 (figs 194 - 196, where the incisors row, said to be unpreserved by Filhol, is shown reconstructed). Ŋe two fragments of hemimandibles (MNHN. F. QU 8592, MNHN. F. QU 8583) are from two distinct individuals and there is no evidence (size, wearing pattern, or preservation state) that one of them belongs to the same individual as MNHN. F. QU 8588. In his contribution, Filhol (1877: 222) states that he possesses three specimens documenting the lower dentition, while he provides illustrations of only two of them. In 1877, he, then, had only in hands three more or less completely preserved hemimandibles and a single upper dentition. If the latter (MNHN. F. QU 8588) certainly belongs to the individual on which Filhol based the species in 1876, none of the three fragmentary hemimandibles studied by Filhol in 1877 can be confidently identified as “ le maxillaire inférieur en place et toutes les dents ” that he mentioned earlier (Filhol 1876) when he created the species. MNHN. F. QU 8593 is the only of the two figured fragmentary hemimandibles to preserve a complete cheektooth row, but we know nothing about the third lower dentition mentioned by Filhol (1877). Ŋe lower dentition of the holotype individual cannot be identified.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445AB101FD521460FB33E068.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe specimen (Fig. 17 B) preserves the metastyle, the metacone and a part of the paracone that includes the cusp tip. Ŋe metastyle is much lower than the metacone-paracone. Ŋe crowns of the two latter cusps are fused along most of their height; their tips remain well separated and a labial groove is still visible on the labial face. Ŋe paracone, the mesial part of which is not preserved, is taller than the metacone. A shallow notch is present between the metastyle and the metacrista. COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION Ŋe size and morphology of this fragmentary tooth support its assignment to T. thylacodes, one of the smallest known hyaenodontids (same size as the extant carnivoran Mustela putorius). Ŋe specimen of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux is fragmentary, allowing only the length of the metastyle and the height of the paracone to be measured and compared to those of M 1 from Quercy stored in the MNHN (material from the old collections and a few specimens from Itardies, MP 23). Ŋe length of the metastyle is lesser than in the material from the old collections of Quercy (2.17 - 2.35; n = 3), but it is similar to that of the metastyle of the only available M 1 from Itardies (ITD 573 = 1.87). Ŋe height of the paracone is also lesser than in the material from the old collections (3.17 and 3.28 mm for the two specimens on which this cusp is preserved and not heavily worn), but it is greater than in ITD 573 (2.69; paracone slightly worn, however). Overall the individuals from Itardies are smaller-sized than those from the old collections. Morphologically, the specimen of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux cannot be dis- tinguished from the material from the Quercy. Ŋe paracone and the metacone are slightly less fused in Saint-Privat-des-Vieux M 1 than in the holotype MNHN. F. QU 8588, but this is also observed in other specimens from Quercy (e. g., MNHN. F. QU 8590, MNHN. F. QU. ITD 573). hvereutherium was assigned to the Limnocyonidae Wortman, 1902 (Lange-Badré 1979, 1995) before Morlo & Gunnell (2003) excluded it from this family. According to these authors, the presence, in T. thylacodes, of strong cingulids on premolars, the reduction of the metaconid on the lower molars and of the metacone on the upper molars may indicate a closer relationships to the Apterodontinae Szalay, 1967 (especially the genera Apterodon Fischer, 1880 and Quasiapterodon Lavrov, 1999) than to any other hyaenodontid subfamily. Such a close relationship must be strengthened, however, because T. thylacodes possesses more derived characters such as the loss of M 3 / m 3 and a nearly complete fusion of the metacone and paracone on M 1. Ŋe phylogenetic position of T. thylacodes remains uncertain and shall be addressed by including this genus in a wider phylogenetic framework. So far, the species was known only from Quercy. It is scarce in collections compare to other creodonts. Ŋe known material is essentially from old, imprecisely-dated collections from Quercy (a relatively abundant material is known, for example, in the collections of the MNHN and of the Naturhistoriches Museum, Basel). A few specimens (stored in the MNHN) were recently discovered from Itardies (MP 23; Lange-Badré 1979) and Le Garouillas (MP 25; Lange-Badré 1995). Ŋe specimen from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux is significant by extending both the stratigraphic (now, until MP 26) and geographic distributions of T. thylacodes.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445CB102FCD91665FE00E187.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL AND MEASUREMENTS (in mm). — Probably a left p 3 missing its mesial base, SPV 620 (L of the preserved fragment = 2.58; w = 1.25; L / w = 2.06; Ht = 2.14 mm).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445CB102FCD91665FE00E187.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Ŋe crown is narrow and nearly symmetrical. Ŋere is a small accessory cuspid located labially at the distal basis of the main cuspid. Ŋe talonid is elongated, tapers backward and displays a low, longitudinal, medially-located crest.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
03D6987B445CB102FCD91665FE00E187.taxon	discussion	COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION Although fragmentary, this premolar cannot be assigned to hvereutherium thylacodes. It differs from the premolars, and especially from p 3, of this hyaenodont in lacking a cingulid and in having an elongated talonid. Although the p 3 of hvereutherium thylacodes is similar in length and in heigth (L = 2.64 - 2.97 for N = 8; Ht = 1.81 - 2.40 for N = 7), it is proportionally wider (width = 1.42 - 1.65 for N = 8; L / w = 1.77 - 1.93). If this tooth really is a p 3, it belongs to an animal of approximately the size of the smallest species of the genus Palaeogale von Meyer, 1846, such as P. felina (Filhol 1877). It differs in some details such as a less asymmetrical crown, less trenchant crests and the basal position of the distal accessory cuspid. Ŋe specimen from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux resembles more the p 3 of larger, geologically younger species of Palaeogale, such as P. praehyaenoides Morlo, 1996, of the early Miocene from the Mainz Basin (Germany; Morlo 1996). However, the assignment of the specimen of Saint-Privat-des-Vieux remains uncertain pending further material is found.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Comte, Bernard, Marandat, Bernard, Peigné, Stéphane, Rage, Jean-Claude, Sudre, Jean (2014): A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France). Geodiversitas 36 (4): 565-622, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n4a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n4a4
